Holey Leaf Pattern Captures Light — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
AskNature AskNature logo Collections Biological Strategies Innovations 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Holey Leaf Pattern Captures 
Light Monstera Megan Schuknecht Image : Fores t Kim Starr / Flickr / CC - 
Creative Commons Attribution alone toggle icon Functions Performed toggle 
icon Living System toggle icon Capture , Absorb , Filter Energy Energy 
naturally available many forms , including kinetic , potential , thermal 
, elastic , radiant , chemical , .

living systems require energy carry 
many activities , developed strategies appropriate one forms .

example , 
plants maximize surface area available capturing radiant energy sun 
others strategies focus scattered light onto photosynt hesizing areas .

search icon Search Function Plants Flowering Plants Monstera Flowering 
Plants Clade Angiosperms ( “ receptacle seed ” ) : Dandelions , oaks , 
grasses , cacti , apples 416 families containing 300,000 known species , 
angiosperms diverse grou p plants , found around globe wide variety 
habitats .

floral organs develop fruits myriad kinds dimensions , simple seed 
casings maples elaborate fleshy growths like papayas .

oldest flower 
known fossils , Montsechia vidalii , appeared Jurassic Period 130 million 
years ago .

primary food source herbivorous animals , turn makes indirect 
food source carnivores well .

search icon Search Living System Contents 
Introduction Strategy References Leaves  full holes help Swiss cheese 
plant capture intermittent light Introduction Plants live understory 
tropical rainforests compensate lower light levels order carry 
photosynthesis .

plants compensate climbing tree trunks vines , use 
special pigments increase efficiency , mature plants genus Monstera ( 
also called Swiss cheese plant ) multiple holes leaves .

Strategy first 
glance , strategy ’ make sense —how leaf full holes help plant capture 
sunlight ?

However , think conditions plant grows —in low light beneath  
forest canopy , often dependent moving vegetation overhead capture 
sunflecks —it makes lot sense .

One scientist hypothesized holes allow 
Monstera ’ leaves grow larger spread greater area capture diffuse 
sunlight without put energy growing extra leaf area .

Image : Casther / 
Shutterstock / Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon Monstera species 
grow understory tropical forests often deep shade .

large leaves enable 
take advantage sunflecks make canopy overhead .

Last Updated September 15 
, 2022 Reference s Journal article Swiss cheese plant get holes ?

American 
Naturalist | February 2013 | Muir , Christopher D. embedly preview toggle 
icon Reference toggle icon loading Biological Strategies Biological 
Strategy Hairs Absorb Ultraviolet Radiation Edelweiss wo oly hairs alpine 
edelweiss intercept de -energize harmful ultraviolet radiation reaches 
plant ’ cells .

Biological Strategy Thinner Fur Keeps Numbats Warmer 
Numbat making hairs stand , numbats expose skin sun create insulating 
layer air reduce heat loss .

B iological Strategy Water Pressure Helps 
Flowers Follow Sun Plants Light intensity concentrates hormones alter 
water levels cells causing plants bend toward light source .

Biological 
Strategy Symbiotic Algae Provide Photosynthetic Products Spotted 
salamande r Algae encapsulated cells spotted salamander may provide 
photosynthetic products ( oxygen carbohydrate ) internal symbiosis .

Biological Strategy Scale Microstructures Reduce Reflection Gaboon adder 
Micro-and nano -structures snake scale create ultra -blackness reducing 
light reflection .

Biological Strategy See -Through Fur Traps Light Heat 
Polar bear Chamber -cored fibers capture sunlight , gather heat , retain 
keep polar bear warm .

Introduction - Biomimicry Toolbox Introduction - Biomimicry Toolbox 
Biomimicry Institute AskNature Youth Design Challenge DONATE Introduction 
Biomimicry ?

Introductory Videos Core Concepts Function Strategy 
Systems View Earth ’ Operating System Nature ’ Unifying Patterns Methods

Biomimicry Process Define Challenge Biolog ize Function & Context Discover 
Biological Strategies Abstract Design Strategies Emulate Nature ’ Lessons 
Evaluate Fit & Function Pathways Biomimicry References Reading List 
Glossary Terms Case Studies Biology Research Reading Scientific Paper 
Interdiscipl inary Collaboration Business Planning Biomimicry Toolbox 
Select Page Home » Introduction Introduction SECTION 
  biomimicry ?

need biomimicry Welcome Biomimicry Toolbox , guide applying nature ’ 
lessons design challenges .

Let ’ begin introduction practic e biomimicry 
defining , important biomimicry differs fields sound similar .

Biomimicry practice applying lessons nature invention healthier , 
sustainable technologies people .

Biomimicry practice applying lessons 
nature invention healthier , s ustainable technologies people .

Biomimetic 
designers ( “ biomimics ” ) focus understanding , learning , emulating 
strategies used living things , intention creating designs technologies 
sustainable .

Janine Benyus , co -founder Biomimicry Institute , biolo gist 
, author Biomimicry : Innovation Inspired Nature ( book brought 
biomimicry public eye ) , defined biomimicry “ conscious emulation life ’ 
genius.

” : “ Conscious ” : intentional “ Emulation ” : learning living 
things , applying insights challenges hum ans want solve .

“ Life ’ genius 
” : recognizing life arrived well -adapted solutions stood test time , 
within constraints planet finite resources .

biomimicry , develop new 
products , processes , systems , improve existing designs .

help us shift 
perspecti ve , see design problems objectives differently , uncover “ new 
” solutions difficult problems .

Biomimicry , bio -inspired design , “ 
bio- ” terms begin explore biomimicry , ’ doubt come across host “ bio - ” 
terms , : bio -inspired , biophilia , biomimetics  , bioengineering , 
bionics , bio -utilization… .

everyone 
agrees definitions , “ bio -inspired ” generally accepted umbrella term 
design approaches , biomimicry included , use biology resource solutions 
.

Biomimicry unique among bio -
inspired design approaches emphasis learning capacity living systems 
arrive sustainable solutions specific functional challenges .

articles 
offer perspectives two biomimicry practitioners value biomimicry 
differentiates types bio -inspired design .

Bio -Inspired Buzzwords : 
Biomimicry Biomimetics Denise DeLuca Biomimicry Creative Innovation 
Biomimicry , Bioutilization , Biomorphism : Opportunities Bioinspired 
Design Allison Bernett Terrapin Bright Green Need Biomi micry planet old – 
4.5 billion years old .

Since time , millions organisms adapted evolved meet needs within limits 
planet , creating intricately interconnected living system process .

functionality/content 
marked “ Google Youtube ” uses cookies chose keep disabled .

order view 
content use functionality , please enable cookies : click open cookie 
preferences .

video makes easier comprehend vast tim e 
scales evolution pace life evolved compressing 4.5 billion years one 24 
hour day .

short 
period ’ Earth ( approx 200,000 years ) , ’ developed rather destructive 
habits , .

fact , ’ transformed earth much physically , chemically , 
ecologically scientists argue ’ ushered new geologic epoch : Anthropocene 
.

’ tinkered Earth ’ systems significant ways , recent decades truly 
begun understand consequences actions .

perhaps biggest mistake ’ made 
forgetting part , separate , ecosystems planet .

turn , rest life Earth depends 
us mindful limits planetary resources .

Biomimicry Film Watch 20 -minute 
film featuring Janine Benyus introducing biomimicry expla ining mimicking 
nature solve pressing problems .

Biomimicry offers chance make things 
right — embrace systems view world begin living within planetary limits .

Biomimicry recognizes surrounded millions organisms ecosystems something

face many challenges do —they need 
stay warm , filter water , obtain energy , on —all conserving precious 
resources without harming environments .

time begin creating designs , material s 
, technologies sustainable , also regenerative restorative —supporting 
fabric life Earth .

practice biomimicry , set sights audacious goal : 
build life -friendly world –one human technologies meet ‘ design 
constraints ’ rest life Earth works within .

pay close attention nature works , learn emulate genius 
ways enhance , rather detract , planet , take steps toward significant 
change .

begin learning journey , suggest 
exploring Core Concepts biomimicry next section Toolbox .

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Introductory 
Videos Core Concepts Function Strategy Systems View Earth ’ Operating 
System Nature ’ Unifying Patterns Methods Biomimicry Process Define 
Challenge Biologize Function & Context Discover Biological Strategies 
Abstract Design Strategies Emulate Nature ’ Lessons Evaluate Fit & 
Function Pathways Biomimicry References Reading List Glossary Terms Case 
Studies Biology Research Reading Scientific Paper Interdisciplinary 
Collaboration Business Planning Biomimicry Toolbox S elect Page Home » 
Methods » Discover Biological Strategies Discover Biological Strategies 
SECTION 
  Overview 
  Tips Suggestions 
  Resources Biomimicry depends 
biological information , knowing look biological models strategies 
essential skill biomimic .

’ g uide key activities Discover step 
Biomimicry Design Spiral .

DISCOVER Look natural models ( organisms 
ecosystems ) need address functions context design solution .

want generate many possible sources inspiration , 
using “ nature… ” questions ( Biologize step ) guide .

Look across 
multiple species , ecosystems , scales learn everything varied ways 
nature adapted functions contexts relevant challenge .

One rewarding ways connect nature 
teach us spend lots time outdoors .

books online resources contain lot 
great information , ’ substitute experiencing nature senses .

Cultivate “ 
naturalist ’ mindset ” close obse rvation critters environment .

Naturalists 
great allies biomimics , tend broad knowledge many different types 
organisms , well systems view organisms interact environment .

outside , 
ask featur es behaviors living organisms systems around way ( i.e .

already design challenge mind , use essential functions 
identified ( “ nature… ” questions ) guide observations .

Look nature ask 
, “ organisms environment need function ’ trying solve  ?

Nature Observation 
Exercises Download exercises hone observation skills .

Sketching journaling great ways enhance nature observation 
skills .

Nature journals help us se e world around us greater detail 
reveal patterns relationships environment might miss hurry place place .

Work quickly without judgement – goal 
create great work art , record see nature thoughts questions .

Keeping 
Nature Journal ( 2003 ) book Clare Walker Leslie Charles Roth provides

Biomimicry Institute ’ Ask Nature website direct way find natural models 
biomimetic design , ’ organized function .

’ also great source 
information novel organisms b iological phenomena might never encounter 
outdoor observations .

Use Ask Nature starting point help find 
information organisms strategies well research citations follow 
information .

want search Ask Nature multiple functions see overlap use 
Biomole , tool shows co -occurrence functions list form link back Ask 
Nature strategies .

Ask Nature great 
resource initial ideas inspiration , ’ likely need deeper research .

approximately 1800 strategy pages Ask Nature far , ’ still nowh ere close 
diversity life Earth .

order accurately emulate strategy , may need 
information Ask Nature ’ high -level summaries provide .

many additional 
sources find biological information , print online .

Try checking science 
news services magazines like Dis cover , Science News , National 
Geographic , EurekAlert !

Scientific 
journals articles also useful may contain illustrations magnified images 
help better understand strategy .

Google Scholar great tool accessing 
journal a rticles finding links related papers .

Check Biology Research reference section 
site links additional advice get started .

Reading Scientific Paper 
Journal articles biology ecology seem overwhelmin g non-biologists looking 
understand biological strategy .

Seek biology 
students professors ,  discuss strategies staff person zoo natural history 
museum , post question online forum .

Continue conversation move design 
process , ensure understand biological details .

Resources 
  Nature Observation 

Getting Past 
'Wigglies ' blog post Biomimicry Education Network , veteran biomimicry 
educator , Sherry Ritter , descri bes rewards pushing past initial 
awkwardness still nature reaching place deep observation .

Ask Nature 
Website Ask Nature world ’ comprehensive library biological strategies 
organized function .

Reading Scientific Paper Journal articles biology 
ecology seem overwhelming non -biologists looking understand biological 
strategy .

Keeping Nature Journal ( 2003 ) book Clare 
Walker Leslie Charles Roth provides great guide exp loring nature 
journaling .

Nature Journaling Video Please enable cookies view 
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Check video Roger 
Tory Peterson Institute Natural History tips get started keeping nature 
journal .

Keep Learning next step Design Spiral , Abstract , ’ explain 
translate biological strategies design strategies apply challenge .

Imag e 
Credits Man watching snail : Ian Boyd CC -BY-ND via Flickr Woman sketching 
: US Fish Wildlife Service , Gary Peeples , CC -BY Terms Service & Privacy 
Policy Google+ Facebook Cookie Settings © 2015 -2023 Biomimicry Institute 

Sensory Cells Give Dragonflies Smart Wings — Biological Strategy — 
AskNature AskNature AskNature logo Collections Biological Strategies 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Sensory Cells 
Give Dragonflies Smart Wings Dragonflies AskNature Team Image : iStock

Getty Images / toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Living System 
toggle icon Move in/Through Gases Living systems must move gases ( less 
dense liquids solids ) earth ’ atmosphere .

greatest challenge moving 
gases living system heavier gas , must overcome force gravity .

Moving 
efficiently light medium presents unique challenges opportunities living 
systems .

result , evolved countless solutions optimize drag increase 
lift stay alof t take advantage variable currents .

wasp , air feels like heavy liquid 
move , uses special feathery oars rather wings .

search icon  Search 
Function Sense Touch Mechanical Forces Living System Perceiving touch 
enables living systems detect living systems around environmental 
conditions , air movement , water currents , temperature .

ability help 
sense danger well opportunity , Venus fl ytrap ’ hairs sense presence 
insect eat .

Sometimes , living system senses touch mechanical forces 
coarse scale ; times , sensitive scale detects subtle differences .

example , human elbow nearly sensitive textures human fingertips .

Fingertips dermal ridg es many nerve endings increase sensitivity , 
enabling explore environment detailed ways .

search icon Search Function Sense Motion Perceiving motion 
important living system sense relation moving environment , critical 
locating resources wayfinding .

applies whether environment motion ( 
water movement coming nearby fish ) living system moving within 
stationary environment ( bird flying air ) .

motion dampens distance cost 
missing motion signals high , living systems must qu ite sensitive signals 
.

example , fast -flying big brown bats microscopic , stiff , domed hairs 
wing membranes act sensor array monitor flight speed airflow conditions .

search icon Search Function Animals Arthropods Insects Dragonflies 
damselflies Dragonfl ies Insects Class Insecta ( “ insect ” ) : Flies , 
ants , beetles , cockroaches , fleas , dragonflies Insects abundant 
arthropods —they make 90 % animals phylum .

’ found everywhere earth 
except deep ocean , scientists estimate millions insects yet describe d .

live land , many live freshwater saltwater marshes part life cycles .

Insects three distinct body sections : head , specialized mouthparts , 
thorax , jointed legs , abdomen .

well -developed nervous sensory systems 
, invertebrate fly , thanks lightweigh t exoskeletons small size .

search 
icon Search Living System Contents Introduction Strategy Potential 
References Dragonfly wings lined sensors help insect navigate using 
information airflow wing strain .

delicate creatures double set wings allowing dance 
air incredible agility .

’ even amazing wings aid control , thanks array 
sensors deliver information airflow wing strain .

Strategy dragonfly wing 
lined array sensors helps insect navigate using in formation airflow wing 
strain .

sensors spread across whole span wing , connected nervous system 
.

information gathered sensors used dragonfly navigate environment .

Potential 
dragonfly ’ ability use information gathered network sensors navigate 
environment could used improve ability .

sensor array could used monitor 
structural aerodynamic state aircraft control ground vehicle .

sensor 
array could also used detect motion beyond range vision .

also points 
enormous opportunity new generation sensors every sector .

Infrastructure 
, textiles , agriculture could benefit application biological 
biologically -inspired sensors .

Last Updated 
December 20 , 2022 References “ , present first systematic 
characterization mechanosensors dragonfly ’ wings : morphology , 
distribution , wiring .

combining cross -species survey sensor 
distribution quantitative neuroanatomy high -fidelity finite element

analysis , show mechanosensors well placed perceive features wing 
dynamics relevant flight.

” Journal article Systematic characterization 
wing mechanosensors monitor airflow wing deformations iScience | March 23 
, 2022 | Joseph Fabian , Igor Siwanowicz , Myriam Uhrhan , Masateru Maeda 
, Richard J. Bomphrey , Huai -Ti Lin embedly preview toggle icon Reference 
toggle icon loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Hoverflies 
’ Remarkable Roll Hoverflies use rolling maneuver right ta king upside .

Biological Strategy Moths Alter Flight Deal Winds Death's -head hawkmoth 
Moths use changes speed altitude maintain trajectory despite changes 
windspeed direction .

Biological Strategy Spiders ’ Leg Hairs Help Find 
Flying Food Spiders Tiny leg hairs help spiders sense subtle air movement 
conducting directly nerve cells .

Biological Strategy Birds Surf Air 
Pelicans pelican wings glide close water , use “ ground effect ” maximize 
lift , minimize drag , conserve energy .

Biological Strategy Flying 
Squirrels Control Glide Flying squirrels Flying squirrels membranes 
cartilage help change lift drag forces , enabling glide 100 times body 
length .

Biological Strategy Tiny Structures Help Butterflies Soar 
Butterflies moths Microscopic scales provide lift nature ’ “ flying 
flowers.

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Wind Turbine Tech Inspired Owl Feathers Maple Seeds — Innovation — 
Innovations Educators Don ate Search Innovation : Industry Wind Turbine 
Tech Inspired Owl Feathers Maple Seeds Biome Renewables Image : Adam King 
/ Unsplash / Public Domain - restrictions toggle icon Functions Performed 
toggle icon Move in/Through Gases Living systems must move gas es ( less 

result , evolved count less solutions optimize drag increase 
lift stay aloft take advantage variable currents .

move , u ses special feathery oars rather wings .

search icon Search 
Function Manage Turbulence turbulent force occurs air water creates 
chaotic irregular motion .

source things wind , waves , eddies caused 
obstructions air water flow ( created rock stream ) .

forc e irregular , 
acts unpredictable ways multiple parts living system given time , 
decreasing living system ’ efficiency .

Strategies used manage turbulence 
include dampening amount turbulence , flexibility handle sudden changes , 
making quick adjustments .

e xample mucus aquatic organisms , barracuda 
sharks , reduce turbulent friction seawater 66 % .

search icon Search Function 
Contents Innovation Profile Challenge Innovation Details Video Biological 
Model Ray Hope Prize® Biome Renewables adjusts aeroacoustics existing 
turbine blades decrease turbulence increase efficiency .

Benefits Noise 
reduction Decreased turbulence Increased efficiency Increased energy 
conversion Applications Wind turbines Propeller s Aircraft wings UN 
Sustainable Development Goals Addressed Goal 7 : Affordable & Clean 
Energy Goal 9 : Industry Innovation & Infrastructure Goal 11 : 
Sustainable Cities & Communities Challenge Wind turbines generate 
electrical power vast scales , without release greenhouse gasses , large 
, even small defects design carry significant costs efficiency .

Innovation Details Biome Renewables designed serrated “ FeatherEdge ” 
technology outer portion turbine blade .

air rushes around blades speeds 
300 kilometers  per hour , curls space long , serrated teeth , generating 
one sound wave , curls tips teeth , generating second sound wave moment 
later .

Wind 
tunnel tests shown technology reduce noise levels 50 80 p ercent .

reduction noise turbulence behind blade allows turbine spin slightly 
faster wind speed , generating power .

Biome Renewables also turned 
whirling maple seeds inspiration .

Spinning blades create suction pulls 
air middle area blades meet .

capture extra power , company designed “ PowerCone , ” device 
fits onto turbine ’ center smoothly channels air back onto blades –a trick 
learned falling maple seed .

gives turbines added torque , increases 
efficiency electricity -generating ability .

feathers along trailing edge wings feature 
specialized fringe forces air mix specific locations , muffling sound air 
flowing around .

See Related Strategy See Related Strategy toggle icon Biological Strategy 
Wing Feathers Enable Near -silent Flight Owl Specialized feathers owl 
enable near -silent flight altering air turbulence absorbing noise .

lopsided weight maple seed caus es spin particular angle , redirects wind 
along seed ’ slender length , accelerating flow towards tip .

causes 
seeds swirl around central point , allowing remain aloft longer , carried

See Related Strategy See Related Strategy toggle ic on 
Biological Strategy Tornado -like Spinning Increases Seed Dispersion 
Japanese maple leading edge tornado -like spinning maple seed provides 
constant lift force , allowing seeds disperse greater area .

Ray Hope 
Prize® Ray Hope Prize celebrates nature -inspired solutions addressing 
world ’ biggest environmental sustainability challenges .

Created honor 
Ray C. Anderson , founder Interface , Inc. business sustainability leader 
, $ 100,000 Ray Hope Prize helps startups cross critical threshold 
becoming viable bu sinesses amplifying stories providing equity -free 
funding .

prize shines light innovative , nature -inspired solutions need 
build sustainable resilient world .

See Ray Hope Prize Finalists See Ray Hop e Prize 
Finalists toggle icon Collection Ray Hope Prize Gallery AskNature Team 
Ray Hope Prize celebrates nature -inspired solutions addressing world 's 
biggest environmental sustainability challenges .

Innovations Innovation 
: Industry Functional Surface Fi nishing Inspired Plants Insects Fusion 
Bionic Fusion Bionic uses laser interference patterns efficiently produce 
micro nano textures wide variety materials .

Innovation : Industry 
Natural Produce Preservative Packets Inspired Plants GreenPod Labs 
GreenPod Labs mimics natural chemical signaling whole plants keep 
harvested produce fresher longer .

Innovation : Industry Self -Degrading 
Plastics Inspired Cellular Processes Intropic Materials Intropic 
Materials mimics way chaperone proteins protect enzymes create  self-
degrading plastics .

Innovation : Industry Modular Building Material 
Inspired Sponges Metavoxel Metavoxel creates high -performance materials 
mimicking open cellular architecture bone , wood , sponges .

Innovation : 
Industry Construction Decomposition  Inspired Forests Mycocycle Mycocycle 
uses fungi break toxic petrochemicals produce sturdy , lightweight 
mycelium byproducts .

Innovation : Industry Sunblock Inspired Compounds 
Eyes Sóliome Sóliome produces non -toxic , biodegradable sunscreen based 
UV-protection provided kynurenine molecules .

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AskNature Contact Us instagram icon Monthly Newsletter 
Collections Biological Stra tegies Innovations Educators Donate Biomimicry 
Institute Biomimicry Institute empowers people create nature -inspired 
solutions healthy planet.© 2021 Biomimicry Institute .

DoAboutNews Terms Service & Privacy Policy built Civilization righ t arrow 
right arrow toggle icon Term Definition toggle icon ’ seem find page ’ 
looking .

month , ’ bring selection 
compelling updates ever -growing libr ary biological strategies innovations 
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Clownfish Sea Anemone Help — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
AskNature logo Collections Biolo gical Strategies Innovations Educators 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Clownfish Sea Anemone Help Clownfish

AskNature Team Image : Samuel Chow / CC - Creative Commons Attribution 
alone toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle 
icon Cooperate/Compete Different Species parasitism mutualisms , endless 
interactions organisms nature .

Interactions species lead negative 
outcome one species known competition .

Cooperation occurs organisms work 
together benefit organism species .

competitio n often occurs resources 
mates , biologists begun look examples cooperation nature , found .

Fungi provide 
plant nutrients nitrogen phosphorus , exchange sugars plant .

search icon 
Search Function  Protect Animals Animals –organisms range microscopic 
larger bus –embody wide variety harms living systems , including animals .

threaten predation , herbivory , defense , parasitism , compete resources 
water , nutrients , space .

given living organism commo nly faces threats 
variety animals , requiring strategies effectively defend .

Trout bony 
fish , example , escape predators scales made thin , flake -like pieces 
bone covered slippery mucus .

also behavioral strategies camouflage , 
fast swimming , twisting t urning achieve release predator ’ grip .

search 
icon Search Function Cycle Nutrients ecosystems , thing waste .

Instead , 
one organism ’ waste considered another organism ’ resource , cycling 
nutrients may important form recycling living systems .

sometime s 
nutrients transformed one organism form ’ readily used organisms .

example , lignin complex organic molecule found cell walls plants .

Therefore , 
ecosystems include organisms particularly well -adapted break different 
types nutrients .

case lignin , fungi bacteria release lignin -modifying 
enzymes break lignin form carbohydrates life -supporting chemicals .

search icon Search Function Protect Microbes living systems , microbes 
play important roles , breaking organic matter maintaining personal 
system health .

bacteria create colonies called biofilms coat surfaces , reducing 
effectiveness –for example , inhibiting leaf ’ ability photosynthesize .

Living systems must strategies protecting microbes cause disease become 
numerous create imbalance system .

Others repel 
without killing reduce chances microbes adap t lethal strategy become 
resistant .

example , pea seedlings exude chemical inhibits biofilm 
buildup .

search icon Search Function Coevolve Multiple living systems 
sometimes close relationship end evolving together ; called coevolving .

Coevolution occurs changes one living system ’ genetic makeup results 
changes .

Coevolution result positive , mutually -beneficial relationships 
.

host changes avoid 
virus ’ harmful effects , turn causes change virus continue predate host 
, time .

search icon Search Function Animals Vertebrates Fish Clownfish 
Fish Class Agnatha ( “ without jaws ” ) , Class Chondrichthyes ( “ 
cartilage fish ” ) , Superclass Osteichthyes ( “ bone fish ” ) : Sharks , 
eels , snapper , hagfish fish diverse group , comprising multiple classes 
within Phylum Animalia .

well -known classes Chondrichthyes , sharks rays 
, superclass Osteichthyes , bony fish like cod tuna .

use special adaptations like fins , gills , sw im 
bladders survive .

ectothermic , meaning body temperature depends water 
temperature around .

search icon Search Living System Contents Introduction 
Strategy Potential Related Innovation Re lated Strategies Search 
References One provides shelter , provides fertilizer , better .

Introduction 1,000 anemone species live ocean , 10 species coexist 26 
species tropical clownfish .

Togethe r , obligatory symbionts , means species 
highly dependent survival .

including mutual protection predators , exchange nutrients , clownfish ’ 
tolerance anemone nematocysts .

Strategy order live among anemone , 
clownfish protect nematocyst strikes .

Nematocysts harpoon -like stingers 
anemone ’ tentacles used capture prey ward predators .

fish approach 
anemone potential food source , clownfish ’ even try eat nutrient -rich 
tentacles .

Image : Morgane Rae / 
Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon sea anemone clownfish mutually 
beneficial relationship .

clownfish born mucus layer already thicker average , grows become 
three four times thicker fish .

return safe protective home , clownfish benefits anemone several 
important ways .

include cleaning anemone , providing nutrients form 
waste , scaring away predatory fish butterflyfish .

Potential cl ownfish 
mucus layer could inspire coatings protect humans underwater punctures , 
scrapes , stings .

perhaps importantly , studying relationships organisms 
rely one another reminds us single strategy ’ always effective .

Like 
nature , much science relies in cremental discoveries together lead 
innovation .

scientist shares information data used others advance 
research add overall body human knowledge .

Related Innovation Innovation : Industry Resource Management 
Inspired Symb iosis Kalundborg Symbiosis industrial partnership one 
company 's by -products used resources another company .

Related 
Strategies Biological Strategy Mucus Coat Protects Sea Anemone Clownfish 
mucus coat clownfish protects fish sea anemone 's sting via innat e 
acquired immunity .

Biological Strategy Compounds Symbiotic Bacteria Kill 
Pathogens Eurasian hoopoe uropygial glands hoopoe birds contain symbiotic 
bacteria secrete antiseptics targeted feather -eating bacteria .

Biological Strategy Roots Recruit Symbioti c Soil Bacteria Maize roots 
maize defend phytopathogens releasing pesticide also attracts beneficial 
microbe preys target pest .

Biological Strategy Symbiosis Enables Growth 
Salty Soil Egyptian clover Mycorrhiza allow Egyptian clover grow salty 
soil regula ting uptake distribution salt ions plant .

Search Ask Nature 
Another Question Last Updated June 18 , 2020 References “ clownfish 
Amphiprion clarkii able live unharmed amongst tentacles sea anemone 
Stichodactyla haddoni .

latter powerful stinging response w ould capable 
capturing non -symbiotic fish entered tentacles .

presence clownfish 
affects anemone ’ behaviour impair stinging ability , suggesting general 
inhibitory effect mediated anemone ’ nervous system involved .

A. clarkii 
achieves protection stinging  means external mucus layer .

layer appears 
three four times thicker related fishes inhabit anemones consists largely 
glycoprotein containing neutral polysac­charide .

mucus A. clarkii 
remains inert exposure extreme denaturing conditions , suggesting conta in 
specific nematocyte inhibitors excitatory substances masked chemically ; 
inert nature probably results lack stimulatory compounds present mucus 
non-symbiotic fishes.

B 207 , 35 -61 ( 
1980 ) | R. Lubbock , David Cecil Smith embedly preview toggle icon 
Reference toggle icon loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy 
Secretion Waterproofs Nest Dufour 's gland plasterer bees protects nests 
water secret ing natural polyester .

Biological Strategy Birds Feign 
Injury Draw Away Predators Plovers Plovers fake broken wing order lead 
predators away nest protect young .

Biological Strategy Caterpillars 
Reshape Leaves Silk Cherry leaf roller Caterpillars use stit ches made 
contracting silk threads roll leaves tube -shaped shelter Biological 
Strategy Anglerfish Harness Light Darkness Anglerfish Anglerfish light -
absorbing skin keep hidden attract prey glowing lure .

Strategy Spider Silk ’ Antibacterial Powe r Spiders nanostructure spider 
silk proteins prevents bacterial attachment .

Potatoes Trick Attackers Sensing Danger Wild potato glandular hairs wild 
potato plants expel pheromone mimics alarm pheromone aphid predators  
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Deep Divers Manage Temperature — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Deep Divers Manage 
Temperature Cuvier 's beaked whale AskNature Team Image : Andrea Izzotti 
/ Shutterstock / Pub lic Domain - restrictions toggle icon Functions 
Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Protect Temperature Many 
living systems function best within specific temperature ranges .

Temperatures higher lower range negatively impact living system ’ 
physiological chemical processes , damage exterior interior .

Living 
systems must manage high low temperatures using minimal energy , often 
requires controlling responses along incremental temperature changes .

, 
living systems use variety strategies , avoidi ng high low temperatures , 
removing excess heat , holding heat .

Insulation well -known example 
managing low temperatures retaining heat using thick layers hair , fur , 
feathers hold warm air next skin .

search icon Search Function Animals 
Vertebrates Mamma ls Whales dolphins Cuvier 's beaked whale Mammals Class 
Mammalia ( “ breast ” ) : Bats , cats , whales , horses , humans Mammals 
make less 1 % animals earth , include well -known species .

know first -
hand characteristics make mammals unique , like hair , ab le sweat , 
producing milk mammary glands .

Unlike sharks alligators , example , whose 
teeth generally size shape , mammals differently shaped teeth different 
areas jaws target specific foods fo raging strategies .

Living System Veins arteries Cuvier 's beaked whales manage heat 
different configurations counter -current heat exchangers .

“ general , 
mammals possess two venous returns extremities : one deep warmed ; one 
superficia l cooled ( Fig .

deep veins , adjacent nutrient arterial 
supplies , countercurrent heat exchange ( CCHE ) occurs temperature 
arteries higher veins ( Figs 11 -13 ; Schmidt -Nielsen , 1990 ; Scholander 
, 1940 ; Scholander Schevill , 1955 ) ; warmed bloo d returned body heat 
trapped core…Three examples CCHEs found cetaceans are…a flat array 
juxtaposed arteries veins found reproductive coolers cetaceans…a vascular 
bundle , array relatively straight , parallel channels , optimum 
configuration CCHE ( Scholand er , 1940 ) , found chevron canals cetacea… 
[ ] periarterial venous rete ( PAVR ) , rosette veins surrounding artery 
.

CCHEs found circulation cetacean fins ( Figs 13d 13e ) , flukes 
flippers ( Scholander , 1940 ; Scholander Schevill , 1955 ) …Superficial 
veins cetacean supply cooled blood body core ( Fig .

veins 
carrying blood feed bilaterally paired reproductive coolers ( Figs 12d -g 
) ( Rommel et al.

addition providing 
thermoregulation reproductive system , cooled blood periphery also 
returned heart via large epidural veins ( Figs 12d ; Figs 13 14 ) , 
perform functions azygous system mammals ( Rommel et al.

deep divers , beaked whales sperm whales , epidural 
veins even larger observed d elphinids ( S. Rommel , pers .

2006:197 -198 ) Last Updated September 14 , 2016 References 
Journal article Elements beaked whale anatomy diving physiology 
hypothetical causes sonar -related stranding .

Biological Strategies 
Biological Strategy Rapid Oscillation Sheds Water Mammals Quick movement 
dries mammalian fur ejecting droplets using centripetal force .

Biological Strategy Thinner Fur Keeps Numbats Warmer Numbat making hairs 
stand , numbats expose skin sun create insulating l ayer air reduce heat 
loss .

Camel fur sweat glands combine form powerful temperature management 
system .

Biological Strategy Beetles Scatter “ Light ” White scarab 
beetles Randomly arranged fi laments scatter wavelengths light , optimized 
spacing maximizes effect .

Biological Strategy Fur Keeps Heat Cold Water 
Otters Long scales underhair otters fur seals trap air retain heat 
prevent water penetration .

Biological Strategy Hormones Regulate 
Behavior Response Stress Insects distinct set hormones alter insect 
behavior changing metabolic function times stress .

Self-Deploying Robot Wings Inspired Ladybird Beetle — Innovation — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Innovation : Academia Self -Deploying 
Robot Wings Inspired Ladybird Beetle Seoul National University 2020 Image 
: Jean Beaufort / Needpix / Public Domain - restrictions toggle icon 
Functions Performed toggle icon Modify Size/ Shape/Mass/Volume Many living 
systems alter physical properties , size , shape , mass , volume .

modifications occur response living system ’ needs and/or changing 
environmental conditions .

example , may move efficiently , escape 
predators , recover damag e , many reasons .

Modifying properties requires 
materials enable changes , cues make changes , mechanisms control .

example porcupine fish , protects predators taking sips water air inflate 
body erect spines embedded skin .

search icon Search Function Manage 
Compression living system compression , force pushing , like chair person 
sitting .

evenly applied sides living system , compression results 
decreased volume .

applied two sides , results deform ation , pushing two 
sides balloon .

living systems must 
retain efficient form , must ensure deformation temporary .

Managing 
compression also provides opportunity lessen effects forces .

Living 
systems strategies help prev ent compression recover , maintaining 
function .

example , African elephant adults weigh 4,700 6,048 kilograms 
.

must hold weight four feet , tissues feet features enable compression 
absorb distribute forces .

search icon Search Function Manage Mechanical 
Wear living system subject mechanical wear two parts rub living system 
comes contact abrasive components environment , sand coral .

abrasive 
components constant force , finger joints moving , others occur 
infrequently , sand storm moving across desert .

Li ving systems protect 
mechanical wear using strategies appropriate level frequency source , 
abrasion -resistant surfaces , replaceable parts , lubricants .

example , 
human joints like shoulders knees move day , every day .

protect 
mechanical wear , lubricant  reduces friction cartilage joint .

search 
icon Search Function Prevent Buckling living system undergoes compression 
extent causes structural damage , results buckling .

example , person 
pushes top side paper cup , cup ’ wall eventually give way , buckle .

Although living system could add material strengthen structure , requires 
expending precious energy .

Instead , must use energy materials 
conservatively avoid buckling , strengthening structures careful 
placement materials resist , absorb , deflect compre ssive forces .

example , instead one long , tubular stem , plants like bamboo stronger 
nodes scattered along stems .

compressed , nodes keep round stems taking 
oval shape weakens structure could result buckling .

Function Prevent Deforma tion living system undergoes compression , 
tension , shear , bending , twisting , internal inter -molecular forces 
often resist forces even change shape temporarily , returning original 
shape forces stop .

However , force strong lasts long , permanent 
deformation structural failure occur , resulting death .

living systems strategies resist deformation help ensure limited 
deformation .

example , bones thin crystals proteinaceous fibers provide 
strength flexibility , protecting forces would otherwi se cause

search icon Search Function Contents Innovation 
Profile Challenge Innovation Details Video Biological Model References 
Winged jump -gliding robot Seoul National University utilizes curved vein 
shape allows self -locking .

B enefits Increased energy efficiency 
Increased performance Applications Aviation Robotics Challenge Jump -
gliding specific locomotion style robots combines gliding jumping 
movements increase energy efficiency travel distance .

, wings foldable , 
rapidly depl oyable , resilient aerodynamic forces .

Traditional jump -
gliding robots use linkages , springs , actuators wings , usually make 
robot heavy bulky , hindering overall locomotion performance .

Additionally , wings rapidly deployed , making unusable certain h igh 
intensity situations .

compact lightweight wing system self -deployable due single 
curved joint , similar tape measure able keep shape .

ligh tweight design allows robot 
travel farther , still sturdy enough buckle large aerodynamic forces .

/ Seoul National University / Copyright © - rights 
reserved toggle icon Illustration ladybug -inspired origami .

Biological Model Ladybird beetles 
deployable wings carefully folded beneath stiff outer barrier .

shape 
wing joints allow wings rapidly spring free needed , usually within 0.1 
seconds .

wings also resilient sturdy , preventing foldi ng buckling 
flapping high frequency .

ladybird beetle folds wings , vein deforms , allowing elastic energy 
stored inside .

stored energy allows wings quickly easily deployed , also 
allows lock place without nee d additional components .

See Related 
Strategy See Related Strategy toggle icon Biological Strategy Wings 
Deployable Beetles wings beetles folded stored fore -wings deploy flight 
thanks sprung wing joints .

References Journal article Ladybird beetle –
inspired compliant origami Science Robotics embedly preview toggle icon 
Reference toggle icon loading Innovations Innovation : Industry High -
Performance Biocomposites Inspired Trees Strong Form Strong Form mimics 
growth patterns trees fuse sustainability wood per formance advanced 
composites .

Innovation : Academia High -Performance Actuator Inspired 
Human Muscles Northern Arizona University Actuator Northern Arizona 
University coiled , helical structure enables generate power .

Innovation 
: Academia Search Algorith m Inspired Arboreal Ant Trail Networks Stanford 
Algorithm Stanford parameterized field data enabling quickly fix network 
disruptions .

Innovation : Academia Energy Absorbing Synthetic Bone 
Inspired Biological Tissues University Colorado Denver 3D -printed 
synthetic bone CU Denver forms resilient lattice structure means digital 
light processing .

Innovation : Academia Next -Generation Solar Cells 
Inspired Photosynthesis Penn State Solar cells Penn State contain 
photosensitive molecules use fluorescence resonan ce energy transfer 
increase efficiency energy generation .

Innovation : Academia 
Minimalistic Continuum Manipulator Interface Inspired Fish Scales 
University Bristol Continuum manipulator interface University Bristol 
highly articulated helical interface en sures smooth joint movement .

Hoverflies ’ Remarkable Roll — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
AskNature logo Collections Biological Strategies Innovations Educators 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Hoverflies ’ Remarkable Roll AskNature 
Team Imag e : John Greetham / Shutterstock / Copyright © - rights reserved 
toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon 
Move in/Through Gases Living systems must move gases ( less dense liquids 
solids ) earth ’ atmosphere .

greatest challeng e moving gases living 
system heavier gas , must overcome force gravity .

Moving efficiently 
light medium presents unique challenges opportunities living systems .

result , evolved countless solutions optimize drag increase lift stay

wasp , air feels like heavy liquid move , uses 
special feathery oars rather wings .

search icon Search Function In sects 
Class Insecta ( “ insect ” ) : Flies , ants , beetles , cockroaches , 
fleas , dragonflies Insects abundant arthropods —they make 90 % animals 
phylum .

’ found everywhere earth except deep ocean , scientists estimate 
millions insects yet described .

li ve land , many live freshwater 
saltwater marshes part life cycles .

Insects three distinct body sections 
: head , specialized mouthparts , thorax , jointed legs , abdomen .

well -
developed nervous sensory systems , invertebrate fly , thanks lightweight 
exoskeletons small size .

Introduction Strategy Potential AI AskNature References Hoverflies use 
rolling maneuver right taking upside .

Introduction Hoverflies critical 
pollinators , many species benefited mimicking ap pearance bees wasps ––
species defense mechanisms hoverflies lack .

hoverflies impressive 
abilities , namely lightning -quick way orient flight .

particular , 
almost instantly flip taking flight upside -down position .

Strategy 
righting reflex hoverflies invol ves combination aerodynamic forces 
coordinated body movements initiate control rolling motion .

asymmetry wing motion produces torque , 
enabling hoverfly initiate roll .

also utilize active roll damping , stabilizes 
roll movements within single wingbeat despite variable external 
conditions , providing remarkable stability flight .

Furthermore , 
hoverflies possess efficient gaze stabilization reflex , ensuring 
maintain visual focus orientation head thorax rotate different rates .

key adaptation allows rapid adjustments presence flies halteres , 
specialized organs act gyroscopic sensors .

Halteres developed earlier 
hindwings various sensory organs detect position mot ion base .

beat 
opposite wings respond Coriolis centrifugal forces , providing crucial 
information fly ’ angular rate .

Integration halteres righting reflex 
vital achieving precise orientation control .

participate two nested 
feedback loops regulate roll r ate roll angle , contributing stability 
hoverfly righting process .

halteres serve sensors also play role 
feedforward system , influencing control head orientation relative thorax 
.

ability detect rotational movements provide real -time feedback enhances 
hoverflies ’ capacity maintain stability visual focus .

Potential 
Understanding righting reflex hoverflies presents exciting possibilities 
various applications engineering design .

incorporating principles 
dynamic rolling active roll damping , enhance stabil ity maneuverability 
aerial systems , autonomous drones robotic platforms .

One potential 
application lies development agile airborne drones capable operating 
complex environments .

mimicking asymmetric wing motions stroke -amplitude 
asymmetry observed hover flies , drones achieve better control stability 
take-off flight .

ability actively dampen roll movements , hoverflies , 
allow drones maintain stability even challenging conditions , enabling 
safer efficient operations .

implementing righting reflex strategy inspired 
hoverflies , robotic systems enhance self -correction capabilities faced 
disturbances changes orientation .

lead robust adaptable robots capable 
recovering unexpected situations , making ideal tasks unstructured 
dynamic environments .

Furthermore , insights gained hoverflies ’ 
righting reflex inspire advancements human -centered design .

studying 
emulating coordination wing motions , body dynamics , sensory feedback , 
humans could develop i nnovative solutions improving human balance 
stability .

Applications may include wearable technologies assistive 
devices provide enhanced stability control individuals mobility

AI AskNature page produced part assistance AI , allowing us 
greatly expand volume content available AskNature .

Last Updated May 31 , 2023 References Journal 
article hoverflies use righting reflex ?

Journal Exp erimental Biology | 
July 2 , 2020 | Anna Verbe , Léandre P. Varennes , Jean -Louis Vercher , 
Stéphane Viollet embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon 
loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Sensory Cells Give 
Dragonflies Smart Wings Drag onflies Dragonfly wings lined sensors help 
insect navigate using information airflow wing strain .

Strategy Moths Alter Flight Deal Winds Death's -head hawkmoth Moths use 
changes speed altitude maintain trajectory despite changes windspeed 
direction .

Biological Strategy Birds Surf Air Pelicans pelican wings 
glide close water , use “ ground effect ” maximize lift , minimize drag , 
conserve energy .

Biological Strategy Flying Squirrels Control Glide 
Flying squirrels Flying squirrels membranes carti lage help change lift 
drag forces , enabling glide 100 times body length .

Biological Strategy 
Tiny Structures Help Butterflies Soar Butterflies moths Microscopic 
scales provide lift nature ’ “ flying flowers.

” Biological Strategy 
Spiders Fly Riding Elect ric Currents Spiders Spiders travel thousands 
miles air using silk ride electrostatic repulsion instead wind .

Fibers Reinforce Nests — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Fibers Reinforce Nests Wasps AskNature 
Team Image : Marco Sacchi / Flickr / rights reserved toggle icon 
Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Physically 
Assemble Structure Living systems use physical materials  create 
structures serve protection , insulation , purposes .

structures internal 
( within attached system ) , cell membranes , shells , fur .

also 
external ( detached ) , nests , burrows , cocoons , webs .

physical 
materials limited energy required gather  create new structures costly , 
living systems must use conservatively .

example , weaver birds use two types 
vegetation create nests : strong , stiff fibers numerous thin fibers .

bone comprised mineral matrix assembled create strong 
cross-supports tubular outer surface filled air minimize weight .

search 
icon Search Function Animals Arthropods Insects Bees was ps Wasps Insects 
phylum .

millions insects yet des cribed .

live land , many live freshwater 

well -
developed nervous sensory systems , invertebrate fly , thanks light weight 

Introduction Strategy Potential References Nests wasps sturdy incorporate 
fibers parallel pattern .

Introduction Wasps might seem ( ) “ friendly ” 
cousins bees , aggressive attitude  makes vital members many ecosystems .

Also , ’ 
generally make honey , still make honeycomb -like structures raise young .

Wasps chew wood environment , mix 
saliva form material build nests .

building , manage incorporate fibers 
parallel pattern , makes paper much stronger fibers arranged randomly .

Potential 
Humans already build parallel embedded fibers , example using fiberglass 
reinforced concrete .

Combined additive 
manufacturing techniques , wasp methods could yield new forms strong 
lightweight material .

Last Updated September 7 , 2022 References “ 
Reinforcement planned use fibers , fiberglass ferroconcrete , also 
evident thin cardboard pillars wasps ’ nests … principle  , pillars 
consist material rest structure .

However , derive great strength fact 
wood fibers arranged parallel pattern .

say , wasps instinctively take 
consideration strength requirements building materials building nests –and 
ingenious simplicity.

” ( Tri butsch 1984:10 ) Book Life Learned Live : 
Adaptation Nature MIT Press | 01/01/1983 | Helmut Tributsch embedly 
preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Biological Strategies 
Biological Strategy Nest Structurally Reinforced Jet ant carton nests jet 
ants reinforced hyphae resident fungi .

Reshape Leaves Silk Cherry leaf roller Caterpillars use stitches made 
Strategy Proteins Help Corals Build Rock -Hard Reefs Corals lay proteins 
organized way create scaffold minerals produce rock -hard reefs Biological 
Strategy Diatoms Build Glass Houses Stable Strong Diatoms Diatoms build 
strong , intricate cases using proteins arrange minerals .

Strategy Salt  Squeezing Turn Liquid Spider Silk Spiders Spiders turn 
liquid strong , stretchy fiber squeezing small space helps protein 
molecules connect .

Biological Strategy Mucus Filters Water Food Giant 
Larvacean giant larvacean rapidly regularly builds house mucus  capable 
filtering large quantities water .

Join Mailing List  Sign 
receive information events , programs , projects .

Plants Survive Repeated Drying Rehydration — Biological Strategy — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Plants Survive 
Repeated Drying Rehydration Lesser clubmoss plants AskNature Team Image : 
Ivar Leidus / Wikimedia Commons / CC - Creative Commons Attribution alone 
Prevent Deformation living sys tem undergoes compression , tension , shear 
, bending , twisting , internal inter -molecular forces often resist 
forces even change shape temporarily , returning original shape forces 
stop .

However , force strong lasts long , permanent deformation 
structur al failure occur , resulting death .

Therefore , living systems 
strategies resist deformation help ensure limited deformation .

example , 
bones thin crystals proteinaceous fibers provide strength flexibility , 
protecting forces would otherwise cause deform ation daily basis .

search 
icon Search Function Prevent Fatigue materials comprise living systems 
subjected repeated loads , weaken time .

However , fatigue ’ occur anywhere material ; cracks 
usually start ar eas subjected elevated local stresses .

living systems often employ shapes , materials , and/or smooth 
transitions decrease potential fatigue .

Rather bent constant flow forces waves 
currents , shape causes pulled .

reduces stress roughly 800 times 
compared another species bends flow , ultimately reducing structural 
fatigue .

search icon Search Function Plants Ferns Lesser clubmoss plants 
Ferns Class Polypodiopsida ( “ many footed appe arance ” ) : Ferns , 
horsetails , whisk ferns Ferns class plants reproduce without flowers 
seeds , spores .

10,500 known species , ferns second abundant group 
vascular plants angiosperms ( flowering plants ) .

Though found variety 
habitats , ferns prefer m oist , humid environments .

Ferns first evolved 
Carboniferous Period 360 million years ago .

medicine , ornamental landscaping , hold importance culture folklore .

search icon S earch 
Living System cells lesser clubmoss plants prevent deformation repeated 
dehydration via small vacuoles filled mechanical mixtures called colloids 
.

“ plants , example , genus Selaginella , repeatedly dry rehydrate 
without structural damage .

avoid cr itical cell deformations severe 
dehydration using vacuoles smaller size filled tannin colloids instead 
ions .

Upon dehydration colloids undergo minimal volume changes ( Walter 
, 1956 ) .

Nature points interesting alternative replacing crystallizing 
small molecules larger -sized colloids .

” ( Bar -Cohen 2006:476 ) Bar -
Cohen Y. Biomimetics : biologically inspired technologies .

527 p. Last 
Updated September 14 , 2016 References Book Biomimeti cs : Biologically 
Inspired Technologies CRC/Taylor & Francis | 02/11/2005 | Yoseph Bar -
Cohen embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading 
Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Giraffes Thrive Despite High 
Blood Pressure Giraffe Genes giraf fes maintain cardiac health despite 
high blood pressure keeping thickened heart muscles supple .

Strategy Subterranean Substance Surprising Superpowers Fungi Fungi create 
strong lightweight material producing random network tiny threads .

Biological Strategy Elephant Trunks Twist Twirl Elephants Three muscle 
fiber patterns inside trunks work together provide strength , support , 
resistance needed bend twist extreme agility .

Flexible Collagen Fibers Strong Minerals Dissipate E nergy Vertebrates ( 
Mammals , Fish , Birds , Reptiles ) combination mineral crystals collagen 
fibers protects bone major fractures sacrificing small structural 
elements .

Biological Strategy Teeth Strong Resilient Chiton teeth 
chitons resist cracking highl y ordered , submicroscopic architecture 
features partnership hard mineral crystals fibers .

Square Tail Helps Grip Seahorse square tail seahorse helps give extra 
grip hunting prey .

Reading Scientific Paper - Biomimicry Toolbox Reading Scientific Paper - 
Biomimicry Toolbox Biomimicry Institute AskNature Youth Design Challenge 
DONATE Introduction Biomimicry ?

Introductory Videos Core 
Concepts Function Strategy Systems View Earth ’ Operating System Nature ’ 
Unifying Patterns Metho ds Biomimicry Process Define Challenge Biologize 
Function & Context Discover Biological Strategies Abstract Design 
Strategies Emulate Nature ’ Lessons Evaluate Fit & Function Pathways 
Biomimicry References Reading List Glossary Terms Case Studies Biology 
Research Reading Scientific Paper Interdisciplinary Collaboration 
Business Planning Biomimicry Toolbox Select Page Home » References » 
Reading Scientific Paper Reading Scientific Paper Tips getting biological 
journal articles .

Biological journal articles s eem overwhelming without 
science background .

Click image explore 
interactive example scholarly article North Carolina State University 
library .

research articles start abstract —a concise summary article —followed 
keywords sections introduction , materials methods , results , discussion 
, references works cited .

first look article , skim relevant 
information , order : Abstract : Start , help figure paper useful .

abstracts tell ’ going covered , many include much key information ’ need 
.

trouble comprehending abstract , ’ a fraid Google key phrases help 
understand essence material .

representative 
paper ’ topic give quick sense whether paper useful , especially abstract 
particularly complex .

Conclusion : Jump end text read conclusion ; 
sometimes gives additional insight strategy content .

’ 
done rest paper , ’ probably come back read results section says .

Introduction : introduction gives context often adds in formation 
literature may lead additional sources .

Scientists build previous 
research , introduction might include valuable information ’ relevant 
strategy .

However , particular paper might elaborate one part previous 
results .

Methods Results : Skip come  back ’ something ’ understand rest 
.

Discussion : discussion authors explain results , often written 
accessible language abstract .

discussion also authors allowed 
speculation conjecture , watch words indicate results sure speculating .

References Works C ited : Skimming titles authors section often lead 
relevant works details topic help quickly understand likely expert area , 
based number previous publications .

want contact authors directly 
information explain research simpler terms , look contact information “ 
corresponding author ” start first author list authors .

scientists eager 
talk work know value others  , ’ afraid approach .

Resources h Reading 
Scientific Paper PDF Download copy guide PDF .

NCSU Anatomy Scholarly 
Article Explore interactive example scholarly article annotations 
describing major parts .

ASU Anatomy Article Ask Biologist website created Arizona State 
University provides great overview goes paper .

ASU `` Dissected '' 
Article Ask Biologist website created Arizona State University provides 
helpful “ dissection ” scholarly article help r eaders understand 
different parts .

Terms Service & Privacy Policy Google+ Facebook Cookie 
Settings © 2015 -2023 Biomimicry Institute FEEDBACK SURVEY use cookies 
give best browsing experience .

Skin Resists Microorganisms — Biological S trategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Skin Resists Microorganisms Long -finned 
pilot whale AskNature Team Image : Barney Moss / Wikimedia Commons / CC - 
icon Living System toggle icon Modify Material Characteristics materials 
found living systems variable , yet often made basic building blocks .

material 
resources limited , material within used given living system must 
frequently serve multiple purposes .

strategies modify materials ’ softness , flexibility , characteristics .

ensure survival , benefits  modifications must outweigh living system ’ 
energy material expenditure generate .

example , spiders store liquid 
components spider silk gland , converting silk thread needed .

threads 
different characteristics , elasticity UV reflectance , others .

searc h 
icon Search Function Prevent Fracture/Rupture High force impact stress 
cause materials comprise living systems separate two pieces ( called 
fracturing ) break burst suddenly ( called rupturing ) .

example , 
scallop prevents structural failure fracture sh ell comprised two 
materials varying stiffness .

crack moves scallop ’ stiff material less 
stiff one , latter reduces force tip crack , thereby stopping spreading 
farther .

search icon Search Function Protect Animals Animals –organisms 
range microscopic larg er bus–embody wide variety harms living systems , 
including animals .

threaten predation , herbivory , defense , parasitism 
, compete resources water , nutrients , space .

given living organism 
commonly faces threats variety animals , requiring strategies effectively 
defend .

Trout bony fish , example , escape predators scales made thin , 
flake-like pieces bone covered slippery mucus .

also behavioral 
strategies camouflage , fast swimming , twisting turning achieve release 
predator ’ grip .

systems , microbes play important roles , breaking organic matter 
maintaining personal system health .

bacteria create colonies called biofilms coat 
surfaces , redu cing effectiveness –for example , inhibiting leaf ’ ability 
photosynthesize .

Living systems must strategies protecting microbes 
cause disease become numerous create imbalance system .

Others repel without killing reduce chances microbes adapt 
lethal strategy become resistant .

example , pea seedlings exude chemical 
inhibits biofilm buildup .

search icon Search Function Chemically Break 
Organic Compounds vast majorit y biochemical assembly breakdown processes –
even complex organisms –occur within cells .

fact , cells able perform 
hundreds , even thousands chemical transformations time life -friendly 
conditions ( ambient temperature pressure aqueous environment ) .

Part 
reason decomposition reactions ( chemical breakdown ) occur mild 
conditions often , occur stepwise , enzyme -mediated fashion , sipping 
releasing small amounts energy step .

example , breakdown glucose 
pyruvate –and release energy –occurs 10 -step enzyme catalyz ed process 
glycolysis .

search icon Search Function Animals Vertebrates Mammals 
Whales dolphins Long -finned pilot whale Mammals Class Mammalia ( “ breast 
” ) : Bats , cats , whales , horses , humans Mammals make less 1 % 
animals earth , include well -known species .

know first -hand 
characteristics make mammals unique , like hair , able sweat , producing 
milk mammary glands .

Another critical shared feature set highly -
specialized teeth .

Unlike sharks alligators , example , whose teeth 
generally size shape , mammals differently shaped teeth different areas 
jaws target specific foods foraging strategies .

Living System skin pilot whales resists microorganisms thanks microscopic 
pores nanoridges , surrounded secreted enzymatic gel denatures pr oteins 
carbohydrates .

“ Christoph Baum team Hanover School Veterinary Medicine 
Germany discovered pilot whale ’ skin specialised nano -structure stops 
build-up microscopic organisms barnacle larvae .

Baum team examined freeze-dried samples pilot whale skin 
cryo-scanning electron microscope .

discovered surface made tiny pores 
0.1 micrometres across surrounded raised ‘ nanoridges ’ .

ridges rubber -
like gel containing enzymes denature proteins carbohydrates .

Baum thinks organisms 
bacteria diatoms trouble sticking ridge edges , provide little purchase .

Without pioneers , larger creatures 
crustacean mollusc larvae hard time co lonising whale ’ skin .

group 
intends patent version pilot whale ’ skin eco -friendly alternative 
existing anti -fouling paints .

” ( Courtesy Biomimicry Guild ) Last Updated May 
7 , 2020 Referenc es Book Design Nature V : Comparing Design Nature 
Science Engineering ( WIT Transactions Ecology Environment ) 02/06/2010 | 
C. A. Brebbia embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading 
Book Physiology Rubber Tree Latex Laticiferous Cell Latex - Modell 
Cytoplasm 30/11/1988 | Jean d'Auzac embedly preview toggle icon Reference 
toggle icon loading Journal article Surface properties skin pilot whale 
Globicephala melas Baum C ; Simon F ; Meyer W ; Fleischer L -G ; Siebers ; 
Kacza J ; Seeger J Journal art icle Average nanorough skin surface pilot 
whale ( Globicephala melas , Delphinidae ) : considerations self -cleaning 
abilities based nanoroughness Baum C ; Meyer W ; Stelzer R ; Fleischer L -
G ; Siebers Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Secretion 
Waterproofs Nest Dufour 's gland plasterer bees protects nests water 
secreting natural polyester .

Biological Strategy Birds Feign Injury Draw 
Away Predators Plovers Plovers fake broken wing order lead predators away 
nest protect young .

Cherry leaf roller Caterpillars use stitches made contracting silk 
threads roll leaves tube -shaped shelter Biological Strategy Rapid 
Oscillation Sheds Water Mammals Quick movement dries mammalian fur 
ejecting droplets using centripetal force .

Anglerfish Harness Light Darkness Anglerfish Anglerfish light -absorbing 
skin keep hidden attract prey glowing lure .

Biological Strategy Spider 
Silk ’ Antibacterial Power Spiders nanostructure spider silk proteins 
prevents bacterial attachment .

Wings Fold Multiple Times Without Wear — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Wings Fold Multiple Times 
Without Wear  Beetles AskNature Team Image : KarlR / Wikimedia commons / 
Manage Mechanical Wear living system subject mechanical wear two parts 
rub living system comes contact abrasive components env ironment , sand 
coral .

abrasive components constant force , finger joints moving , 
others occur infrequently , sand storm moving across desert .

Living 
systems protect mechanical wear using strategies appropriate level 
frequency source , abrasion -resistan t surfaces , replaceable parts , 
lubricants .

example , human joints like shoulders knees move day , every 
day .

protect mechanical wear , lubricant reduces friction cartilage 
joint .

search icon Search Function Prevent Fatigue materials comprise 
living sy stems subjected repeated loads , weaken time .

However , fatigue ’ occur anywhere 
material ; cracks usually start areas subjected elevated local stresses .

Therefore , living systems often employ shapes , mat erials , and/or 
smooth transitions decrease potential fatigue .

compared another species b ends flow , ultimately reducing structural 
fatigue .

search icon Search Function Animals Arthropods Insects Beetles 
Insects Class Insecta ( “ insect ” ) : Flies , ants , beetles , 
cockroaches , fleas , dragonflies Insects abundant arthropods —they make 
90 % animals phylum .

’ found everywhere earth except deep ocean , 
scientists estimate millions insects yet described .

live land , many 
live freshwater saltwater marshes part life cycles .

Insects three 
distinct body sections : head , specialized mouthparts ,  thorax , jointed 
legs , abdomen .

well -developed nervous sensory systems , invertebrate 
fly , thanks lightweight exoskeletons small size .

Living System Wings beetles fold multiple times without wear fatigue 
resilin key joints .

creatures heavy armoured tanks insect world spend great deal 
time ground , barging way vegetable litter , scrabbling soil gnawing wood 
.

beetles protect turnin g 
front pair stiff thick covers fit neatly top abdomen .

” ( Attenborough 1979:79 ) 
“ account shows distribution elastic elements hind wings scarabaeid 
Pachnoda marginata coccinellid Coccinella se ptempunctata ( Coleoptera ) .

Occurrence resilin , rubber –like protein , mobile joints together data 
wing unfolding flight kinematics suggest resilin beetle wing multiple 
functions .

First , distribution pattern resilin wing correlates 
particular folding p attern wing .

Second , data show resilin occurs 
places extra elasticity needed , example wing folds , prevent material 
damage repeated folding unfolding .

Third , resilin provides wing 
elasticity order deformable aerodynamic forces .

2000:1375 ) Last Updated October 25 
, 2016 References “ Beetles use fore -wings different purpose altogether .

creatures heavy armoured tanks insect world spend great deal time ground

, barging way vegetable litter , scrab bling soil gnawing wood .

beetles protect turning 

Book Life Earth : Natural History 01/01/1970 | David Attenborough embedly 
preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading “ account shows 
distribution elastic elements hind wings scarabaeid Pachnoda marginata 
coccinellid Coccinella septempunctata ( Coleoptera ) .

Occurr ence resilin 
, rubber –like protein , mobile joints together data wing unfolding flight 
kinematics suggest resilin beetle wing multiple functions .

First , 
distribution pattern resilin wing correlates particular folding pattern 
wing .

Second , data show res ilin occurs places extra elasticity needed , 
example wing folds , prevent material damage repeated folding unfolding .

Third , resilin provides wing elasticity order deformable aerodynamic 
forces .

2000:1375 ) Journal article function resilin beetle wings Proceedings 
Royal Society B : Biological Sciences | 26/07/2002 | F. Haas , S. Gorb , 
R. Blickhan embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading 
Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Gi raffes Thrive Despite High 
Blood Pressure Giraffe Genes giraffes maintain cardiac health despite 

strong lightw eight material producing random network tiny threads .

Biological Strategy Teeth Strong Resilient Chiton teeth chitons resist 
cracking highly ordered , submicroscopic architecture features 
partnership hard mineral crystals fibers .

Biological Strategy Teet h 
Enable Use Fallback Foods Great Apes teeth great apes help survive times 
food scarcity diverse type material characteristics , allowing 
consumption fallback foods .

Biological Strategy Sticky Berries Adhere 
Mistletoe seeds European mistletoe pass safely bird 's gut yet stick 
branches germinate due mechanical properties cellulosic filaments sticky 
coating .

Biological Strategy Acorn Weevil Snouts Bend Brink ’ Break 
Acorn weevil complex arrangement materials weevils ' slender snouts make 
strong flexible .

Spiders ’ Leg Hairs Help Find Flying Food — Biological Strategy — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Spiders ’ Leg 
Hairs Help Find Flying Food Spiders Mary Hoff Image : Volker Framenau / 
Flickr / CC NC - Creative Commons Attribution + Noncommercial toggle icon 
Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Teach Topic 
toggle icon Sense Touch Mechanical Forces Living System Perceiving touch 
enables living syst ems detect living systems around environmental 

sense danger well opportunity , Venus flytrap ’ hairs sense presence 

Sometimes , living system senses touch mechanical force s 

Fingertips dermal ridges many nerve endings increase sensitivity , 

search icon Search Function Sense Sound Vibrations Environment 
living systems , sensing sound vibrations important communicating 
detecting conditions within environment .

Living systems must locate 
signal ’ source move toward ( food potential mate ) away ( predator ) .

prompt appropriate response , living systems must sense signals , 
recognize amplitude volume ( sometimes low ) , determine direction .

Living systems must attuned signals relevant able distinguish irrelevant 
sounds avoid expending unnecessary energy .

small prey night avoid wasting energy chasing irrelevant sounds .

search 
icon Search Function Sense Motion Perceiving motion  important living 
system sense relation moving environment , critical locating resources 
wayfinding .

applies whether environment motion ( water movement coming 
nearby fish ) living system moving within stationary environment ( bird 
flying air ) .

motion d ampens distance cost missing motion signals high , 
living systems must quite sensitive signals .

example , fast -flying big 
brown bats microscopic , stiff , domed hairs wing membranes act sensor 
array monitor flight speed airflow conditions .

search icon Se arch 
Function Animals Arthropods Arachnids Spiders Arachnids Class Arachnida ( 
“ spider ” ) : Spiders , mites , ticks , scorpions Arachnids get bad 
reputation , play important role ecosystem controlling insect populations 
.

Almost half species class spider s , live terrestrial environments .

Unlike insects , arachnids two body sections : cephalothorax , head 
thorax fused together , abdomen .

body shape comes handy species parasitic , makes harder 
hosts bite scratch .

search icon Search Living System Biological Strategy 
Printables need offline version AskNature 's content , pages covered .

View Resource Contents Introduction Strategy Potential References Tiny 
leg hairs help spiders sense subtle air moveme nt conducting directly 
nerve cells .

predators 
, means able detect presence , location , movement often -elusive prey .

hunting spiders , secret success touch ––
information gathered hundreds hairs protruding lanky legs .

Image : Leah 
Lowrey , Michael Smith / Public Domain - restrictions toggle icon 
Magnified views trichobothria reveal density cover spider's legs .

Image  
: Janice Carr / Centers Disease Control Prevention / Public Domain - 
restrictions toggle icon high magnification , cup shaped base 
trichobothria set becomes visible .

Image : Luc Viatour / wikimedia 
commons / GFDL - Gnu Free Document License toggle icon l egs jumping 
spider sport specialized hairs detect presence nearby prey .

Image : 
Clemens Schaber / Interface / toggle icon Long , thin leg hairs known 
trichobothria help spider sense motion air around .

Courtesy Clemens 
Schaber right arrow right arrow Stra tegy spider ’ legs least 20 ( 
potentially 100 ) sensory structures called trichobothria .

consists thin 
hair varying length thickness embedded membrane bottom cup -shaped base .

variations size 
location , tr ichobothrium provides unique information location movement 
prey relation spider .

Since hair 
suspended flexible membrane ( instead held tight base ) , e ven slightest 
movement conducted right nerves .

variations size location , 
trichobothrium provides unique information location movement prey 
relation spider .

split second , nervous system able combine information 
many trichobothria clear picture spider ne eds strike order capture meal .

Learn recognize trichobothria spider hairs video Wild South Australia .

Potential hypersensitivity touch vibrations modeled trichobothria ’ 
system long thin receptor suspended flexible membrane could emulated 
varying scales using different materials detect different kinds signals .

large scale , could help analyze underwater currents detect presence 
activity sea life .

micro scale could provide alternative options sound 
detection variety products .

addition , spider ’ ability  use information 
gathered synthesized network many sensors detect location motion object 
could used improve ability .

Manned unmanned aircraft could adapt 
strategy greater sensitivity environmental clues avoid collisions birds , 
ground vehicles could use i mprove maneuvers parallel parking backing .

sensory capacity might built wearable devices clothing make possible

Download Strategy PDF Biological 
Strategy Antennae Sense Vibrations antennae male mosquitoes sense 
vibratio ns via fine , hair -like structures respond oscillations air 
particles .

Biological Strategy Seal Whiskers Track Prey Underwater 
Harbor seal Harbor seal whiskers sense wake left swimming prey cancelling 
signals seal ’ movement .

Biological Strategy Leg Hair s Prevent Spider 
Sticking Web Leg hairs orb -weaver spiders allow build web without getting 
stuck .

Biological Strategy Sticky Hairs Leg Aid Prey Capture Palp -footed 
spiders Hairs legs hunting spiders aid capturing holding prey using 
adhesive bristles .

Las t Updated May 24 , 2022 References “ 
trichobothrium deflected , lower edge helmet presses end dendrite inserts 
side direction deflection ( Fig .

Different deflection directions 
stimulate different sensory cells .

remarkable effect single 
trichobothri um “ looks ” different directions three four sensory cells , 
signal direction stimulus spider ( afferents suitably connected central 
nervous circuitry ) .

” ( Barth 2002:93 ) Book Trichobothria - 
Measurement Air Movement Spider 's World | 2002 | Friedrich G. Barth 
embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading “ Therefore , 
seems ‘ design ’ filiform hairs evolved maximize mechanical sensitivity 
higher frequencies ( equivalently sensitivity fast signals , transient 
fast fluctuations ) , rather opt imize response frequency angular velocity 
maximal .

evolutionary point view , suggests existence strong pressures 
selecting high sensitivity higher frequencies.

2011:1141 ) … fly flying towards stationary alert predatory spider 
produce signals progressively increasing amount higher frequency airflows 
signify imminent encounter [ 3,14 ] .

filiform hairs prey predator 
arthropods may attained mechanical response properties close physical 
limit course evolution precisely assess close enco unters.

2011:1142 ) Journal article Air motion sensing hairs arthropods 
detect high frequencies near -maximal mechanical efficiency Journal Royal 
Society Interface | December 14 , 2011 | Brice Bathellier , Thomas 
Steinmann , Friedrich  G. Barth , Jérôme Casas embedly preview toggle icon 
Sensory Cells Give Dragonflies Smart Wings Dragonflies Dragonfly wings 
lined sensors help insect navigate using information airflow  wing strain 
.

Biological Strategy Insect Uses Waves Communicate Water strider Water 
striders communicate using body parts send sense slight vibrations water 
around .

Biological Strategy Moths Outwit Bats Super Hearing Moths 
tympanal organs moths `` hear ' ' bat biosonar trigger behavioral 
responses .

Biological Strategy Wild Potatoes Trick Attackers Sensing 
Danger Wild potato glandular hairs wild potato plants expel pheromone 
mimics alarm pheromone aphid predators Biological Strategy Seratonin 
Increases Soc iability , Triggers Swarming Desert locust desert locust 
becomes social forms swarms increase serotonin triggered presence locusts 
.

Biological Strategy Whistles Compensate Underwater Sound Distortion 
Dolphins Dolphins send broadband whistles bursts clicks  prevent messages 
distorted underwater .

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Toolbox Biomimicry Institute AskNature Youth Design Challenge DONATE 
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Introductory Videos Core Concepts 
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Patterns Methods Biomimicry Process Define Challenge Biologize Function & 
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Biomimicry Toolbox Select Page Home » Methods » Biomimicry Process 
Biomimicry Design Proce ss h Download copy Design Spiral Following design

Biomimicry 
Design Spiral provides succinct description essential elements design 
process uses nature guide creating solutions .

describes six impor tant 
steps design team take seeking biomimetic solutions design challenge .

However , design teams 
often find moving back forth steps repeating .

good practice step tends 
reveal new information may inform chall enge assumptions made previous 
steps .

Biomimicry Design Spiral especially useful new biomimicry design 
general .

recommend using anchor design process whole general guide 
integrate insights biomimicry another design methodology work .

Process 
Overview sum mary biomimicry design process described Design Spiral .

challenge want solve ) 
criteria constraints determine success .

Learn BIOLOGIZE An alyze 
essential functions context design solution must address .

Learn DISCOVER Look natural 
models ( organisms ecosystems ) need address functions context design 
solution .

Learn 
ABSTRACT Carefully study essential features mechanisms make biological 
strategies successful .

” Learn EMULATE Look patterns relationships among strategies 
found hone key lesson s inform solution .

Learn EVALUATE Assess design concept ( ) well meet criteria 
constraints design challenge fit Earth ’ systems .

Refine revisit previous steps needed  produce 
viable solution .

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Dense Bones Thin Strong — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Dense Bones Thin Strong Birds Eleanor 
Banwell Image : Pixabay / Pexels / Free non -commercial use toggle icon 
Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Prevent 
Deformation living system undergoes compression , tension , shear , 
bending , twisting , internal inter -molecular forces of ten resist forces 
even change shape temporarily , returning original shape forces stop .

However , force strong lasts long , permanent deformation structural 
failure occur , resulting death .

Therefore , living systems strategies 
resist deformation help en sure limited deformation .

example , bones thin 
crystals proteinaceous fibers provide strength flexibility , protecting 
forces would otherwise cause deformation daily basis .

Function Prevent Fatigue materials comprise living systems sub jected 
repeated loads , weaken time .

However , fatigue ’ occur anywhere material ; cracks usually 
start areas subjected elevated local stresses .

Therefore , living 
systems often employ shapes , materials , and/or smooth transitions 
decrease potential fatigue .

Rather bent constant flow forces waves currents , 
shape causes pulled .

reduces stress roughly 800 times compared another 
species bends flow  , ultimately reducing structural fatigue .

Search Function Prevent Fracture/Rupture High force impact stress cause 
materials comprise living systems separate two pieces ( called fracturing 
) break burst suddenly ( called rupturing ) .

example , scallop prevents 
structural failure fracture shell comprised two materials varying 
stiffness .

crack moves scallop ’ stiff material less stiff one , latter 
reduces force tip crack , thereby stopping spreading farther .

icon Search Function Move in /Through Gases Living systems must move gases 
( less dense liquids solids ) earth ’ atmosphere .

greatest challenge 
moving gases living system heavier gas , must overcome force gravity .

Moving efficiently light medium presents unique challenges opportunit ies 
living systems .

result , evolved countless solutions optimize drag 
increase lift stay aloft take advantage variable currents .

wasp , air feels like heavy 
liquid move , uses special feathery oars rather wings .

Search Function Manage Tension living system tension , means force 
pulling , like person pulling rope tied horse .

applied living system , 
unless system complet ely rigid , result gets stretched .

stretching 
exceeds strength living system ’ material , damage .

Living systems 
manage tension using materials flexible stretchable enough survive 
tension occurs environment .

waves incoming outgoing tides put tension soft -bodied organisms .

Mussels resist tension flexible threads hold onto rocks ; contrast , 
large algae stretchy fronds .

Vertebrates Birds Birds Class Aves ( “ bird ” ) : Eagl es , hawks , 
sparrows , parrots Birds evolutionary engineering marvels .

specific adaptions set 
apart , notable flight —although mammals fly , birds take prize abundance 
skies .

Many birds hollow , lig htweight skeletons specially -designed 
wings help stay aloft .

also feathers made keratin help stay warm , 
attract mates , improve navigation aerodynamics flight .

contrast 
dinosaur ancestors , lack true teeth replaced specialized beaks bills .

search icon Search Living System Contents Introduction Strategy Potential 
Related Content References Bird bones aid attaining flight thin dense , 
lightweight .

Introduction common belief skeletons birds “ lightweight , 
” examined closely , meant unclear .

order consid ered lightweight , bird 
bones must light relative something else .

Looking thin delicate 
appearance , might logical assume bird bones light relative non -flying 
animals similar size , however , case .

Weight weight , bird skeletons 
take body mass percentage  skeletons equivalently sized mammals .

Image : 
Amongesle / CC SA - Creative Commons Attribution + ShareAlike toggle icon 
bird ’ skeleton makes “ lightweight ? ''

Image : Von Joefrei / CC SA - 
Creative Commons Attribution + ShareAlike toggle icon Kingfishe r 
skeletons must able withstand strong forces encounter flight .

right 
arrow right arrow Strategy birds pneumatized ( air -filled ) spaces within 
largest bones , reduce skeletal mass 8 13 % .

aids flying , however 
restricted bird species critical flight .

order thin maintain strength required cope huge physical loads 
applied flight , bird bones denser equivalently sized flightless animals 
.

Birds tend small animals , aid 
flying , st and flightless animals similar size relatively large surface 
area volume ratio .

Even standing wings folded , birds much larger 
surface area mass animals .

wings extended , increases dramatically , 
creating lift enabling control .

Large bones require large  support 
structures , , musculature move blood vessels supply nutrients .

Although 
bird bones denser , proportionally , take normal percentage body weight , 
small relative volume means require less way support .

way , skeletons 
birds enable smaller total b ody mass relative surface area .

Potential Flight 
delicate balance lift energy required generate lift .

Birds must consume 
enough calories sustain flight migration , forage food , build nests .

Nature found equilibrium birds designing dense bones efficiently support 
smaller bodies .

Flight humans ( indeed modes transportation ) also must 
consider efficiency .

designed structures ( bones ) cars , airplan es , cargo ships , consume 
less fuel emit less pollution .

Related Content Biological Strategy Bones 
Maximize Stiffness Strength Birds bones birds maximize stiffness strength 
relative weight increasing density .

Biological Strategy Bones ’ 
Supporting Beams  Provide Strength Mammals Thigh bones birds mammals 
withstand strain size increases reorganizing internal structure 
trabeculae ( `` little beams '' ) .

Biological Strategy Fine Strands 
Stabilize Bones Humans spongy bones humans handle stress efficiently vi a 
distribution fine strands called trabeculae .

Biological Strategy Hole 
Structure Strengthens Bone Horse metacarpal bone horse avoids structural 
weakness caused hole via stress -dispersing microstructure .

July 23 , 2019 References Journal art icle Incidence mechanical 
significance pneumatization long bone birds Zool .

| 
01/01/2000 | Cubo J , Casonos embedly preview toggle icon Reference 
toggle icon loading Journal article Bone density lightweight skeletons 
birds Proc .

B | 01/01/2010 | Dumont ER embedly preview toggle 
Strategy Hoverflies ’ Remarkable Roll Hoverflies use rolling maneuver 
right taking upside .

Biological Strategy Hero Shrew ’ Remarkable Sp ine 
Hero shrew spine hero shrews remarkably strong yet flexible , due 
interlocking vertebral spines along spinal column .

Giraffes Thrive Despite High Blood Pressure Giraffe Genes giraffes 
maintain cardiac health despite high blood pres sure keeping thickened 
heart muscles supple .

Biological Strategy Sensory Cells Give Dragonflies 
Smart Wings Dragonflies Dragonfly wings lined sensors help insect 
navigate using information airflow wing strain .

Moths Alter Flight Deal Winds Death's -head hawkmoth Moths use changes 
speed altitude maintain trajectory despite changes windspeed direction .

Biological Strategy Birds Surf Air Pelicans pelican wings glide close 
water , use “ ground effect ” maximize lift , minimize drag , conse rve 
energy .

Preventative Vision Screening Device Inspired Octopus Vision — Innovation 
— AskNature AskNature AskNature logo Collections Biological Strategies 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Innovation : Academia Preventative 
Vision Screening Device Ins pired Octopus Vision University Bristol 2021 
Image : Klaus Stiefel / Flickr / CC NC - Creative Commons Attribution + 
Noncommercial toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Sense Light ( 
Visible Spectrum ) Environment Living systems constantly receive si gnals 
environment help survive .

Light ( visible spectrum ) come living systems 
( fireflies ) non -living sources ( sun ) .

Survival often depends sensing 
responding challenges like low light conditions light altered way .

basic 
survival stake , living syst ems must excel meeting challenges .

stork trying catch fish underwater 
compensate bending effect strikes fish , good chance catching .

search 
icon Search Function Sense Light ( Non -visible Spectrum ) Environment 
Living systems interact environments gain information .

Wavelengths electromagnetic 
spectrum also called non -visible spectrum , humans ’ detect naked eye .

include ultraviolet ( UV ) light , infrared ( IR ) li ght , radio waves , 
wavelengths .

Detecting within spectra requires strategies beyond used 
visible light , many living systems depend signals specialized organs .

example , beetles feed burned trees sensory organs detect infrared 
radiation emitted fires , enabling quickly locate burned area .

search 
icon Search Function Contents Innovation Profile Challenge Innovation 
Details Biomimicry Story References Vision screening device University 
Bristol uses thresholds polarized light assess presence ( lack ) macul ar 
pigments human eyes , fast method diagnose future vision problems .

Benefits Faster Compact Straightforward Applications Medical diagnosis

Medical treatment UN Sustainable Development Goals Addressed Goal 3 : 
Good Health & Wellbeing Challenge Age relate d macular degeneration eye 
disease lead incurable blindness .

Current screening methods low macular pigment 
levels , one main causes disease , time consuming expensive .

Details vision scr eening device , also known ophthalmic medical device , 
measures presence macular pigments human eyes .

device easily added 
conventional eye tests measures response eyes different thresholds 
polarized light .

measurements correlated quantity mascular pigmen ts 
present eye , indicator risk vision loss later life .

results , patients 
take preventative measures earlier life , decreasing probability sight 
loss .

Biomimicry Story Octopuses display bright patterns skin despite 
colorblind ( able see shades grey ) .

vision lacks seeing color made 
unique ability detect polarized light .

See Related Strategy See Related Strategy 
toggle icon Biological Strategy High -resolution Polarisation Improves 
Vision Striking  cuttlefish Eyes mourning cuttlefish provide high 
definition polarization vision due orthogonal arrangement microvilli 
photosensitive rhabdoms .

References Journal article Thresholds 
polarization vision octopuses Journal Experimental Biology embedly 
preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Innovations Innovation 
: Academia Flexible Lithium -Ion Battery Inspired Human Spine Columbia 
University Lithium -ion battery Columbia University rigid segments 
flexible interconnections give battery good flexibili ty high energy 
density .

Innovation : Academia Self -Coordinated Materials Inspired 
Animal Movement UMass Amherst Smart material UMass Amherst made hydrogel 
nanocomposite disks enable accurately respond environment .

Academia Energy Harvesting Membrane Inspired Bone Cartilage Deakin 
University Membrane Deakin University made aramid nanofibers boron 
nitride harvest osmotic energy providing structural reinforcement .

Innovation : Academia Super -Iridescent Display Technology Inspired 
Rainbow Peacoc k Spiders University California San Diego Display 
technology University California , San Diego uses light -diffracting 
microstructures display vibrant , iridescent colors .

Academia Flexible Batteries Inspired Electric Eels University Fribourg 
Battery University Fribourg made hydrogel compartments membranes flexible 
store energy .

Innovation : Academia Ductile Concrete Material Inspired 
Mollusk Shells University Michigan Concrete material University Michigan 
tiny fibers dispersed within concrete  mixture enhance material 's 
flexibility .

Storage Organic Matter Plugs Carbon Leaks — Biological Strategy — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Storage Organic 
Matter Plugs Carbon Leaks Riparian habitat AskNature Team Image : Mustang 
Joe / Flickr / Public Domain - restrictions toggle icon Functions 
Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Store Chemical Entities 
Chemical entities include elements carbon metals ,  compounds nutrients 
proteins .

Living systems must often store chemical entities –for example 
, food protection –temporarily long periods ; latter synonymous 
sequestration .

chemical entities react chemicals , living systems must 
store entities stable way (  long-term storage ) readily available needed 
( temporary storage ) .

example temporary storage found crustaceans crabs 
, must shed external skeletons grow .

first , crab must absorb much 
calcium carbonate shell possible , storing compound blood crab use g row 
new exoskeleton .

search icon Search Function Ecosystems Riparian habitat 
Ecosystems Eco - ( `` household '' ) , system ( `` organized whole '' ) 
ecosystem consists biological nonbiological elements make defined area .

definition might seem vague , mean s ’ flexible : apply word across

Ecosystems small , like single tide pool , large 
, like coastal wetlands .

Ecosystems include plants , animals , bacteria 
, fungi , rocks , temperature , light , soil , climate —all linked flow 
energy cycle nutrients .

search 
icon Search Living System Trees along rivers help retain carbon ecosystem 
adding organic debris slowing water .

“ Al though humans usurped power 
trees wielded major rivers , woody debris still plays key role structure 
headwater creeks streams .

important , trees litter supply much –sometimes 
all–of organic matter supports food chain waters , insects salmon trout .

Without fallen trees log beaver dams slow current , litter leaves , 
needles , twigs , cones , branches , bark would little food value .

Microorganisms fungi insects would time decompose material allowed 
accumulate behind obstacles…How long debris dams support foo d web endure 
depends part types trees line stream .

Conifers 
, contain lignins ( complex polymers make wood rigid ) hard -to-decompose 
compounds , may last century provide great stability stream community.

” 
( Baskin 1997 : 97 -98 ) Also , abstract Bilby Likens : “ Removal organic 
debris dams 175 -m stretch second -order stream Hubbard Brook Experimental 
Forest New Hampshire led dramatic increase export organic carbon 
ecosystem .

Fine particulate organic carbon ( 0.50 μm -1 mm ) export increased 632 % 
coarse particulate organic matter ( > 1 mm ) export increased 138 % .

Measurement standing stock coarse particulate organic matter streambeds 
Hubbard Brook Valley revealed organ ic debris dams important accumulating 
material .

first -order streams , debris dams contain nearly 75 % standing 
stock organic matter .

proportion organic matter held dams drops 58 % 
second-order streams 20 % third -order streams .

Organic debris dams , 
therefore , extremely important components small stream ecosystem .

retain organic matter within system , thereby allowing processed finer 
size fractions headwater tributaries rather transported downstream coarse 
particulate form.

” ( Bilby Likens 1980 : 1107 ) Last Updated September 
14 , 2016 References Book Work Nature : Diversity Life Sustains Us 
01/01/1997 | Yvonne Baskin embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle 
icon loading Journal article Importance Organic Debris Dams Structure 
Function Stream Ecosys tems Ecology | 09/05/2006 | Robert E. Bilby , Gene 
E. Likens embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading 
Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Salt Squeezing Turn Liquid 
Spider Silk Spiders Spiders turn liquid strong , stretchy fiber sque ezing 
small space helps protein molecules connect .

Biological Strategy Trees 
Peat Capture Store Carbon Forest ecosystems Boreal forested peatland 
captures carbon dioxide atmosphere stores long -term delayed decomposition 
plants .

Biological Strategy Underg round Storage Swelling Enables 
Regeneration lignotuber Eucalyptus kochii plenissima allows regenerate 
destroyed storing energy reserves potential bud -forming sites .

Biological Strategy Water Keeps Plant Matter Releasing Carbon Wetland 
ecosystems High wate r levels wetlands prevent large amounts oxygen 
reaching wetland soil , would enable aerobic bacteria decompose organic 
matter .

Biological Strategy Cells Detect Sequester Toxic Copper 
Mycobacterium cells Mycobacterium tuberculosis detect , move , sequester  
toxic copper via membrane copper pumps protein chaperones .

Strategy Fronds Hyperaccumulate Arsenic Ladder brake fern Fronds ladder 
brake ferns hyperaccumulate toxic arsenic using special transporter 
protein spatially isolates chemical vacuoles  .

Hairs Absorb Ultraviolet Radiation — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Hairs Absorb Ultraviolet 
Radiation Edelweiss Mary Hoff Image : Andrew  Bossi / Wikimedia Commons /

CC SA - Creative Commons Attribution + ShareAlike toggle icon Functions 
Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Capture , Absorb , Filter 
Energy Energy naturally available many forms , including kinetic , 
potential , th ermal , elastic , radiant , chemical , .

living systems 
require energy carry many activities , developed strategies appropriate 
one forms .

example , plants maximize surface area available capturing 
radiant energy sun others strategies focus scattered ligh t onto 
photosynthesizing areas .

search icon Search Function Protect Light 
Access sunlight crucial living systems ’ primary energy source life .

However , much sunlight form ultraviolet radiation ( UV ) cause damage 
living tissues .

example , plants live areas exposed long periods direct 
sunlight reflective surfaces ( white hairs powder ) reflect UV light .

search icon Search Function Plants Flowering Plants Edelweiss Flowering 
Plants Clade Angiosp erms ( “ receptacle seed ” ) : Dandelions , oaks , 
angiosperms diverse group plants , found around globe wide variety 
habitats .

primary food source herbi vorous animals , turn makes indirect 

Introduction Strategy Potential References wooly hairs alpine edelweiss 
intercept de -energize harmful ultraviolet radiation reaches plant ’ cells 
.

Hiking along goat 
trail 3,000 meters ’ elevation , come across field filled white flowers —
the famous edelweiss ( Leontopodium nivale subsp .

white color petals flowers though , ’ effect fuzz covers stems , leaves 
, bracts .

may look part , tiny hairs functional equivalent sunscreen 
hiker likely slathered earlier day .

intense energy UV light damage important constituents 
living cells , including DNA , proteins , membranes , ultimately harming 
killing tissues even entire organisms .

Image : Ad Heijmans / Flickr / CC NC - Creative 
Commons Attribution + Noncommercial toggle icon fuzzy hairs covering much 
edelweiss flower block harmful UV radiation help plant retain moisture 
Image : Brian Johnston / Creator 's permission / Copyright © - rights 
reserved toggle icon fibers covering surface edelweiss plant trap UV 
light , prevent ing entering injuring sensitive tissues .

right arrow 
right arrow Strategy hollow hairs composing fuzz 10 micrometers diameter —
though varies quite bit —and criss -crossed across surface plant disheveled 
manner .

one made parallel fibers , around 0.18 microme ters diameter , 
close wavelength UV light .

sunlight strikes surface , plant reflects 
wavelengths ’ need photosynthesis biological functions —except UV .

fibers 
comprising hairs neither reflect UV let travel plant uninhibited .

Rather 
, similarity size wave length UV radiation causes rays bend ways trap 
inside fibers energy dissipates , preventing reaching harming cells .

fibers offer bonus , : also help plant retain moisture face drying alpine 
winds keep radiant heat close plant cells , reducing risk freezin g .

Potential Edelweiss ’ approach protecting living tissues UV radiation 
different used organisms , often reflect rays using scales , fur , 
coatings .

result , offers unique inspiration sheltering things care UV 
light well .

principle trapping weakening U V rays applied liquid cream 
instead fuzzy coating , one potential application develop non -toxic 
sunscreen lather skin .

UV light alters paints dyes degrades plastics , 
edelweiss ’ UV -absorption strategy could also value providing built -in , 
permanent prote ction cars , house paints , textiles , manufactured

surfaces risk deterioration shorter -than-visible wavelength end 
electromagnetic spectrum .

Last Updated September 14 , 2022 References “ 
plant developed layer filamentary hair covers bracts surrounding 
flowerheads , less density , entire aerial part plant .

fleece protects 
dehydration cold , also turns shield covered living cells harmful 
ultraviolet radiations .

protection obtained , sometimes mentioned , 
reflection rather absorption within protective hair  layer.

2005:8 ) Journal article Optical structure function white 
filamentary hair covering edelweiss bracts Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft 
Matter Phys | 2005 | J.P. Vigneron , M. Rassart , Z. Vértesy , K. Kertész 
, M. Sarrazin , L. Biró , D. Ertz , V. Lousse embedly preview toggle icon 
Reference toggle icon loading “ found hairs made parallel fibres 0.18 
micrometres across , close wavelength UV light .

means interact UV light 
, steering along length leaves , says Vigneron .

way , UV light  absorbed 
large number hairs instead penetrating plant ’ body.

” ( Anonymous , 
2007:20 ) Magazine article Slap edelweiss ultimate sunscreen New 
Scientist | 2007 | Anonymous embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle 
icon loading Biological Strategies Bio logical Strategy Holey Leaf Pattern 
Captures Light Monstera Leaves full holes help Swiss cheese plant capture 
intermittent light Biological Strategy Thinner Fur Keeps Numbats Warmer 

Biological Strategy Water Pressure Helps 

salamander Algae encapsulated cells spotted salamander may provide 

Biological Strategy Cell Coat Provides Impermeability cell coat amoeba 
provides impermeable layer prote ction via series tightly packed helical 
proteins protruding cell membrane .

Biological Strategy Scale 
Microstructures Reduce Reflection Gaboon adder Micro -and nano -structures 
snake scale create ultra -blackness reducing light reflection .

Ultra-Flexible Sin gle Crystal Electronics Inspired Virus Tails — 
Innovation — AskNature AskNature AskNature logo Collections Biological 
Strategies Innovations Educators Donate Search Innovation : Academia 
Ultra-Flexible Single Crystal Electronics Inspired Virus Tails Univer sity 
Illinois Urbana -Champaign 2020 Image : CDC / Unsplash / CC SA - Creative 
Commons Attribution + ShareAlike toggle icon Functions Performed toggle 
icon Manage Compression living system compression , force pushing , like 
chair person sitting .

evenly app lied sides living system , compression 
results decreased volume .

applied two sides , results deformation , 
pushing two sides balloon .

living 
systems must retain efficient form , must ensure deformation temporary .

Managing compression also provides opportunity lessen effects forces .

Living systems strategies help prevent compression recover , maintaining 
function .

must hold weight four feet , tissues feet f eatures enable compression 

search icon Search Function Prevent 
bending , twisting , internal inter -molecular forces often resist forces 
even change shape tempora rily , returning original shape forces stop .

resist deformation help ensure limited deformation .

Function Prevent Fatigue materials comprise living systems subjected 

decrease potentia l fatigue .

species bends flow , ultimately reducing structural fatigue .

structural failure fract ure shell comprised two materials varying 

search 
Details Biological Model References Electronic system University Illinois 
Urbana-Champaign made crystals increase stretchability .

Benefits 
Increased flexability Applications Electronics Sensors Medical implants 
UN Sustainable Development Goals Addressed Go al 9 : Industry Innovation & 
Infrastructure Challenge Electronics usually hard objects made silicon 
germanium break stretched far .

limits applications certain use cases , 
soft robotics medical devices .

Innovation Details researchers looked 
single crystal  materials could easily stretch without deforming .

found 
bacteriophage T4 virus tail made single crystal protein molecules .

virus 
injects DNA bacteria , tail compressed 60 % length without deforming .

researchers mimicked creating electronic system conta ins organic crystal 
called bis ( triisopropylsilylethynyl ) pentacene .

crystal deformed 10 % 
original length , ten times much typical electronic crystal .

Due crystal 
’ innate flexibility , electronic system also becomes flexible .

Biological Model tail b acteriophage T4 virus single crystal protein 
molecules .

virus injects DNA bacteria , tail compressed 60 % length 
without losing structural integrity .

References Journal article Super ‐ 
Ferroelastic Organic Semiconductors Ultraflexible Single ‐Crystal 
Electronics Angewandte Chemie embedly preview toggle icon Reference 
toggle icon loading Innovations Innovation : Industry High -Performance 
Biocomposites Inspired Trees Strong Form Strong Form mimics growth 
patterns trees fuse sustainability wood performance adv anced composites .

Innovation : Academia Low -Powered Sensor Array Inspired Blind Cave Fish 
Nanyang Technological University Sensor array Nanyang Technological 
University made series micro -sensors sense obstacles using water pressure 
rather light waves , al lowing function dark .

Flexible Batteries Inspired Electric Eels University Fribourg Battery 
University Fribourg made hydrogel compartments membranes flexible store 
energy .

Innovation : Academia Minimalistic Continuum Manipulator 
Interface Inspired Fish Scales University Bristol Continuum manipulator 
interface University Bristol highly articulated helical interface ensures 
smooth joint movement .

Innovation : Academia High -Performance Actuator 
Inspired Human Muscles Northern Arizona U niversity Actuator Northern 
Arizona University coiled , helical structure enables generate power .

Rainbow Peacock Spiders University California San Diego Display 
technology University Cali fornia , San Diego uses light -diffracting 

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Biomimicry : Nature Model , Measure , Mentor — Resource — AskNature 
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Model , Measure , Mentor Cloud Institute Sustainability Education Grades 
6–8 ( Ages 11 –14 ) | Published 2010 Image : Shutterstock / Copyright © - 
rights reserved toggle icon Subject Areas togg le icon Standards Addressed 
toggle icon Life Science Cloud Education Sustainability three -part lesson 
students explore nature teach us principles sustainable design reflect 
applications problem home , school , community .

Objectives Students 
understand bio mimicry sustainable design .

Students able describe nature 
's basic operating principles Students able give examples humans use 
nature ’ designs order solve problems .

Students understand use 
biomimicry help think differently problem .

three 45 -minute clas s periods 
, middle school students work small groups study examples biomimicry 
understand nature ’ basic operating principles ( e.g.

reflect examples principles 
nature humans currently use could apply solve problems .

lesson aligned Cloud Institute ’ 
Education Sustainability ( EfS ) Standards McREL National Standards 
Language Arts Level III ( 6-8 ) Download Teacher 's GuideDownload Student 
HandoutVisit Cloud Institute Website Biomimicry : Nature Model , Measure 
Mentor part collection free EfS lessons provided Cloud Institute website 
.

part series titled , “ Natural Laws Principles Materia ls Cycle.

” 
lesson specifically addresses biomimicry , others would complementary .

Resources Resource : Article + Resource Bundle Biological Strategy 
Printables Biomimicry Institute need offline version AskNature 's content

Resource : Bo ok Mimic Makers : Biomimicry Inventors 
Inspired Nature Kristen Nordstrom picture book , young readers meet ten 
real-life scientists , engineers , designers learn plants animals create 
amazing new technologies .

Resource : Activity/Lesson Language Biomimicr y 
Biomimicry Institute 45 -minute lesson students review practice key 
vocabulary used biomimicry designers AskNature website .

Resource : 
Curriculum Biomimicry Youth Design Challenge Biomimicry Institute free , 
hands-on , project -based learning experience c ompetition students work 
teams explore wonders natural world apply learn create innovations 
support healthier planet .

Resource : Activity/Lesson Biomimicry : 
Natural Designs University Colorado Boulder 50 -minute activity provides 
introduction biomimicry q uickly gets students brainstorming design ideas 
.

Resource : Audio 30 Animals Made Us Smarter BBC World Service podcast 
features stories amazing things humans learned animal kingdom .

High-Powered Cleaners Inspired Enzymes — Innovation — AskNature AskNatur e 
Donate Search Innovation : Industry High -Powered Cleaners Inspired 
Enzymes Sudoc Image : National Center Advancing Translational Sciences / 
Flickr / Public Domain - restrictions toggl e icon Functions Performed 
toggle icon Protect Chemicals Chemicals everywhere bodies living 
organisms external environments .

chemicals valuable benign , toxic , 
including used defense ( mucus protects clownfish anemone ’ stinging 
tentacles ) .

Even natura lly-occurring chemicals , arsenic , must managed 
reduce impact .

living systems strategies break harmful chemicals , alter 
less toxic forms , physically prevent chemicals harming sensitive tissues 
, .

example , herbivorous mammals digest toxic compounds pl ants 
particular enzyme helps process poisonous plant compounds .

Search Function Catalyze Chemical Breakdown Life depends upon building 
breaking biological molecules .

Catalysts , form proteins RNA , play 
important role dramatically increasing rate chemical transformation ––
without consumed reaction .

regulatory role catalysts play complex 
biochemical cascades one reason many simultaneous chemical 
transformations occur inside living cells water ambient conditions .

example , consider 10 -enzyme ca talytic breakdown transformation glucose 
pyruvate glycolysis metabolic pathway .

Chemically Break Organic Compounds vast majority biochemical assembly 
breakdown processes –even complex organisms –occur within cells .

fact , 
cells able perform hundreds , even thousands chemical transformations 
time life -friendly conditions ( ambient temperature pressure aqueous 
environment ) .

Part reason decomposition reactions ( chemical breakdown 
) occur mild conditions often , occur stepwise , e nzyme-mediated fashion 
, sipping releasing small amounts energy step .

example , breakdown 
glucose pyruvate –and release energy –occurs 10 -step enzyme catalyzed 
process glycolysis .

Inorganic Compounds vast majori ty biochemical assembly breakdown 
processes –even complex organisms –occur within cells .

fact , cells able 
perform hundreds , even thousands chemical transformations time life -
friendly conditions ( ambient temperature pressure aqueous environment ) 
.

exampl e , inorganic pyrophosphate hydrolyzed form two phosphate groups 
cellular degradation pathway fatty acids .

Model Ray Hope Prize® Sudoc uses enzyme -inspired catalysts rapidly break 
toxins complex chemicals environment , break well .

Benefits Quickly 
self-decomposing elemental toxicity Applications Toxin remediation 
Decomposition Cleaning Pharmaceutical disposal UN Sustainable Development 
Goals Addressed Goa l 3 : Good Health & Wellbeing Goal 6 : Clean Water & 
Sanitation Goal 11 : Sustainable Cities & Communities Goal 12 : 
Responsible Production & Consumption Goal 14 : Life Water Goal 15 : Life

Land Challenge Many chemicals useful controlled ways ( pharmaceuti cals ) 
detrimental open environment , affecting hormone systems living beings , 
decreasing fertility , increasing diseases states , impacting behavioral 
development .

350,000 chemicals common usage , volume creates chemical 
burden impacts everyone .

Innova tion Details Sudoc ’ enzyme -inspired 
catalysts ( called “ New TAML ” “ tetra -amido macrocyclic ligand ” ) 
speed chemical reactions paired oxidants like hydrogen peroxide , steals 
oxygen atom delivers oxidize target .

powerful reactions effectively break wide variety disease -
causing pathogens , well thousands harmful drugs , pesticides , dyes , 
industrial products contaminate land water supplies .

Sudoc ’ chemistry 
requires far fewer chemicals traditional environme ntal cleaning processes 
, designed break quickly naturally , remain active environment .

Biological Model Enzymes keep organisms clean checking everything ’ made 
inside breaking use removal .

Oxidative enzymes protein tools usher 
oxygen atoms break complex  molecules oxidation , convert forms organism 
handle .

transforms food nutrients , harmful chemicals harmless byproducts .

See 
Related Strategies See Related Strategies toggle icon Biological Stra tegy 
Enzymes Reduce Toxicity Arsenic Selenium Bacteria Enzymes produced 
Bacillus selenitireducens use molybdenum lower toxicity dissolved , 
oxidized forms arsenic selenium .

Biological Strategy Enzyme Oxidizes 
Fat-soluble Organic Chemicals Common organisms  metabolism animals 
oxidizes fat -soluble organic chemicals excretable water -soluble 
substances , via P450 enzymes .

Ray Hope Prize® Ray Hope Prize celebrates 
nature-inspired solutions addressing world ’ biggest environmental 
sustainability challenges .

Cre ated honor Ray C. Anderson , founder 
Interface , Inc. business sustainability leader , $ 100,000 Ray Hope 
Prize helps startups cross critical threshold becoming viable businesses 
amplifying stories providing equity -free funding .

prize shines light 
innovative , nature -inspired solutions need build sustainable resilient 
world .

See Ray Hope Prize 
Finalists See Ray Hope Prize Finalists toggle icon Collection Ray Hope 
Prize Gallery AskNature Team Ray Hope Prize cel ebrates nature -inspired 
solutions addressing world 's biggest environmental sustainability 

Innovations Innovation : Industry Functional Surface 
Finishing Inspired Plants Insects Fusion Bionic Fusion Bionic uses laser 
interference patterns effi ciently produce micro nano textures wide 
variety materials .

Innovation : Industry Colorful , Waterproof Textiles 
Inspired Arthropods Amphico Amphico mimics waterproofing strategy 
springtails coloring butterflies produce easy -to-recycle performance 
clothing .

Innovation : Industry Self -Degrading Plastics Inspired 
Cellular Processes Intropic Materials Intropic Materials mimics way 
chaperone proteins protect enzymes create self -degrading plastics .

Innovation : Industry Wind Turbine Tech Inspired Owl Feathers  Maple Seeds 
Biome Renewables Biome Renewables adjusts aeroacoustics existing turbine 
blades decrease turbulence increase efficiency .

Construction Decomposition Inspired Forests Mycocycle Mycocycle uses 
fungi break toxic petrochemica ls produce sturdy , lightweight mycelium 
byproducts .

Innovation : Industry Natural Produce Preservative Packets 
Inspired Plants GreenPod Labs GreenPod Labs mimics natural chemical 
signaling whole plants keep harvested produce fresher longer .

EducationYouth Design Challenge Inspiration AskNatureBiomimicr y Toolbox 
Reports Institute Us MissionJanine BenyusStaff , Board , AdvisorsCareers

Mission Donate Select Page Ex plore solutions inspired nature .

Programs 
Ray Hope Prize Ray Hope Prize celebrates nature ‐inspired solutions 
addressing world ’ biggest environmental sustainability challenges .

Explore Ray Hope Solutions Youth Design Challenge Explore nature -inspired 
design concepts middle high school student teams recognized finalists 
Youth Design Challenge .

Learn Winning Designs Biomimicry Global Design 
Challenge Explore biomimetic design concepts created university students 
young professionals Global Design Challenge .

Browse Solutions Finalists 
Solutions global challenges around us .

Agriculture Energy Materials 
Chemistry Architecture Fashion Sanitation Construction Food Waste 
Transportation Learning prairies grow food resilient ways Agriculture 
Learn AskNature Take l ook natural ecosystem , prairie , see remarkable 
system food production : productive , resilient , self -enriching , 
regenerative .

... modern agricultural practices humankind also 
enormously productive , short term : irrigation , fertilizer , pesticide 
inputs upon modern food crops depend deplete pollute increasingly rare 
water soil resources .

Land Institute working successfully revolutionize 
conceptual foundations modern agriculture using natural prairies model : 
demonstrating using deep -rooted plants sur vive year -to-year ( perennials 
) agricultural systems mimic stable natural ecosystems – rather weedy 
crops common many modern agricultural systems – produce equivalent yields 
grain maintain even improve water soil resources upon future agriculture 
depends .

Learning termites create sustainable buildings Architecture 
Learn AskNature generally think termites destroying buildings , helping 
design .

Eastgate Building , office complex Harare , Zimbabwe , internal 
climate control system originally inspired struct ure termite mounds .

research revealing relationship mound structure internal temperature , 
could influence additional building designs understanding grows .

... 
operation buildings represents 40 % energy used humanity , learning 
design sustainable vitally  important .

Architect Mick Pearce collaborated 
engineers Arup Associates design Eastgate , uses 90 % percent less energy 
ventilation conventional buildings size , already saved building owners $ 
3.5 million dollars air conditioning costs .

Learning marine  ecosystems 
develop concrete alternatives Construction Learn AskNature 50 % world ’ 
population concentrating along coastlines , accelerated coastal 
development inflicting severe stress natural ecosystems inevitable .

Combined growing threats sea level rise  increased extreme weather events 
, coastlines worldwide require development , retrofitting , intensive 
maintenance .

ECOncrete based elements work synergy mimic nature create 
habitats native marine organisms .

... bio -enhancing admix three 
dimensional des igns ECOncrete ’ products induce layer biogenic buildup 
makes concrete stronger durable bioprotection , perfect creating 
structures like seawalls , breakwaters , bridge foundations , urban 
waterfronts .

Drawing inspiration marine habitats organisms , ECOnc rete 
learns mimic forms , textures , chemical properties beach rock formations 
, rocky reefs , tide pools , mangrove roots , ecosystem engineering 
species like oysters , corals , tube worms , benefit coastal ecosystems 
infrastructures .

Learning maple seed s kingfisher birds channel incoming 
wind address root leakage Energy Learn AskNature PowerCone® turbine 
retrofit channels incoming wind onto blades address root leakage , 
directing flow outer parts turbine .

result power , power place bigger 
blade smarter software find .

... kingfisher owes reputation beak allows 
plunge water barely ripple — effect moving fluid around precise rate , 
phenomenon known Time -Dependant -Energy-Transfer .

PowerCone draws 
principles , directing wind central root section outer radia l spans blade 
channeling smoothly onto surface .

, presence causes local area high 
pressure , nudging wind bend radially outwards upwind rotor .

falls ground , moves air pattern least resistance , following coning 
angle .

allows maple seed deal turbulent air interacting flow longer 
time-span , acute angle incoming flow .

PowerCone ’ blades follow seed ’ 
elegant cues : relying principles Time -Dependant -Energy-Transfer , 
absorbing gusts reducing loads .

geometry also allows PowerCone increase 
effective flow velocity blade wrapping around wind turbine ’ blades — 
increasing torque , decreasing cut -in speeds , increasing turbine ’ 
capacity factor .

Learning coral  create colorful textiles Fashion Learn 
AskNature global textile market produces 1.2 billi on tons CO2 equivalent 
per year uses dyes responsible 20 % global wastewater .

industry also 
depends petroleum based synthetic fibers account 35 % global microplastic 
pollution .

mitigate impacts , Werewool , early stage fashion -meets-
biotech startup , des igning revolutionary fiber development platform 
create biodegradable fibers tailored aesthetic performance properties .

Inspired nature , utilizing tools biotechnology , Werewool developing 
platform design fibers DNA level sustainable textiles inherent  properties 
color , moisture management , stretch , meet demands today ’ consumers .

team identifies protein structures found nature , red fluorescent protein 
found species Discosoma , coral relative .

grow fibers reliant proteins , 
creating textiles witho ut need toxic dyes , finishes , petroleum based 
synthetics .

Learning plant active molecules protect crops Food Waste 
Learn AskNature Every year 25 % fruits vegetables produced lost wasted 
fungal spoilage .

order prevent loss different synthetic fungicides  used 
; however , cause serious harm human environmental health .

Additionally 
, fungi develop resistance fungicides , making ineffective time .

naturally produce volatile 
molecules protect many fungal diseas es also stimulate plants environment 
activate defense system .

Nanomik Biotechnology inspired defensive system 
plants nature .

... ’ created solution problem fungal spoilage using 
customized encapsulation natural defense molecules applied field well 
harvest .

Nanomik Biotechnology combats fungal diseases leveraging nature 
’ genius — beating effectiveness synthetic chemicals without associated 
harm human planetary health .

Learning butterflies develop structural 
color Materials Chemistry Learn AskNature Coat ings color restricted 
aesthetics , ease application , expense , range , toxicity .

industries various sectors like automotive , construction , consumer 
products similarly limited surface chemistry .

industry , colors 
typically produced inclusion  potentially toxic pigments , dyes , binders 
within coatings .

contrast , many organisms nature evolved “ structural 
color ” millions years .

colors produced physical interactions light 
nanometer scale biological structures organisms .

last decade , Cypris  
Materials developed tunable structural color coating commodity materials 
.

... formulated applied onto surface , coating self -assembles robust 
reflective nanostructure , eliminating need toxic pigments dyes .

simplicity approach makes possible replace mul timillion -dollar 
manufacturing equipment simple paint brush .

Cypris ’ coatings designed 
replicate naturally -occurring nanostructures produce brilliant colors 
observed butterfly wings , peacock feathers , opal gemstones .

Learning 
evapotranspiration dispos e human waste Sanitation Learn AskNature Half 
world ’ population lives without safe , clean toilets , live places 
sewage plumbing .

address problem , team changeWATER : Labs developed new 
way dispose human waste – evaporating water !

waste -shrinking toilet  
provides new way “ flush ” ’ need plumbing places people ’ flush .

... 
Called iThrone , low -cost , portable toilets use simple membrane rapidly 
evaporate 95 % sewage without using type energy .

evaporative approach “ 
flushing ” mimics natural process evap otranspiration , plants pull 
moisture soil release pure molecular water stomata leaves .

Learning 
mantis shrimp make durable materials Transportation Learn AskNature

composite materials industry always looking ways increase performance , 
reduce amount raw materials used , make lightweight , tougher products .

example , doubling length wind turbine blade quadruple energy output , 
reducing weight automobiles 10 % result 6 -8 % fuel economy improvement , 
lighter aircraft result reduced fuel costs lower carbon f ootprint , 
meaningful environmental sustainability benefits .

Helicoid Industries 
took inspiration mantis shrimp develop lightweight , stronger , impact 
resistant composite materials .

Researchers studying incredible 
crustacean years , learn manages us e dactyl club smash hard -shelled prey 
, repeatedly “ punching ” speeds faster .22 caliber bullet , without 
sustaining damage chitin exoskeleton .

“ helicoid ” architecture prevents cracks 
expanding , minimizes damage propagation , ultimately dissipates 
significant amounts energy strikes avoid catastrophic failure .

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Today Tap nature :  
Self-Degrading Plastics Inspired Cellular Processes — Innovation — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Innovation : Industry Self -Degrading 
Plastics Inspired Cellular Processes Intropic Materials Image : SciePro / 
Shutterstock / Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon Functions 
Performed toggle icon Protect Chemicals Chemicals everywhere bodies 
living organisms extern al environments .

chemicals valuable benign , 
toxic , including used defense ( mucus protects clownfish anemone ’ 
stinging tentacles ) .

Even naturally -occurring chemicals , arsenic , 
must managed reduce impact .

living systems strategies break harmful 
chemicals , alter less toxic forms , physically prevent chemicals harming 
sensitive tissues , .

example , herbivorous mammals digest toxic 
compounds plants particular enzyme helps process poisonous plant 
compounds .

search icon Search Function Protect Light A ccess sunlight 
crucial living systems ’ primary energy source life .

However , much 
sunlight form ultraviolet radiation ( UV ) cause damage living tissues .

example , 
plants live areas exposed lon g periods direct sunlight reflective 
surfaces ( white hairs powder ) reflect UV light .

Function Protect Temperature Many living systems function best within 
specific temperature ranges .

Temperatures higher lower range negatively 
impact living system ’ physiological chemical processes , damage exterior 
interior .

Living systems must manage high low temperatures using minimal 
energy , often requires controlling responses along incremental 
temperature changes .

, living systems use variety  strategies , avoiding 
high low temperatures , removing excess heat , holding heat .

Insulation 
well-known example managing low temperatures retaining heat using thick 
layers hair , fur , feathers hold warm air next skin .

Function Break  Non-living Materials Nonliving materials carbon -based ; , 
never living organs tissues .

However , products living organisms , 
calcium carbonate materials found seashells ( excluding organic compounds 
included ) .

Physically breaking nonliving materials re quires mechanical 
means .

address , teeth structures often contain minerals 
maximize hardness .

search icon Search Function Chemically Break Polymers 
vast majority biochemical assembly breakdown processes –even complex 
organisms –occur within cells .

fact , cells able perform hundreds , even 
thousands chemical transformations time life -friendly conditions ( 
ambient temperature pressure aqueous environment ) .

example , one 
biochemical pathways break proteins constituent amino acids protease 
enzyme-catalyzed processes occur within confined  space lysosome –a 
membrane bound organelle eukaryotic cells .

Model Ray Hope Prize® Intropic Materials mimics way chaperone proteins 
protect enzymes creat e self-degrading plastics .

Benefits Compostable 
microplastics Applications Plastic bags bottles Consumer goods Clothing 
UN Sustainable Development Goals Addressed Goal 6 : Clean Water & 
Sanitation Goal 12 : Responsible Production & Consumption Goal 14 : L ife 
Water Goal 15 : Life Land Challenge Humans use plastics make wide range 
products specifically strong , lightweight , durable .

qualities prevent 
plastics ––even compostable ones ––from breaking ’ lost discarded .

result 
, huge quantities polluting water , land , air , becoming health concern 
living beings planet .

microbes enzymes enable break complex molecules 
like plastics , microbes attack surface plastics ; polymer chains bound 
tightly together , bonds exposed enzymes reach .

Humans could add natural 
enzymes directly plastics help break time comes , high heat pressures 
manufacturing process damage sensitive enzymes ’ able work .

Details Intropic Materials makes enzymatic embedding plastics possible 
chaperoning enzymes plastic production proc ess inside protective 
biodegradable molecular covers .

covers keep enzymes breaking plastic 
melted extruded form sheets shapes , ’ keep enzymes job plastic ’ useful 
life ended .

plastic exposed composting conditions sufficient heat 
moisture enough time , e nzymes effectively eat plastic inside , within 
hours days ––not simply breaking microplastics , disintegrating back 
simpler molecules .

molecules recaptured reused make new plastics , 
broken natural microbes soil , water treatment .

Biological Model 
Organisms kinds produce enzymes break complex molecular chains .

molecular tools precisely shaped fit bonds monomers make polymer .

catalyze chemical reactions unlock bonds break chain back separate links 
.

addition , specialized molecules called “ chaperone prot eins ” fit 
together enzymes “ switch ” move need .

Ray Hope Prize® Ray Hope Prize 
celebrates nature -inspired solutions addressing world ’ biggest 
environmental sustainability challenges .

Created honor Ray C. Anderson , 
founder Interface , Inc. business su stainability leader , $ 100,000 Ray 
Hope Prize helps startups cross critical threshold becoming viable 
businesses amplifying stories providing equity -free funding .

prize 
shines light innovative , nature -inspired solutions need build 
sustainable resilient world .

See Ray Hope Prize Finalists See Ray Hope Prize 
Ray Hope Prize celebrates nature -inspired solutions addressing world ' s 

: Industry Functional Surface Finishing Inspired Plants Insects Fusion 
micro nano textures wide variety mat erials .

Modular Building Material Inspired Sponges Metavoxel Metavoxel creates 
high-performance materials mimicking open cellular architecture bone , 
wood , sponges .

Innovation : Industry Natural Produce Preservative 
Packets Inspire d Plants GreenPod Labs GreenPod Labs mimics natural

chemical signaling whole plants keep harvested produce fresher longer .

Innovation : Industry Colorful , Waterproof Textiles Inspired Arthropods 
Amphico Amphico mimics waterproofing strategy springtails c oloring 
butterflies produce easy -to-recycle performance clothing .

Industry High -Performance Biocomposites Inspired Trees Strong Form Strong 
Form mimics growth patterns trees fuse sustainability wood performance 
advanced composites .

Innovatio n : Industry Construction Decomposition 
Inspired Forests Mycocycle Mycocycle uses fungi break toxic 
petrochemicals produce sturdy , lightweight mycelium byproducts .

Tunable Adhesive Inspired Leaf Beetle Feet — Innovation — AskNature 
AskNature AskNature lo go Collections Biological Strategies Innovations 
Educators Donate Search Innovation : Academia Tunable Adhesive Inspired 
Leaf Beetle Feet Kiel University 2018 Image : Nikk / Flickr / rights 
reserved toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Attach Tempor arily 
Living systems must sometimes , temporarily , stay one place , climb 
otherwise move around , hold things together .

entails attaching 
temporarily ability release , minimizes energy material use .

living 
systems repeatedly attach , detach , reattach e xtended time , lifetimes .

Despite temporary , attachments must withstand physical forces achieved 
purpose .

Therefore , living systems adapted attachment mechanisms 
optimized amount time number times must used .

examples include insects attach eggs 
leaf hatch , insects whose wings temporarily attach flight separate 
landing .

search icon Search Function Contents Innovation Profile 
Challenge Innovation Details Biomimicry Story References Adhesive Kiel  
University mushroom -shaped micro -structures surface firmly stick surfaces 
without causing damage .

Benefits Strong Tunable Reversible Applications 
Robotics Electronics Medical treatment UN Sustainable Development Goals 
Addressed Goal 9 : Industry Innovati on & Infrastructure Goal 12 : 
Responsible Production & Consumption Challenge Adhesives used many 
industries essential everyday life .

However , traditional adhesives 
single-use often leave sticky residue removed .

Additionally , many 
adhesives quickly lose  effectiveness wet .

Innovation Details adhesive 
silicone elastomer mushroom -shaped micro -structures surface treated 
plasma .

mushroom -shaped structure concave surface , adhering along rim .

plasma treatment creates higher surface energies increases materi al ’ 
longevity .

adhesive removed surface without leaving residue causing 
damage .

Biomimicry Story Similar geckos , leaf beetles sticky feet 
enable climb variety surfaces .

toe pads covered millions small mushroom -
shaped projections called setae .

setae s tick surfaces via van der Waals 
forces occur molecules .

Although forces individually weak , high surface 
area combined setae causes forces add , enabling leaf beetles defy 
gravity .

See Related Content See Related Content toggle icon Biological 
Strategy A dhesive Foot Pads Self -Clean Insects Adhesive hairy foot pads 
insects self -clean efficiently smooth pads hair tips reduce area particle 
attachment .

Biological Strategy Setae Enhance Temporary Adhesion Leaf 
beetles thousands setae leaf beetles enhance abil ity adhere various , 
sometimes irregular surfaces thanks resulting multiple contact points .

References Journal article Bioinspired Enhanced Dry Adhesive Combined 
Effect Microstructure Surface Free -Energy Increase ACS Publications 
embedly preview toggle ic on Reference toggle icon loading Innovations 
Innovation : Academia Self -Growing Materials Inspired Muscles Hokkaido 
University Biomaterials Hokkaido University contain double -network 
hydrogels become stronger response mechanical stress .

Academia High Resolution Imaging System Inspired Mantis Shrimp Eyes 
University Illinois Urbana -Champaign Imaging system University Illinois 
Urbana-Champaign vertically stacked photodetectors sense color 
polarization information simultaneously .

Plastic Production Inspired Bacteria University Wisconsin -Madison 
Engineered bacteria University Wisconsin Madison convert lignin , 
component wood , material could replace oil -based plastics .

Academia Optimized Structural Mate rials Inspired Cuttlefish Mantis Shrimp 
Georgia Tech Structural material Georgia Institute Technology made 
continuously embedded microstructures increase material 's overall 
strength .

Innovation : Academia Super -Iridescent Display Technology 
Inspired Rain bow Peacock Spiders University California San Diego Display 

Academia Energy Absorbing Synthetic Bone Inspired Biological Tissues 
University Colorado Denver 3D -printed synthetic bone CU Denver forms 
resilient lattice structure means digital light processing .

Sharp Claws Increase Vertical Agility — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
AskNature AskNature logo Collections Biologica l Strategies Innovations 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Sharp Claws Increase Vertical 
Agility Squirrels AskNature Team Image : Saori Oya / Flickr / rights 
reserved toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle 
icon Move in/o n Solids obtain needed resources escape predators , living 
systems must move solid substances , must move within , others must .

Solids vary form ; soft porous like leaves , sand , skin , snow , hard 
like rock , ice , tree bark .

Movement involve whole liv ing system , 
ostrich running across ground earthworm burrowing soil .

also involve 
part living system , mosquito poking mouthparts skin .

Solids vary 
smoothness , stickiness , moisture content , density , etc , presents 
different challenges .

result , livi ng systems adaptations meet one , 
sometimes multiple , challenges .

example , insects must able hold onto 
rough slippery leaf surfaces due diversity environment .

Search Function Attach Temporarily Living systems must sometimes , 
temporarily , stay one place , climb otherwise move around , hold things 
together .

entails attaching temporarily ability release , minimizes 
energy material use .

living systems repeatedly attach , detach , 
reattach extended time , lifetimes .

Despite temporary , attac hments must 
withstand physical forces achieved purpose .

adapted attachment mechanisms optimized amount time number times must 
used .

examples 
include insects attach eggs leaf hatch , insects whose wings temporarily 
attach flight separate landing .

search icon Search Function Modify 
Position Many resources living systems require survival reproduction 
constantly change quantity , quality , location .

result , living systems strategies maintain access 
shifting resources avoid changing threats adjusting location orientation 
.

also 
stay one place rotate eyes provide 360 -degree view hunt without 
frightening prey .

search icon Search Function Animals Vertebrates 
Mammals Rodents Squirrels Mammals  Class Mammalia ( “ breast ” ) : Bats , 
cats , whales , horses , humans Mammals make less 1 % animals earth , 
include well -known species .

know first -hand characteristics make mammals 
unique , like hair , able sweat , producing milk mammary glands .

Anothe r 
critical shared feature set highly -specialized teeth .

Unlike sharks 
alligators , example , whose teeth generally size shape , mammals 
differently shaped teeth different areas jaws target specific foods 
foraging strategies .

search icon Search Living Sys tem Sharp claws 
squirrel feet increase vertical agility giving strategic points 
attachment body structures shift direction .

Squirrels easily navigate 
arboreal homes coordinating two structures feet .

direction even run headfirst trees swive ling back ankle joints .

time , 
well-developed claws front hind feet dig substrate anchor points .

squirrel light , 
forces applied pads paws wide enough angle friction overcomes competing 
downward force gr avity .

tree branch trunk gets thicker , however , 
squirrel reach around get grip , friction enough keep falling .

point , 
squirrel ’ claws contribute ability cling structures wide diameter .

seems intuitive squirrel ’ small size contributes agility , claw s also 
play critical role animal traverses possible angles tree .

squirrel moves 
various directions different surfaces , gravity interacts actual mass .

prevent falling , squirrel must keep mass oriented way counter downward 
force : process known finding c enter gravity .

squirrel ’ sharp claws help evenly 
distributing mass across various diameters climbing surface .

Upon 
digging surface , force gravity shifts squirrel ’ paw pads underside 
claws .

surface porous enough embed claws angle 90 degrees greater , 
squirrel ensure successful grip evenly distribute mass across claws .

true orientation –whether squirrel moving , , sideways , angle across 
surface .

, turn , keeps squirrel ’ center gravity close  tree , 
preventing squirrel falling .

Squirrels quickly respond challenges 
encounter move wooded areas instantly changing direction .

function claws 
’ ability shift weight find center gravity , wide range motion offered 
uniquely rotating back ankles .

adap tations , squirrels secure two points 
attachment , whereas humans need less three climb .

, squirrels swing 
swiveling back feet grabbing onto new surfaces angles would impossible 
animals .

essence , squirrels deftly hug porous surfaces close enough 
keep sliding falling due gravity .

Even fully outfitted gaff hooks , human achieve acrobatic 
agility well -adapted squirrel .

Image : 
Alan Elaine Wilson / toggle icon Douglas Squ irrel , Dars Garden , Port 
Moody , British Columbia Image : Alan Elaine Wilson / toggle icon Harriss 
Antelope Ground Squirrel , Pond Elephant Head , Amado , Arizona right 
arrow right arrow Last Updated September 14 , 2016 References “ squirrel 
particularly  well adapted tree climbing .

sharp claws , instead backward -
pointing toes like climbing birds , swivel whole back foot round ankle 
points backwards .

squirrel thus hang almost vertical surface provided 
enough irregularity tree trunk hook claws.

” ( Foy Ox ford Scientific 
Films 1982:183 ) Book grand design : Form colour animals 26/02/1983 | 
Sally Foy embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Book 
section Pads Claws Arboreal Locomotion embedly preview toggle icon 
Reference toggle icon loading Book Fox Squirrels Gray Squirrels embedly 
preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading “ claw penetrates 
surface support , volar aspect embedded part claw forms angle substrate 
surface… long angle equals exceeds 90° , animal ’ grip secure , matter 
central angle frictional coefficient support may be.

” ( Jenkins 2012:56 
) “ …animals often move cursorily vertical trunks must small…their digits 
bear sharp claws permit subtend effectively larger central angles without 
inefficient increases body weight.

” (  Jenkins 2012:59 ) “ Head first 
descent therefore depends ability supinate laterally rotate extended hind 
limb… especially crucial animal depending claw grip…the CG kept close 
support… ” ( Jenkins 2012:61 ) Book Primate Locomotion Academic Press , 
Inc | Ma tt Cartmill | Farish A. Jr. Jenkins embedly preview toggle icon 
Hero Shrew ’ Remarkable Spine Hero shrew spine hero shrews remarkably 
strong yet flexible , due interlocking vertebral s pines along spinal 
column .

Biological Strategy Taller Bumps Increase Grip Polar bear Taller 
bumps compensate loss friction due polar bears ' relatively smaller paw 
pads .

Mussel byssal threads attach wet rocks using adhesive proteins first 
prime surfaces chemically bind .

Biological Strategy Cicada Wings Kill 
Bacteria Cicada Nanopillar cones covering cicada wings bond bacterial 
membranes , stretching portion cones point rupturing .

Strategy Accordion Technique Allows Controlled Movement Narrow Channels 
Snakes Snakes use zig -zag anchor points friction maneuver tight spaces .

Biological Strategy Hooks Grab Carry Fruit Far Sesame family fruit 
grapple plant hooks onto animals strong tempor ary grip disperse seeds 
great distances .

Chirps Carry Water — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature AskNature 
logo Collections Biological Strategies Innovations Educators Donate 
Search Biological Strategy Chirps Carry Water AskNature Team Image : 
Pablo Heimplatz / Unsplash / Free non -commercial use toggle icon 
Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Send Sound 
Signals Many living systems send auditory signals communicate others , 
including attract , announce , warn .

sounds must audib le intended 
recipient variety conditions , wind , water , solids .

result , living 
system specific sounds best adapted environment .

example , birds live 
loud habitats , like alongside noisy streams windy areas .

birds use 
sound frequencies heard birds com peting environmental noises .

search 
icon Search Function Mammals Class Mammalia ( “ breast ” ) : Bats , cats 
, whales , horses , humans Mammals make less 1 % animals earth , include 
well-known species .

know first -hand characteristics make mammals unique 
, like hair , able sweat , producing milk mammary glands .

Another 

differently shaped teeth different areas jaws target s pecific foods 

search icon Search Living System Chirps dolphins 
carry water multi -rate , ultra -short wave forms .

Mohsen Kavehrad 
, director Center Information Communications Technology Research Penn 
State , using multi -rate , u ltra-short laser pulses wavelets mimic 
dolphin chirps make optical wireless signals penetrate fog , clouds , 
adverse weather conditions .

new approach could help bring optical bandwidth , capable 
carrying huge amounts information , applications ranging wireless 
communication air ground vehicles battlefield short links college campus 
buildings metropolitan area networks connect buildings city.

” ( Courtesy 
Biomimicry Guild ) Last Updated August 18 , 2016 Biological Strategies 
Biological Strategy Snakes Bellow Like Bulls Bull snakes relatives bull 
snakes relatives bellow defense , tissue boosts air flow passes single 
vocal cord create initial burst sound .

Biological Strategy Frog Plays 
Tree Holes Like  Pipe Organ Bornean tree -hole frog tree -hole frog 
amplifies sound call adjusting pitch match resonant frequency 
surroundings .

Biological Strategy Whistles Compensate Underwater Sound 
Distortion Dolphins Dolphins send broadband whistles bursts clicks 
prevent messages distorted underwater .

Biological Strategy Hummingbird 
Hums Hummingbirds Hummingbirds produce lift sound downstroke upstroke 
wingbeats , creating steady musical hum instead pulsing whoosh larger 
birds .

Biological Strategy Clicking Noises Inter fere Predators ’ Sonar 
Grote 's bertholdia moth Clicking noises released tiger moth interfere 
predatory bat sonar signals distorting echo signature .

Strategy Bird Find Large Objects Total Darkness Oilbird bats use high -
pitched , inaudible sound s find tiny insects , oilbirds use lower -pitched 
, audible sounds sense walls , fruit , large objects .

ResourcesGlobal Network Invite SpeakerBlog Initiatives Education K -5 
EducationYouth Design Challenge Inspiration AskNatureBiomimicry Toolbox

Reports Institute Us MissionJanine BenyusStaff , Board , AdvisorsC areers 
Mission Donate Select Page Systems change needed now.Industry must 
consider howit fits biosphere .

leading new standard industrial symbiosis 
, starting designing decompositionin fashion sector .

Pathway Systems 
Change Everything do 一all industry economic activity 一exists within 
planetary natural system .

learning nature , proving ’ possible turn waste back something 
useful bios phere ; , demonstrating value regenerative economy .

industry 
research connecting collaborators bold initiatives , paving pathway 
industries create benefits climate stability , biodiversity , social 
equity .

Pilot Projects transform industry sectors , ’ ta king research 
learned industry analysis working collaborators generate real systems -
level change .

consortium host pilots Western Europe Ghana , testing 
viable decomposition technologies commercially viable yet scale , pilot 
technologies convert wasted clo thes textiles biocompatible raw materials 
.

first pilot series initiative stems Nature Fashion report , identified 
decomposition missing piece industry .

multi -year Design Decomposition 
collaboration four main objectives : Understand emerging decomposition  
options Demonstrate affordable , scalable strategies Understand biology 
chemistry decomposition Prove works change minds ambitious aim requires 
partners courageous vision .

Learn Pilot 
Projects Featured Pilot : Design Decomposi tion Biomimicry Institute 
leading two -year , multi -million dollar project demonstrate scalable new 
pathways ~92 million tonnes fashion waste discarded annually embracing 
true decomposition —the way leaves break soil —that builds healthy 
ecosystems.The Laudes  Foundation provided catalytic funding ambitious 
project.Learn Design Decomposition .

first 
industry report , offered analysis fashion industry would look functione d 
like natural ecosystem .

Nature Fashion : Moving Towards Regenerative 
System offers steps recommendations investors , funders , fashion brands 
enable new fashion ecosystem thrive flourish within planetary boundaries 
.

proposes dramatic yet entirely possi ble approach global companies 
operate conjunction local economies .

Nature Fashion report identified 
decomposition critical part nature ’ material cycles missing current 
industrial thinking , “ design decomposition dispersal ” quickest route 
regenerative e quitable fashion industry .

proving advanced decomposition 
viable locally , approach taken first pilot series initiative , plan 
prove system change scale globally industry reports follow .

Visit 
Industry Reports Featured Report : Nature Fashion new report reveals 
emulating nature ’ lessons fashion industry enhance ecosystems boost 
biodiversity , build soil , support communities , clean existing 
pollution.Read report .

“ thrilled support consortium led Biomimicry 
Institute , eagerly await results game -changing pilots scale bio -
compatible solutions fashion industry large.

” – Anita Chester , Head 
Materials Laudes Foundation Aligning Nature 's Cycles Biocompatible 
FashionBiocompatible fashion possible today , diverse fibercrops 
biosynthetics replacing petroleum  , reuse recycling improving efficiency 
, scaled decomposition systems returning nutrients soil .

Learn Primary 
ProducersPrimary producers photosynthetic plants algae combine free solar 
energy disordered material building blocks soil , air water create hig hly 
ordered , energy -dense structures .

Learn ConsumersConsumers include 
herbivores carnivores , break energy -dense structures use stored energy 
materials construct tissues , creating physical waste dissipating energy 
.

Learn Decomposers Decomposers fungi bacteria break material basic 
building blocks , using remaining energy making physical building blocks

Learn Fashion TodayFashion today made 
primarily petrochemical -based synthetics .

Consumers use materials ( 
occasionally  recycle ) since ’ decompose , materials always end macro - 
micro-scale pollution .

Learn Supporters 
  Support Next Generation 
Nature-Inspired Innovators donating Biomimicry Institute , help us 
empower nature -inspired innovators .

Together , build strong su stainable 
global community dedicated eliminating need extractive industries 
revitalizing degraded ecosystems .

Biomimicry Toolbox Biomimicry 
Solutions Educational Resources Global Network Invite Spea ker Blog 
InitiativesAskNature Industry Reports K -5 Education Launchpad Pilot 
Projects Ray Hope Prize Youth Design Challenge Global Design Challenge 
InstituteOur Mission Founder , Janine Benyus Staff , Board , Advisors 
Careers Opportunities Support Mission Impact Annual Report Newsroom 
Newsletter FAQs Biomimicry Institute PO Box 9216 Missoula , Montana 59807 
United States America GENERAL INFO [ email protected ] +1 415 800 1401 
EIN : 86 -1153859 Privacy Policy & Terms Use Member Get Touch Privacy 
Policy & Ter ms Use Google+ © 2023 Biomimicry Institute .

Biological Strategies — AskNature AskNature AskNature logo Collections 
Biological Strategies Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological 
StrategiesWe 've curated 1700 strategies living thing s serve inspiration 
human innovation .

Whatever challenge 're looking address , nature serve 
model , measure , mentor .

search icon Search Strategies Featured 
Strategies Panting Cools Blood Reindeer tongue reindeer caribou cools 
blood heading brain duress high vascularized .

View Strategy See -Through 
Fur Traps Light Heat Polar bear Chamber -cored fibers capture sunlight , 
gather heat , retain keep polar bear warm .

View Strategy Group 
Organization Protects Cold Emperor penguin Groups emperor penguins use 
social huddling protect cold .

View Strategy right arrow right arrow 
Strategies Behind Recent Innovations toggle icon See natural processes 
inspired innovations nine finalists 2020 Ray Hope Prize , presented 
Biomimicry Institute Ray C. Anderson Foundation .

a ward helps biomimetic 
startups cross critical threshold becoming viable businesses amplifying 
stories providing equity -free funding .

Biological Strategy Adhesive 
Strong Flexible Eastern oyster Oysters build strong flexible reefs using 
minerals sticky prot ein web .

Biological Strategy Leaf Pores Draw Water 
Plants Plants Pores leaves allow water escape vapor , drawing water plant 
roots .

Biological Strategy Chemicals Oregano Act Fungicide Oregano 
Volatile compounds found oregano destroy fungi breaking cell m embranes .

Biological Strategy Butterflies Hack Light Waves Produce Brilliant Color 
Morpho butterfly Wings morpho butterflies create color causing light 
waves diffract interfere .

Biological Strategy High -impact Appendage 
Resists Cracking Peacock mantis sh rimp Shrimp ’ attack club distributes 
impact among spiraled layers fibers Biological Strategy Pitcher Rims 
Extremely Slippery Tropical pitcher plants Rims pitcher plant extremely 
slippery due liquid film overlaying microtextured surface .

Strategy Pheromones Turn Nematodes Pest -killing Machines Nematodes 
Applying pheromones nematodes turns ultimate natural pesticide , 
drastically increasing destruction insects Biological Strategy Protein 
Turns Sunlight Vivid Color Mushroom anemone Proteins made D iscosoma 
mushroom anemones produce color using sun ’ energy generate specific 
wavelengths light .

Biological Strategy Wing Surface Self -Cleans Morpho 
butterfly High surface -area wing texture Morpho butterfly sheds water 
dirt via hydrophobic microstructure .

right arrow right arrow Function : 
Move in/on Liquids toggle icon search icon Search Function Water abundant 
liquid earth , ’ vital life –so ’ surprise majority life evolved thrive 
surface .

result , evolved countless 
solutions optimize drag , utilize surface tension , fine tune buoyancy , 
take advantage various types currents fluid dynamics .

example , sharks 
slide water reducing drag due streamlined shape  specially shaped features 
skin .

Biological Strategy Mussel Mantle Lures Larval Hosts Plain 
pocketbook mussel shellfish structure looks like meal attracts erstwhile 
predators , become unwitting nannies bus drivers sedentary animal ’ 
offspring .

Biological  Strategy Fish Scales ’ Drag Fish shape scales 
causes water flow streak across fish skin , reducing turbulence 
minimizing drag .

Biological Strategy Beak Inspired Bullet Train 
Kingfishers shape kingfisher beak allows dive water without splashing .

Biologic al Strategy Fin Movements Aid Swimming Backward Forward African 
knifefish undulating fin knifefish enables swim forward backward , well 
keep afloat , creating propulsive water jets .

Biological Strategy Foot 
Aids Underwater Movement Snails slugs foot water  snails helps move upside 
beneath water 's surface creating small ripples mucus -water interface .

Biological Strategy Slime Reduces Drag Fish Skin fish reduces drag 
covered slime layer complex proteins , polysaccharides , bacteria .

Biological Strategy Con tracting Ring Muscle Propels Body Forward bell 
lion ’ mane jellyfish contracts waves causing jet water propel jellyfish 
forward .

Biological Strategy Pitcher Rims Extremely Slippery Tropical 
pitcher plants Rims pitcher plant extremely slippery due liquid f ilm 
overlaying microtextured surface .

Biological Strategy Wax Changes 
Density Help Sink Float Calanoides acutus copepod Antarctic crustaceans 
create wax within bodies help sink deep water hibernate winter .

Biological Strategy Leg Hairs Increase Thrust Wh irligig beetles Hairs 
whirligig beetle 's middle hind legs increase thrust expanding surface 
area .

Biological Strategy Proteins Transmit Force Vertebrates ( Mammals 
, Fish , Birds , Reptiles ) Muscle proteins vertebrates ensure efficient 
force transmissio n occur along length muscle fibers Biological Strategy 
Fronds Change Shape Avoid Damage Seaweed Fronds seaweed change shape 
orientation allow move instead resisting strong water currents .

Biological Strategy Floats Keep Fronds Buoyant Brown algae Gas -filled 
floats help keep kelp fronds near water surface enhance photosynthesis .

Biological Strategy Shooting Snout Snags Prey Slingjaw wrasse snout 
sling-jaw wrasse captures prey using multibar linkages shoot jaw high 
speed .

Biological Strategy Tail Fluke Pow ers Swimming Humpback whale 
tail fluke humpback whale breaks water tail moved , enabling powerful 
swimming .

Biological Strategy Fins Allow Bidirectional Movement African 
freshwater electric eel Undulations tail dorsal fins African freshwater 
electric eel allow smooth bidirectional movement water .

Strategy Fin Helps Fish Move Fish Fish use fins control braking , 
stability , thrust increase maneuverability .

Molecular Caps Keep Internal Cell Structures Intact —Or Eukaryotes 
Microtubules fray protective molecules degrade , grow reform .

Strategy Feet Paddle Efficiently Platypus front feet platypus provide 
exceptional paddling power thanks extensive webbing .

Body Shape Influences Stability Maneuvera bility Boxfishes shape boxfish 
controls water flow around body influence stability maneuverability .

Biological Strategy Leaf Ridges Reduce Contact Time Water Drops 
Nasturtium Ridges garden nasturtium leaves reduce contact time water 
drops enabling faster drop recoil .

Biological Strategy Proteins Reduce 
Surface Tension Dikarya ( Common Mushrooms , etc . )

Hydrophobin proteins 
fungi reduce surface tension enable growth hydrophilic hydrophobic parts 
.

Biological Strategy Body Uses Vortices Save Energy Rainbo w trout body 
rainbow trout decreases energy required swimming interacting vortices 
fluid environment .

Biological Strategy Whiskers Reduce Drag Spotted seal 
highly sensitive whiskers harbor seals reduce vortex -induced vibrations

right arrow right arrow 
Function : Capture , Absorb , Filter Energy toggle icon search icon 
Search Function Energy naturally available many forms , including kinetic 
, potential , thermal , elastic , radiant , chemical , .

radiant energy sun others strategies focus scattered light onto 

Biological Strategy Hole y Leaf Pattern Captures 
Light Monstera Leaves full holes help Swiss cheese plant capture 
intermittent light Biological Strategy Hairs Absorb Ultraviolet Radiation 
Edelweiss wooly hairs alpine edelweiss intercept de -energize harmful 
ultraviolet radiation re aches plant ’ cells .

Biological Strategy Thinner 
Fur Keeps Numbats Warmer Numbat making hairs stand , numbats expose skin 
sun create insulating layer air reduce heat loss .

Water Pressure Helps Flowers Follow Sun Plants Light intensity  
concentrates hormones alter water levels cells causing plants bend toward 
light source .

Biological Strategy Symbiotic Algae Provide Photosynthetic 
Products Spotted salamander Algae encapsulated cells spotted salamander 
may provide photosynthetic products  ( oxygen carbohydrate ) internal 
symbiosis .

Biological Strategy Scale Microstructures Reduce Reflection 
Gaboon adder Micro -and nano -structures snake scale create ultra -blackness 
reducing light reflection .

Biological Strategy See -Through Fur Traps 
Light Heat Polar bear Chamber -cored fibers capture sunlight , gather heat 
, retain keep polar bear warm .

Biological Strategy Fluorophores Enhance 
Photosynthesis cuticular wax dwarf mountain pine enhances photosynthesis 
using fluorophores convert UV light blue l ight used photosynthesis low -
light conditions .

Biological Strategy Special Molecules Enable Bacteria 
Break Oil Bacteria Unique molecules bacteria help digest petroleum , 
vegetable oil , coal .

Biological Strategy Mound Facilitates Gas Exchange 
Mound-building termites structure above -ground macrotermite mounds 
facilitates gas exchange below -ground nest using internal air currents 
driven solar heat .

Biological Strategy Pigments Absorb Solar Energy 
Oriental hornet Pigments oriental hornet ’ cuticle absorb so lar energy 
turned electrical energy .

Biological Strategy Lens -Shaped Leaves Harvest 
Light Window plant Clear structures focus direct light help window plant 
harvest energy sun without overheating drying .

Tendons Store Energy Bushbabie s galagos legs bushbaby allow jump twelve 
times body length storing energy tendons .

Biological Strategy Pigment 
Molecules Absorb Transfer Solar Energy Cooke 's kokio Pigment molecules 
plants absorb transfer solar energy using special arrangement funnels 
light toward reaction center .

Biological Strategy Leaves Optimize 
Photosynthesis Water lily leaf giant water lily optimizes photosynthesis 
due structure extreme surface area .

Biological Strategy Complex 
Structures Focus Reflected Light Crustaceans eye lob ster focuses 
reflected light onto retina using perfect geometric configuration square 
tubes .

Biological Strategy Iridescent Thin Layer Provides 
Photoprotection Twinsorus ferns Leaves tropical rainforest understory 
plants protected excess sun blue iridesce nce .

Biological Strategy Leaf 
Shapes Optimize Sunlight Olive tree Leaves olive trees optimize sunlight 
harvesting differing shape flexible changing conditions Biological 
Strategy Blades Balance Drag Reduction Solar Exposure Bull kelp Blades 
bull kelp bala nce drag reduction sunlight exposure different flow 
environments via changes width flatness .

Biological Strategy Leaves 
Focus Light Clubed begonia leaves begonias maximize photosynthesis low -
light conditions using clear surface cells focus light .

Biologi cal 
Strategy Structures Maximize Light Absorption Plants Thylakoid structures 
plants cyanobacteria maximize exposure light stacked cross -linked .

Biological Strategy Leaf Fan Optimizes Cooling Wind Resistance Australian

fan palm leaf Australian fan palm ga thers light , stays cool , avoids 
wind damage subdivision tilted segments .

Biological Strategy Epiphytes 
Capture Nutrients Bromeliads Bromeliads capture water spawn small 
community whose collective roles lead nutrient supply epiphytic plants .

Biological Strategy Pigment Enhances Light Absorption Leaves tropical 
plants Leptospermum recapture light purple pigment .

right arrow right 
arrow Function : Protect Living Threats toggle icon search icon Search 
Function Fungi , plants , animals , microbes cause phys ical harm living 
system .

Threats include predation , herbivory , parasitism , disease , 
one living system indirectly interfering another ’ ability function .

living systems fend least manage threats , increase chances survival 
successfully reproducing .

r equires strategies protect threat first place 
, reduce impact .

Also , two living systems act , time , adapt strategies 
response .

snail builds strong shell prevent natural predators accessing sof t body .

Biological Strategy Birds Feign Injury Draw Away Predators Plovers 
Plovers fake broken wing order lead predators away nest protect young .

Biological Strategy Spider Silk ’ Antibacterial Power Spiders 
nanostructure spider silk proteins prevents ba cterial attachment .

Biological Strategy Wild Potatoes Trick Attackers Sensing Danger Wild 
potato glandular hairs wild potato plants expel pheromone mimics alarm 
pheromone aphid predators Biological Strategy Diverse Food Sources Keep 
Honeybees Healthy Hone ybees Honeybee immune systems depend protein 
diversity quantity .

Biological Strategy Moths Outwit Bats Super Hearing 
Moths tympanal organs moths `` hear '' bat biosonar trigger behavioral 

Biological Strategy Opossums Feign Death Evade Predator s 
Opossum Many animals use phenomenon known thanatosis tonic immobility 
last resort appear dead avoid killed predators .

Immune Systems Identify Real Threats Animals Immune systems constantly 
monitor threats , respond force signs cell d eath .

Cicada Wings Repel Water , Dirt , Bacteria , Light Cicada Cicada wings ’ 
intricate nanostructure helps shed water , dirt , bacteria reflects light 
avoid detection predators .

Biological Strategy Maggots Eat Dead , Heal 
Wounded Gr een Bottle Fly Maggots scrape dead tissue mouth hooks spew stew 
enzymes liquefy , swallow , digest .

Biological Strategy Trojan Horse 
Chemical Makes Bacteria Self -destruct Alkaloid molecules protect plants 
bacterial infections .

Biological Strategy Oyster Reef Shapes Create Safe 
Havens Young Eastern oyster Uneven , complex oyster reefs create 
protective crevices calm waters allow larvae attach thrive .

Strategy “ Fight Flight ” “ Emergency State ” Manage Stress Vertebrates ( 
Mammals , Fish , Bird s , Reptiles ) Two classes hormones drive different 
responses help vertebrates survive short - long-term stressors .

Biological Strategy Hormones Regulate Behavior Response Stress Insects 
distinct set hormones alter insect behavior changing metabolic functi on 
times stress .

Biological Strategy Two Egg Pigments Drive Parasite Arms 
Race Birds Birds use infinite combinations two colors mimic species ’ 
eggs distinguish eggs invaders .

Biological Strategy Alerts Provide Early 
Warning System Black -capped chickadee  Predator -specific alerts allow 
multiple species survive providing early warning system .

Strategy Underground Network Distributes Resources Mycorrhizal fungi 
Mycorrhizal network sustains diversity forest transporting nutrients 
water .

Biologica l Strategy Birds Build Responsively Birds Birds evaluate 
external threats , previous success , success others determining build 
nests .

Biological Strategy Compounds Disrupt Malaria Parasite Fijian red 
seaweed Bromophycolide compounds Fijian red seaweed pr ovide protection 
malaria interrupting parasite 's ability protect toxic byproducts .

Biological Strategy Chemicals Oregano Act Fungicide Oregano Volatile 
compounds found oregano destroy fungi breaking cell membranes .

Biological Strategy Pheromones Turn Ne matodes Pest -killing Machines 
Nematodes Applying pheromones nematodes turns ultimate natural pesticide 
, drastically increasing destruction insects Biological Strategy Lyme 
Disease Bacteria Hide Immune Defenses Bacteria Lyme disease pathogen 
Borrelia burgd orferi unusual ability substitute manganese iron build 
enzymes , helps elude immune defenses well tests detect .

Strategy Naked Mole Rat Queens Hire Babysitters Care Young Naked mole rat 
Naked mole rats ensure colony survival dividing work suppo rting single 
breeding queen .

Biological Strategy Poison Protects Seeds Yew seeds yew 
trees protected eaten large animals contain poisonous compounds called 
taxanes .

Biological Strategy Hairs Repel Water Hairs cranefly repel 
water due microstructure arran gement wings legs .

Living System : Whales dolphins search icon Search Living System 
Biological Strategy Hairlike Fringe Filters Food Blue whale Baleen whales 
use fringed sheets keratin strain food water swallow .

Strategy Whistles Compensate Underwater Sound Distortion Dolphins 
Dolphins send broadband whistles bursts clicks prevent messages distorted 
underwater .

Biological Strategy Juvenile Friendships Help Throughout 
Life Bottlenose dolphin Bottlenose dolphins develop l ifelong friendships 
early benefit shared information , cooperation , means .

Strategy Peer -to-Peer Learning Spreads Innovations Rapidly Bottlenose 
dolphin New generations bottlenose dolphins adapt changing situations 
learning peers mothers .

Bio logical Strategy Bubbles Corral Prey Humpback 
whale Humpback whales control movement prey blowing spiraling nets 
bubbles underwater .

Biological Strategy Skin Resists Microorganisms 
Long-finned pilot whale skin pilot whales resists microorganisms thanks 
microscopic pores nanoridges , surrounded secreted enzymatic gel 
denatures proteins carbohydrates .

Biological Strategy Tail Fluke Powers 
Swimming Humpback whale tail fluke humpback whale breaks water tail moved 
, enabling powerful swimming .

Biological Stra tegy Blood Vessel Network 
Prevents Heat Loss Body Surface Gray whale blood vessel network tongues 
gray whales precools blood avoid heat loss via counter -current heat 
exchange .

Biological Strategy Body Shape Reduces Friction Bottlenose 
dolphin body dolphin  low friction water optimal length diameter ratio .

Biological Strategy Flippers Provide Lift , Reduce Drag Humpback whale 
flippers humpback whale channel flow increase aerodynamic efficiency due 
tubercles bumps .

Biological Strategy Blubber Absorbs Heat B ottlenose 
dolphin blubber bottlenose dolphin absorbs heat acting phase change 
material Biological Strategy Deep Divers Manage Temperature Cuvier 's 
beaked whale Veins arteries Cuvier 's beaked whales manage heat different 
configurations counter -current hea t exchangers .

Baleen Tangles Capture Prey Bowhead whale Baleen throat bowhead whale 
traps prey tangling fringed edges together .

Biological Strategy Lungs 
Efficiently Expel Air Lungs whales efficiently expel air via powerful 
exhalation s .

Biological Strategy Navigation Underwater Whales dolphins 
Whales navigate incredible accuracy underwater using Earth 's magnetic 
fields .

Biological Strategy Chirps Carry Water Chirps dolphins carry 
water multi -rate , ultra -short wave forms .

Biologica l Strategy Biosonar 
Gives Accurate Imaging High resolution biosonar dolphins , bats mole rats 
gives accurate imaging using real -time data processing .

Strategy Noise Stuns Prey Spinner dolphin members spinner dolphin pods 
stun capture fish emitt ing ultrasonic beams .

Living System : Cnidarians ( Jellyfish , Coral ) toggle icon search icon 
Search Living System Phylum Cnidaria ( “ stinging thread ” ) : Jellyfish 
, coral , sea anemones , hydra 99 % cnidarians live marine ecos ystems , 1 
% found fresh water .

two distinct body plans : medusa , moves familiar 
jellyfish shape , polyp , stationary classic sea anemone shape .

Members 
phyla egg -shaped , free -swimming larvae , release capsules called cnidae

well-known type cnidae ne matocysts , harpoon -like stinging cells bane 
many trip beach .

Biological Strategy Proteins Help Corals Build Rock -
Hard Reefs Corals lay proteins organized way create scaffold minerals 
produce rock -hard reefs Biological Strategy Protein Turns Sunlight Vivi d 
Color Mushroom anemone Proteins made Discosoma mushroom anemones produce 
color using sun ’ energy generate specific wavelengths light .

Strategy Branches Protect Breaking Staghorn coral Branches Caribbean 
stony coral protect core colony progra mmed breakage .

Barbed Filaments Anchor Venus 's flower -basket Filaments anchor sponges 
soft sediments using barbed tips Biological Strategy Concentric Layers 
Strengthen Cables Venus 's flower -basket Glass cables anchor sponges 
strength ened concentric layering Biological Strategy Glass Skeleton Tough 
Yet Flexible Venus 's flower -basket silica skeleton Venus ’ flower -basket 
sea sponge tough stable multiple levels organization help manage forces .

Biological Strategy Clownfish Sea Anemone Help Clownfish One provides 
shelter , provides fertilizer , better .

Biological Strategy Refugia 
Improve Disaster Recovery Great Barrier Reef network refugia makes Great 
Barrier Reef resilient injury providing emergency resources restoring 
damaged areas Bi ological Strategy Biopolymer Composites Prevent 
Structural Failure Bottle brush coral Biopolymer composites exterior 
shell black coral strong hard due weakly bonded chitin strands strongly 
crosslinked proteins .

Biological Strategy Exoskeleton Absorbs UV L ight 
Corals calcium carbonate exoskeletons corals may help protect 
photosynthetic symbionts absorbing UV rays .

Fluorescent Proteins Facilitate Healing Staghorn coral Fluorescent 
proteins corals may play role host stress response acting  antioxidants .

Biological Strategy Stinging Cells Target Prey Green sea anemone Stinging 
cells sea anemones effectively target prey using combination physical 
chemical cues .

Biological Strategy Nematocyst Stingers Accelerate Fast 
Hydra Nematocysts cnidar ians penetrate thick layers crustacean shell 
capsules unusually short collagens explosively eject stylets strong 
flexible protein tubules spiked barbs .

Biological Strategy Body Changes 
Shape Sea anemones central cavity sea anemones reinflated water pumpin g 
low pressures thanks ciliary pumps .

Biological Strategy Spicules Rigid 
Structural Materials spicules sponges rigid structural materials due 
mineralized composition .

Biological Strategy Silica Structure Self -
assembles Cell clusters associated surface gi ant basal growing spicule 
glass sponge release silica controlled circumferential growth .

Biological Strategy Mucus Acts Sunscreen Mushroom coral Mucus produced 
mushroom corals may help protect ultraviolet light via several different 
mycosporine -like amino  acids , UV -absorbing compounds .

Strategy Matrix Stiffens Connective Tissue connective tissue sponges 
matrix stiffened embedded spicules .

Biological Strategy Supportive Gel 
Enables Extreme Shape Change Sea anemones supportive gel -like substanc e ( 
mesoglea ) sea anemones allows extreme shape changing due viscoelasticity 
.

Biological Strategy Structure Protects Compression Loading Branching 
corals structure staghorn coral one example natural branched system 
protects compression loading using scal ed struts joined common lattice .

Biological Strategy Moving Cilia Create Iridescence Beroë Biological 
Strategy Vortex Rings Propel Moon jellyfish Moon jellyfish move 
efficiently water creating complex vortex rings wake motion .

Strategy Dischar ge Trigger Responds Fish ’ Chemical Cues Myxobolus 
filament injection organ Myxobolus cerebralis detects potential fish host 
via receptors recognize chemical compounds present fish mucus .

Biological Strategy Moving Tune Body Size Penicillate jellyfish bel l 
penicillate jellyfish increases amplitude movement 40 % decreases energy 
use around 25 % moving resonant frequency body size .

arrow Living System : Ferns toggle icon search icon Search Living System

Class Polypodiopsida ( “ many footed  appearance ” ) : Ferns , horsetails 
, whisk ferns Ferns class plants reproduce without flowers seeds , spores 
.

10,500 known species , ferns second abundant group vascular plants 
angiosperms ( flowering plants ) .

Though found variety habitats , ferns 
prefer moist , humid environments .

Ferns first evolved Carboniferous 
Period 360 million years ago .

Today , ferns grown food , medicine , 
ornamental landscaping , hold importance culture folklore .

Biologic al Strategy 
Iridescent Thin Layer Provides Photoprotection Twinsorus ferns Leaves 
tropical rainforest understory plants protected excess sun blue 
iridescence .

Biological Strategy Leaves Elasticity , Shape Memory 
Resurrection fern Leaves resurrection fern regain shape dehydration due 
hierarchical structure palisade spongy layers .

Fronds Hyperaccumulate Arsenic Ladder brake fern Fronds ladder brake 
ferns hyperaccumulate toxic arsenic using special transporter protein 
spatially isolates c hemical vacuoles .

Biological Strategy Cells Survive 
Extreme Water Loss Resurrection fern cells resurrection ferns may survive 
extreme water loss thanks dehydrin proteins .

Biological Strategy Spring 
Directs Spore Dispersal Low Humidity Horsetail family el aters horsetail 
plants aid spore dispersal coiling uncoiling response humidity .

Biological Strategy Plants Survive Repeated Drying Rehydration Lesser 
clubmoss plants cells lesser clubmoss plants prevent deformation repeated 
.

Biological Strategy Sugars Assist Desiccation Tolerance Flat -stemmed 
clubmoss tissues spikemoss survive extremely dry conditions due part 
production trehalose sucrose , behave water -replacement molecules .

Biological Strategy Transport Processes Allow Arsenic Hyperaccumulation 
Ladder brake fern Chinese brake fern absorbs transports toxic arsenic 
roots fronds via cellular transport channels .

Biological Strategy Signal 
Directs Sperm Ferns sperm ferns detect unfert ilized archegonia via malate 
signal .

Biological Strategy Surface Tension Flings Spores Ferns spores 
one fern launched sporangium using mechanism based surface tension 
evaporation .

Biological Strategy Thermogenesis Attracts Pollinators 
Cycads cones cycads  attract pollinators elevating temperature pollen 
ready dispersal .

Biological Strategy Stems Vary Stiffness Rough 
horsetail Stems scouring horsetail vary stiffness rings supportive 
tissues react changes turgor .

Biological Strategy Cyanide Protects 
Herbivores Eagle fern Bracken protects leaves eaten filling cyanide .

Thin Shells Resist Impact Loading — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Thin Shel ls Resist Impact 
Loading Heart urchins AskNature Team Image : Alfonso Cerezo / Pixabay / 
Free non -commercial use toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon 
Living System toggle icon Protect Animals Animals –organisms range 
microscopic larger bus –embody wid e variety harms living systems , 

search icon Search Function Manag e Impact impact high 
force mechanical shock happens short period time , hammer hitting nail 
rather hand pushing slowly wall .

speed force , impacts ’ allow materials 
slowly adjust force , lead cracks , ruptures , complete breakage .

Therefore , living syst ems strategies absorb , dissipate , otherwise 
survive force without need add large amounts material .

example , Toco 
toucan ’ large beak lightweight , yet withstand impacts ’ made composite

material rigid foam inside layers hard , fibrous material outside .

search icon Search Function Manage Compression living system compression 
, force pushing , like chair person sitting .

evenly applied sides living 
system , compression results decreased volume .

applied two sides , 
results deformation , pushing two sides  balloon .

living systems must retain efficient form , must ensure 
deformation temporary .

Managing compression also provides opportunity 
lessen effects forces .

Living systems strategies help prevent 
compression recover ,  maintaining function .

example , African elephant 
adults weigh 4,700 6,048 kilograms .

must hold weight four feet , tissues 
feet features enable compression absorb distribute forces .

Search Function Prevent Deformation living system undergoes  compression , 

deformation structural failure oc cur , resulting death .

strength flexibility , protecting forces would otherwise cause 
deformation daily b asis .

search icon Search Function Prevent Fatigue 
materials comprise living systems subjected repeated loads , weaken time 
.

However , fatigue ’ 
occur anywhere material ; cracks usually start areas subjected  elevated 
local stresses .

Therefore , living systems often employ shapes , 
materials , and/or smooth transitions decrease potential fatigue .

Rather bent 
constant flow forces waves currents , sh ape causes pulled .

reduces 
stress roughly 800 times compared another species bends flow , ultimately 
reducing structural fatigue .

Echinoderms Heart urchins Echinoderms ( Sea Stars , Sea Urchins ) Phylum 
Echinodermata (  “ spiny skin ” ) : Sea stars , brittle stars , sea 
cucumbers , sea urchins Echinoderms get name tough , spiny outer skin , 
clearly visible species , like sea urchins .

known five -point radial 
symmetry specialized water vascular system , depends changes wa ter 
pressure extend contract tiny tube feet .

Pumping water system allows 
echinoderms eat , move , cling surfaces , ’ generally enable rapid 
movement .

even ability regrow body parts , comes handy limb nibbled one 
ocean ’ fast -moving predators .

search ico n Search Living System hard 
outer coverings sea urchins , called tests , allow local deformation may 
resist impact loading incorporating collagen -swathed sutures .

“ 
relatively large shells thin walls sea urchins echinoid echinoderms .

resemble pressure -supported structures…but lack requisite internal 
pressures ( Ellers Telford 1992 ) , proper shells , least engineering 
sense .

biologist , ‘ tests ’ rather ‘ shells , ’ latter distinction ’ 
usual terminological proliferation .

Tests , unlike shells , growing  
structures articulated hard elements .

, least , collagen -swathed sutures 
permit significant local deformation , reduce impact loading thus offset 
hazards thin shell ( Telford 1985 ) .

Nonetheless , smash easily…The best 
rationalization offer sea urchins tolerate fragility wave forces ’ 
provide either piercing loads sudden hammering impact.

” ( Vogel 2003:388 
) Last Updated September 14 , 2016 References Book Comparative 
Biomechanics : Life 's Physical World , Second Edition 17/06/2013 | 
Steven Vogel embed ly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading 
Journal article Causes Consequences Fluctuating Coelomic Pressure Sea 
Urchins Biological Bulletin | 23/01/2007 | Olaf Ellers , Malcolm Telford 
embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Jo urnal article 
Domes , arches urchins : skeletal architecture echinoids ( Echinodermata 
) Zoomorphology | 10/10/2004 | Malcolm Telford embedly preview toggle

icon Reference toggle icon loading Journal article Structural 
Strengthening Urchin Skeletons Collag enous Sutural Ligaments Biological 
Bulletin | 23/01/2007 | Olaf Ellers , Amy S. Johnson , Philip E. Moberg 
embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Biological 
Strategies Biological Strategy Hero Shrew ’ Remarkable Spine Hero shrew 
spine he ro shrews remarkably strong yet flexible , due interlocking 
vertebral spines along spinal column .

Biological Strategy Giraffes 
Thrive Despite High Blood Pressure Giraffe Genes giraffes maintain 
cardiac health despite high blood pressure keeping thickened heart 
muscles supple .

Biological Strategy Birds Feign Injury Draw Away 
Predators Plovers Plovers fake broken wing order lead predators away nest 
protect young .

Biological Strategy Caterpillars Reshape Leaves Silk 
Cherry leaf roller Caterpillars use stitc hes made contracting silk 
threads roll leaves tube -shaped shelter Biological Strategy Beak Prevents 
Water Uptake Dives Gannets closable gap beak gannet , instead open 
nostrils , prevents water rushing high -speed dives .

Anglerfish Harne ss Light Darkness Anglerfish Anglerfish light -absorbing 

Relationship Provides Nutrients — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
Educators Donate S earch Biological Strategy Relationship Provides 
Nutrients Mountain treeshrew AskNature Team Image : Andrea Schieber / 
Flickr / CC - Creative Commons Attribution alone toggle icon Functions 
Chemical Entities Living systems often require chemical elements chemical 
compounds , including complex sugars , proteins , odor -making compounds , 
perform critical activities .

compounds exist various states –solid , 
liquid , gas –and ubiquitous soil  , water , air .

requires living systems 
ways capture , absorb , filter , also ways differentiate among , 
selecting valuable harmful .

Various mangrove species different strategies removing 
salt water take tissues use fresh water .

Cooperate/Compete Different Species parasitism mutualisms , endless 

Cooperation occur s organisms work 

competition often occurs resources 

plant nutrients nitrogen p hosphorus , exchange sugars plant .

Search Function Animals Vertebrates Mammals Mountain treeshrew Mammals 
Class Mammalia ( “ breast ” ) : Bats , cats , whales , horses , humans 
Mammals make less 1 % animals earth , include well -known species .

know 
first-hand characteristics make mammals unique , like hair , able sweat , 

teeth generally size shape , mammals d ifferently shaped teeth different 
areas jaws target specific foods foraging strategies .

Living System Nepenthes pitcher plants treeshrews maintain mutually 
beneficial relationship exchanging nutrients .

Borneo ’ tropical forests 
, large , carnivorous pitcher plant , Nepenthes rajah , small mammal 
called treeshrew great relationship .

, mammal marks feeding spot dropping nitrogen -rich 
feces pitcher .

best known luring insects , especially ants , rounded rims 
pitchers .

rim pitcher slippery surface causes insects lose grip fall 
inside .

However , Nepenthes 
rajah lives nutrient -poor area mo untains ’ lot insects .

attracting , 
eating , treeshrew good solution getting additional nitrogen .

Nitrogen important photosynthesis helps plant 
build leaves , roots , stems .

distance nectar front pitcher ’ 
opening exact length treeshrew .

forces animal straddle rim licks nectar 
lid , feces drop directly pitcher .

plant -mammal story teach us 
importance meeting needs also helping people .

Image : Morgane Rae / Copyright © - rights 
reserved toggle icon Image :  Chien C. Lee / CC - Creative Commons 
Attribution alone toggle icon Mountain treeshrew visiting Nepenthes lowii 
pitcher plant right arrow right arrow Last Updated June 18 , 2020 
References “ carnivorous pitcher plant genus Nepenthes grows nutrient -
deficien t substrates produce jug -shaped leaf organs ( pitchers ) trap 
arthropods source N [ nitrogen ] P [ phosphorus ] .

number Bornean 
Nepenthes demonstrate novel nutrient acquisition strategies .

Notably , 
three giant montane species engaged mutualistic associa tion mountain 
treeshrew , Tupaia montana , treeshrew defecates pitchers visiting feed 
nectar secretions pitchers ’ lids…During initial observations discovered 
summit rat , R [ attus ] .

baluensis , also feeds sugary exudates N. 
rajah pitchers defecates , b ehavior appears habitual .

found T. montana 
R. baluensis engaged mutualistic interaction N. rajah…This study first 
demonstrate mutualism exists carnivorous plant species multiple members 
small mammal community .

, newly discovered mutualism R. baluensis N.  
rajah represents second ever example multidirectional resource -based 
mutualism mammal carnivorous plant.

2011 : 1 ) 
Journal article Greenwood , Clarke C , Lee CC , Gunsalam , Clarke RH .

unique resource mutualism giant Bornean  pitcher plant , Nepenthes 
rajah , members small mammal community .

PLoS ONE | Greenwood , Clarke C , Lee CC , Gunsalam , Clarke RH embedly 
preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Web page Giant meat -
eating plant s prefer eat tree shrew poo embedly preview toggle icon 
Reference toggle icon loading Journal article Trap geometry three giant 
montane pitcher plant species Borneo function tree shrew body size New 
Phytologist | 22/01/2010 | Lijin Chin , Jonathan A. Moran  , Charles 
Clarke embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Journal 
article Clarke CM , Bauer U , Lee CC , Tuen AA , Rembold K , Moran JA .

Tree shrew lavatories : novel nitrogen sequestration strategy 
tropical pitcher plant .

Letters | Clarke CM , Bauer U , Lee CC , Tuen AA , Rembold K , Moran JA 
embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Journal article 
Moran JA , Clarke C , Greenwood , Chin L. 2012 .

Tuning color contrast 
signals visual sensitivity maxima tree shrews three Bornean highland 
Nepenthes species .

Plant Signaling & Behavior | Moran JA , Clarke C , Greenwood , Chin L 
embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon l oading Biological 
Strategies Biological Strategy Kidneys Filter Recycle Humans Human 
kidneys filter waste blood recycle beneficial compounds back using 
osmosis , variations membrane permeability , protein pumps .

Strategy Kombucha : Microbial Me tropolis Bacteria Bacteria yeast form 
community ensure mutual survival produce fermented tea .

Strategy Hourglass -Shaped Molecules Filter Water Common organisms 
Aquaporin molecules form channel allows water move across cell membranes 
.

Biologica l Strategy Mucus Traps Carbon Seawater Giant Larvacean mucus “ 
houses ” giant larvacean enable filter seawater sequester carbon ocean 
efficiently zooplankton .

Biological Strategy Canopies Enhance Plant 
Biodiversity Forest canopies Forest canopies create m icroclimates tens 
thousands plant species grow .

Distributes Resources Mycorrhizal fungi Mycorrhizal network sustains 
diversity forest transporting nutrients water .

Abstract Design Strategies - Biomimicry Toolbox Ab stract Design 
Design Challenge DONATE Introduction Biomimicry ?

System Nature ’ Unifying Patter ns Methods Biomimicry Process Define 
Studies B iology Research Reading Scientific Paper Interdisciplinary 
Collaboration Business Planning Biomimicry Toolbox Select Page Home » 
Methods » Abstract Design Strategies Abstract Design Strategies SECTION 
  
Overview 
  Examples 
  Resources ’ identified key 
biological strategies meet function ( ) context , ’ important step need 
take order apply design : translating biological strategies design 
strategies .

N Definition Check biologic al strategy characteristic , mechanism , 
process organism ecosystem exhibits meet function .

bio -inspired design 
strategy statement and/or sketch articulates function mechanism without 
using biological terms .

ABSTRACT Carefully study essential features 
mechanisms make biological strategies successful .

Use plain language 
write understanding features work , using sketches ensure accurate 
comprehension .

goal creating design strategy make easier translate 
lessons biology design solutions .

Design strategies describe biological 
strategy works without relying biological terms .

makes cross -
disciplinary collaboration easier design strategy focuses function 
mechanism without baggage potentially unfamiliar biological terms .

Note 
: Abstracting design strategies on e difficult steps biomimicry .

stage step , 
consider consulting biologist , naturalist , and/or engineer ensure 
accurate understanding biology summarized illustrated design strategy 
faithfully .

Summarize key elements biological strategy , capturing works meet 
function ’ interested .

, ’ need distill information research concise 
statement describes strategy .

’ working scientific journal article , find relevant 
information details following article sections : abstract , conclusion , 
discussion , introduction , approximately order value .

Pull key 
information write paragraph two biologica l strategy .

’ reading synthesis 
science , written science journalist , author likely already summarized 
relevant information .

However , always try check original research might 
important details , like measurements illustrations , help improve 
understand ing ultimately make emulation stronger .

Make sketch showing understanding features mechanisms involved 
biological strategy .

Drawing time write 
biological strategy help visualize verbalize stra tegy .

also ensure accurate understanding mechanism ( ) 
behind function help identify gaps knowledge .

Highligh t underline keywords phrases strategy address function 
( ) mechanism ( ) make effective .

Using keywords phrase s reference , 
rewrite strategy without using biological terms staying true science .

design strategy clearly address function want meet within context used .

statement design solution ; ’ launching pad brainstorming possible 
solutions .

drawing forces understand strategy , 
helps communicate within multidisciplinary teams .

drawing depicting 
design stra tegy simply copy biological strategy drawing —it biology -
specific information removed focus functional elements .

Imagine strategy mechanical system process diagram order draw 
without depicting biological parts .

design strategy capture lesson nature drew biological strategy first 
place ?

Sample Abstracted Design Strateg ies ’ simply stated biological strategy : 
polar bear ’ fur external layer hollow , translucent ( white ) guard 
hairs transmit heat sunlight warm bear ’ skin , dense underfur prevents 
warmth radiating back .

often , order actually create design based learn biology , helps 
remove biological terms restate design language .

’ design strategy based 
biological strategy : covering keeps heat inside many translucent tubes 
transmit heat sunlight warm inner surf ace , next inner surface , dense 
covering smaller diameter fibers prevents warmth radiating back .

see 
stating strategy way makes easier translate design application ?

( even 
detailed design strategy might talk length fibers number fibers per 
square centim eter , e.g.

Sample Drawings simple illustration depicts jackrabbit ’ 
strategy thermal regulation : large ears used radiate heat via extensive 
network blood vessels .

illustration depicts 
working principles jackrabbit strategy ( ) mechanical diagram , removing 
references biological features .

Resources following worksheets help 
better understand apply concepts function , biological strategy , design 
strategy .

Worksheet : Function Design Strategy Push Pin Use worksheet 
practice identifying functions strategies familiar designed object : push 
pin .

Worksheet : Function Design Strategy Roof Use worksheet practice 
identifying functions strategies familiar designed obje ct : roof .

Worksheet : Abstracting Biological Strategy ( Nacre ) Use worksheet 
practice abstracting design strategy provided biology summary nacre ( 
mother pearl ) .

Worksheet : Abstract Biological Strategy ( Hand ) Use 
worksheet practice writing biol ogical summary abstracting design strategy 
based familiar natural object : hand .

Keep Learning next step Design 
Spiral , Emulate , ’ guide begin apply insights gained abstracted design 
strategies design challenge .

Image Credits Polar bear : Jill Clardy  CC-
BY-NC-SA via Flickr Jackrabbit strategy illustrations ( c ) Biomimicry 
Institute .

Earth 's Operating System - Biomimicry Toolbox Earth 's Operating System 
- Biomimicry Toolbox Biomimicry Institute AskNature Youth Design 
Challenge DONATE Introduction Biomimicry ?

Introductory Videos 
Core Concepts Function Strategy Syste ms View Earth ’ Operating System 
Nature ’ Unifying Patterns Methods Biomimicry Process Define Challenge 
Biologize Function & Context Discover Biological Strategies Abstract 
Design Strategies Emulate Nature ’ Lessons Evaluate Fit & Function 
Pathways Biomimi cry References Reading List Glossary Terms Case Studies 
Biology Research Reading Scientific Paper Interdisciplinary Collaboration 
Business Planning Biomimicry Toolbox Select Page Home » Core Concepts » 
Earth ’ Operating System Earth 's Operating System Nat ure ’ largest 
system—Earth .

SECTION 
  Earth limits boundaries 
  Earth living system 
Function Strategy section , talked importance considering context 
particular design .

section Systems View , emphasized thinking systems 
help understand design challenge d eeper level .

Earth ’ limits 
boundaries Life Earth survived thrived adapting limits boundaries Earth ’ 
planetary context —what might call “ Earth ’ Operating System ” .

characteristics define Earth ’ Operating System : Earth limited water 
Earth limited atmosphere Earth limited sunlight , energy ultimately 
derived .

Earth exists state dynamic 
equilibrium ; maintains ecological chemical balance , despite cons tant 
state change , much bodies maintain homeostasis despite constant state 
flux .

Earth living system competition predation species may exist 
individual level , systems perspective life allows life flourish 
organisms Earth today adapted within Earth ’ lim its boundaries long time 
periods , process , operated concert create abundant diverse biological 
communities .

competition predation species may exist individual level , 
systems perspective life allows life flourish .

illustrate point , 
consider following ecological story : Grizzly bears create opportunities 
life Grizzly bears , iconic species North America , play vital ecological 
role .

Berries important part diet , grizzlies play critical role seed 
dispersers , since berry seeds pass digestive tracts inta ct .

manure 
surrounding seeds protects seeds drying serves fertilizer , helping seeds 
germinate new seedlings survive .

grizzlies forage , dig soil , 
increasing species diversity nitrogen availability .

Grizzlies also disperse salmon 
remains throughout forest , trees absorb high level nitrogen found 
carcasses .

grizzlies cut native salmon habitats , salmon disappeared , 
nutrient source longer available , detriment system .

Grizzly bears also 
directly reg ulate prey species help prevent overgrazing ungulate 
populations , thereby aiding species diversity increasing plant health 
variety plants available species .

lessons learned overarching patterns 
observed organisms function interact — systems level — create resilient 
ecosystems , visit next section : Nature ’ Unifying Patterns .

Image 
Credits Grizzly foraging berries : Roshan Panjawani CC -BY-NC-ND via 
Flickr Terms Service & Privacy Policy Google+ Facebook Cookie Settings © 
2015-2023 Biomimicry Institute F EEDBACK SURVEY use cookies give best 
browsing experience .

Core Concepts - Biomimicry Toolbox Core Concepts - Biomimicry Toolbox 

Introducto ry Videos Core Concepts Function Strategy 
Systems View Earth ’ Operating System Nature ’ Unifying Patterns Methods 
Biomimicry Process Define Challenge Biologize Function & Context Discover 
Biological Strategies Abstract Design Strategies Emulate Nature ’ L essons 
Interdisciplinary Collaboration Business Planning Biomimicry Toolbox 
Select Page Home » Core Concepts Core Conc epts Biomimicry offers unique 
perspective helps innovators bring inspiration sustainable solutions 
biology design process .

section , ’ introduce four concepts play 
important role biomimicry .

Function & Strategy Fundamental biomimicry , 
concepts provide i mportant link biology design .

Applying Systems 
View world built systems must see whole parts .

Nature 's Unifying 
Patterns Overarching design lessons natural world .

Lan dscape 
photo : Mark S. Elliott CC -BY-NC Terms Service & Privacy Policy Google+ 
Facebook Cookie Settings © 2015 -2023 Biomimicry Institute FEEDBACK SURVEY 
use cookies give best browsing experience .

Underground Network Distributes Resour ces — Biological Strategy — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Underground 
Network Distributes Resources Mycorrhizal fungi Sherry Ritter Image :

Peter Prehn / Flickr / rights reserved toggle icon Functions Performed 
toggle icon Living System toggle icon Teach Topic toggle icon 

outcome o ne species known competition .

Search Function Distribute Solids Solids include resources food , seeds , 
spores , leaves , living systems must sometimes move accomplish various 
activities pol linating , feeding young , building shelters .

effectively 
distribute solids , living systems must use strategies appropriate sizes 
types solids media exist ( air , water , another medium ) .

Others –like burdock plant ’ 
hooked seeds –cling animal fur transported .

Cooperate Within Ecosystem ecosystem community organisms ( plants , 
animals , microbes ) interacting one another nonliving components 
environment ( air , water , mineral soil ) .

interaction passive active , 
cooperatively enhance functioning ecosystem whole .

cooperation 
contribute maintaining communities within ecosystem , must beneficial 
least members c ommunity .

Cooperation consists symbiotic relationships , 
mutualism ( two species ecosystem benefit ) commensalism ( one species 
benefits effect others neutral ) .

example commensal relationship 
bromeliad plants trees : bromeliads live trees without harmin g .

Bromeliads mutualistic relationships species , including insects , frogs 
, worms .

Search Function Distribute Liquids Liquid s include water , well body 
fluids blood , gastric juices , nutrient -laden liquids , .

survive , many 
living systems must move liquids within locations .

address , living systems strategies 
confine f luids transport , overcome barriers gravity , friction , forces 
.

Trees giraffes face challenge : 
move fluids ( water blood , respectively ) upward gravity .

tree moves water using capillar y action evaporation , 
possibly due water ’ properties polarity adhesion .

giraffe ’ tight skin 
provides pressure assist blood circulation .

search icon Search Function Protect Animals Animals –organisms range 
microscopic larger bu s–embody wide variety harms living systems , 

commonly faces threats variety animals , requiring strategies effec tively 
defend .

search icon Search Fu nction Fungi Dikarya Mycorrhizal 
fungi Fungi Kingdom Fungi : Mildews , molds , mushrooms , rusts , smuts , 
yeasts thought closely related plants , fungi found contain chitin cell 
walls , indicating closer evolutionary relationship animals .

Fungi 
decompose rs , using digestive enzymes break surroundings , making 
essential part ecosystems worldwide , new soil formed rotting matter .

Almost fungi reproduce spores ( mushrooms , molds ) asexual budding ( 
yeast ) .

Fungi great 
importance culture , food , medicine ( including source penicillin ) 
worldwide .

View Resource Contents Introduction S trategy Potential Related Strategies 
References Mycorrhizal network sustains diversity forest transporting 
nutrients water .

Introduction Douglas -fir pine forest North America 
trees ages , ranging tiny seedlings giants  hundreds years old .

Hidden 
soil vast  network made millions miles thin threads called mycelium .

mycelium acts like internet 
network instead moving electronic information around , transport  water 
chemicals keep trees alive communicating .

Image : Tobi Kellner / CC SA - Creative Commons Attribution + 
ShareAlike toggle icon image shows fine threads mycelium oyster mushroom 
serve `` fiber optic '' connections Wood Wide Web .

Image : Beiler KJ , 
Durall DM , Simard SW , Maxwell SA , Kretzer .

/ CC NC - Creative Commons 
Attribution +  Noncommercial toggle icon top ‐down view fungi 67 Douglas ‐fir 
trees 30×30 plot .

right arro w right arrow 
Strategy internet , nodes individual computers network moves information 
among .

Hubs places connect lots nodes together lot information traveling 
, Google .

oldest trees , 
often also tallest larg est , ‘ hubs ’ connections running .

mycelia wrap around fine roots hub tree 
vegetation , snuggling close water , nutrients , chemicals move cells 
roots fungi .

happens , sends sugar 
mycelium network used seedlings even species trees .

another time , 
hub tree stressed needs water nutrients , mycelium trees send back hub 
tree .

Image : Atrebe10 / CC SA - Creative Commons Attribution + 
ShareAlike toggle icon diagram illustrates mycelium integrates root 
structures , formin g mycorrhizal relationship .

’ hub 
tree connected seedling connected sapling , connected another hub tree , 
.

Researchers study site Canada discovered one tree connected 47 others 
network .

Sixty percent tree species world associated mycor rhizal fungi .

trees form symbioses wide variety fungal species ( 5000 ) species fungus 
relationships wide variety trees .

Besides sharing nutrients water , 
network also sends warnings .

tree attacked bark beetle , sends chemical 
signal , called defense si gnal .

get signal , reinforce chemical defenses , makes easier fight 
attack comes .

Potential Wood Wide Web 
show us value sharing resources , efficient ways move , importance 
forming close partnerships .

also learn better manage forests maintain 
underground network provides mutual support partners .

Download Strategy 
PDF Related Innovation Innovation : Industry Compostable Packaging 
Materials Made Mushrooms Ecovative Design Mushroo m Packaging Ecovative 
Design uses mycelium create compostable , thermally insulating packaging 
.

Related Strategies Biological Strategy Roots Recruit Symbiotic Soil 
Bacteria Maize roots maize defend phytopathogens releasing pesticide also 
attracts benefici al microbe preys target pest .

Fungal Root -Rot Renews Forest Forest ecosystems Fungal root -rot renews 
mountain hemlock forests causing nitrogen release .

Last Updated November 
3 , 2020 References “ Adaptive behaviour plants , including rapid changes 
physiology , gene regulation defence response , altered linked 
neighbouring plants mycorrhizal network ( MN ) .

Mechanisms underlying 
behavioural changes include mycorrhizal fungal colonization MN interplant

communication via transfer nutrien ts , defence signals allelochemicals…We 
found behavioural changes ectomycorrhizal plants depend environmental 
cues , identity plant neighbour characteristics MN .

hierarchical 
integration phenomenon biological networks broader scales forest 
ecosystems , co nsequences observed interrupted , indicate underground ‘ 
tree talk ’ foundational process complex adaptive nature forest 
ecosystems.

2015:1 ) Journal article Inter -plant 
communication mycorrhizal networks mediates complex adaptive beha viour 
plant communities AoB Plants | May 15 , 2015 | Gorzelak , Asay AK , 
Pickles BJ , Simard SW embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon 
loading Journal article Architecture wood ‐wide web : Rhizopogon spp .

genets link multiple Douglas ‐fir cohort s New Phytologist | October 29 , 
2009 | Beiler KJ , Durall DM , Simard SW , Maxwell SA , Kretzer embedly 
preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Book section 
Mycorrhizal networks facilitate tree communication , learning , memory 
Memory Learning P lants | April 24 , 2018 | Simard SW embedly preview 
toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Magazine article Wood Wide Web 
Atlantic | April 14 , 2016 | Yong E embedly preview toggle icon Reference 
toggle icon loading Biological Strategies Biological Stra tegy Birds Feign 

contracting silk threads roll  leaves tube -shaped shelter Biological 

Strategy Dung Beetles Duped Plant Scent Orchids Orchidantha inouei tricks 
dung beetles pollination mimicking smell beetle 's favorite food .

Honeybees Healthy Honeybees Honeybee immune systems depend protein 

Fur Keeps Heat Cold Water — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Se arch Biological Strategy Fur Keeps Heat Cold Water Otters 
Kathryn Krupin Image : christels / Pixnio / Public Domain - restrictions 
Maintain Homeostasis living system homeostasis , means internal 
conditions stable relatively constant .

example , human ’ internal 
temperature approximately 37 degrees Celsius ( 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit ) 
unless ’ illness .

human body maintains temperature despite external 
ambient temperature .

However , physio logical processes , maintaining 
homeostasis requires communication coordination .

living systems ways 
detect changes norm , mechanisms cause adjustment , negative feedback 
connections two .

desert lizard called Gila monster offers good example 
maintaining homeostasis .

maintain blood sugar levels steady level , food scarce , 
endocrine system releases hormone raises blood sugar levels .

Search Function Protect Temperature Many living systems function best 
within specific temperature ranges .

Temperatures higher lower range 
negatively impact living system ’ physiological chemical processes , 
damage exterior interior .

Living systems must manage high low 
temperatures using minimal energy  , often requires controlling responses 
along incremental temperature changes .

, living systems use variety 
strategies , avoiding high low temperatures , removing excess heat , 
holding heat .

Insulation well -known example managing low temperatures 
retaining heat using thick layers hair , fur , feathers hold warm air 
next skin .

Otters Mammals Class Mammalia ( “ breast ” ) : Bats , cats , whales , 
horses , humans Mammals make less 1 % animals earth , i nclude well -known 
species .

know first -hand characteristics make mammals unique , like hair 
, able sweat , producing milk mammary glands .

Another critical shared 
feature set highly -specialized teeth .

Unlike sharks alligators , example 
, whose teeth gener ally size shape , mammals differently shaped teeth 
different areas jaws target specific foods foraging strategies .

search 
Related Content References Long scales underhair otters fur seals trap 
air retain heat prevent water penetration .

Introduction Many aquatic 
mammals face serious physical challenge : must stay warm spending 
significant periods time extremely cold waters .

Sea lions , walruses , 
true seals thick layers blubber keep warm ,  fur seals much thinner layers 
, otters blubber .

Instead , fur seals otters rely specialized layers 
hair maintain body temperature water .

Strategy pelts fur -bearing 
animals—whether live land water —are actually made two different types 
hair grow clusters together : guard hairs underhairs .

Underhairs shorter 
denser , three underhairs growing follicle every one guard hair .

Guard 
hairs longer , usually extend surrounding underhairs , creating 
protective canopy .

Image : Biomimicry Institute / Copyright © - rights 
reserved toggle icon Guard hairs underhairs grow clusters together single 
opening .

readability , three underhairs shown every guard hair illustration .

Sea 
otters may 12 many 108 underhairs b undled single guard hair , depending 
location .

Studies shown aquatic mammals relying fur insulation scales 
cuticle ( outer layer ) underhair elongated compared aquatic mammals rely 
blubber .

protruding scales causes hairs interlock , preventing 
penetratio n water , also trapping air bubbles .

Air poor conductor heat , 
bubbles provide insulating layer , preventing heat loss animal ’ body .

Scientists also noticed fur -bearing marine carnivores significantly 
flatter denser hair carnivores found land , bobcats ermines .

performed 
test different pelt types , putting fur samples small pressure chamber , 
covering water , observing far water penetrated fur subjected increasing 
pressure .

marine carnivores ’ pelts far better blocking water 
maintaining layer air withi n fur , providing evidence flatter , denser 
hair adaptation helped mammals survive aquatic environments .

Image : 
Mesa Schumacher / Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon aquatic 
mammals rely blubber stay warm , sea otters rely specialized fur .

two -
layer fur system keeps air trapped close skin even submerged allows keep 
warm frigid waters .

Sea otters densest fur mammal followed fur seals , 
use similar system .

Scientists also noticed fur -bearing marine 
carnivores significantly flatter denser hair carni vores found land , 
bobcats ermines .

performed test different pelt types , putting fur 
samples small pressure chamber , covering water , observing far water 
penetrated fur subjected increasing pressure .

marine carnivores ’ pelts 
far better blocking water maintaining layer air within fur , providing 
evidence flatter , denser hair adaptation helped mammals survive cold 
aquatic environments .

Potential Understanding fur keeps aquatic mammals warm 
could inform development insulation clothing wet environments , 
particular , situations people objects moving frequently water .

Related 
Innovation Innovation : Industry Durable , Waterproof Fabric Inspired 
Mammal Fur Nikwax Nikwax Analogy Nikwax dual -layered fabric draws water 
away body , helping keep user dry .

Related Strategies Biological 
Strategy Fur Feathers Get Grip Ice Seals Fur feathers seals penguins help 
get grip climb ice floes snow thanks stiffness .

Biological Strategy Fur 
Decreases Water Turb ulence Seals fur seals may help swim efficiently 
maintaining laminar flow .

Last Updated February 21 
, 2021 References Journal article skin structures role thermoregu lation 
South American fur seal ( Arctocephalus australis ) Anatomical Record | 
2020 | da Silva , A. P. , M achado , A. S. , Le Bas , A. E. , Silva , R. 
G. , dos Anjos Silva , E. , & Hernandez ‐Blazquez , F. J. embedly preview 
toggle icon Reference toggle ico n loading Journal article Morphological 
thermal properties mammalian insulation : evolution fur aquatic living 
Biological Journal Linnean Society | 2012 | Liwanag , H. E. , Berta , A. 
, Costa , D. P. , Abney , M. , & Williams , T. M. embedly preview toggle  
icon Reference toggle icon loading Journal article River otter hair 
structure facilitates interlocking impede penetration water allow 
trapping air .

Canadian Journal Zoology | 2005 | Weisel , J. W. , 
Nagaswami , C. , & Peterson , R. O. embedly preview tog gle icon Reference 
toggle icon loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Rapid 

Fur Keeps Numbats Warmer Numba t making hairs stand , numbats expose skin 

Camel ’ Fur Coat Keeps Cool Dromedary camel Camel fur sweat glands 
combine form powerful temperature management system .

Hourglass -Shaped Molecules Filter Water Common organisms Aquaporin 
molecules form channel allows water move across cell membranes .

Biological Strategy Beetles Scatter “ Light ” White scarab beetles 
Randomly arranged filaments scatter wavelengths light , op timized spacing 
maximizes effect .

Biological Strategy Flies Survive Freezing Goldenrod 
gall fly Specialized proteins gall fly larvae create channels push 
freezing water cells let natural anti -freeze flow .

Innovation Ray Hope Prize Launchpad Systems Change Pilot ProjectsIndustry 
Mission Donate Select Page Living World Intervention Dave Hutchi ns | Jun 
1 , 2023 | Biomimicry Launchpad , Blog , Entrepreneurship Biomimicry 
Institute hosts nature retreats part Ray Hope Launchpad programs .

typically week spent natural place 
part longer virtual program .

c alled many names ; nature retreats , 
reconnection retreat , nature immersion .

came understand last week 
hosting 2023 Launchpad cohort Montana , retreats like intervention .

2023 
Launchpad cohort amazing group 16 scientists , engineers , architects , 
designers artists .

united 
love natural world , curiosity creativity , common nagging wanted 
meaningful fulfilling work without harm .

group came together desperate 
need intervention , though ’ know time .

counted 22 l anguages spoken 
around campfire , though might little loose metrics fluency .

Nothing 
helps understand language shapes perception like comparing contrasting 
others .

nature lovely thing observe experience outside , synonymous withthe 
environment .

traced spring swollen river upstream headwaters , scarred landscapes 
ofButte .

examined lessons learned last 40 years attempts restore country 
’ largest Superfund site .

heard biologist shaping efforts prevent bird 
fatalities Berkeley pit .

visited clever engin eers ecosystem : beavers 
found ways make life flourish struggled take hold barren landscape .

traversed green 
landscapes snow covered peaks cows outnumber people far cry .

descended 
misty larch fores t old Conservation Corp built camp edge Seeley lake .

rest world melted away allowed childlike curiosity immerse us 

fortunate hear ancestral steward land , bitterroot Salish 
person helped us imagine different way place , reciprocal relations hip .

imagined different ways existing 
world , different scales time space , gliding sky wriggling fertile soil 
.

felt life around us within us , poured vibrant conversation , onto 
pages , laughter .

swooped placed wild 
ecosystem , time companions really process .

, Biomimicry Institute humble best select brightest minds 
participate programs carry learned back ecosystems  .

Dave Hutchins 
manages Biomimicry Institute ’ Launchpad Program , supporting scientists 
researchers take nature -inspired solutions lab market .

background 
environmental engineeri ng PhD materials science , research focused 
remediating mining impacted waters .

served research associate Center 
Advanced Materials Processing professor Montana Technological University 
.

Dave also sculptor , entrepreneur , amateur journalist passionate 
science communication intersection art science .

volunteered Butte ’ 
Citizens ’ Technical Environmental Committee , Clark Fork Watershed 
Education Program , founded community bicycle shop Bike Lab .

Back 
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Tail Fluke Powers Swimming — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
AskNature logo Collections Biological Strategies Innovations Edu cators 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Tail Fluke Powers Swimming Humpback 
whale AskNature Team Image : Paul Balfe / Flickr / rights reserved toggle 
icon Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Move in/on 
Liquids Water abundant liquid e arth , ’ vital life –so ’ surprise majority 
life evolved thrive surface .

Moving efficiently dense dynamic substance 
presents unique challenges opportunities living systems .

result , 
evolved countless solutions optimize drag , utilize surface tension , 
fine tune buoyancy , take advantage various types currents fluid dynamics 
.

example , sharks slide water reducing drag due streamlined shape 
specially shaped features skin .

Vertebrates Mammals Whales dolphins Humpback whal e Mammals Class Mammalia 
( “ breast ” ) : Bats , cats , whales , horses , humans Mammals make less 
1 % animals earth , include well -known species .

milk mammary glands  .

Living System tail fluke humpback whale breaks water tail moved ,

tail horizontal flukes moved drive animal w ater , small 
flippers , vestiges forelimbs , used balancing steering.

” ( Foy Oxford 
Scientific Films 1982:44 ) Last Updated June 8 , 2018 References Book 
grand design : Form colour animals BLA Publishing Limited J.M.Dent & Sons 
Ltd , Aldine House , London  | 01/01/1970 | Sally Foy embedly preview 
toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Biological Strategies 
Biological Strategy Mussel Mantle Lures Larval Hosts Plain pocketbook 
mussel shellfish structure looks like meal attracts erstwhile predators , 
become unwitting nannies bus drivers sedentary animal ’ offspring .

Biological Strategy Fish Scales ’ Drag Fish shape scales causes water 
flow streak across fish skin , reducing turbulence minimizing drag .

Biological Strategy Beak Inspired Bullet Train Kingfish ers shape 
kingfisher beak allows dive water without splashing .

Fin Movements Aid Swimming Backward Forward African knifefish undulating 
fin knifefish enables swim forward backward , well keep afloat , creating 
propulsive water jets .

B iological Strategy Slime Reduces Drag Fish Skin 
fish reduces drag covered slime layer complex proteins , polysaccharides 
, bacteria .

Biological Strategy Foot Aids Underwater Movement Snails 
slugs foot water snails helps move upside beneath water 's surfac e 
creating small ripples mucus -water interface .

Interdisciplinary Collaboration - Biomimicry Toolbox Interdisciplinary 
Collaboration - Biomimicry Toolbox Biomimicry Institute AskNature Youth 

Intro ductory 
Abstract Design Strategies Emulate Natur e ’ Lessons Evaluate Fit & 
References » Inter disciplinary Collaboration Interdisciplinary 
Collaboration Working effectively diverse teams .

Building diverse team 
  Team exercises Biomimicry interdisciplinary 
endeavor .

addition biologists designers team , ’ helpful involve  
engineers business people specialists may critical insights particular 
problem trying solve .

Therefore , ability collaborate across disciplines 
critical biomimicry well .

difficult often comfortable working people 
like us–people within disciplines .

encourage formation interdisciplinary teams , 
fact interdisciplinary collaboration part judging criteria many design 

advantages cr oss-disciplinary collaboration include : world 
interdisciplinary cross -disciplinary research teams becoming much common 
.

’ develop skills learning , work , life , turn make valuable employers 
teams .

enables understanding different perspectives across sub ject areas 
disciplines .

brings together information 
ideas different subjects disciplines considers alternative ways things 
alternative solutions .

Building diverse team Disciplines particularly 
helpful biomimicry teams may inc lude : design , engineering , biology , 
ecology , chemistry , business , social sciences .

specific disciplines 
seek input also depend specific challenge .

school lacking particular discipline , may 
talk people nearby schools .

everyone working biomimicry projects , 
suggest reaching students academics universities , local community , 
online community .

Sometimes ’ meet person working one discipline , 
training side interests different discipline .

people 
especially good collaborators , bring even greater diversity team .

latter , search LinkedIn 
term “ biomimicry ” start making connections .

Exercises 
interdisciplinary team assembled , next step learn work effectively group 
.

exercises aid establishing effective ways communicating collaborating 
multidisciplinary wor k environment .

h Collaboration Exercises activities 
help interdisciplinary teams establish common vocabulary better 
understand ’ field work .

h Collaboration Exercises - Stereotypes 
activities help team call differences among disciplines make easier talk 
.

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Nest Openings Protect Floods — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Nest Openings Protect Floods Mud -
nesting ant AskNature Team Image : Bill Mark Bell / toggle icon Functions 
Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon  Protect Excess Liquids 
water essential life , much water liquids overwhelm living systems .

Excess liquids , example , decrease living system ’ access oxygen , 
promote excessive bacterial fungal growth , strip away soil nutrients .

prevent accumulation ex cess liquids , living systems must control 
movement liquids across boundaries surfaces .

using waterproofing 
materials structures , slowing flow , and/or facilitating flow move 
liquid away .

Plant leaves , example , commonly waxy surfaces comprised 
water-repelling chemicals keep water engorging leaves facilitating 
bacterial fungal growth .

search icon Search Function Animals Arthropods 
Insects Mud -nesting ant Insects Class Insecta ( “ insect ” ) : Flies , 
ants , beetles , cockroaches , fleas , dragonflies I nsects abundant 

except deep ocean , scientists estimate millions insects yet described .

Insects three distinct body s ections : head , specialized mouthparts , 

, invertebrate fly , thanks lightweight exoskeletons small size .

search 
icon Search Living System Contents Introduction Strategy Potential A I 
AskNature References Entrances ant nests protect flooding high tide 
collapsing block opening .

Introduction animals live near water , floods 
matter life death .

tide rises water starts cover home , able seal 
encroaching water risk swept away drowned .

St rategy Mangrove -dwelling 
ants evolved clever strategy surviving high tide : entrances nests 
blocked loose soil water levels rise .

collapsing soil seals nest , 
trapping life -saving pocket air inside .

Potential Sandbags long used 
humans construct makeshift  dykes walls hold back floodwaters .

Taking 
lesson ants , could time - , energy - , money-saving methods building 
temporary dams construct waters rise .

AI AskNature page produced part 
assistance AI , allowing us greatly expand volume content available 
AskNature .

September 5 , 2022 References “ Australia , Polyrhachis sokolova found 
lower shore , Ceriops Rhizophora zones .

position nests , inundated 61 per cent high tides , 
periods 3 1/2 hours .

Individual P. sokolova forage low tide , returning 
nest entrances covered tide…The structure nests studied making casts 
polyurethane foam .

advancing 
tide reaches nest , loose soil collapses entrances , blocking preventing 
water penetrating passages beneath .

time–survive high tide air trapped galleries ( Clay Andersen 1996 ; 
Nielsen 1997 ) .

” ( Hogarth 1999:58 -59 ) Book Biology Mangroves 
Seagrasses ( Biology Habitats Series ) 31/05/2007 | Peter Hogarth embedly 
preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading “ nest sites mud -
nesting ant Polyrhachis sokolova studied Darwin Harbour ma ngroves .

found 
Ceriops tagal zone Rhizophora stylosa zone elevations ranging 7.22 5.99 
meters lowest astronomical tide ( LAT ) , means nests inundated 13 -61 % 
high tides durations 3.5 hours .

nest structure studied excavating nests 
making cast galleries u sing polyurethane foam .

nests quite extensive , 
normally two elevated nest entrances galleries depths 45 cm .

loose soil 
particles nest entrances collapsed tide reached formed stopper prevented 
water intruding nest .

ants 
showed clear swimming “ walking surface ” behaviour returned nest 
entrance collapsed ebb .

tolerance ants submergence tested laboratory , 
50 % mortality 11 hours submergence seawater 23o C , 3.5 hours water 33o 
C. Therefore , nesting behaviour trap ped air galleries necessary survival 
environments.

” ( Nielsen 1997:15 ) Journal article Nesting biology 
mangrove mud -nesting ant Polyrhachis sokolova Forel ( Hymenoptera , 
Formicidae ) northern Australia Insectes Sociaux | 25/08/2002 | M.G .

Nielsen embed ly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading 
Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Secretion Waterproofs Nest 
Dufour 's gland plasterer bees protects nests water secreting natural 
polyester .

Biological Strategy Beak Prevents Water Uptake Dives  Gannets 
closable gap beak gannet , instead open nostrils , prevents water rushing 
high-speed dives .

Biological Strategy Rapid Oscillation Sheds Water 
Mammals Quick movement dries mammalian fur ejecting droplets using 
centripetal force .

Biological Strate gy Cicada Wings Repel Water , Dirt , 
Bacteria , Light Cicada Cicada wings ’ intricate nanostructure helps shed 
water , dirt , bacteria reflects light avoid detection predators .

Biological Strategy Surface Allows Self -Cleaning Sacred lotus Leaves 
sacred lo tus self -cleaning thanks hydrophobic microscale bumps .

Biological Strategy Buttresses Red Mangrove Improve Stability Red 
mangrove Buttresses red mangrove enable growth thin soils efficiently 
increasing footprint  
Biomimicry Institute Blog .

PrizeLaunchpad Systems  Change Pilot ProjectsIndustry Reports Institute Us 
Mission Donate Select Page News Ideas Biomimicry Institute Biomimicry Sea 
: 5 Incredible Innovations World Oceans Day Biomimicry Institute | Jun 8 
, 2023 | Innovation , AskNature , Blog | 0 CommentsThis World Oceans Day 
, diving deeper myriad reasons preservation oceans sea life paramount 
importance .

read Stories Living World Interven tion Jun 1 , 2023The 
Biomimicry Institute hosts nature retreats part Ray Hope Launchpad 
programs .

Launchpad Program 
Manager Dave Hutchins came understand hosting 2023 Launchpad cohort 
Montana , retreats like in tervention .

read Meet Newest Young Innovators 
Biomimicry Jun 1 , 2023From tackling issues microplastics urban heat 
islands , addressing clean energy solutions use wind turbines underwater 
solar panels , Biomimicry Institute ’ 2022 -23 Youth Design Challeng e ( 
YDC ) winners offered unique , nature -inspired ideas solve local design 

YDC , sixth year , serves bridge core concepts advanced 
project-focused STEM learning middle high school students across world .

read Transition May 8 , 2023The Biomim icry Institute ’ Executive Director 
, Beth Rattner , writes Institute ’ transition new Executive Director .

read Biomimicry Finding Success Deep Tech Mar 16 , 20233 Ray Hope Prize 
Alumni Win Big Hello Tomorrow Deep Tech Global Summit .

read Startups 
Right Sustainability Data Poised Thrive Mar 1 , 2023Navigating landscape 
sustainable reporting frameworks easy affordable startups .

Instead , 
need focus lean flexible survive early stages striving ambitious impact -
focused mission .

However , recent news White H ouse UN make us believe 
startups prepared right sustainability data thrive unique value 
proposition .

read “ Zombie Fungus ” Last Us , Disruptive Mar 1 , 
2023With hit HBO series Last Us , wanted take time talk Fungi .

zombie 
causing fungus makes must watch  TV , another type fungi watching .

read Startup Support Program Focused 
Founders Connection Nature Dec 14 , 2022The Biomimicry Institute helps 
startup founders challenge physically , mentally , emotionally taking 
camp ( literally ) .

Read approach helps unlock creativity , tap next -
level networking connections , expand opportunities business would 
otherwise missed .

read 6 Ways Education Mimic Evolution Dec 6 , 
2022Traditional antique educational systems require next ev olution .

Learn Biomimicry asks : learn nature create evolutionary education using 
biomimicry ?

read Biomimicry Philosophy Dec 1 , 2022The biomimicry 
movement highly practical orientation .

yet , underlying motivating 
practices biomimicry , lies distinctiv e philosophy –a profound way 
understanding relating nature challenges many core assumptions 
contemporary thought .

blog post , Dr. Henry Dicks discusses relationship 
biomimicry philosophy .

read 5 Nature -Inspired Ways Good Giving Tuesday 
Nov 22 , 2022The co untdown biggest celebration generosity begun .

Tuesday 
, November 29 , communities worldwide joining together support cause , 
issue area , culture , identity .

Giving Tuesday day encourages people 
good , simple idea kickstarts holiday season tone selfless kindness .

read Ray Hope : Top Biomimicry Startups Making Impact Nov 16 , 2022 “ 
nature ’ blueprints , companies commercializing world urgently needs —
products solve problems without creating new ones… ” Learn year ’ Ray 
Hope Prize® First Place Recipient Gr eenPod Labs , India -based 
agricultural biotechnology startup focused tackling food loss problems 
developing countries , Second Place Runner -Up Fusion Bionic , company 
engineered nature -inspired solution surface textures eliminate need 
harmful chemicals .

r ead Looking Within : Design Inspired Teeth Bones Nov 
2 , 2022It ’ easy focus salient features living : color bird ’ plumage , 
elephant ’ immensity , musculature human leg .

However , look deeper , 
incredible durability structure bones engineering marvel .

turns bones 
teeth capable inspiring innovation variety fields , including aeronautics 
, architecture , automotive engineering .

read Disappearing Freaks 
Nature—and Secrets Going Sep 7 , 2022The ultimate freak show 
understatement : Armed worms , sex -crazed fish , poison -hungry 
butterflies , polka -dotted flying good luck charms , despicable creature 
born grin whose blood fights gravity .

one knows secrets hold , ’ clear 
strangest amongst us showing us better way live .

read 6 Innovations Shaped Powerful Force 
Earth Jun 9 , 2022What mean shrimp shapes future aircraft , dolphins 
predict tsunamis , invisible organisms help solve plastic crisis ?

means 
world dominated market -driven solutions rushed progress , ’ billi on-year-
old planet ’ shaping future technology commanding attention obsessed 
innovators , conservationists , hardcore business folks .

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Biological Strategies toggle icon Explore Biolo gical Strategies 've 
curated 1700 strategies living things serve inspiration human innovation 
.

Whatever challenge 're looking address , nature serve model , measure , 
mentor .

Biological Strategy Hoverflies ’ Remarkable Roll Hoverflies use 
rolling maneuve r right taking upside .

Biological Strategy Hero Shrew ’ 
Remarkable Spine Hero shrew spine hero shrews remarkably strong yet 
flexible , due interlocking vertebral spines along spinal column .

Biological Strategy Embryo Development Pauses Time Delivery Idea l 
Conditions Mammals Many mammals suspend development embryos deliver 
favorable times .

Biological Strategy Giraffes Thrive Despite High Blood 
Pressure Giraffe Genes giraffes maintain cardiac health despite high 
blood pressure keeping thickened heart muscl es supple .

Strategy Extra Egg Cells Maintain Fertility Naked mole rat Naked mole rat 
queens stay reproductive long lives maintaining health large number egg 
cells .

Biological Strategy Marmots ’ Bones ’ Waste Away Hibernation 
Yellow-bellied mar mot Marmots maintain strong bones hibernation building 
without breaking .

Biological Strategy Body Resists Soil Adhesion Body 
dung beetle reduces soil ahesion via non -smooth surface morphology .

Biological Strategy Sensory Cells Give Dragonflies Smart Wing s 
Dragonflies Dragonfly wings lined sensors help insect navigate using 

Biological Strategy Taller Bumps 
Increase Grip Polar bear Taller bumps compensate loss friction due polar 
bears ' relatively smaller paw pads .

Biologi cal Strategy Fangs Combine 
Copper Melanin Tough Material Bloodworm single protein found bloodworms 
performs six distinct functions critical formation performance creature 
's jaw .

water secreting natural polyester .

Biological Strategy Holey Leaf 
Pattern Captures Light Monstera Leaves full holes help Swi ss cheese plant 
capture intermittent light Biological Strategy Hairs Absorb Ultraviolet 
Radiation Edelweiss wooly hairs alpine edelweiss intercept de -energize 
harmful ultraviolet radiation reaches plant ’ cells .

Fibers Reinforce Nests Wasps Nests wasps sturdy incorporate fibers 
parallel pattern .

Biological Strategy Nests Dynamic Rock ant Temnothorax 
ants adjust colony growth diminution shedding reconstructing nests .

Biological Strategy Nest Openings Protect Floods Mud -nesting ant 
Entrances ant nests protect flooding high tide collapsing block opening .

Biological Strategy Spi ders ’ Leg Hairs Help Find 

lift , minim ize drag , conserve energy .

Biological Strategy Snakes 
Bellow Like Bulls Bull snakes relatives bull snakes relatives bellow 
defense , tissue boosts air flow passes single vocal cord create initial 
burst sound .

Biological Strategy Flying Squirrels Control  Glide Flying 
squirrels Flying squirrels membranes cartilage help change lift drag 
forces , enabling glide 100 times body length .

Wetland Plants Get Air Waterlogged Roots Common reed Common reeds wetland 
plants transport gases network spaces cells .

Biological Strategy Frog 
Plays Tree Holes Like Pipe Organ Bornean tree -hole frog tree -hole frog 

right arrow right arrow Innovations toggle icon Explore 
Innovations AskNature ’ innovation database makes easy explore hundreds 
products design solutions inspired nature 's genius workings living 
organisms .

Innovation : Industry Functional Surface Finishing Inspired 
Plants Insects Fusion Bionic Fusion Bionic uses laser in terference 
patterns efficiently produce micro nano textures wide variety materials .

Innovation : Industry High -Powered Cleaners Inspired Enzymes Sudoc Sudoc 
uses enzyme -inspired catalysts rapidly break toxins complex chemicals 
environment , break well .

I nnovation : Industry Wind Turbine Tech 
Inspired Owl Feathers Maple Seeds Biome Renewables Biome Renewables 
adjusts aeroacoustics existing turbine blades decrease turbulence 
increase efficiency .

Inspired Spon ges Metavoxel Metavoxel creates high -performance materials 

Industry Self -Degrading Plastics Inspired Cellular Processes Intropic 
Materials Intropic Materials mimics way chaperone pro teins protect 
enzymes create self -degrading plastics .

Innovation : Industry Natural 
Produce Preservative Packets Inspired Plants GreenPod Labs GreenPod Labs 
mimics natural chemical signaling whole plants keep harvested produce 
fresher longer .

Innovation : Industry High -Performance Biocomposites Inspired 
Trees Strong Form Strong Form mimics growth patterns trees fuse 
sustainability wood performance advanced composites .

Industry Construction Decomposition Inspired Forests Mycocycle Mycocycle 
uses fungi break toxic petrochemicals produce sturdy , lig htweight 

Inspired Earthworms Istituto I taliano di Tecnologia soft robot Istituto 
Italiano di Tecnologia mimics motion created worms ’ longitudinal 
circular muscles .

Innovation : Industry Mechanical Sniffer Inspired 
Canines National Institute Standards Technology ventilation system 
National Ins titute Standards Technology fits onto commercial detectors 
inspires expires air improve sampling flow dynamics .

Academia Optimized Structural Materials Inspired Cuttlefish Mantis Shrimp 
Georgia Tech Structural material Georgia Institute Techn ology made 
strength .

Inspired Rainbow Peacock Spiders University California San Diego Display 
technology University California , S an Diego uses light -diffracting 

Academia High -Performance Actuator Inspired Human Muscles Northern 
Arizona University Actuator Northern Arizona University coiled , helical 
structure enables  generate power .

Innovation : Academia Osmotic 
Microfluidic Device Inspired Trees Plants MIT Microfluidic device MIT 
uses slow , steady osmosis sugar cube continuously pump liquid .

Innovation : Academia Tunable Adhesive Inspired Leaf Beetle Feet Kiel 
University Adhesive Kiel University mushroom -shaped micro -structures 
surface firmly stick surfaces without causing damage .

Academia Humidity -Sensitive Hydraulic Actuator Inspired Pine Cones 
Technical University Munich Hydraulic actuator Technica l University 
Munich passively swell change shape , reducing energy usage .

: Academia Preventative Vision Screening Device Inspired Octopus Vision 
University Bristol Vision screening device University Bristol uses 
thresholds polarized light asse ss presence ( lack ) macular pigments 
human eyes , fast method diagnose future vision problems .

Academia Visual Speedometer Inspired Pseudomonas Bacteria Princeton 
University Speedometer Princeton University connects bacterial flow -
regulating  light-emitting genes create real -time visual flow meter .

Innovation : Academia Impermeable Coating Material Inspired Nacre 
University Connecticut Coating UConn made nanosheets polymer matrix makes 
nearly impermeable air gases .

Innovation : Academia Prin table Electronic 
Material Inspired Trees Simon Fraser University Electronic material Simon 
Fraser University made wood -derived cellulose enables electronic devices 
recycled end usable lives .

Innovation : Academia Waterproof Adhesive 
Disc Inspired Remora F ish Harvard & Beihang University Adhesive disc 
Harvard Beihang University thousands fiber spinules rubber base enables 
attach variety surfaces underwater .

Innovation : Academia Load -Bearing 
Material Inspired Cartilage University Leeds Imperial College Lon don 
Structural material University Leeds Imperial College London consists 
hydrogel within silicone -based matrix enables flexible strong .

right 
arrow right arrow Keyword : Trees Innovation : Industry Ventilating Shade 
Structure Inspired Trees FootstepFloor  Fractal Shade FootstepFloor uses 
fractal patterns create well -ventilated sunshade prevent radiant heat .

Biological Strategy Underground Network Distributes Resources Mycorrhizal 
fungi Mycorrhizal network sustains diversity forest transporting 
nutrients w ater .

Biological Strategy Fluorophores Enhance Photosynthesis 
cuticular wax dwarf mountain pine enhances photosynthesi s using 
fluorophores convert UV light blue light used photosynthesis low -light 
conditions .

Biological Strategy Tornado -like Spinning Increases Seed 
Dispersion Japanese maple leading edge tornado -like spinning maple seed 
provides constant lift force , allo wing seeds disperse greater area .

Biological Strategy Trees Absorb Water Directly Clouds Tropical montane 
cloud forest Trees cloud forests cope dry season absorbing water clouds

Biological Strategy Relationship Provides Nutrients 
Mountain treeshrew Nepenthes pitcher plants treeshrews maintain mutually 

Helical Wound Fibres Increase Toughness Plants Cellulose fibers plant 
stems increase toughness winding around tubes angle B iological Strategy 
Structure Distributes Stress Scots pine Trunks branches trees withstand 
external stresses load -adaptive growth .

Biological Strategy Roots 
Stabilize Trees Wind Longleaf pine Roots longleaf pine protect strong 
winds forming large anchorin g taproots widespread lateral root system .

Biological Strategy Vibration Firms Mud Nest Apostlebird mud nest 
apostlebird sturdy home high trees , built using jiggled -mud construction 
technique .

Biological Strategy Leaf Color Shape Enhance Cooling Effect 
Sand drago cooling effects shade trees subtropical regions influenced 
foliage density leaf thickness , leaf texture , leaf color lightness .

Biological Strategy Spiral Fibers Strengthen Tree Trunk Pines trunks pine 
trees withstands wind snow via spiral gro wth .

Structures Facilitate Pollen Dispersal Pines Air -filled sacs pollen 
grains pine trees allow pollen travel farther air Biological Strategy 
Deciduous Trees Allow Higher Seasonal Water Yields Flowering Plants 
Deciduous trees allow wa ter reach soil seep streams seasonally shedding 
leaves lose water via evaporation .

Biological Strategy Resin Protects 
Damage Pines Resin produced conifer trees protects mechanical insect 
damage flows , hardens seal wound site .

Biological Strategy Nurse L ogs 
Provide New Habitat Western hemlock Tall , wide trees forests Pacific 
Northwest serve nurse logs seedlings fall , providing decades water 
nutrients slowly decay .

Biological Strategy Bark Keeps Surface Cool Sun 
Plants Bark trees keeps surface cool mini mizing absorption solar light 
maximizing thermal emission Biological Strategy Trees Lift Water Little 
Effort Plants structure cells xylem passively moves water roots leaves 
system chambers valves , filters pathogens .

Biological Strategy Storage 
Organic Ma tter Plugs Carbon Leaks Riparian habitat Trees along rivers 
help retain carbon ecosystem adding organic debris slowing water .

Biological Strategy Sharp Claws Increase Vertical Agility Squirrels Sharp 
claws squirrel feet increase vertical agility giving st rategic points 

Extreme Longevity Great basin bristlecone pine Bristlecone pines survive 
thousands years harsh environments shutting non -essential processes .

Biological Strategy Burning  Stimulates Flowering Grass tree Flowering 
grass trees following fire may triggered huge release ethylene gas trees 
burn .

Biological Strategy Buttressing Resists Uprooting Common oak Roots 
broad-based trees stiff trunks resist uprooting compressive buttre ssing .

right arrow right arrow Living System : Whales dolphins search icon 
Search Living System Biological Strategy Juvenile Friendships Help 
Throughout Life Bottlenose dolphin Bottlenose dolphins develop lifelong 
friendships early benefit shared informat ion , cooperation , means .

Dolphins Dolphins send broadband whistles bursts clicks prevent messages 

Biological Strategy Peer -to-Peer Learning Spreads 
Innovations Ra pidly Bottlenose dolphin New generations bottlenose 
dolphins adapt changing situations learning peers mothers .

Strategy Bubbles Corral Prey Humpback whale Humpback whales control 
movement prey blowing spiraling nets bubbles underwater .

Strategy Skin Resists Microorganisms Long -finned pilot whale skin pilot 
whales resists microorganisms thanks microscopic pores nanoridges , 
surrounded secreted enzymatic gel denatures proteins carbohydrates .

Biological Strategy Tail Fluke Powers Swimm ing Humpback whale tail fluke 
humpback whale breaks water tail moved , enabling powerful swimming .

Biological Strategy Hairlike Fringe Filters Food Blue whale Baleen whales

Strategy Blood V essel Network Prevents Heat Loss Body Surface Gray whale 
blood vessel network tongues gray whales precools blood avoid heat loss 
via counter -current heat exchange .

Biological Strategy Body Shape 
Reduces Friction Bottlenose dolphin body dolphin low frictio n water 
optimal length diameter ratio .

Biological Strategy Deep Divers Manage 
Temperature Cuvier 's beaked whale Veins arteries Cuvier 's beaked whales 
manage heat different configurations counter -current heat exchangers .

Biological Strategy Blubber Abso rbs Heat Bottlenose dolphin blubber 
bottlenose dolphin absorbs heat acting phase change material Biological 
Strategy Flippers Provide Lift , Reduce Drag Humpback whale flippers 
humpback whale channel flow increase aerodynamic efficiency due tubercles 
bumps .

Biological Strategy Baleen Tangles Capture Prey Bowhead whale 
Baleen throat bowhead whale traps prey tangling fringed edges together .

Biological Strategy Chirps Carry Water Chirps dolphins carry water multi -
rate , ultra -short wave forms .

Biological St rategy Noise Stuns Prey 
Spinner dolphin members spinner dolphin pods stun capture fish emitting 
ultrasonic beams .

Biological Strategy Navigation Underwater Whales 
dolphins Whales navigate incredible accuracy underwater using Earth 's 
magnetic fields .

Bio logical Strategy Biosonar Gives Accurate Imaging 
High resolution biosonar dolphins , bats mole rats gives accurate imaging 
using real -time data processing .

Biological Strategy Lungs Efficiently 
Expel Air Lungs whales efficiently expel air via powerful exh alations .

right arrow right arrow Function : Prevent Fatigue toggle icon search 
icon Search Function materials comprise living systems subjected repeated 
loads , weaken time .

However , fatigue ’ occur anywh ere material ; cracks usually start areas 
subjected elevated local stresses .

Therefore , living systems often 
employ shapes , materials , and/or smooth transitions decrease potential 
fatigue .

Rather bent constant flow forces waves currents , shape causes pulled .

reduces stress roughly 800 times compared another species bends flow , 
ultimately reducing structural fatigue .

Innovation : Industry High -
Performance Biocomposites Inspired Trees Stron g Form Strong Form mimics 
growth patterns trees fuse sustainability wood performance advanced 

blood pressure keeping th ickened heart muscles supple .

Academia Fatigue -Resistant Material Inspired Lobster Underbellies MIT 
Structural material MIT nanofibrous hydrogel arranged bouligand structure 
helps mitigate damage external forces .

Innovation : Academia Ultra -
Flexible Single Crystal Electronics Inspired Virus Tails University 
Illinois Urbana -Champaign Electronic system University Illinois Urbana -
Champaign made crystals increase stretchability .

Self-Deploying Robot Wings Inspired Ladybird Beetle Seoul National 
University Winged jump -gliding robot Seoul National University utilizes 
curved vein shape allows self -locking .

Biological Strategy Acorn Weevil 
Snouts Bend Brink ’ Break Acorn weevil complex arrangement materials 
weevils ' slender sn outs make strong flexible .

Biological Strategy Dense 
Bones Thin Strong Birds Bird bones aid attaining flight thin dense , 

Biological Strategy Wings Fold Multiple Times Without Wear 
Beetles Wings beetles fold multiple times without wear fatig ue resilin 
key joints .

Biological Strategy Thin Shells Resist Impact Loading Heart 
urchins hard outer coverings sea urchins , called tests , allow local 
deformation may resist impact loading incorporating collagen -swathed 
sutures .

Biological Strategy Pla nts Survive Repeated Drying Rehydration 
Lesser clubmoss plants cells lesser clubmoss plants prevent deformation 
repeated dehydration via small vacuoles filled mechanical mixtures called

Biological Strategy Scales Minimize Abrasive Damage Egyptia n 
sand boa Scales integument Kenyan sand boa minimize abrasive damage 
gradient material properties .

right arrow right arrow Popular Pages May 
2023 toggle icon 1700 biological strategies cultivated AskNature , dozens 
somethings anyone .

Biological Strategy Clownfish Sea 
Anemone Help Clownfish One provides shelter , provides fertilizer , 
better .

Biological Strategy Air Sacs Power Lungs Birds ’ Respiratory 
System Birds respira tory system birds facilitates efficient exchange 
carbon dioxide oxygen using air sacs maintain continuous unidirectional 
airflow lungs .

Biological Strategy Eyes Squirt Blood Pygmy short -horned 
lizard Blood -filled sinuses within eye sockets horned lizards squirt 
blood self -defense swelling rupturing .

Biological Strategy Guard Cells 
Function Plants Guard cells use osmotic pressure open close stomata , 
allowing plants regulate amount water solutes within .

Strategy Fur Keeps Heat Cold Water Otters  Long scales underhair otters 
fur seals trap air retain heat prevent water penetration .

Strategy Honeycomb Structure Space -Efficient Strong Bees wasps Bees wasps 
build space -efficient strong nests using hexagonal cells .

Strategy Lea ves Fold Response Touch Sensitive plant Leaves sensitive 
plant protect predators environmental conditions folding response touch .

Biological Strategy Photosynthesis Converts Solar Energy Chemical Energy 
Plants absorbing sun ’ blue red light , chlorophyll loses electrons , 
become mobile forms chemical energy power plant growth .

Strategy Pine Cones Open Close Response Weather Pines slight rise 
humidity triggers pine cones curl scales prevent ineffective seed 
dispersal wet weather .

Biological Str ategy Glass Skeleton Tough Yet 
Flexible Venus 's flower -basket silica skeleton Venus ’ flower -basket sea 
sponge tough stable multiple levels organization help manage forces .

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Nature Fashion : Design Decomposition - Biomimicry 
InstituteOverviewProjectsGe t InvolvedDonateThe Nature FashionDesign 
forDecompositionBeauty , function non -toxic decomposition coexist simple 
flax flower .

challenge fashion textile industries match performance.We 
breaking law.Welcome planet Earth .

stay , please note laws physics ap ply 
, things eventually scatter .

still work —but humans disperse stuff unusable living 
creature .

Bi omimicry Institute leading two -year 
, multi-million dollar project demonstrate scalable new pathways ~92 
million tonnes fashion waste [ 1 ] discarded annually embracing true 
decomposition —the way leaves break soil —that builds healthy 
ecosystems.Learn proje cts produce buy .

buy wear.The fashion industry 
produces 100 billion garments year 7.5 billion humans .

50 % garments 
donated discarded within one year.Source : deadwhitemansclothes.orgWe 
produce buy .

buy wear.A single second -hand clothing market Accra , Ghana 
, receives 15 million used garments WEEK.Source : 
deadwhitemansclothes.orgWe produce buy .

unusable immediately burned , discarded informal landfills , tossed 
water.Source : deadwhitemansclothes.orgOur man -made material lo ops always 
, inevitably leak .

Everything do 一all industry economic activity 一exists within planetary 
natural system .

laws physics disperse seeds far wide ensure never 
prevent man made materials escaping ec osystems .

Entropy demands 
everything scatters , ’ PFAS chemicals blood polar bears plastic bodies .

[ 2 ] joining effort transform fashion , stopping millions tonnes textile 
waste escaping environment year .

lear ning nature , proving ’ possible turn neglected carbon 
molecules back something useful biosphere.The average piece synthetic 
clothing sheds 700,000 plastic particles lifetime .

[ 3 ] Nature ’ sort , 
disperses.Seeds take flight wind example biological desig ns embrace 
entropy dispersal.We live biosphere , physical network complex 
interactions organic matter decomposes returns soil .

Nature embraces 
uses material recovery system spans entire globe .

Ocean currents fungal 
mycelium networks keep discarded carbon  nutrients circulating , ensuring 
’ always available used .

Without cadence , would life.Comparing 
CyclesNature 's Cycle/Fashion Today/Biocompatible FashionPrimary 
producers photosynthetic plants algae combine free solar energy 
disordered material building  blocks soil , air water create highly 
ordered , energy -dense structures.Primary ProducerSNature 's 
Cycle/Fashion Today/Biocompatible FashionConsumers include herbivores 
carnivores , break energy -dense structures use stored energy materials 
construct tissu es , creating physical waste dissipating 
energy.HerbivoreCarnivoreCarnivoreNature 's Cycle/Fashion 
Today/Biocompatible FashionDecomposers fungi bacteria break material 
basic building blocks , using remaining energy making physical building 
blocks available  use primary producers.DecomposersNature 's Cycle/Fashion 
Today/Biocompatible FashionFashion today made primarily petrochemical -
based synthetics .

Consumers use materials ( occasionally recycle ) since 
’ decompose , materials always end macro - micro-scale 
pollution.Petrochemical -based syntheticsNature 's Cycle/Fashion 
Today/Biocompatible FashionBiocompatible fashion possible today , diverse 
fibercrops biosynthetics replacing petroleum , reuse recycling improving 
efficiency , scaled decomposition systems ret urning nutrients 
soil.Designing decompositionWe four main objectives:1Understand emerging 
decomposition optionsLearn More2Demonstrate affordable , scalable 
strategiesLearn More3Understand biology chemistry decompositionLearn 
More4Prove works , change minds Learn MoreWhat decomposition technologies 
?

Decomposition technologies , purposes , biological mechanical processes 
accelerate break rapidly growing mountain synthetic textiles .

Ultimately 
, synthetics must replaced biocompatible materials .

, need transi tional 
technologies tackle toxic soup material additives coatings ’ break 
naturally .

identified criteria recognize best candidate technologies : 
process generate benign actively environmentally beneficial 
outputs.Technologies low impact , minimal water en ergy requirements , 
limited use harmful solvents.A single technology group technologies must 
able accommodate wide variety inputs , including functional chemicals.The 
new decomposition ecosystem must distributed , decentralized , diverse , 
order resilient agile.Everything eventually ends soil ocean , must break 
down.We know designers brands want put beauty world .

Nature perfect 
mentor show how.Fiber one rare industries restore planet state health .

future fashion industry could generate materials beneficia l leaves 
flowers , always turning organic matter end useful lives .

industrial thinking , “ design decomp osition dispersal ” quickest route

regenerative equitable fashion industry.Read Report “ industry ’ answer 
complex sustainability issues reinvent certification schemes…which often 
’ deliver intended results .

switched tactics investing regenerative 
agriculture ... still use certifications beneficial , going measure 
success biodiversity , soil fertility , thriving ecosystems ” – Megan 
Meiklejon , Sustainable Materials Transparency Manager , Eileen Fisher '' 
Biomimicry Institute first organization within mode rn sustainable fashion 
history , analyze thoroughly carefully necessity decomposition pathway 
textiles .

work articulately accurately lifts critical component end life 
realities clothing , puts conversation needed overdue ecological context 
.

`` – Rebecca Burgess , Founder Director Fibershed '' experiments assess 
biodegradation chemicals environment developed routinely carried , 
several limitations make hard predict fate chemicals materials 'real ' 

`` – Dr. Paul Anastas , Dire ctor Center 
Green Chemistry Green Engineering Yale “ Demonstrating decomposition put 
fashion back natural resource cycles powerful proof point fashion allied 
industries , bold step towards reversing environmental damage industry 
created thus far .

`` – Anita Chester , Head Materials Laudes Foundation 
'' end-of-life management waste huge complex problem sits interface 
biosphere technosphere .

must find alternative pathways handling myriad 
natural synthetic materials embodied products consume .

critical under -
represented part current discourse industrial transformation play 
important role design regenerative , inclusive , circular bioeconomy .

`` 
– Savanna Browne -Wilkinson Metabolic Institute '' Waste makes visible 
separation nature yet separation rarely focus  .

excited part initiative , 
goal maintain false sense control , attempting perpetually juggle 
products nature , rather goal work nature , find place within ecosystem .

`` – Liz Ricketts Branson Skinner , Foundation '' n't get much ambitious 
.

`` Edwin Keh  , CEO Hong Kong Research Institute Textiles Apparel '' 
Nature primary producers , consumers , decomposers , rely dispersal , 
entropy .

North Star shirt becomes anot her shirt , 
shirt subsidizes regenerative fashion system know possible .

`` Beth 
Rattner , Executive Director Biomimicry InstituteGet involvedTo force 
good , fashion waste must decompose something supports primary production 
new materials .

Instead ending unwanted water , soil , bodies , old 
garments become healthy soil nutrients species planet.This bold 
initiative realign underlying principles fashion waste management 
industries laws physics biology create cascading benefits climate , 
biodiversity , social  equity.Such ambitious aim requires partners 
courageous vision .

seekingDesigners & 
innovators understand nature want inspire rest world.Get TouchWe 
seekingFunding partners believe fashion force good redesigned.Get TouchWe 
seekingBrands embrace true circularity willing challenge status quo.Get 
TouchWe seekingPeople care.Get TouchWe seekingNew decomposition 
solutions.Get TouchThe Laudes Foundation provided catalytic funding 
ambitious project.Our PartnersThe Biomimicry Institute em powers people 
create nature inspired solutions healthy planet.© 2022 Biomimicry 

Rights Reserved.What DoAboutNewsTerms Service & Privacy 
Policy 
Buttressing Resists Uprooting — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Buttressing Resists Uprooting Common 
oak AskNature Team Image : RegalShave / Pixabay / Free non -commercial use 
toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle ic on 
Protect Wind Wind subjects living systems various forces , compression , 
twisting , turbulence , tension .

forces put living systems risk losing 
ability perform life -essential functions , plant becomes uprooted .

Wind typically 
constant predictable force , living systems must able function without 
presence adjusting direction speed .

good example plants ’ leaves stems 
flexible align wind , rather battered .

Manage Com pression living system compression , force pushing , like chair 
person sitting .

applied two sides , results deformation , pushing two 

Living 
systems strategies help prevent compression recover , maintaining 
function .

example , Africa n elephant adults weigh 4,700 6,048 kilograms 
.

search icon Search Function Plants Flowering 
Plants Common oak Flowering Plants Clade Angiosperms ( “ receptacl e seed 
” ) : Dandelions , oaks , grasses , cacti , apples 416 families 
containing 300,000 known species , angiosperms diverse group plants , 
found around globe wide variety habitats .

floral or gans develop fruits myriad 
kinds dimensions , simple seed casings maples elaborate fleshy growths 
like papayas .

oldest flower known fossils , Montsechia vidalii , 
appeared Jurassic Period 130 million years ago .

primary food source 
herbivorous animals , t urn makes indirect food source carnivores well .

search icon Search Living System Roots broad -based trees stiff trunks 
resist uprooting compressive buttressing .

“ systematic study yet done , 
least four distinct schemes seem used keep roots soil decent con tiguity .

Combinations single scheme certainly occur , given tree may use different 
schemes varying mix several grows sapling .

( Mattheck [ 1991 ] considers 
aspects tree ’ problem ; Ennos Fitter [ 1992 ] provide information 
anchorage small plants young tr ees ; Ennos [ 2000 ] gives good general 
view situation . )

” “ Consider , first , might refer ‘ compressive 
buttressing , ’ uprooting often involves elevation large weight roots 
associated soil .

Increasing work necessary achieve elevation decreases 
chance tree blow .

done developing stiff , wide base , thus moving pivot 
point axis turning well one side center trunk root mass ( fig .

key components , , stiff massive trunk broad , upwardly tapered base acts 
primarily set buttresses downwind ( compr ession loaded ) side , pushing 
pivot point laterally thus increasing work needed turning .

upwind side 
broad base contribute weight turning tree must lift…Partly burying broad 
base improves matters using substratum increase weight must lifted .

Soil 
stone conveniently dense material , root -soil plate even small volume 
goes long way .

substratum beneath tree feels compression , circumstances 
resist well .

stiff trunk improve effectiveness arrangement minimizing 
downwind drift center gravity wind , minimizati on weight branches shift 
around .

paradigmatic example compressive buttressing might large 
specimen oak Quercus alba Q. robur .

scheme may important one large 
angiosperms temperate North America , certainly uncommon among 
gymnosperms lack vertical tap stri ker roots , least judging work Sitka 
spruce ( Coutts 1983 ; Blackwell , Rennalls , Coutts 1990 ) .

” ( Vogel 
2003:431 -432 ) Last Updated August 18 , 2016 References Book Comparative 
Biomechanics : Life 's Physical World , Second Edition Princeton 
Universit y Press | 17/06/2013 | Steven Vogel embedly preview toggle icon 
column .

Biological Strategy Subterranean Substance Surprising 
Superpowers Fungi Fungi create strong lightweight material producing 
random network tiny threads .

Twirl Elephants Three muscle fibe r patterns inside trunks work together 
provide strength , support , resistance needed bend twist extreme agility 
.

Biological Strategy Shell Geometry Materials Resist Cracking Tortoises 
shell tortoise withstands pressure interlocking scutes various shapes 
consisting rigid flexible layers .

Biological Strategy Flexible Collagen 
Fibers Strong Minerals Dissipate Energy Vertebrates ( Mammals , Fish , 
Birds , Reptiles ) combination mineral crystals collagen fibers protects 
bone major fractures sacrificing small structural elements .

Bark Keeps Surface Cool Sun — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
AskNature logo Col lections Biological Strategies Innovations Educators 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Bark Keeps Surface Cool Sun Plants 
AskNature Team Image : Timo Mäkeläinen / Unsplash / Free non -commercial 
use toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon 
Protect Light Access sunlight crucial living systems ’ primary energy 
source life .

However , much sunlight form ultraviolet radiation ( UV ) 
cause damage living tissues .

example , pl ants live areas exposed long periods 
direct sunlight reflective surfaces ( white hairs powder ) reflect UV 
light .

search icon Search Function Protect Temperature Many living 
systems function best within specific temperature ranges .

Temperatures 
higher lo wer range negatively impact living system ’ physiological 
chemical processes , damage exterior interior .

Living systems must 
manage high low temperatures using minimal energy , often requires 
controlling responses along incremental temperature changes .

,  living 
systems use variety strategies , avoiding high low temperatures , 

search  icon Search Function Plants 
Phylum Plantae ( “ plants ” ) : Angiosperms , gymnosperms , green algae , 
Plants evolved using special structures within cells harness energy 
directly sunlight .

currently 350,000 known species plants include 
angiosperms ( flow ering trees plants ) , gymnosperms ( conifers , Gingkos 
, others ) , ferns , hornworts , liverworts , mosses , green algae .

get 
energy process photosynthesis , partially carnivores , feeding bodies 
insects , others plant parasites , feeding entirely plant s .

evolved around 500 
million years ago found every continent worldwide .

Living System Bark trees keeps surface cool minimizing absorption solar 
light maximizing thermal emiss ion Image : DMF Prazeres / toggle icon 
Eucaliptus bark Image : Derek Ramsey , Chanticleer Garden / Wikimedia 
commons / toggle icon picture bark trunk Paperbark Mapleen ( Acer griseum 
en ) tree .

Image : Derek 
Ramsey , Chanticleer Garden / Wikimedia commons / toggle icon Photograph 
detail bark Flowering Dogwooden ( Cornus florida en First_Lady ) .

Image : DMF Prazeres / toggle icon 
Pine bark right arrow right arrow “ found t ree barks optimized reflection 
incoming sunlight 0.7 2 [ microns ] .

approximately optical window solar 
light transmitted reflected green vegetation .

Simultaneously , tree bark 
highly absorbing thus radiation emitting 6 10 [ microns ] .

two 
properties , m ainly provided tannins , create optimal conditions 
radiative temperature control .

addition , tannins seem adopted function 
mediators excitation energy towards photo -antioxidative activity control 
radiation damage.

” ( Henrion Tribusch 2009:98 ) “ Optimal reflection 
incoming radiation condition keeping surfaces cool .

second condition , 
optimal emission temperature object reaches ( approximately 40 ºC ) also 
demonstrated .

10 , top 12 ) , means emit radiation equally well 
wavelength region .

allows efficient thermal emission cool space via 
optical atmospheric window 7.5 13 [ microns ] ( Fig .

Since leaves 
also cool efficiently therefore also emit radiation infrared optica l 
window , speculated cellulose tannins evolved , adopted , applied 
radiation properties .

already mentioned optical properties tree barks course factor considered 
evolution respect heat balance tree bark .

Ma ny tree barks show paper -
like structure sheets peeling , generating highly heat -insulating , 
trapped air spaces ( e.g .

tree barks 
developed rough surface produces lot shadowed areas amongst illuminated 
ones [ 11 ] .

morphology known stimulate convection air , transports away 
heat bark surface .

additional fact considered evolution , already 
mentioned , structure tree stems branches .

” ( Henrion Tribusch 2009 : 104 -5 ) Last Updated 
October 14 , 2016 References “ found tree barks optimized reflection 

light transmitted reflected green vegetation  .

two 
properties , mainly provided tannins , create optimal conditions 

mediators excitation ene rgy towards photo -antioxidative activity control 

optimal emission temperature object reaches ( approximately 40 ºC  ) also 

Barks , tannin cellulose , efficiently absorb radiation 6 
10 [ microns ] ( Figs .

optical atmospheric window 7.5 1 3 [ microns ] ( Fig .

also cool efficiently therefore also emit radiation infrared optical 

already me ntioned optical properties tree barks course factor considered 

Many tree barks show paper -

mentioned , structure tree stems  branches .

” ( Henrion Tribusch 2009 : 104 -5 ) Journal article 
Optical solar energy adaptations radiative temperature control green 
leaves tree barks Solar Energy Materials Solar Cells | 11/11/2008 | 
Wolfgang Henrion , Helmut Tributsch embedly preview toggle icon Reference 
toggle icon loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Hairs 
Absorb Ultraviolet Radiation Edelweiss wooly hairs a lpine edelweiss 
.

Biological Strategy Rapid Oscillation Sheds Water Mammals Quick 
movement dries mammalian fur ejecting droplets using centripetal force .

Biological Strategy Thinner  Fur Keeps Numbats Warmer Numbat making hairs 
stand , numbats expose skin sun create insulating layer air reduce heat 
loss .

Biological Strategy Camel ’ Fur Coat Keeps Cool Dromedary camel 
Camel fur sweat glands combine form powerful temperature management  
system .

beetles Randomly arranged filaments scatter wavelengths light , optimized 

Lungs Efficiently Expel Air — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Lungs Efficiently Expel Air AskNature 
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Distribute Gases Gases particular importance living systems oxygen , 
carbon dioxide , nitrogen .

Oxygen  carbon dioxide involved respiration , 
distributing gases efficiently effectively important living system ’ 
survival .

accommodate , living systems strategies confining gases using gases ’ 
properties adva ntage .

example , prairie dogs mound -building termites 
build systems tunnels mounds take advantage wind ventilate underground 
homes .

search icon Search Function Expel Gases familiar forms 
discharging gases respiration many living systems release carbon di oxide 
, plants release oxygen end product plant photosynthesis .

gases 
effectively moved pushing , different kind force needed expel .

Creating 
force requires energy , even cellular level , living systems must 
efficient strategies worth energy investment u se external force .

typically entails strategies build pressure use forces propel gases .

contrast , whale 
surfaces , exhales 90 % spent air one spouting .

Function Mammals Class Mammal ia ( “ breast ” ) : Bats , cats , whales , 
horses , humans Mammals make less 1 % animals earth , include well -known 
species .

Another critical sh ared 

, whose teeth generally size shape , mammals differently shaped teeth 

search 
icon Search Living System Lungs wha les efficiently expel air via powerful 
exhalations .

“ mammals ’ dependency air breathing must considered real 
handicap water , whale minimised problem breathing even efficiently 
mammals .

whale , one roaring , 
spouting exhalations , gets rid 90 % spent air .

also muscles particularly high concentration substance called 
myoglobin , enables store oxygen .

help techniques , f in-back whale , example , 
dive depth 500 metres swim forty minutes without drawing breath.

” ( 
Attenborough 1979 : 242 ) Last Updated August 18 , 2016 References Book 
Life Earth : Natural History Little , Brown Company | 01/01/1970 | David 
Attenborough emb edly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading 
Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Wetland Plants Get Air 
Waterlogged Roots Common reed Common reeds wetland plants transport gases 
network spaces cells .

Wounded Green Bottle Fly Maggots scrape dead tissue mouth hooks spew stew 

Biological Strategy Chemicals 
Oregano Act Fungicide Oregano Volatile compounds found oregano destroy 
fungi breaking cell membranes .

Biologi cal Strategy Flexible Body Allows 
Earthworm Burrow Soil Earthworm soft , fluid -filled flexible body 
earthworm enables burrow soil using unique set muscles internal fluid 
maintain shape .

Biological Strategy Air Sacs Power Lungs Birds ’ 
Respiratory System B irds respiratory system birds facilitates efficient 
exchange carbon dioxide oxygen using air sacs maintain continuous 
unidirectional airflow lungs .

Biological Strategy Asymmetric Burrow 
Openings Create Passive Ventilation Black -tailed prairie dog Differen ces 
position shape burrow openings black -tailed prairie dogs create passive 
ventilation wind energy altering air pressure .

Biomimicry ToolboxBiomimicry SolutionsEducational Resource sGlobal 
MissionJanine BenyusStaff , Bo ard , AdvisorsCareers 
Mission Donate Select Page Biomimicry Institute mission help solve 
humanity ’ biggest challenges adoption biomimicry ( nature -inspired 
innovation ) education , cul ture , industry .

eons , nature solved 
problems well -adapted designs , life -friendly chemistry , smart material 
energy use .

exist shine light nature ’ genius , bridge pressing design 
challenges proven biological strategies better future .

initiatives 
across education , innovation , inspiration , systems change empowered 
thousands tools training necessary create healthier world , improve lives 
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amplify impact , unite global network educators , innovators , 
changemakers , scientists , others passion ate solving environmental 
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work complete biomimicry core 
human experience sustainable health planet secure .

INITIATIVES Education 
STEM + Nature = Transformative Learning develop biomimicry curriculum , 
educational  programs , run design challenges equip K -12 learners 
interdisciplinary tools mindset need address problems using teachings 
nature .

Youth Design Challenge middle high school students turns 
learners nature -inspired makers familiar Next Generation Science 
Standards , K -5 Education Program utilizes biomimicry principles boost 
STEM learning engagement key development stage .

VISIT EDUCATION PROGRAMS 
LEARN Inspiration Curiosity + Nature = New Possibilities believe 
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AskNature bridges knowledge gap prevents problem solvers looking biology 
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strategies counting , site invaluable tool mission make possible anyone , 
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Innovation Business + Nature = Sustainable Solutions Biomimicry Launchpad 
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LEARN BIOMIMICRY INNOVATION Systems Change 
Collaboration + Nature = Transformation Design Decomposition two -year , 
multi-million dollar project dedicated demonstrating scalable new 
ecosystems .

initiative originated 2020 Nature Fashion report , 
identified decomposition critical part nature ’ material cycl es missing 
current industrial thinking , design decomposition quickest route 
regenerative equitable fashion industry .

LEARN SYSTEMS CHANGE “ envision 
world people view nature warehouse goods storehouse knowledge 
inspiration.

” – Janine Benyus , founder Fi nancials Since founding 2006 , 
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Strategies Innov ations Educators Donate Search InnovationsNature ripe 
practical inspiration .

Whether 're designing home finding new ways map 
cosmos , AskNature ’ innovation database makes easy explore variety 
products design solutions inspired natural world .

Innovations Featured Innovations Mechanical Sniffer Inspired Canines 
National Institute Standards Technology ventilation system National 
Institute Standards Technology fits onto commercial detectors inspires 
expires air improve sampling flow dynami cs .

View Innovation Low -Noise 
Fan Inspired Owl Wings ZIEHL -ABEGG FE2owlet Ziehl -Abegg efficient , low -
noise fan winglets serrated edges reduce noise save energy .

View 
Innovation Better Sewage Treatment System , Inspired Cow Stomachs ECOSTP 
system moving parts turns sewage clean water .

View Innovation 
Compostable Packaging Materials Made Mushrooms Ecovative Design Mushroom 
Packaging Ecovative Design uses mycelium create compostable , thermally 
insulating packaging .

View Innovation right arrow right arrow  Sector : 
Green Chemistry toggle icon search icon Search Sector Chemistry always 
happening around us within us .

Learn natural processes inform 
sustainable , less toxic solutions .

Innovation : Industry Functional 
Surface Finishing Inspired Plants Insects Fusion Bionic Fusion Bionic 
uses laser interference patterns efficiently produce micro nano textures 
wide variety materials .

Innovation : Industry Self -Degrading Plastics 
Inspired Cellular Processes Intropic Materials Intropic Materials mimics 
way chapero ne proteins protect enzymes create self -degrading plastics .

Innovation : Academia Wat erproof Adhesive 
Inspired Brown Algae Marine Mussels University Waterloo Adhesive 
University Waterloo novel hydrogel composite bond dissimilar materials 
submerged water .

Innovation : Academia Vivid Structural Color Inspired 
Bird Wings University Akron Str uctural color University Akron uses self -
assembling synthetic melanin nanoparticles display bright natural colors 
.

Innovation : Industry Low -Energy Chemical Reactions Inspired 
Photosynthesis New Iridium New Iridium use light -driven chemistry replace 
heavy metal catalysts drive green -chemistry solutions .

Academia Reversible Electrocatalyst Inspired Hydrogenase Enzyme 
University Grenoble Electrocatalyst University Grenoble contains graphene 
acid instead rare metals , contributing creation scala ble hydrogen fuel 
cell .

Innovation : Academia Reversible Smart Glue Inspired Mussels 
Michigan Technological University Underwater smart glue Michigan 
Technological University made catechol -containing material unstick using 
electric current .

Innovation : Industry High Performance Catalyst System 
Inspired Plants Novomer Novo22 Novomer uses carbon dioxide produce 
biodegradable plastic polymers .

Innovation : Industry Light -Reflecting 
Coating Inspired Butterfly Wings Cypris Materials , Inc. Cypris Materials

creates structural color coatings reflect UV infrared light without toxic 
chemicals dyes .

Innovation : Academia Sustainable Carbon Reduction 
Inspired Plants Oregon State University Electrocatalyst Oregon State 
University made unique molecule promotes stabi lity selectivity .

Innovation : Industry Antifouling Surface Coating Marine Vehicles 
Inspired Pitcher Plants Adaptive Surface Technologies SLIPS Foul Protect 
Adaptive Surface Technologies ultra -thin slippery surface protects 
biofouling .

Innovation : Indus try Coating Industrial Liquid Containers 
Inspired Pitcher Plants Adaptive Surface Technologies SLIPS Repel 
Adaptive Surface Technologies ultra -thin slippery surface helps reduce 
residue build -up .

Innovation : Industry Coating Keep Consumer Products 
Clean Inspired Pitcher Plants Adaptive Surface Technologies SLIPS Zero 
Adaptive Surface Technologies ultra -thin slippery surface allows 
containers emptied completely .

Innovation : Industry High Performance 
Enzyme Carbon Capture Inspired Red Blood Cells Sapiem I ndustrial Lung 
Sapiem non -toxic carbon capture process uses synthetic form enzyme 
carbonic anhydrase .

Innovation : Industry Paint Inspired Lotus Leaves 
Creates Self -Cleaning Antifouling Surfaces Sto Corp Lotus -Effect 
Technology Sto Corp. creates microtext ured superhydrophobic surface 
repels dirt water .

Innovation : Industry Selective Membrane Inspired 
Aquaporin Channels Filters Purifies Water Aquaporin Aquaporin Inside 
water filter membranes Aquaporin improve water treatment re -use wide 
range industries .

right arrow right arrow Sector : Manufacturing search 
icon Search Sector Innovation : Industry Functional Surface Finishing 
Inspired Plants Insects Fusion Bionic Fusion Bionic uses laser 
interference patterns efficiently produce micro nano textures wide 

Innovation : Industry High -Performance Biocomposites 
Inspired Trees Strong Form Strong Form mimics growth patterns trees fuse 

Academia Renewable Plastic Production Inspir ed Bacteria University 
Wisconsin -Madison Engineered bacteria University Wisconsin Madison 
convert lignin , component wood , material could replace oil -based 
plastics .

Innovation : Academia Flexible Fastener Inspired Mushrooms 
Wageningen University Probabi listic fastener Wageningen University uses 
soft material interlocking forces create strong yet gentle connection .

Innovation : Academia Durable 3D Printed Concrete Inspired Lobster Shells 
RMIT University 3D printed concrete RMIT University constructed hel icoid 
layers increase strength .

Innovation : Industry Blemish -Free Gripper 
Inspired Geckos OnRobot Gecko Gripper OnRobot micro -scaled fibrillar 
stalks use Van der Waals forces pick objects .

Natural Pest Control Inspired Nematode Com munication Pheronym Nemastim 
Pheronym uses pheromones natural pesticide help improve crop production .

Innovation : Industry Strong , Durable Composite Technology Inspired 
Mantis Shrimp Helicoid Industries Helicoid Technology uses innovative 
helicoid desig n increase strength toughness using less materials .

Innovation : Industry Colorful Textiles Inspired Proteins Found Discosoma 
Coral Werewool Werewool uses proteins found nature create color without 
use toxic chemicals dyes .

Innovation : Academia Colorful  3D Printing 
Inspired Chameleons University Illinois Urbana -Champaign 3D printing 
process University Illinois , Urbana Champaign uses bottlebrush -shaped 
polymers produce multiple colors ink .

Innovation : Industry Robotic Arm 
Inspired Elephant Trunk Festo Bionic Handling Assistant Festo robotic arm 
easily move grip objects without endangering humans .

Academia Material Technology Inspired Natural Surfaces Iowa State 
University BIOMAP technology Iowa State University creates replica 
natural surf ace using undercooled metallic particles .

Academia Tailored Light Beams Inspired Caustic Light Rays University 
Münster Non -diffracting light beams University Münster fade long

Innovation : Industry Residue -Free Adhesion Technology  
Inspired Geckos Felsuma Geckskin Felsuma adhesive technology mimics 
tendon system geckos create strong adhesive leaves residue .

Industry Non -Directional Carpet Tiles Inspired Forest Floor Interface i2 
carpet tiles Interface variable patterns  color allow installed non -
directionally still creating cohesive design .

Versatile Mechanical Joining Systems Inspired Mollusks Joinlox Striplox 
edge hooks securely join materials together permanently temporarily .

Innovation : Indus try Resource Management Inspired Symbiosis Kalundborg 
Symbiosis industrial partnership one company 's by -products used 
resources another company .

Innovation : Industry Generative Design 
Software Inspired Slime Mold Human Bones Autodesk Project Dreamcatche r 
AutoDesk Research generative design system uses nature -based algorithms 
create optimized design solutions real time .

Optimization Software Inspired Marine Phytoplankton ELISE GmbH Generative 
Engineering ELISE utilizes software desi gn lightweight materials 
optimizing material used .

Innovation : Industry Versatile Gripper 
Inspired Chameleon Tongue Festo FlexShapeGripper Festo energy -efficient 
reliable adaptive shape gripper encloses objects fit around .

: Industry Bio -Based Synthetic Silk Inspired Spider Silk Spiber Inc .

Brewed Protein Spiber synthetic form spider silk produced plant -derived 
biomass provide alternative traditional textiles .

arrow UN Sustainable Development Goal : Goal 7 : Affordable & Cl ean 
Energy toggle icon Ensure access affordable , reliable , sustainable , 
modern energy .

Innovation : Industry Functional Surface Finishing 
interference patterns efficiently produce micro nan o textures wide 

Innovation : Industry Wind Turbine Tech Inspired Owl 
Feathers Maple Seeds Biome Renewables Biome Renewables adjusts 
aeroacoustics existing turbine blades decrease turbulence increase 
efficiency .

Innovation : Academia Ne xt-Generation Solar Cells Inspired 
Photosynthesis Penn State Solar cells Penn State contain photosensitive 
molecules use fluorescence resonance energy transfer increase efficiency 
energy generation .

Innovation : Academia Modular Solar Cell Inspired 
Photosynthesis University Illinois Chicago Solar cell University Illinois 
Chicago uses sunlight recycle carbon dioxide renewable fuel source .

Innovation : Academia Energy Harvesting Membrane Inspired Bone Cartilage 
Deakin University Membrane Deakin University m ade aramid nanofibers boron 

Innovation : Academia Efficient Electricity Generator Inspired Leaf 
Movement Iowa State University Stretchable surfaces Cornell made 
extensible silicone inexten sible mesh instantly transform flat sheet 3D 
shape .

Innovation : Academia Efficient Wind Turbines Inspired Insect 
Wings Paris -Sorbonne University Wind turbines Paris -Sorbonne University 
flexible reduce drag create powerful stroke .

Efficient Thin Film Solar Cells Inspired Black Butterfly Wings CalTech & 
Karlsruhe Institute Technology Thin film solar cells CalTech Karlsruhe 
Institute Technology disordered nanoholes reduce light reflection .

Innovation : Academia Efficient Electricity G eneration Inspired Bacteria 
Lund University Electricity generation mechanism Lund University uses 
redox polymer disguised natural bacterial charge carrier extract 
electricity generated bacteria .

Innovation : Academia Efficient LED 
Lightbulbs Inspired Fire flies Penn State Lightbulbs Penn State 
microstructures diode surfaces increases light extraction efficiency .

Innovation : Academia Durable Solar Cells Inspired Insect Eyes Stanford 
Solar cells Stanford honeycomb perovskite microcells protect device large 
mechanical forces .

Innovation : Industry Low -Energy Chemical Reactions 
Inspired Photosynthesis New Iridium New Iridium use light -driven

chemistry replace heavy metal catalysts drive green -chemistry solutions .

Innovation : Academia Weatherproof Energy Har vester Inspired Aspen Leaves 
University Warwick Energy harvester University Warwick produce energy 
even lowest wind speeds .

Innovation : Academia Renewable Energy 
Generator Inspired Bacteria University Massachusetts Amherst Air -powered 
generator UMass Amh erst generates energy naturally occurring water vapor 
using protein nanowires .

Innovation : Industry Environmentally -Friendly 
Solar Cells Inspired Photosynthesis Dye -Sensitized Solar Cells Dye -
Sensitized Solar Cells use non -toxic materials convert light e lectricity 
.

Innovation : Academia Synergistic Wind Farm Design Inspired Schooling 
Fish California Institute Technology Wind turbine farm California 
Institute Technology groups turbines together increase energy output .

Innovation : Academia Self -Repairing  Robots Inspired Plants Bilkent 
University Plant robot Bilkent University made soft organic material 
behaves autonomously .

Innovation : Academia Anti -Reflective Solar Panels 
Inspired Butterfly Wings Anhui Polytechnic University Solar panels Anhui 
Polytech nic University patterned nanostructures reduce light reflection .

Innovation : Academia Efficient Wells Turbine Blade Inspired Hawk Moth 
Wings Shanghai Jiao Tong University Turbine Shanghai Jiao Tong University 
wing-shaped geometry reduces drag .

Innovatio n : Academia Efficient Fuel 
Creation Inspired Plants Technion -Israel Institute Technology Stable 
solar-to-energy conversion Technion -Israel Institute Technology uses full 
cycle redox transformation break water hydrogen fuel .

Academia Sustaina ble Carbon Reduction Inspired Plants Oregon State 
University Electrocatalyst Oregon State University made unique molecule 
promotes stability selectivity .

Enzyme Carbon Capture Inspired Red Blood Cells Sapiem Industri al Lung 

Innovation : Industry Low -Noise Retrofit Wind 
Turbine Blades Inspired Owl Wings Siemens Gamesa DinoTail Next Generation 
Siemens Gamesa fine combs serrated edges  help reduce turbulence noise 
increasing power wind turbines .

Innovation : Industry Resilient Wave 
Energy Technology Inspired Underwater Flora BPS ( BioPower Systems ) 
bioWAVE BPS wave energy system floating blades flexible stem allows 
harness energy ocea n waves .

right arrow right arrow Sector : Materials 
toggle icon search icon Search Sector Materials make everything around us 
, bones buildings .

Discover everything self -repairing concrete bacteria -
resistant surfaces .

Innovation : Industry Functional Su rface Finishing 

Inspired Arthropods Amphico Amphico m imics waterproofing strategy 
clothing .

chaperone proteins prote ct enzymes create self -degrading plastics .

Innovation : Industry Construction Decomposition Inspired Forests 
Mycocycle Mycocycle uses fungi break toxic petrochemicals produce sturdy 
, lightweight mycelium byproducts .

Performanc e Biocomposites Inspired Trees Strong Form Strong Form mimics 

Innovation : Academia Waterproof Adhesive Inspired Brown 
Algae Marine Mussels University Waterloo Adhesive Univer sity Waterloo 
novel hydrogel composite bond dissimilar materials submerged water .

surface firmly stick surfaces with out causing damage .

Academia Self -Growing Materials Inspired Muscles Hokkaido University

Biomaterials Hokkaido University contain double -network hydrogels become 
stronger response mechanical stress .

Innovation : Academia Self -
Coordinated Mat erials Inspired Animal Movement UMass Amherst Smart 
material UMass Amherst made hydrogel nanocomposite disks enable 
accurately respond environment .

Innovation : Academia Self -Assembling 
Material Inspired Protein Capsids Northwestern University Material 
Northwestern University hydrogel self -assembles utilizing strong 
noncovalent interactions molecules .

Innovation : Academia Printable 
Electronic Material Inspired Trees Simon Fraser University Electronic 
material Simon Fraser University made wood -derived cel lulose enables 
electronic devices recycled end usable lives .

Optimized Structural Materials Inspired Cuttlefish Mantis Shrimp Georgia 
Tech Structural material Georgia Institute Technology made continuously 
embedded microstructures in crease material 's overall strength .

Innovation : Academia Load -Bearing Material Inspired Cartilage University 
Leeds Imperial College London Structural material University Leeds 
Imperial College London consists hydrogel within silicone -based matrix 
enables flexible strong .

Innovation : Academia Impermeable Coating 
Material Inspired Nacre University Connecticut Coating UConn made 
nanosheets polymer matrix makes nearly impermeable air gases .

: Academia Humidity -Sensitive Hydraulic Actuator Inspi red Pine Cones 
Technical University Munich Hydraulic actuator Technical University 

University Lithium -ion battery  Columbia University rigid segments 
flexible interconnections give battery good flexibility high energy 
density .

Innovation : Academia Energy Harvesting Membrane Inspired Bone 
Cartilage Deakin University Membrane Deakin University made aramid 
nanofibers b oron nitride harvest osmotic energy providing structural 
reinforcement .

tiny fibers dispersed within concrete mixture enhance  material 's 

Innovation : Academia Color -Changing Material Inspired 
Chameleon Skin University Chinese Academy Sciences Material University 
Chinese Academy Sciences core -shell structured layers enable display 
seamless range vivid colors .

Inno vation : Academia Anti -Ice Coating 
Inspired Antarctic Fish Blood UCLA & University Chinese Academy Sciences 
Coating UCLA University Chinese Academy Sciences hydrogel inhibits 
formation ice using three anti -ice mechanisms .

Adhesive Na nofibers Inspired Plant Seeds Kiel University Nanofibers Kiel 
University made cellulose dried plant seed mucilage gives tunable 
friction characteristics .

Innovation : Academia Anti -Frost Surface 
Coating Inspired Wheatgrass UCLA & University Chinese Academ y Sciences 
Surface coating UCLA University Chinese Academy Sciences uses 
hierarchical micro - nano-structures elevate surface temperatures shed 
condensed water droplets .

Innovation : Academia Compostable Plastic 
Inspired Enzymatic Decomposition Berkeley Na tional Laboratory Compostable 
plastic material Berkeley National Laboratory contains dormant enzymes 
reactivated thoroughly decompose material .

Scalable Passive Cooling Film Inspired Longhorn Beetles University Texas 
Austin Cooling f ilm UT Austin finely structured triangular cross -section 
reflects light provide passive thermal regulation .

arrow Sector : Aerospace toggle icon search icon Search Sector Discover 
amazing creatures inspired researchers make efficient tel escopes create 
new algorithms mapping cosmic web .

Owl Feathers Maple Seeds Biome Renewables Biome Renewables adjusts 

Inspired Tr ees Strong Form Strong Form mimics growth patterns trees fuse 

Industry Camera Capturing Polarized Light Deep Space Inspired Moth Eyes 
NASA HAWC+ NASA telescope camera small protuberances su rface increase 
light capture .

Innovation : Industry Strong , Durable Composite 
Technology Inspired Mantis Shrimp Helicoid Industries Helicoid Technology 
uses innovative helicoid design increase strength toughness using less 
materials .

Innovation : Indust ry Optimization Software Inspired Marine 
Phytoplankton ELISE GmbH Generative Engineering ELISE utilizes software 
design lightweight materials optimizing material used .

Industry Locomotive Robot Inspired Animals German Research Centre 
Artifici al Intelligence ( DKFI ) iStruct robot DFKI draws inspiration 
biological models improve mobility efficiency locomotive robots .

Innovation : Academia Astronomical Algorithm Inspired Slime Mold 
University California Santa Cruz Monte Carlo Physarum Machine U C Santa 
Cruz computational algorithm accurately predicts cosmic web formation 
using slime mold growth patterns .

Innovation : Academia Rapid 
Optimization Model Inspired Cuckoo Birds Iowa State University 
Optimization model Iowa State University uses random  sampling 'survival 
fittest ' strategy quickly solve problem .

Innovation : Industry Dust -
Repellent Coating Spacecraft Inspired Lotus Leaf NASA Lotus coating NASA 
repels dirt dust protect space equipment .

Trees Lift Water Little Effort — Biological Strate gy — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Trees Lift Water Little 
Effort Plants Sam Stier Image : Berkshire Community College Bioscience 
Image Library / Wikipedia / Pub lic Domain - restrictions toggle icon 
Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Distribute 
Liquids Liquids include water , well body fluids blood , gastric juices , 
nutrient -laden liquids , .

survive , many living systems must move 
liquids within locations .

address , living systems strategies confine fluids 
transport , overcome barriers gravity , friction , forces .

Trees giraffes face challenge :  move fluids ( 
water blood , respectively ) upward gravity .

tree moves water using capillary action evaporation , possibly due 
water ’ properties polarity adhesion .

giraffe ’ tight skin provides 
pressure assist blood circulat ion .

Search Function Protect Microbes living systems , microbes play important 
roles , breaking organic matter maintaining personal system health .

bacteria crea te 
colonies called biofilms coat surfaces , reducing effectiveness –for 
example , inhibiting leaf ’ ability photosynthesize .

strategies protecting microbes cause disease become numerous create 
imbalance system .

Others repel without killing 
reduce chances microbes adapt lethal strategy become resistant .

example 
, pea seedlings exude chemical inhibits biofilm buildup .

Search Function  Plants Phylum Plantae ( “ plants ” ) : Angiosperms , 
gymnosperms , green algae , Plants evolved using special structures 
within cells harness energy directly sunlight .

currently 350,000 known 
species plants include angiosperms ( flowering trees plants ) , 
gymnosperms ( conifers , Gingkos , others ) , ferns , hornworts , 
liverworts , mosses , green algae .

get energy process photosynthesis , 
partially carnivores , feeding bodies insects , others plant parasites ,

evolved around 500 million years ago found every continent 

Strategy Potential Related Content References structure cells xylem 
passively moves wat er roots leaves system chambers valves , filters 
pathogens .

Ver en español / View Spanish Introduction Trees , like known 
living things , need water survive .

Water vapor released tree ’ leaves contributes creation  clouds 
rain forest .

, transpiration ) , give added support cell water pressure , serve 
source hydrogen atoms making molecules like glucose cellulose , anti -
gravity conveyor belt transporting n utrients soil throughout tree ’ many 
tissues .

conveyor belt water throughout tree ’ xylem tissues presents 
major vulnerability : water flow somehow disrupted ?

Strategy Xylem tissue 
comprised continuous , hollow tubes “ straws ” tree ’ roots leaves .

Instead , subdivided smaller compartments dead cells called tracheids , 
millimeters long , separated one another valves .

valves consist opening 
cell walls two adjacent tracheids , middle freely -moving membrane .

thin 
membrane responds pressure differences two tracheids , moving seal 
aperture one tracheid cell walls pressure difference .

size valves open 
100-500 nanometers , small enough prevent passage many types potential 
contaminants undesired mi crobes , large enough still allow water flow .

injury brings air 
tracheid , lower pressure causes valves cell snap closed , preventing 
water adjacent cell flowing first tracheid , keeping air flowing adjace nt 
tracheids .

short length tracheid also ensures air ’ penetrate far tree 
valve shut .

Image : Sam Stier / Personal / Copyright © - rights reserved 
toggle icon Scanning electron micrograph radial view tracheids valves ( 
pits ) Douglas fir .

Potential pres sure-driven valves xylem could many 
applications low -energy mechanical pumping systems , whether move water 
substances .

Water-borne illnesses kill million people every year , especially areas 
water sanitation technologies financially intensive widely effectively 
implemented .

inexpensive , readily available , effective water filter 
could improve water quality prevent disease .

Xylem -inspired water 
filters shown effectively remove water pathogens .

Rel ated Innovation 
Innovation : Academia Low -Cost Water Filtration Inspired Non -Flowering 
Trees MIT Simple filtration system MIT contains abundantly available 
resource , xylem tissue native trees , naturally filters pathogens water 
.

Related Strategies Biolog ical Strategy Trees Peat Capture Store Carbon 
Forest ecosystems Boreal forested peatland captures carbon dioxide 
atmosphere stores long -term delayed decomposition plants .

Strategy Deciduous Trees Allow Higher Seasonal Water Yields Flowering 
Plants Deciduous trees allow water reach soil seep streams seasonally 
shedding leaves lose water via evaporation .

Biological Strategy Tree 
Structure Reduces Water Loss Umbrella thorn structure umbrella thorn 
trees preserves soil moisture high proportion abov e-ground woody mass low 
amount foliage .

Last Updated September 14 , 2016 References “ Adjacent 
xylem conduits gymnosperms angiosperms joined common endwalls .

order 
facilitate connectivity , endwalls permeable water dissolved substances , 
making xylem net work well suited long -distance transport water , 
nutrients , signaling molecules .

certain degree xylem network 
compartmentalization , however , desirable helps confine spread air 
embolism xylem -borne pathogens .

conflicting needs connectivity isolation 
within xylem network ingeniously solved evolution endwall pitting.

Journal article Nobody ’ perfect : 
irregularities pit structure influence vulnerability cavitation ?

Frontiers Plant Science | 2013 | Plavcová , L. , Jansen , S. , Klepsch , 
M. Hacke , U.G .

embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon 
loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Secretion Waterproofs 
Nest Dufour 's gland plasterer bees protects nests water secreting 
natural polyester .

Biological St rategy Spider Silk ’ Antibacterial Power 
Spiders nanostructure spider silk proteins prevents bacterial attachment 
.

Biological Strategy Diverse Food Sources Keep Honeybees Healthy 
Honeybees Honeybee immune systems depend protein diversity quantity .

Biological Strategy Lymph System Pumps Pump Mammals lymphatic system uses 
pressure , muscle contractions , one -way valves squeeze fluid network 
vessels without need pump .

Biological Strategy Immune Systems Identify 
Real Threats Animals Immune systems constantly  monitor threats , respond 
force signs cell death .

Biological Strategy Cicada Wings Repel Water , 
Dirt , Bacteria , Light Cicada Cicada wings ’ intricate nanostructure 
helps shed water , dirt , bacteria reflects light avoid detection 
predators .

Taller Bu mps Increase Grip — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Taller Bumps Increase Grip Polar bear 
AskNature Team Image : Ucumari Photography / Flickr  / CC ND - Creative 
Commons Attribution + NoDerivatives toggle icon Functions Performed 
toggle icon Living System toggle icon Move in/on Solids obtain needed 
resources escape predators , living systems must move solid substances , 
must move within , others  must .

Solids vary form ; soft porous like 
leaves , sand , skin , snow , hard like rock , ice , tree bark .

Movement 
involve whole living system , ostrich running across ground earthworm 
burrowing soil .

also involve part living system , mosquito poking 
mouthparts skin .

Solids vary smoothness , stickiness , moisture content 
, density , etc , presents different challenges .

result , living systems 
adaptations meet one , sometimes multiple , challenges .

example , 
insects must able hold onto rough slippery leaf surfaces due diversity 

search icon Search Function Attach Temporarily Living 
systems must sometimes , temporarily , stay one place , climb otherwise 
move around , hold things together .

entails attaching temporarily 
ability release , min imizes energy material use .

repeatedly attach , detach , reattach extended time , lifetimes .

Despite 
temporary , attachments must withstand physical forces achieved purpose .

Therefore , living systems adapted attachment mechanisms optimiz ed amount 
time number times must used .

examples include insects attach eggs leaf hatch , insects 
whose wings temporarily attach flight separate landing .

Search Function Animals Vertebr ates Mammals Polar bear Mammals Class 

hand characteristics make mammals unique , like hair , able sweat , 

Living System Contents Introduction Strategy Potential References Taller 
pads .

Introduction biggest bears alive , polar bears relatively smaller 
paw pads ursine c ousins .

Presumably , ’ decrease amount skin comes 
contact frozen ground walk stand .

’ one problem : less skin gripping 
ground mean greater chance slipping sliding , wasting energy walking , 
losing precious fractions second lunging make attack .

Strategy Polar 
bears avoid dangers relatively simple solution : microscopic bumps ( 
papillae ) paw pads 1.5 times taller bear species .

increase surface area increases 
friction 1.3 –1.5 times amount species .

Potential research revealed 
details polar bear paws driven search natural model follow increase grip 
tires icy snowy conditions .

details papillae may help , design kinds 
better-gripping surfaces , roadways pedestrian walkway design , flooring 
( especially  healthcare facilities homes seniors ) , recreational uses 
like rock -climbing gear .

show well physical design could reduce need 
toxic chemicals used adhesives .

Last Updated December 20 , 2022 
References “ find interspecific variation papillae base diamet er 
explained paw pad width , polar bear paw pads 1.5 times taller papillae 
1.3 times true surface area paw pads American black bear brown bear .

Based friction experiments three -dimensional printed model surfaces snow 
, conclude factors increase frictional  shear stress polar bear paw pad 
snow factor 1.3 –1.5 compared species .

Absolute frictional forces , 
however , estimated similar among species paw pad area accounted , 
suggesting taller papillae may compensate frictional losses resulting 
relatively smaller  paw pads polar bears compared close relatives.

” 
Journal article Polar bear paw pad surface roughness relevance contact 
mechanics snow Journal Royal Society Interface | November 2 , 2022 | 
Nathaniel Orndorf , Austin M. Garner , Ali Dhinojwala embedly prev iew 
toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading “ Papillae unique polar bears .

Previous work [ area ] made implicit assumption papillae adaptations 
enhanced traction snow without studying paw pads bears .

fascinating us 
discover North American bears well ph ysical characteristics papillae 
matters traction snow , ” said [ Austin ] Garner .

Report UA researchers 
’ focus tire traction leads investigation polar bear paws University 
Akron Communications Marketing | December 12 , 2022 | University Akron 
News embedl y preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Biological 
spine hero shrews remarkably strong yet flexible , due interlocking 

Biological Str ategy Mussels Hold 
Fancy Footwork Common mussel Mussel byssal threads attach wet rocks using 
adhesive proteins first prime surfaces chemically bind .

Strategy Cicada Wings Kill Bacteria Cicada Nanopillar cones covering 
cicada wings bond bacteria l membranes , stretching portion cones point 
rupturing .

Biological Strategy Accordion Technique Allows Controlled 
Movement Narrow Channels Snakes Snakes use zig -zag anchor points friction 
maneuver tight spaces .

Biological Strategy Hooks Grab Carry Fruit Far 
Sesame family fruit grapple plant hooks onto animals strong temporary 
grip disperse seeds great distances .

Biological Strategy Skeletal 
Muscles Generate Force Vertebrates ( Mammals , Fish , Birds , Reptiles ) 
Skeletal muscles contract relax , generati ng force enabling movement .

Visual Speedometer Inspired Pseudomonas Bacteria — Innovation — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Innovation : Academia Visual Speedometer Inspired 
Pseudomo nas Bacteria Princeton University 2019 Image : Christoph 
Burgstedt / Shutterstock / Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon 
Functions Performed toggle icon Send Light Signals Visible Spectrum 
visible spectrum portion electromagnetic spectrum human eye de tect .

Visible light thought two ways –light illumination ( used fireflies ) 
colors result light absorbed reflected .

Sometimes , use make highly visible ( like peacock showing 
brilliant feathers potential mate ) .

times , use become virtually 
invisible ( like owl hiding plain sight rests day ) .

living system sends 
light signal , must create light color energy - material -efficient way .

Living systems create enhance color using strategies non -toxic pigments , 
structures bend absorb different wavelengths , chemical processes create 
bioluminescence .

motion important living system sense relation moving environment , 
critical locating resources wayfinding .

applies wh ether environment 
motion ( water movement coming nearby fish ) living system moving within 

missing motion signals high , living systems must quite sensitive signals 
.

search icon Search Function Contents Innovation Profile Challenge 
Innovation Details Biomimicry Story References Speedometer P rinceton 
University connects bacterial flow -regulating light -emitting genes create 
real-time visual flow meter .

Benefits Dynamic Responsive Applications 
Medical treatment Sensors UN Sustainable Development Goals Addressed Goal 
9 : Industry Innovation & In frastructure Bioutilization Pseudomonas 
aeruginosa Challenge Flow monitoring systems important many different 
industries .

Whether measure blood flow medical settings , pipe flow 
industrial settings , rate important parameter may dictate system ’ 
performan ce .

Traditional flow sensors force -based , meaning need contact 
liquid sense flow rate , result contamination .

Innovation Details 
speedometer made bioengineered connection flow regulated operon present 
pseudomonas bacteria gene causes bacteria glow .

bac teria ’ glow 
intensity changes real time flow rates change .

Biomimicry Story bacteria 
use rheosensing way detect liquid movement surroundings .

Rheosensing 
force-independent sensory mechanism based rate fluid passes .

References 
Journal article Microfluid ic-based transcriptomics reveal force -
independent bacterial rheosensing Nature Microbiology embedly preview 
toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Innovations Innovation : 
Industry Colorful , Waterproof Textiles Inspired Arthropods Amphico 
Amphico mimic s waterproofing strategy springtails coloring butterflies 
produce easy -to-recycle performance clothing .

Energy Absorbing Synthetic Bone Inspired Biological Tissues University 
Colorado Denver 3D -printed synthetic bone CU Denver forms resilient 
lattice structure means digital light processing .

Printable Electronic Material Inspired Trees Simon Fraser University 
Electronic material Simon Fraser University made wood -derived cellulose 
enables electronic devices recyc led end usable lives .

polarization info rmation simultaneously .

Innovation : Academia Load -
Bearing Material Inspired Cartilage University Leeds Imperial College 
London Structural material University Leeds Imperial College London 
consists hydrogel within silicone -based matrix enables flexible st rong .

Innovation : Academia Ductile Concrete Material Inspired Mollusk Shells 
University Michigan Concrete material University Michigan tiny fibers 
dispersed within concrete mixture enhance material 's flexibility .

Case Studies - Biomimicry Toolbox Case Studies - Biomimicry Toolbox 

Glossary Terms Case Studies Biology Research R eading Scientific Paper 
Select Page Home » References » Case Studies Case Studies In -depth 
profiles biomimetic products .

following case studies written Biomimicry 
Institute and/or collab orators provide in -depth stories behind 
development biomimetic products .

ORNILUX : Bird Protection Glass Window glass prevents bird collisions 
mimicking UV reflective qualities spiders ’ webs .

PureBond Technology : 
Wood Glue Without Formaldehyde Wood glue ’ use formaldehyde based protein 
chemistry blue mussel ’ byssus threads , used attach mussel wave -battered 
rocks .

Entropy : Non -Directional Carpet Tiles Carpet tiles featuring 
random , non -directional pattern gradations colors based pattern 
diversity forest floor .

PAX Water Technologies Propeller technology 
based recurrent form nature , centripetal spiral , greatly improves 

REGEN Energy EnviroGrid™ wireless energy management solution 
based “ swarm logic ” qu ickly installed cut property owner ’ electric 
costs 5-10 % .

Sharklet Sharklet synthetic surface , inspired skin sharks 
, deters colonization certain disease -causing microbes use texture .

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Resource sGlobal NetworkInvite SpeakerBlog Initiatives Education K -5 
Reports Institute Us MissionJanine BenyusStaff , Bo ard , AdvisorsCareers 
Mission Donate Select Page Youth Design Challenge ( YDC ) Youth Design 
Challenge hands -on , project -based learning experience provides classroom 
informal educators  engaging framework introduce bio -inspired design 
interdisciplinary lens science , engineering , environmental literacy .

gives middle high school students unique STEM experience empowers 
envision solutions social environmental challenges .

program , stude nts 
learn experience : process weaves nature ’ ingenious solutions problem 
solving .

Fun outdoor excursions observe nature identify functions 
relationships behind biological attributes .

forms , processes , systems 
nature inspire innovative sustainable des ign .

Confidence making , 
inventing , creating , offering solutions complex problems .

Visit Youth Design Challenge Site 
2023 Award Recipients Impact Sign Supporters & Partners Meet 2023 Youth 
Design Challenge Winners tackling issues microplastics urban heat islands 
, addressing clean energy solutions use wind turbines underwater solar 
panels , Biomimicry Institute ’ 2022 -2023 YDC winners offered unique , 
nature-inspired ideas solve local design challenges .

Middle School 
National Division SeedSpinner wind turbines effective form sustainable 
energy , without faults .

One issue problem root leakage , center 
turbines draws power away blades result ing turbulence .

Team BioBreeze Montana 
hopes combat issues “ SeedSpinner ” turbine .

design incorporates 
functions Japanese maple seed , dragonfly wings , aspen leaves .

Combining aspects three  organisms , blades design made light , flexible 
plastic slightly tilted catch wind pick slightest breeze .

address issue 
root leakage , design enables turbine adapted variety environments .

fact 
Team BioBreeze seamlessly incorporated three inspirational o rganisms 
design set apart teams .

judges impressed team extensive research tested 
design see could adapted larger scale .

Lastly , team ’ insight provided 
interviewing local engineers gave project informed perspective .

Diatom Brick House BioBuilde rs team Montana understands housing growing 
problem affects Flathead Valley community communities around world .

Current housing solutions often unsustainable require constant repairs 
use non-renewable materials .

Diatom Brick House suggests new way build , 
inspired diatoms , golden scaled snails , jet ants .

diatom gives incredible strength -to-weight ratio , could used cut 
materials needed .

snail shell inspiration strength roof , particularly 
future natural disasters mind .

team draws ins piration jet ants 
strengthen design , jet ants use fungi fortify nests letting fungi grow 
using bind nest walls , providing reinforcement .

judges commented team 
BioBuilders thoroughly thoughtfully approached future housing took care 
ensure proposed infras tructure could last longer , could built 
sustainably .

Third Place Green Pathological Waste Tank Honorable 
Mention Earthproof Middle School International Division Photovoltaic -
Aurantiaca -Nucifera System Singapore , place land space scarce , uses 
photovoltaic ( PV ) panels positioned rooftops well surface water 
reservoirs sustainable source clean energy .

However , climate change 
rising temperatures , well high cloud cover across country , reduce 
efficiency solar panels .

LUC -YDC , team Singapore , l ooked nature find 
solution efficient solar energy .

innovation , Photovoltaic -Aurantiaca -
Nucifera System ( PANS ) , draws inspiration window plant well lotus leaf 
.

window plant , found Namib Desert South Africa , buries stem beneath 
surface uses exposed r egion lens direct light inside without overheating 
.

LUC -YDC used inspire 
creation PANS , system eliminates traditional horizontal placement solar 
panels turns vertically inside water tanks found rooftops .

hydrop hobic 
transparent dome -shaped lid used bend light onto panels inside water , 
orientation panels allows solar energy captured .

judges especially 
impressed team articulated restraints limitations project , showing deep 
understanding design process .

Rail Razor Every two years , 
National Railway London clears debris settled train tracks well cuts 
hundreds trees surrounding shrubbery could make track dangerous use .

current solution cleaning debris accumulates bakes track , Tree Savers 
team come differ ent solution .

Looking smalltooth sawfish , whales , 
remora , team created “ Rail Razor.

” Rail Razor attaches fronts trains , 
similar remora fish attaches bigger fish .

tank enzyme -based liquid would 
break plant wood cells along track .

Going even , devic e sweeps branches 
leaves bristle brush system , inspired way whales filter food baleen .

Tree Savers team hopes system reduce need cut trees along track every 
year , thereby preserving ecosystems along train route , avoiding safety 
hazards .

Tree Savers co mmended various iterations led final Rail Razor 
design .

judges appreciated process trial error – well research – team 
engaged .

Third Place Bird Prey Honorable Mention Female Defense 
Badge High School National Division Protego Microplastics ocean , 
especially California , increasingly prominent issue San Francisco Bay 
Area team Christmas Tree Worm hoped solve “ Protego.

” Protego self -
charging device would attach front marine vessel collect microplastics 
vessel moving .

design gets inspiration four  organisms , including remora 
fish , Christmas tree worms , swordfish , blue tilapia .

One device ’ 
highlights suction pad , inspired remora fish ability use suction pad 
atop head attach larger marine life “ hitch ” ride .

Another prominent 
feature device ’ ability capture microplastics internal spiral conveyor 
belt system made nonpolar rubber hairs , mimicking Christmas tree worms 
use appendages get food mouth .

Protego received high praises overall quality 
project using numerous inspirations contributed final design .

judges 
loved team iterated upon design based feedback , look forward hearing 
potential future developments related Protego project .

Birdhive 
Urban expansion threatens homes man y organisms , displacing altering 
natural habitats .

Inspired solve problem , group Southern California 
came “ Birdhive , ” modular panel ecosystem attached exterior houses , 
parking garages , skyscrapers , etc .

goal provide habitats native plants 
animals support biodiversity bring back organisms displaced .

panel takes inspiration beehives , birds nests , rotting logs , rotting 
logs often habitat supports biodiversity within relatively small space .

interchangeability habitation module allows user experiment different 
habitats , making ideal location .

Birdhive group made impression judges 
creativity idea flexibility design , allowing installed different 
climates .

liked fact project felt relatable group hopes increase well -
being humans wildlife bri nging natural elements back urban environment .

Third Place Eco Beaver Geotextile Honorable Mention Swamp Filter 
High School International Division Biomimetic Architecture Hot Climates 
Increasingly severe heat waves Pakistan due climate change led alarming 
number deaths well disruption daily life .

team Islamabad , Heatwave 
Heroes , hopes architectural design could help mitigate rising 
temperatures Pakistan hot desert climates .

building , serving town 
center housing , many features throughout desig n inspired Saharan Silver 
Ant Desert Snail .

Cutouts 
along walls made resemble Saharan Silver Ant ’ hair structure .

use architectural 
software simulat e design would work especially impressive .

Many kudos 
Heatwave Heroes choosing local issue meaningful creating something help 
combat climate change community .

BlueManta Water Bottle Team 
BlueManta Jakarta realizes pressing local problem everyone access clean 
water , especially communities surrounding Ciliwung river .

local 
residents depend Ciliwung river daily necessities , faced heavy bacterial 
contamination due trash industrial waste dumped waterway .

team ’ 
solution low -cost bottle multi -layer filter produce clean water .

first 
layer takes inspiration manta ray lobes , hundreds lobes made recycled 
polyethylene terephthalate ( rPET ) , arranged strategically remove 
larger particles .

second layer integrates nanosized pores interconnected 
conduit structure similar xylem vessels Gymnosperm trees , added help 
remove additional pathogens .

team able increase efficiency final design 
looking certain arterioles human kidneys work .

team displayed thorough 
research methods understanding important local is sue affects nearby low -
income communities .

Third Place EROSO Helmet Honorable Mention Robotic 
Starfish biomimicry education , students : Develop skills addressing 
environmental sustainabil ity issues , creative problem -solving , systems 
thinking .

curious better able use science engineering solve critical 

Gain new perspective nature model , mentor , measure success 
innovation supports healthy planet .

Similarly , educators 
interdisciplinary platform connect subjects one another , real world 
beyond classroom walls , along engaging framewo rk addressing climate 
science ecoliteracy within STEM education .

YDC Impact : Teachers Engaged 
Students Reached States Countries Access material s revitalized ecology 
unit made much relevant , purposeful , exciting students .

enabled unit 
become PBL [ project -based learning ] experience heightened student 
engagement .

feel giving tools framework address problems generation need 
solve .

social distancing 
may drawing students teachers apart , opportunity grow closer nature 
STEM-rich biomimicry learning never crucial .

Learn Challenge Website 
Funders & Partners  Inspiration InboxJoin thousands nature -inspired 
innovators keep up -to-date latest biomimicry news , research , events , .

Support Next Generationof Nature -Inspired Innovators 

Accelerate gro wth nature -inspired startups entrepreneurs Increase number

Biomimicry Sea : 5 Incredible Innovations World Oceans Day – Biomimicry 

ToolboxBiomimicry SolutionsEducational ResourcesGlobal NetworkInvite 
SpeakerBlog Initiatives Education K -5 EducationYouth Design Challenge 
Inspiration AskNatureBiomimicry Toolbox Innovation Ray Hope 
PrizeLaunchpad Syst ems Change Pilot ProjectsIndustry Reports Institute Us 
Mission Donate Select Page Biomimicry Sea : 5 Incredible Innovations 
World Oce ans Day Biomimicry Institute | Jun 8 , 2023 | Innovation , 
AskNature , Blog oceans —vast , awe -inspiring universes beauty , mystery , 
life—are immeasurable library information .

Beneath shimmering waves lies 
hidden world remarkable biodiversity , intricate ecosystems , biological 
strategies hold immense potential survival progress .

World Oceans Day , 
diving deeper myriad reasons preservation oceans sea life paramount 

crucial role play planet ’ health , limitless potential 
biomimicry —the case pr otecting ocean life undeniable .

Far beyond 
opportunities emulation , oceans call us reconnect nature , appreciate 
vastness planet , recognize shared responsibility serve stewards ocean ( 
) life .

continue current trajectory , waters may able sustain life 
global ocean biodiversity may irreversibly lost .

Ultimately , means 
losing potential discover valuable solutions nature could improve world 
lives .

Soft 
Manipulator Inspired Octopus Suckers Octopus tentacles able grip range 
objects even smaller suckers due tiny projections called denticles .

Inspired suckers , researchers University Illinois Urbana Champaign 
developed electrothermal manipulator layer soft hydrogel temperature -
responsive handle fragil e , thin tissue medical treatment , regenerative 
medicine , surgery .

replicating biological strategy , temperature -
responsive hydrogel grip thin tissue sheet 10 seconds , thereby providing 
efficient safe transfer , avoiding risk wrinkling tissue damage .

also 
potential applications robotics automation manufacturing processes .

LEARN Strong , Durable Composite Technology Inspired Mantis Shrimp mantis 
shrimp known incredibly strong light exoskeleton , formed ‘ helicoid ’ 
layers chitin offset 15 degrees .

hel ps prevent cracks damage propagation 
, providing protection blows shrimp delivers speeds faster .22 caliber 
bullet .

, ‘ helicoid ’ structure utilized Helicoid Industries , applied 
composite materials .

technology allows materials lighter stronger 
improved  impact resistance using less material , helping reduce overall 
costs providing efficient effective product composite material industry .

innovation also applied infrastructure , safety equipment development , 
transportation .

LEARN Proteins Help Corals Bu ild Rock Hard Reefs ( Much 
) Life beneath waves full surprises –with corals actually creating 
remarkable , rock -hard structures Earth .

Thanks recent discoveries , 
understood jelly bean -sized corals sea capacity form stunningly extensive 
structures Earth –and ’ thanks proteins .

laying proteins organized way , 
corals form scaffolding minerals develop strong , durable reefs .

remarkable process spurred scientists engineers look sea inspired , 
nature-based innovations .

Prosthetic bone could benefit corals ’ sp atial 
arrangements enhanced durability strength , example , materials kinds 
developed thanks unique arrangements coral skeletons contain .

Understanding proteins work could even applied developing buildings 
infrastructure , consumer goods , packaging , car s , trucks , airplanes , 
name .

LEARN Clog -Resistant Filtration System Inspired Giant Manta Ray 
Manta rays able filter plankton -rich water food using incredibly 
efficient method allows resist clogging .

consists array leaf -like lobes bounce food particles away filter create 
current flow .

allows fish retain food particles even smaller pores , 
concentrate mouth cavity order easily ingest .

efficient filtration 
system adapted create variety high -flow filters resist clogging 
applicat ions hydrosol filtration cyclonic filtration , HVAC systems , 
bagless vacuum cleaners , .

LEARN Beyond Emulation : Navigating Deeper 
Nature special AskNature Collection , Lehua Kamalu –Voyaging Director 
Polynesian Voyaging Society National Geographic Explor er–discusses 
importance utilizing stars , clouds , wave patterns , birds , marine 
mammal populations navigating ancestral route ‘ Kealaikahiki ’ –the 
pathway Tahiti .

Referring ‘ leading edges ’ , act signposts returning 
home islands night accordingly , Ka malu explains need realize ‘ edge 
island ’ stretches beyond point visible navigator .

Albatrosses , example 
, travel huge circles , pods dolphins known landmarks .

Kamalu emphasizes 
reliance advanced navigation upon creatures ocean , calling change 
attitude ‘ ’ , accepting humans much part animal ’ environment .

navigator remarks peace found worldwide nature ocean –observing , 
understanding , appreciating creatures help navigate us around it –and 
encourages us find peace finding place .

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Fatigue-Resistant Material Inspired  Lobster Underbellies — Innovation — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Innovation : Academia Fatigue -
Resistant Material Inspired Lobster Underbellies MIT 2021 Image : Silke 
Baron / Flic kr / CC - Creative Commons Attribution alone toggle icon 
Functions Performed toggle icon Manage Mechanical Wear living system 
subject mechanical wear two parts rub living system comes contact 
abrasive components environment , sand coral .

abrasive componen ts 
constant force , finger joints moving , others occur infrequently , sand 
storm moving across desert .

Living systems protect mechanical wear using 
strategies appropriate level frequency source , abrasion -resistant 
surfaces , replaceable parts , lubrican ts .

example , human joints like 
shoulders knees move day , every day .

Prevent Fatigue materials comprise living systems subjected repeated 
loads , weaken t ime .

However , fatigue ’ occur anywhere material ; cracks usually start areas 

employ shapes , materials , and/or smooth transitions decrea se potential 
fatigue .

ultimately reducing structura l fatigue .

Modify Size/Shape/Mass/Volume Many living systems alter physical 
properties , size , shape , mass , volume .

modifications occur response 
living system ’ needs and/or changing environmental conditions .

example 
, may move efficiently , escape predators , recover damage , many reasons 
.

Modifying 
properties requires materials enable changes , cues make changes , 
mechanisms control .

example porcupine fish , prot ects predators taking 
sips water air inflate body erect spines embedded skin .

) break burst sudde nly ( called rupturing ) .

search 
Details Biomimicry Story References Structural material MIT nanofibrous 
hydrogel arranged bouligand structure helps mitigate damage external 
forces .

Benefits Stronger Flexible Bi ocompatible Applications Armor 
protection Medical implants UN Sustainable Development Goals Addressed 
Goal 3 : Good Health & Wellbeing Goal 9 : Industry Innovation & 
Infrastructure Challenge Protection gear helmets guards often made 
plastic styrofoam .

mat erials decompose slowly susceptible cracking , 
making environmentally harmful ineffective protective equipment .

Often 
additional material must added product ensure sufficient function , 
making gear bulky resource -consuming .

Innovation Details flexible 
resistant protective material made nanofibrous hydrogels stacked 
bouligand structure .

ultrathin fibers hydrogel ( approximately 800 
nanometers diameter , fraction diameter human hair ) created process 
called electrospinning threads hydrogel drawn polymer so lution using 
electric charge .

hydrogels made film placed stack welded together high -
humidity chamber .

films stacked rotating pattern called bouligand 
structure , resembling spiral staircase twisted deck cards .

welding , 
film stack set using incubator cr ystallize nanofibers , strengthening 
material .

resulting material fatigue -resistant durable traditional 
nanofibrous hydrogels .

Biomimicry Story Lobsters hard shells protect 
predators sea creatures , underbelly shells soft flexible , allowing 
maneuver eas ily along seafloor .

fatigue -resistant hydrogels protective 
material mimic bouligand structure natural hydrogel occurring lobster 
underbellies .

bouligand structure gives natural hydrogel high tensile 
strength fracture toughness , also observed improved pr otective material 
.

See Related Strategy See Related Strategy toggle icon Biological 
Strategy Amazonian Fish Tough Scales Protect Predators Arapaima fish 
scales extremely tough made tissue arranged Bouligand structure 
References Journal article Strong fati gue-resistant nanofibrous hydrogels 
inspired lobster underbelly Matter embedly preview toggle icon Reference 
patterns trees fuse sustainability wood performance advanced composites .

Innovation : Academia Meticulous Walking Robot Inspired Ants Aix -
Marseille University Walking robot Aix -Marseille University uses 
polarized light navigate , enabling explore randomly find way  back .

Innovation  : Academia Geometric Pavilion 
Structure Inspired Silkworms MIT Pavilion structure MIT constructed using 
3D-printers silk worms explore relationship digital biological 
fabrication .

Human Muscles Nor thern Arizona University Actuator Northern Arizona 

: Academia Realistic Swimming Robot Inspired Zebrafish NYU Swimming robot 
NYU interacts surroundings actively avoid obstacles learn  .

Waterproof Adhesive Disc Inspired Remora Fish — Innovation — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Innovation : Academia Waterproof Adhesive Disc 
Inspired Remora Fish Harvard & Beihang U niversity 2017 Image : Klaus 
Stiefel / Flickr / rights reserved toggle icon Functions Performed toggle 
icon Attach Temporarily Living systems must sometimes , temporarily , 
stay one place , climb otherwise move around , hold things together .

entails attac hing temporarily ability release , minimizes energy material 
use .

living systems repeatedly attach , detach , reattach extended time 
, lifetimes .

Despite temporary , attachments must withstand physical 
forces achieved purpose .

Therefore , living systems  adapted attachment 
mechanisms optimized amount time number times must used .

examples include insects attach 
eggs leaf hatch , insects whose wings temporarily attach flight separate 
landing .

searc h icon Search Function Contents Innovation Profile 
Challenge Innovation Details Biomimicry Story References Adhesive disc 

Benefits Versatile Waterp roof 
Applications Robotics Autonomous underwater vehicles UN Sustainable 
Development Goals Addressed Goal 9 : Industry Innovation & Infrastructure 
Challenge Underwater exploration challenging due ocean ’ many variables 
often harsh conditions .

ability adhere marine life could minimize energy requirements 
offer method better study marine animal activities .

adhesive disc made piece rubber laser cut resemble sucker fish suction 
disc .

Additionally , six air 
pouches inflated deflated demand small air pump .

Underwater , attach 
variety surfaces pressing object manipulating air pouches .

Story Remoras , also called sucker fish , use unique dorsal fin 
temporarily attach sea creatures hitchhike around ocean .

dorsal fin made 
soft tissue tiny spinules bent maneuvered fit shape target host , shark .

disk enables remora ride along despite high magnitudes fluid shear .

See 
Related Content See Rela ted Content toggle icon Biological Strategy 
Versatile Grip Remoras ’ Suction Discs Remoras Unique structures give 
fish ability adhere tenaciously variety surfaces water .

Journal article biorobotic adhesive disc underwater hitchhiking inspired 
remora suckerfish Science Robotics embedly preview toggle icon Reference 
toggle icon loading Innovations Innovation : Academia Self -Growing 
Materials Inspired Muscles Hokkaido University Biomaterials Hokkaido 
University contain double -network hydrogels beco me stronger response 
mechanical stress .

Innovation : Academia High Resolution Imaging System 
Inspired Mantis Shrimp Eyes University Illinois Urbana -Champaign Imaging 
system University Illinois Urbana -Champaign vertically stacked 
photodetectors sense color  polarization information simultaneously .

Innovation : Academia Renewable Plastic Production Inspired Bacteria 
University Wisconsin -Madison Engineered bacteria University Wisconsin 
Madison convert lignin , component wood , material could replace oil -
based plastics .

Innovation : Academia Optimized Structural Materials 
Inspired Cuttlefish Mantis Shrimp Georgia Tech Structural material 
Georgia Institute Technology made continuously embedded microstructures 
increase material 's overall strength .

Innovation :  Academia Super -
Iridescent Display Technology Inspired Rainbow Peacock Spiders University 
California San Diego Display technology University California , San Diego 
uses light -diffracting microstructures display vibrant , iridescent 
colors .

Innovation : Ac ademia Energy Absorbing Synthetic Bone Inspired 
Biological Tissues University Colorado Denver 3D -printed synthetic bone 
CU Denver forms resilient lattice structure means digital light 
processing .

Nest Structurally Reinforced — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Nest Structurally Reinforced Jet ant 
AskNature Team Image : Line Sabroe / Flickr / rights reserved toggle icon 
Functions Performed toggle  icon Living System toggle icon Physically 
Assemble Structure Living systems use physical materials create 

physical 
materials limited energy required gather create new structures costly , 

example , weaver birds u se two types 

cross-supports tubular outer s urface filled air minimize weight .

search 
icon Search Function Animals Arthropods Insects Ants Jet ant Insects 
phylum .

: head , specialized mouthparts , thorax , jo inted legs , abdomen .

Introduction Strategy Potential References carton nests jet ants 
reinforced hyphae res ident fungi .

Strategy One species ant , jet ant ( Lasius fuligin osus ) , 
builds nests paper reinforced hyphae resident fungi .

jet ant collects 
wood particles impregnates sugar solution , creates nutritive substance 
fungi .

fungi grow , thread -like hyphae make mycelium bind particles 
together , reinforcing wall materia ls ants built .

Potential Humans use 
many materials construct buildings , even begun growing fungi ’ mycelia 
molds produce building blocks finished products .

mimicking jet ants ’ 
style “ additive manufacturing ” , kind new structures could framed grown 
place , made locally available materials reinforced fungi ?

October 14 , 2022 References “ Three animals , instance , independently 
invented making paper … Ants developed yet another method building carton 
nests ; jet ant ( Lasius fuliginosus ) impregnates wood particles sugar 
solution , creates nutritive substance cultivation fungi , whose hyphae 
bind particle together , thus reinforcing nest structure ; increases 
structural strength house .

Architecture 22/04 /2014 | Ingo Arndt embedly preview toggle icon 

Biological Strategy Caterpillars Reshape Leaves Sil k 
threads roll leaves tube -shaped shelter Biological Strategy Proteins Help 
Corals Build Rock -Hard Reefs Corals lay proteins organized way create 
scaffold minerals produce rock -hard reefs B iological Strategy Diatoms 
Build Glass Houses Stable Strong Diatoms Diatoms build strong , intricate 
cases using proteins arrange minerals .

Biological Strategy Salt 
Squeezing Turn Liquid Spider Silk Spiders Spiders turn liquid strong , 
stretchy fiber sque ezing small space helps protein molecules connect .

Biological Strategy Mucus Filters Water Food Giant Larvacean giant 
larvacean rapidly regularly builds house mucus capable filtering large 
quantities water .

Biology Research - Biomimicry Toolbox Biology R esearch - Biomimicry 

Patterns Methods Biomim icry Process Define Challenge Biologize Function & 
Nature ’ Lessons Evaluate Fit & Function Pathways Biomimicry References 
Reading List Glossary Terms Case Studies Biology Research R eading 
Biomimicry Toolbox Select Page Home » References » Biology Research 
References Biology Research Databases , publications , websites help find 
inspiring strategies .

SECTION 
  Databases 
 Journals 
  Secondary 
literature 
  Websites Ask Nature direct way find relevant strategies 

However , approximately 1800 
strategies Ask Nature , tens thousands written .

Ask Nature used 
excellent starting point  help find strategies function , likely need 
deeper research .

annotated list databases , sources primary secondary 
literature , websites help find biological strategies relevant design 
challenge .

use resources effectively , need select search terms keywo rds 
carefully .

Search Tip ’ searching information specific organism , may 
need part common scientific names organism .

’ searching function , ’ 
want try various synonyms variations word representing function ( e.g.

, 
compress , compression , compaction ; filter , strain , filtering ) 
function .

resources search , spend minutes learning effective way search 
browse information .

databases available universities 
subscribe give  subscribers access numerous online journals .

Access particular journal articles may may possible 
without access subscribing institution .

Subscription databases academic library su bscribes databases , 
may able access online library ’ website .

Web 
Science : Web Science preferred database , Ask Nature , ’ easy use , easy 
filter find need , ’ specifically science .

Compared databases , get 
fewer relevant resul ts looking biological strategies .

non -biologists , 
sometimes review current findings helpful , Web Science filter allows 
focus literature reviews .

Another valuable part Web Science ability 
citation search , helps find papers cited another paper .

BioOne : Another database 
focuses biological , ecological , environmental science research BioOne 
Complete .

provides access 180 high quality , subscribed open -access 
titles .

Academic Search Omnifile : good multidisciplinary databases , 
number results overwhelming filtering system ’ helpful Web Science .

JSTOR : database provides full -text access archives scholarly journals .

Generally , access journal available first issue within one three years 
current issu e .

Open Access databases ScienceDirect : ScienceDirect 
leading full -text scientific database offering journal articles book 
chapters nearly 2,500 journals 26,000 books .

Wiley : Wiley Online L ibrary hosts 
broad , multidisciplinary collection online resources covering life , 
health , physical sciences ; social science ; humanities .

Genamics JournalSeek : 
JournalSeek categorized database journ al information available Internet .

However , ’ way search 
journal titles relevant search term , links publishers .

PubMed : PubMed comprises 24 million citations 
biomedical literature MEDLINE , life science journals , online books .

Citations may include links full -text content PubMed Central publisher 
web sites .

Journal articles biology ecology seem 
overwhelming non -biologist looking understand biolo gical strategy .

Journals Journal articles considered primary resource materials 
, easy read , others quite technical .

Free Journals following journals provide 
free online access full text articles .

American Journal Botany covers 
research areas plant biology ( structure , function , development , 
diversity , genetics , evolution , systematics ) , levels organi zation ( 
molecular ecosystem ) , plant groups allied organisms ( cyanobacteria , 
algae , fungi , lichens ) .

requires subscription , though authors pay 
make articles open access .

Annals Botany international plant science 
journal publishes novel substantia l research papers areas plant science , 
along reviews shorter Botanical Briefings topical issues .

issue also 
features roundup plant -based items world ’ media called “ Plant Cuttings.

Biology Letters  
provides short , highly innovative , cutting -edge research articles 
across biological sciences .

BIRDNET online repository information science ornithology issues interest 
ornithologists .

site intended provide info rmation professional 
ornithologists members general public interested learning scientific 
study birds application information study conservation issues affecting 
birds .

Green Chemistry home cutting -edge research development 
alternative sustainable technol ogies .

Journal Comparative Physiology presents original articles 
short reviews aid understanding mechanisms physiology organismic , 
cellular , molecular levels organization .

Topics include neurobiology , 
neuroethology , sensory physiology , sensory ecology , physiological 
basis behavior , hormonal control behavior , communication , orientation 
, locomotion , functional neuroanatomy , .

requires subscription , 
although authors opt make articles open access .

Journal Comparative 
Physiology B : Biochemical , Systemic , Environmental Physiology covers 
comparative physiology invertebrate vertebrate animals .

Special emphasis 
placed integrative studies explain mechanisms whole -animal , organ , 
tissue , cellular ,  and/or molecular levels .

Aspects particular interest 
include : molecular endocrine control metabolism ; membrane transport 
nutrient absorption ; respiration gas exchange ; circulation body fluids 
; energy temperature relations ; muscle exercise physiolog y ; energetics 
endocrinology reproduction ; evolutionary aspects physiology , .

requires 
subscription , although authors opt make articles open access .

Journal 
Experimental Biology covers comparative physiology integrative biology .

New articles often free access short time 
require subscription .

Letters Applied 
Microbiology includes research across breadth microbiology , including

following key subject areas : antimicrobials , biodegradation , 
biotechnology , plant pathology , virology , .

although authors pay make articles open access .

Plant Physiology devoted 
physiology , biochemistry , cellular molecular biology , genetics , 
biophysics , environmental biology plants .

Within PLoS series , PLoS Biology best option strategies 
, ’ worth exploring subjects .

Trends 
Ecology Evolution covers new developments ideas across full range ecology 
evolutionary bi ology—from pure applied , molecular global —bringing 
together research wide range sub -disciplines .

Subscription Journals 
following journals require payment subscription access full -text articles 
.

Annual Review Microbiology covers microbiology , encompassi ng bacteria 
, archaea , viruses , unicellular eukaryotes .

Applied Entomology Zoology 
publishes articles concerned applied entomology , applied zoology , 
agricultural chemicals , pest control .

Coverage spans wide range fields 
, including molecular biology  , environmental science , physiology , 
ecology , ethology ( science animal behavior ) , taxonomy , toxicology .

Flora covers morphology , distribution , 
functional ecology plants .

Journal Bionic Engineering covers aspects 
bionic science engineering , including fundamental understandings animals 
plants bionic engineering .

addresses topics structures , composites , 
morphology , locomotion behaviors animals , physical properties plants 
natural materials , applications understandings engineering , technology 
, design .

Journal Chemical Ecology promotes ecological understanding 
origin , function , significance natural chemicals mediate interactions 
within organis ms .

Zoologischer Anzeiger – Journal Comparative Zoology 
devoted comparative zoology special emphasis morphology , systematics , 
biogeography , evolutionary ecology targeting animal species .

broader 
aim journal contribute understanding organismic world ev olutionary 
perspective .

Microbial Ecology covers scientific investigations 
microorganisms interact environment , , hosts .

Nature includes many 
journals covering specific subjects , ’ need peruse list journals find 
ones relevant ’ looking .

Oecologia publishes innovative ecological 
research general interest broad international audience .

Tip : 
Accessing Subscription Journals Sometimes ’ possible access online 
journal articles even  original journal source requires payment 
subscription .

Check departmental websites authors ’ universities see 
link PDF article authors ’ lists publications .

Often either lead author 
last author list professor lead researcher institution , authors might 
graduate students supporting researchers .

Ignore ones marked citations , although sometimes articles 
citing article want lead related articles someone ’ references list .

Secondary 
Literature “ Secondary literature ” document relates discusses 
information originally presented elsewhere ( e.g.

Secondary sources valuable often provide 
analysis synthesis complex info rmation , written accessible language .

Science News Services Science journalists excel taking complex science “ 
translating ” wording non -biologists understand .

following science news 
services find interesting science articles provide summaries , photos , 
researchers ’ names affiliations , sometimes links original journal 
articles .

Nature 
News & Comment provides access research summaries Nature journals , links 
journals ; however , access various Na ture journals requires subscription 
.

ScienceNews good search engine allows narrow search specific topics .

select topic like Animals Planet Earth , search engine ’ restrict 
searches .

BBC News Science & 
Environment simple search engine work organism names .

Journal 
Experimental Biology , also mentioned Journals , approximately four 
articles issue written science journalist good explaining science .

Online Textbooks 
Print online textbooks help quickly understand terminology basic biology 
also good source biological strategies .

o nline biology textbooks : 
Prentice Hall Biology Textbook Estrella Mountain Community College 
Textbook Annenberg Learner ( search engine ) specific textbooks 
categories within biology , insects , invertebrates , ecology , botany , 
, harder find free online .

Many free downloads books quite old , finding 
print textbooks libraries might best strategy .

online ones ’ found : 
Todar ’ Online Textbook Bacteriology Biochemistry Free Easy Biochemistry 
5th Edition ( searchable ’ browsed ) secondary literature sources  
secondary literature sources may find valuable : Whether searching 
scientific articles , magazines , books , good source Google Scholar , 
rather Google search engine .

Using Google Scholar also great way find 
citations relevant research papers .

Often pages book included , ’ usually enough text get valuable 

ZQ Journal online magazine interviews in -depth looks 
biomimetic des igns reveal organism system strategies behind .

McGraw -Hill Encyclopedia Science 
Technology Volumes 1 -20 print book help understand scientific terms .

Science & Technology Desk Reference 2 another print book help un derstand 
scientific terms .

Stuff Works videos , articles , photos revealing 
nature ’ strategies .

Natural History 
online magazine American Museum Natural History .

Websites Museums Museums sponsor research provide wealth information 

research first -hand , information reliable museum 
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Wikipedia page listing natural history museums around 
world , re search arms .

examples museums research departments : American 
Museum Natural History Australian Museum California Academy Sciences 
Natural History Museum ( UK ) Smithsonian National Museum Natural History 
websites Wikipedia good source biological strategi es , use starting point 
go links scientifically accurate information .

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30 Days Reconnection – Biomimicry Institute .

EducationYouth De sign Challenge Inspiration AskNatureBiomimicry Toolbox 
OpportunitiesContactFAQs Impact Annual ReportNewsroomNe wsletterSupport 
Mission Donate Select Page 30 Days ReconnectionBiomimicry offers 
empathetic , interconnected understanding life works , ultimately , 
shines light fit .

timeless series activities skill -
building get started continue biomimicry journey .

Imagine might learn 30 
( ) days observing learning nature ways work ?

activities , hope give greater sense 
biomimicry ethos learn tap nature ’ wisdom .

new day arrives following Day 30 , hope feel empowered mobilize act , 
discover new ways live world , embrace practice biomimicry , create 
conditions conducive life —just like nature .

encourage  complete activities friends family —virtually 
in-person opportunity —and especially young adults household would like 
expand creative critical thinking skills .

Week 1 Day 1 : Preparing Biomimicry Nature Journa l 
Day 2 : Five Senses Day 3 : Learn Biomimicry Wherever Day 4 : Fun 
Fantastic Fungi Day 5 : Kid Inside Us Day 6 : Nature ?

Week 2 Day 9 : Tree Life iSites Activity Day 
10 : AskNature Exploration — Two Truths , One  Lie Day 11 : Tune 30 
Animals Made Us Smarter Day 12 : Exploring Function Live Animal Cams Day 
13 : Leaf Study iSites Activity Day 14 : Tap Nature ’ Sanctuaries Silence 
Day 15 : Identifying Patterns Nature Week 3 Day 16 : Connecting Global 
Oneness Project ’ Nature Collection Day 17 : Taking Systems Level 
Perspective Day 18 : Nature ’ Unifying Patterns Day 19 : Reflect Ologies 
Podcast Day 20 : Multi -Functional Design iSites Activity Day 21 : 
Mindfulness Meditation Nature Day 22 : Create Sound Map Week 4 Day 23 : 
Biodiversity Ecosystem Regeneration Day 24 : Emulate : Create ?

Day 25 : 
Discover Biological Lenses Day 26 : Antenna – Signal – Response iSites 
Activity Day 27 : Biomimicry Fireside Chat Day 28 : New World Day 29 : 
Biomimicry Mean ?

Day 30 : Embracing  Regenerative resource , ’ able 
activity reflect material provided Biomimicry Nature Journal .

Sketch 
ideas , create storylines , take pictures videos , get creative journal 
entries .

Please continue send us journal entries social media hashtag # 
mybiomimi cryjournal ( tag us Instagram ) [ email protected ] help share 
inspiration community !

Biomimicry Activities extra inspiration , go 
beyond 30 days nature -inspired exercises .

Whether able physic al notebook , 
using scraps paper , using digital resources take activities , Day 1 
getting biomimicry nature journal ready taking first reflection question 
.

cover , please write : Name Nickname favorite animal ( include sketch ’ 
like ! )

local ecosystem /  biome live could superhero power world , would 
?

first page , moving forward new entry , ’ want add Date , Time , 
Location writing .

go day , encourage send us image journal entry 
Instagram Twitter using # MyBiomimicryJournal email us [ email protected 
] .

Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection : Today ’ reflection tapping

could form design , daily life , ecosystem services , across globe , 
etc .

Check Fast Company ’ short clip Janine 
Benyus answers important question : biomimicry ?

# 30daysofreconnection # 
mybiomimicryjourn al Five Senses five senses ( sight , hearing , taste , 
smell , touch ) , along brain nervous system , work together collect 
information world around us .

books online resources contain lot great info rmation , ’ 
substitute experiencing nature senses .

younger readers , watch video 
Generation Genius learn animals plants gather information world senses — 
senses help survive .

Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection : Identify 
spot grabs interest get comfort able .

Settle 
comfortable position , spend 15 -20 minutes observing environment around .

Learn Biomimicry Wherever Today going exp and minds new biomimicry 
resources certifications equip us see new lens .

thousands resources —
including books , articles , videos , lesson plans , groups , training 
programs , more —available folks want learn , teach , practice valuable 
problem solving appr oach .

Let ’ start revisiting founder Janine Benyus ’ 
eloquent insights biomimicry : Biomimicry , short film Tree Media TED 
talk creating Bio -Industrial Revolution Vox presents short video 
featuring Janine : world poorly designed .

Take look playlist short , animated videos 
featuring real solutions inspired nature .

’ resource younger audience : 
author Dorna Schroeter reads biomimicry children ’ story ‘ Idea Nature 
Changed World : Story Velcro ’ .

favorite s resources check : Biomimicry 
Toolbox : toolbox provides orientation biomimicry introduces set tools 
core concepts help problem -solvers discipline begin incorporate insights 
nature solutions .

‘ Learn Biomimicry ’ Online Course : ‘ Learn 
Biomimicry ’ new , online course offering created BiomimicrySA ( South 
Africa ) partnership Biomimicry Institute .

gain foundational tools 
needed practice biomimicry , ’ also receive certificate recognizes 
aptitude .

ASU Graduate Certificate Biomimicry – Online : Graduate 
Certificate Biomimicry educational program designed professionals want 
add practice biomimicry existing planned career .

Biomimicry Academy : 
Biomimicry Academy learn learn nature , apply learnings context product 
service development , business social entr epreneurship , organizational 
personal change .

Greeting Technological World Nature Home Classroom : 
article contains dozens resources activities K -12 nature STEM -based 
activities .

Also sure visit sister organization , Biomimicry 3.8 , new 
collection Reso urces ( ) Connect , contains fun ideas brighten day 
reconnect natural world .

Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection : Consider 
following questions , write thoughts journal : biomimicry intriguing ?

Fun Fantastic 
Fungi enter even vast understanding interdependent fast something travels 
us , appreciate power inter connectedness .

Fantastic Fungi 
interconnectedness common issues face species .

know biggest defense 
viruses sense wellbeing , immunity , ability live place health wellness 
individually collectively .

Biomimicry Nature Journal 
Reflection : reviewing 7 Mycelium Pillars , write could incorporate life 
community .

able watch film , consider prepared face pressin g issues 
world .

lesson learned mycelium 
provide innovative ways addressing new challenges ?

Journal reflection — 
’ inspired , sketch amazing mycelium see !

Kid Inside Us Today kid inside 
us – parents taken lesson plans home .

Pick path take , let imagination run wild , reflect 
journal entry !

Lunch Doodle Mo Willems : Draw , doodle , explore new 
ways writing visiting Mo ’ studio virtually .

Grab paper pencils , pens ,  
crayons join Mo explore ways writing making together .

Bring nature ’ 
inspiration adding lesson plan Smithsonian Learning Lab .

Exploratorium : Learning Toolbox : Explore science activities , articles 
, videos curated specifically school closures , related COVID -19 .

See make phenology 
wheel Biomimicry Nature J ournal Lily & Thistle .

NatGeo Kids : Introduce 
family brain booster videos , cool articles , fun games .

Scholastic 
Learn Home : Bring school home daily learning experiences , built around 
thrilling , meaningful story video .

Free Science Lessons Mystery Science : 
Mystery Science creator popular science lessons U.S. schools .

WWF ’ Wild Classroom : Browse 
free educational resources , incl uding species lessons , toolkits fun 
activities games , expert webinars bring conservation science life home .

second reflection , write 
sketch story memory activity loved kid outside .

philosophical question explored ethos essential element 
biomimicry .

activity , reflect inward big question : part , separate , 
nature ?

’ able , vis it nearby green space ’ activity connect natural 

Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection : Write responses following 
questions : consider part , separate , nature ?

[ YES , ] List 5 -7 words 
come mind think natural environment ?

List 5 -7 words come mind think 
unnatural environment Expand response first question .

Choos e OLogy created American Museum Natural History 
explore resources within .

games , stories , videos , resources help dive 
particular area study .

Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection : chosen 
OLogy , pick one Hands -On activities complete activity Biomimicr y Nature 
Journal .

Think morning routine , clothes wear , 
living room ’ decorations — concepts chosen create something , act design 
.

consider aspects design — affect — end result 
could one fits surrounding environment , gives back regenerative w ay , 
supports overall system exists .

— direct emulation nature ’ genius innovations , way behaviors shape 
environment , methods used conservation natural world .

’ time reflect 
ways designer — might learn design lif e future .

Biomimicry Nature 
Journal Reflection : wake social distancing increased time spent home , 
design environment support positive health wellbeing ?

List ideas already 
design world — perhaps else would like learn design .

videos get thinking 
— range ways productive working home tips bringing resiliency home 
creating garden biology helping improve wellbeing buildings .

Designing 
Life : Bill Burnett , executive director Design Program Stanford , talks 
designing “ classically wicked problem ” figuring w ant “ grow up.

” 
Design Perfect Day Journaling : ModernHealthMonk gives us ideas design 
perfect day .

SproutPeople : Sproutpeople offers widest wildest selection organic 
sprouting seeds supplies planet .

You Tube channel offers many videos grow 
sprouts microgreens — experience joy producing food !

Make Compost Home : 
BuzzFeed provides great video everything need make composting simple — 
materials may already home .

BBC Home Making Weaver Bird : Sir David Attenborough 
takes us journey one complex elegant bird nests designed built inspiring 
creature .

Perhaps may inspire consider design future built environment — 

Nature Becomes Architect : Tune Eric Corey Freed ’ humorous 
TEDx Marin talk growing next generation buildings , biology help tomorrow 
’ buildings pre -tuned wellbeing .

biomimicry strengthened strong nature observation skills direct 
encounters way life works .

iSites nature journaling activities support 
nature encounters observations biomimicry perspective biomimicry goes 
beyond learning , learning , nature .

recommend ed professional habit 
biomimicry practitioners build personal collection nature ’ genius 
practice finding connections biology sustainable solutions .

next weeks , 
’ share iSites activities help pull new lens tap nature ’ perspective .

activities done outsi de inside —observing nature real form virtually 
documentary live stream !

Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection : Observe 
tree consider life system supports along vertical axis .

Sketch tree new 
Biomimicry Nature Journal divide vertical parts : canopy , expo sed trunk 
, ground level , ground level .

Take look excellent short video : Introduction nature sketching 
.

AskNature Exploration : Two  Truths , One Lie Time take break 
seriousness life silly !

task 
explore different organisms , find unique strategies adapted survive 
environments .

Reflection : Got t hree interesting strategies ?

Tune 30 Animals Made Us Smarter Take time listen amazing 
biomimicry stories !

Tune podcast BBC learn different species inspired 
variety products innovations improved world .

Reflection : Pick organism one podcasts listened explore deeper .

Biomimicry Nature Journal , write interesting adaptation learned organism 
unique adaptations suited organism ’ environments .

See sketch organism 
functioning think one idea application could benefit world .

Exploring 
Function Live Animal Cams function , definition , purpose something .

context biomimicry , function refers role played organism ’ adaptations 
behaviors enable survive .

Importantly , function also refer something 
need design solution .

activity , tools AskNatu re.org Biomimicry Taxonomy 
, classification system categorizes different ways organisms natural

Choose one 
Adventure Journal ’ list animal cams observe AskNature taxonomy , 
complete Biomimicry N ature Journal Reflection .

learn Biomimicry Taxonomy 
use , read article Biomimicry Toolbox .

Reflection : functions find live cam ?

Using two biomimicry tools , list three functions find 
watching 15 minutes —and relevant , try sketch !

Collect leaf and/or branch many leaves many different types leaves .

Observe leaf shape , leaf arrangement branch , colo r varieties , texture 
.

Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection : 
characteristics tell plant ?

See Fast Company ’ list fre e drawing classes famous illustrators .

also 
order biomimicry expert Erin Rovalo ’ iSites : Biomimicry Nature 
Journaling Biomimicry book Amazon .

Tap Nature ’ Sanctuaries Silence 
Journey world ’ last quiet places video Emergence Magazine .

family 
feeling s tressed overwhelmed digital noise , great resource immerse 
listen nature places left untouched human -made sound .

Tune last 
quiet places earth acoustic ecologist Gordon Hempton says silence 
endangered species .

Visit hear ’ recorded inside Sitka s pruce logs 
Pacific Northwest , thunder Kalahari Desert , dawn breaking across six 
continents .

’ looking soothing , inspiring distraction , read Elizabeth 
Tova Bailer ’ unlikely companion — solitary snail friend brought woods 
bedridden illness .

Elisabeth spent year observing creature , inspired 
memoir , “ Sound Wild Snail Eating.

Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection : learn 
listening deeply environment , plants , animals around us ?

Identifying Patterns Nature section Earth 
’ Operating System discussed planetary context Life Earth exists 
introduced idea , systems perspective , Earth interconnected , life 
allows life flourish .

biomimicry , identify per sistent patterns 
organisms function interact contribute resilient ecosystems .

patterns 
worth paying attention , profound implications human design .

today ’ 
activity , looking patterns backyard nearby greenspace .

Use SEEK app iNaturalist see ’ living back , use WWF ’ Biodiversity 
Audit activity toolkitto find interconnections .

Journal Reflection : Look record , using words sketches , patterns se e , 
hear , feel .

Patterns might include structural angles , edges , 
distribution systems , gradients .

Connecting Global Oneness Project ’ Nature Collection Experience 
shared planet humanity watching curated vi deos award winning filmmakers .

video comes included lesson plan , helping family dive deeper content .

’ 
selected Nature collection particular , invite explore collections 
available Global Oneness Project .

Depending  lesson plans available within collection selected , write 
responses form reflections questions journal .

relevant , see identify 
ways bring elements home Taking Systems Level Perspective Systems take 
many forms .

Systems may 
physically tangible ( like house ) abstract , governmental system 
computer network .

makes system system composed “ 
interconnected set elements [ ] coherently organized way achieves 
something ( function purpose ) , ” ( Me adows ) .

today ’ activity , 
tasked creating Systems Explorer , template diagramming system help 
illustrate known potential interconnections , resources , sub - super-
systems particular design organism .

context biomimetic design help come 
deeper understand ing situation designing , organism natural model looking

Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection : Visit PDF template 
use Systems Explorer tool .

Biomimicry Nature Journal , sketch diagram 
modeled example — journal digital , fill using PDF edito r tool .

Nature ’ 
Unifying Patterns intent behind applying nature ’ unifying patterns 
biomimetic design create regenerative solutions .

Nature -inspired design 
spur novel ways thinking breakthrough ideas , considering nature ’ 
lessons systems context ensure  designs fit well life Earth .

BBC Studios created 
amazing selection Sir David Attenborough ’ astounding clips ( times offer 
laugh ) .

Nature Journal Reflection : List three Nature ’ Unifying Patterns observe 
videos journal .

Reflect Ologies Podcast Today tapping sense hear ing using mind engage 
witty , inspiring content .

Humorist science correspondent Alie Ward asks 
smart people stupid questions Ologies , answers might change life .

topics 
everywhere volcanoes an xiety busters bee drama drunk butterflies .

Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection : drew choosing episode listened ?

Reflect time life may meaningful experience related topic episode 
listened .

Multi -Functional Design 
iSites Activity Time go outside iSites activity !

’ still stuck inside , 
head California Academy Sciences : Learn & Explore digital resource .

site several ways observe nature — animal webcams , apps & interactive 
online tools , creature close -ups .

’ observ ing Reef Lagoon Live Penguin 
Cams , look multi -functional design .

Study organism guess primary 
function characteristics ( example , ears designed hearing ) .

Write 
thoughts expand Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection entry shared .

Biomimicry Nature Journ al Reflection : organism ’ primary function 
physical characteristics behavior seen ?

Mindfulness Meditation Nature Science shown 
mindfulness meditation enhances attention productivity , emotions 
reactions , self -awareness .

activity taking moment reflect , enjoy , find peace amidst  chaos .

Ideally able go nature , find quiet place , sit least 15 minutes , 
reflect .

us fortunate go outside , glorious 15 minutes flowing water 
nature sounds sooth mind .

r eading : NATURE MEDITATION : Guided 
Practice Mindful Nature .

also recommend visit Sounds True ’ Resilience 
Challenging Times : care package offers free digital tools teachings help 
navigate coming days mindfulness , compassion , presence .

Nature Journal Reflection : begin , take moment reflect current state .

today ’ activity , develop strengthen nature 
observations skills .

Ideally find place sit outside , ’ confined home , 
still activity !

Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection : journal paper front , mark “ X ” 
center page represent .

Make map sounds hear around , directions , whether created 
humans .

Biodiversity Ecosystem Regeneration health humans planet rely upon 
resilient ecosystems , need strong biodiversity thrive .

interactions 
among parts system keep things balance , ’ seeing , major repercussions 
people planet .

Work modules ( ’ worry 
– typical Khan style , short , easy understand , fun ! )

* Bonus 
footage get inspired : Watch short video WWF Expedition Leader Drew 
Hamilton life guide among brown bears Alaska .

Reflection : learning biodiversity , write sentences value see ecosystem 
regeneration .

Next , think champion organism aids keeping one favorite 
ecosystems resilient ?

Sketch 
drawing ecosystem organism , prefer , write ways word map visualizes 
value see .

order apply biomimicry lens , must develop 
ability identify functional strategies used creatures parallel needs .

Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection 
: identified one intriguing functions strategies creature , identify 
people , disciplines , industries similar functional needs , write .

Come 
application idea , put together one following options : o ne-minute sales 
pitch behalf invention ( love videos ! )

one -page magazine advertisement 
guest article industry newsletter diagram sketch idea illustrated story 
get choose audience tailor story .

story 
try convince audience em ulating creature ’ strategy ( strategies ) would 
provide great social environmental benefits , sure describe design detail 
.

Discover Biological Lenses “ Biological Lenses ” offer 
perspectives thinking different ways search biological strategies  assess 
usefulness inspiration design solution .

View PDF ( Discovering 
Biological Lenses ) learn biomimicry lenses use .

’ familiar , visit 
Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection activity .

either take outside use 
one resources ( another ’ liked course last  24 days ! )

: Virtual Field 
Trips WWF Together App Observe River Otters Popular Bird Watching Videos 
Monterey Bay Aquarium Live Cams Yellowstone National Park Virtual Tour 
Nature Videos Journal Nature Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection : 
Choose resource  observe : perhaps ’ organism outside , ecosystem virtual 
resources listed , another recorded object nature .

observation , also try identify relationshi ps 
contextual factors ( abiotic biotic ) may influence .

example , ’ viewing 
local lens , think organism ’ needs related shelter , food , water , 
communication , mating , predators , etc .

Antenna – Signal – Response iSites 
Activity Ready head back outside iSites activity ?

Tune antenna nature ’ 
strategies communicating reflect Biomimicry Nature Journal entry .

Learn wolves short clip NatGeo 
Wild , visit Cincinnati Z oo ’ Home Safari meet Fiona hippo , see cheetah 
cubs live cam Smithsonian ’ National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute 
.

Netflix , also check Planet nature ecology documentaries available 
experience living creatures living natural ecosystems observe com municate 
.

Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection : example communication nature ?

could learn 
nature ’ effective communication strategies techniques ?

Fireside Chat ’ hosted various Bio mimicry Fireside Chats covering ride 
array topics .

1 -hour virtual meetups bring together special guests , 
including thought leaders , researchers , authors , consultants field , 
Biomimicry Global Network innovators explore topics relevant biomimicry .

come together talk finding place nature , learning nature ’ wisdom , 
designing regenerative society .

today ’ activity , first read section 
Three Essential Elements Biomimicry ?

Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection : watching 
Fireside Chat , name example Ethos , Emulate , ( ) connect elements 
illustrated conversation .

New World COVID -19 , never moment kind forced 
pause , business l iterally stopped tracks .

suffering , anxiety , loss lives health , challenging month everyone .

believe pause “ business usual ” deep impact 
future design entire built environment , stated beautifully Arc hDaily .

turn new opportunity design — one put regenerative , resilient principles 
forefront .

world ’ largest lesson , framework within design found 
Sustainable Development Goals .

look kind sustainable framework , 
reminded interconnected —and responsibili ty act .

Today ’ activity 
exploring solutions connect us , contribute regenerative future .

Drawdown Ecochallenge fun social way take measurable action top solutions 
global warming .

registering  ( ’ free ) , begin learn regenerative agriculture , 
keep track wasted food , ways nurture sustainable food .

explore 
resources actions ( least three ) , reflect journal questions .

Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection : Continuing reflection Day 28 , new 
ideas learned Drawdown acting new world ?

Check YouTube playlist 12 biomimicry advocates featured 
video .

29 days ( likely 
many ) , ’ tapped nature ’ wisdom various ways .

Write thoughts Biomimicry Nature Journal — better yet , 
send us 1 -minute video reflection !

past month , ’ read “ regenerative ” me ans people around 
world ; past days , ’ started think want act new intentions , inspired 
biomimicry lens .

Refer back Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection Day 1 , 
reflect prompt .

Biomimicry Nature Journal Reflection : Define means 

Paint picture 
, tell story , sketch diagram , record reflection think future look like 
.

hope see industry , kids , educational system , way 
interact together , way design products services ?

# 30daysofr econnection 
# mybiomimicryjournal Biomimicry Activities Lands Touch ?

Ask Biologist 
Identifying Operating Conditions Resilience iSite Define Challenge 
Systems Explorer !

Create Biomimicry Poster Creating Design Solution 
AskNature Scavenger HuntHow nature… ?

understanding impact make , begin make educated choices leaving positive 
impact .

Ske tch diagram lands touch begin make associations impact 
decisions make world around .

“ first step imagine it… envision symbiotic 
world… world welcome species — nature contributor.

Visit Arizona Sta te University ’ ‘ 
Ask Biologist ’ activity page , pick one explore .

try biology experiment 
home , test knowledge puzzles , sketch organism .

Identifying Operating 
Conditions Today ’ exercise help develop skills describing operating 
conditions , designs na tural world .

EXAMPLE 
Design Challenge : need prevent metal surfaces commercial fishing boats  
corroding due salt water exposure .

Operating Conditions/non -negotiables 
: Salt water , high salinity , oxidation , alternating exposure saltwater 
air Organisms : crabs , mammalian cells , nasal ( salt ) glands seabirds 
, tidal pools TURN Design Challenge  : need build shelter neighborhood .

organisms dealing operating conditions another habitat , 
regions habitats might look inspiration ?

works , get back , glorious choice bring back ’ found make life worth 
living.

” — Janine Benyus , Biomimicry Fireside Chat pause allowed us 
look surroundings set new intentions kind world wa nt live .

Review great resource Biomimicr y 3.8 perform Resilience iSite activity 
based upon challenge facing personal work life .

Sketch add details help 
illustrate lessons glean Biomimicry Nature Journal .

learned yesterday , well -defined 
problem important deciding make design — well design need , , context .

stick theme choose medical -focused 
challenge another one relevant field industry .

Review Biomimicry Toolbox 
resource : Defining Challenge complete  worksheet relates finding solution 
.

Tomorrow , return activity “ biologize ” challenge want solve “ ask 
nature ” advice .

ch oose local organism neighborhood perhaps journey one 
Explore.org ’ live cams find creature ’ interested studying local 

Diagram system help illustrate known potential 
interconnections , resources , sub - super-systems particular organism .

Create Biomimicry Poster reviewing five beautiful engaging posters 
biomimicry , create one !

Creating Design Solution first step 
design challenge frame problem opportunity want address .

“ air conditioner ” ) , rather clearly 
articulate problem want solve impact want ( e.g .

Identify 
challenge ’ experiencing work , perhaps problems navigating world 
quarantine , use resource create design question .

functions , search AskNature biological champion great job 
: Break living materials Cycle nutrients Sense signals Store resources 
Move liquids Share findings us !

formulate good 
research questions , ’ want take needs functions identified design 
question rephrase question easily find answers biology .

Review Biologize 
Question resource Biomimicry Toolbox complete worksheet biologist design 
question .

next step Design Spiral , Discover , ’ guide 
along processes look biological models strategies inspiration .

Send along sketches , 
diagrams , tools used getting clear problem worth solving usin g # 
BiomimicryBrainBoost social media .

# MyBiomimicryJournal Shares 
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2020 Inspiration InboxJoin thousands nature -inspired innovators keep up -
to-date latest biomimicry news , research , events , .

: Help bring biomimicry education students educators Accelerate growth

Donate 
Trees Extreme Longevity — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Trees Extreme Longevity Great basin 
bristlecone pine AskNature Team Image : Barry Dale Gilfry / Flickr / CC 
SA - Creative Commons Attrib ution + ShareAlike toggle icon Functions 
Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Maintain Homeostasis 
living system homeostasis , means internal conditions stable relatively 
constant .

example , human ’ internal temperature approximately 37 
degrees Celsius ( 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit ) unless ’ illness .

human body 
maintains temperature despite external ambient temperature .

However , 
physiological processes , maintaining homeostasis requires communication 
coordination .

living systems ways detect cha nges norm , mechanisms cause 
adjustment , negative feedback connections two .

desert lizard called 
Gila monster offers good example maintaining homeostasis .

maintain blood sugar 
levels steady level , food scarce , endocrine system releases hormone 
raises blood sugar levels .

search icon Search Function Plants Conifers 
Others Pines Great basin bristlecone pine Conifers Others ( Pines , 
Spruce , Gingko ) Clade Gymnosperms ( “ naked seeds “ ) : Co nifers , 
cycads , Gingko , gnetophytes approximately 1,000 known species 
Gymnosperms .

include well known needle -bearing plants like pines , firs 
, spruce , well broad leaves like Gingko gnetophytes .

Instead flowers , 
gymnosperms produce unenclosed ( “ na ked ” ) seeds exposed surface cone 
scales .

Economically , conifers make 45 percent world ’ lumber 
production .

first gymnosperms evolved 390 million years ago Paleozoic 
Era dominated landscapes quarter billion years evolution diversification 
flowering pla nts .

search icon Search Living System Bristlecone pines 
survive thousands years harsh environments shutting non -essential 
processes .

Bristlecone pines survive thousands years environment little 
rainfall , nutrients , cold temperatures high elevations shu tting non -
essential processes focusing energy long -term survival rather growth .

Last Updated August 23 , 2016 References See world 's oldest organisms 
Strategies Biological Strategy Rapi d Oscillation Sheds Water Mammals 
Quick movement dries mammalian fur ejecting droplets using centripetal 
force .

Biological Strategy Thinner Fur Keeps Numbats Warmer Numbat 
making hairs stand , numbats expose skin sun create insulating layer air 
reduce hea t loss .

Biological Strategy Hourglass -Shaped Molecules Filter 
Water Common organisms Aquaporin molecules form channel allows water move 
across cell membranes .

Otters Long scales underhair otters fur seals tra p air retain heat 

Biological Strategy Flies Survive Freezing 
Goldenrod gall fly Specialized proteins gall fly larvae create channels 
push freezing water cells let natural anti -freeze flow .

Strategy Hibernation Induce s Dramatic Physiological Changes European 
hedgehog Hibernating hedgehogs slow metabolism organ function near 
standstill .

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Honeycomb Structure Space -Efficient Strong — Biological Strategy — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Honeycomb 
Structure Space -Efficient Strong Bees wasps Andy Carstens Image : Vivek 
Doshi / Unsplash / Free non -commercial use toggle icon Functions 
Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Optimize Shape/Materials 
Resources limited simple act retaining requires resources , espe cially 
energy .

Living systems must constantly balance value resources obtained 
costs resources expended ; failure result death prevent reproduction .

Living systems therefore optimize , rather maximize , resource use .

’ streamlined reduce drag water 
due optimal ratio length diameter , well features surface lie flat , 
reducing turbulence .

search icon Search Function Store Liquids Many 
living systems m ust store liquids , water nectar , available long periods

example , water polar , 
exhibiting strong negative charge one side molecule  strong positive 
charge .

Living systems strategies confine fluids taking advantage 
properties .

good example taking advantage water ’ polarity using 
materials repel water .

search icon Search Functi on Manage Compression living system 
compression , force pushing , like chair person sitting .

evenly applied 
sides living system , compression results decreased volume .

applied two 
sides , results deformation , pushing two sides balloon .

living systems must retain efficient form , must 
ensure deformation temporary .

Managing compression also provides 
opportunity lessen effects forces .

Living systems strategies help 
prevent compression recover , maintaining function .

exa mple , African 
elephant adults weigh 4,700 6,048 kilograms .

must hold weight four feet 
, tissues feet features enable compression absorb distribute forces .

search icon Search Function Preventing Melting Melting often occurs 
result exposure high heat chan ge pressure .

Higher pressure causes ice 
melt faster , deep Earth ’ surface , solid mantle melts rises regions 
lower pressure .

Many organisms found ways manage forces , helping 
prevent structural failure .

Arthropods In sects Bees wasps Insects Class Insecta ( “ insect ” ) : 
Flies , ants , beetles , cockroaches , fleas , dragonflies Insects 
abundant arthropods —they make 90 % animals phylum .

’ found everywhere 
earth except deep ocean , scientists estimate millions insects  yet 
described .

live land , many live freshwater saltwater marshes part life 
cycles .

Insects three distinct body sections : head , specialized 
mouthparts , thorax , jointed legs , abdomen .

well -developed nervous 
sensory systems , invertebrate fly , than ks lightweight exoskeletons 
small size .

search icon Search Living System Contents Introduction Video 
Strategy Potential Related Habitats Related Content References Bees wasps 

Introduction 
question  honey bees adapted building nests hexagonal cells debated 
centuries .

Origin Species , Darwin theorized natural selection led “ 
economy wax.

” frugal wax wise work honey bee given need consume 
approximately eight pounds honey produce one pound wax .

took 
mathematicians studying hexagon shape make beeline truth .

, scholar name Marcus Terentius Varro first wrote particular math problem 
, later dubbed “ honeycomb conjecture , ” stating , compared shapes 
triangle square , “ hexagon inscribed ci rcular figure encloses greatest 
amount space.

way 
human beekeepers get bee -free cells prevent queen able reach certain 
areas hive .

Filmed Anand 
Varma Harry Laidlaw Honeybee Research Facility UC Davis help Billy Synk .

Music Rob Moose ( @ mooseofrob ) Strategy 2019 interview , Thomas Hales —
the mathematician finally proved conjecture —said ultimat ely , “ hexagonal 
honeycomb way fit area least perimeter.

” bee ’ perspective , means 
storing honey larger volume spending less energy building structure 
contain .

Stacked together , hex agons fill spans offset arrangement six 
short walls around “ tube , ” giving structures high compression strength 
.

Beehives also dissipate heat well , preventing waxy structure melting 
hot days .

Though species wasps store honey , build nests using hexago nal 
cells , taking advantage benefits .

Efficiency , strength , controlled 
heat loss important human structures well , ’ wonder honeycombs inspire 
human design .

triangles hexagons area illustrates hexagonal honeycombs minimize 
material needed , making space -efficient .

must dull man examine 
exquisite structure comb , beautifully adapted end , without enthusiastic 
admiration .

Charles  Darwin Potential Scientists engineers incorporated 
hexagonal designs seemingly endless applications , including light -weight 
building materials , flexible panels bridge construction , sound 
absorption , light diffusion , catalyst design , magnetic shieldi ng , 
tissue engineering , even building better surfboards .

“ must dull man 
examine exquisite structure comb , beautifully adapted end , without 
enthusiastic admiration , ” wrote Darwin .

examine structures century 
half later , ’ still finding new things a dmire emulate .

Image : Meggyn 
Pomerleau / Public Domain - restrictions toggle icon know honeybees build 
hexagons , engineer precise shapes ?

Image : portukcan / CC NC ND - Creative Commons 
Attribution  + Noncommercial + NoDerivatives toggle icon Honeycombs 
maximize volume honey stored least amount construction material .

Image : 
Steve Knight / CC NC - Creative Commons Attribution + Noncommercial 
toggle icon Hornets also build nests honeycombs .

right ar row right arrow 
Related Habitats meadowgardenwoodlandorchard Related Organisms > Animals 
> > Arthropods > > > Insects > > > > Bees Wasps Related Content 
Biological Strategy Body Heat Melts Wax Form Hexagons Honeybees Honeybees 
generate heat mold cylindrica l wax cells , surface tension pulls cooling 
wax hexagons .

Biological Strategy Beak Design Absorbs High -energy 
Impacts Common toucan Toucan beaks built lightweight strong thanks rigid 
foamy inside layers fibrous keratin tile outside .

Compound Eyes Anti -Fogging Surfaces Compound eyes mosquito anti -fogging 
surfaces due small hierarchical structures create air barrier .

Last 
Updated November 11 , 2020 References “ thousands years exploration , 
gone beyond traditional awareness exceptionall y high mechanical strength 
characteristic honeycomb structures , gradually deepened understanding 
multifunctional design principles honeycomb structures.

” Journal article 
Bioinspired engineering honeycomb structure – Using nature inspire human 
innovation Progress Materials Science | Qiancheng Zhang , Xiaohu Yang , 
Peng Li , Guoyou Huang , Shangsheng Feng , Cheng Shen , Bin Han , Xiaohui 
Zhang , Feng Jin , Feng Xu , Tian Jian Lu embedly preview toggle icon 
Reference toggle icon loading “ part isoperimetric property honeycomb , 
vast literature centuries mentioning bee geometer .

18th century , 
mathematical architecture honeycomb viewed evidence great teleological 
tendency universe.

” Journal article Honeycomb Conjecture Discrete 
Computational Geometry | T homas C. Hales embedly preview toggle icon 
strong yet flexible , due interlocking vertebral spines along spinal 
column .

Biological Strategy Leaves Capture Water Fog Flowering Plants 
leaves rosette succulents intercept water droplets fog waxy , smooth 
surface .

Biological Strategy Earwigs ’ Complex Origami Wing -Fold Earwigs 
complex series joints enables earwig wings s pring folded flight without 
use muscles .

Biological Strategy Elephant Trunks Twist 
Twirl Elephants Thr ee muscle fiber patterns inside trunks work together 
.

shell tortoise withstands pressure interlocking scutes v arious shapes 

Pine Cones Open Close Response Weather — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Pine Cones Open Clo se

Response Weather Pines Lonny Lippsett Image : Pilar Miranda / Pixabay / 
Public Domain - restrictions toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon 
Living System toggle icon Teach Topic toggle icon Modify 
Size/Shape/Mass/Volume Many living systems alter ph ysical properties , 
size , shape , mass , volume .

modifications occur response living system 
’ needs and/or changing environmental conditions .

example , may move 
efficiently , escape predators , recover damage , many reasons .

example porcupine fish , protects predators taking 

Search Function Disperse Seeds Plants disperse seeds using variety 
mechanisms , including wind , rain , attachment animals .

Seed dispersal 
important plants growing close together compete resources , nutrients 
sunlight .

Since plants literally rooted place , seed  dispersal also 
important mechanism expanding range reaching new environments .

search 
icon Search Function Plants Conifers Others Pines Conifers Others ( Pines 
, Spruce , Gingko ) Clade Gymnosperms ( “ naked seeds “ ) : Conifers , 
cycads , Gingko , gnetop hytes approximately 1,000 known species 

gymnosperms produce unenclosed ( “ naked ” ) seeds exposed surface con e 
scales .

flowering plants .

search icon Search Living S ystem Biological Strategy 

View Resource Contents Introduction Strategy Potential References slight 
rise humidity triggers pine cones curl scales prevent ineffective seed 
dispersal wet w eather .

Introduction Savvy naturalists long known old 
trick using pine cones predict weather .

’ dry , pine cones ground let 
slender scales open like fingers unfurling fist .

rain humidity air , 
scales clamp like castle drawbridge , overlapping one anothe r sealing 
cone tight ball .

idea simple —to open release seeds conditions best winds 
carry far wide .

com/photos/ [ email protected ] /21359909380 / 
CC - Creative Commons Attribution alone toggle icon Pine cones slender 
scales open dry conditions disperse seeds via wind .

Image : Leland J. Prater/F orest 
History Society Photograph Collection / Leland J. Prater/Forest History 
Society Photograph Collection / CC NC - Creative Commons Attribution + 
Noncommercial toggle icon Pine cone scales mechanism close ( left ) humid 
conditions deter seed dispersal .

outermost side 
scale ( faces downward scales open ) made layer loosely packed , 
stretchabl e cells .

inner layer ( facing upward scales open ) made stiff 
fibers tightly packed like cables .

Image : Biomimicry Institute / 
Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon schematic diagram illustrates 
expansion cells underside pine cone ’ scales cause sca le curl upward , 
thus closing cone .

scales open air becomes humid , water drops begin 
fall bead upper layer .

water slides toward cone ’ central stalk 
channeled scale ’ interior .

layer 
expands stretches , less flexible upper layer stays taut .

humidity levels reach around 20 
percent , takes one -percent change humidity trigger scales close .

, air 
becomes drier , water scales evaporates , outer layer shrinks back size ,

humidity rises , scales close prevent seeds dispersing unfavorable 
weather conditions .

Potential Pine cones ’ effective , sensitive , 
water-driven scheme inspiring engineers design mechanisms move and/or 
change shape without needing energy input .

innovations could lead novel 
systems transport water , smaller scale , serve activation switches 
robotics .

Scientists also exploring new materials quickly respond 
environmental changes .

“ Smart ” fa brics could react automatically 
changing temperatures humidity .

fabric gets wet sweat humidity , layers 
fabric could open make breathable .

conditions dry , material could 
revert original tight knit weave .

Similarly inspired building materials 
might also  respond changing humidity .

dry , warm midday air , self -
adjusting blinds , example , might bend create shade keep houses cool .

Download Strategy PDF 
Last Updated August 18 , 2016 References “ ever seen pin e cones rainy day 
?

rainy days , 
pine cones fold scales prevent seeds spreading humid weather whereas 
sunny dry day , scales gape open release seeds .

strategy promotes 
survival species dispersing s eeds propagation greater distance .

passive 
motions plants driven humidity ( water -potential ) gradient cells tissue 
level ( sclerenchymal tissue ) ambient air .

… microscopic humidity -
induced s trains cells lead macroscopic changes.

” Journal article Journey 
water pine cones Scientific Reports | May 6 , 2015 | Kahye Song , Eunseop 
Yeom , Seung -Jun Seo , Kiwoong Kim , Hyejeong Kim , Jae -Hong Lim , Sang 
Joon Lee embedly preview toggle icon Referenc e toggle icon loading 
Journal article Structural Mechanical Basis Passive -Hydraulic Pine Cone 
Actuation Advanced Science | May 14 , 2022 | Eger , C. J. , Horstmann , 
M. , Poppinga , S. , Sachse , R. , Thierer , R. , Nestle , N. , Bruchmann 
, B. , Speck , T .

, Bischoff , M. , Rühe , J. embedly preview toggle icon 
Reference toggle icon loading “ Pine cones offer common example 
structured tissue responds environmental stimulus .

change relative 
humidity causes closed , tightly packed cone open gradually .

mech anism 
leading cone opening dried ( closing wetted ) relies bilayered structure 
individual scales change conformation environmental humidity changed .

… 
experiments pine cones also suggest designs bioinspired sensors actuators 
respond environmental variatio ns humidity using responsive materials.

” 
Journal article Hygromorphs : pine cones biomimetic bilayers Journal 
Royal Society Interface | July 1 , 2009 | Étienne Reyssat 
Lakshminarayanan Mahadevan embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle 
icon loading “ Motile plant structures ( e.g .

petals , leaves ) 
represent efficient functionally robust compliant mechanisms [ 1 ] .

perform aesthetic shape -changes without nerves , muscles discrete hinges 
increasingly recognized suitable concept generators development 
biomimetic shape -changing structures.

” Journal article 4D pine scale : 
biomimetic 4D printed autonomous scale flap structures capable multi -
phase movement Philosophical Transactions Royal Society | Feb. 3 , 2020 | 
David Correa , Simon Poppinga , Max D. My lo Anna S. Westermeier , Bernd 
Bruchmann , Achim Menges , Thomas Speck embedly preview toggle icon 
Caterpillars Reshape Leaves Silk Cherry leaf roller Caterpillars use 
stitches made co ntracting silk threads roll leaves tube -shaped shelter 

Popping cress ’ fruit pods complexly 
designed explode open disperse seeds far wide .

Cicada Wings Kill Bacteria Cicada Nanopillar cones covering cicada wings

bond bacterial membranes , stretch ing portion cones point rupturing .

Biological Strategy Water Pressure Helps Flowers Follow Sun Plants Light 
intensity concentrates hormones alter water levels cells causing plants 
bend toward light source .

Biological Strategy Accordion Technique Allows 
Controlled Movement Narrow Channels Snakes Snakes use zig -zag anchor 
points friction maneuver tight spaces .

Body Shape Reduces Friction — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Body Shape Reduces Friction Bottlenose 
dolphin AskNature Team Image : Jen Milius / Unsplash / Free non -
commercial use toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Living System 
toggle icon Move in/on Liquids Water abundant liqui d earth , ’ vital 
life–so ’ surprise majority life evolved thrive surface .

Moving 
efficiently dense dynamic substance presents unique challenges 
opportunities living systems .

result , evolved countless solutions 
optimize drag , utilize surface tension , fine tune buoyancy , take 
advantage various types currents fluid dynamics .

example , sharks slide 
water reducing drag due streamlined shape specially shaped features skin 
.

search icon Search Function Manage Turbulence turbulent force occurs 
air water cre ates chaotic irregular motion .

source things wind , waves , 
eddies caused obstructions air water flow ( created rock stream ) .

force 
irregular , acts unpredictable ways multiple parts living system given 
time , decreasing living system ’ efficiency .

Str ategies used manage 
turbulence include dampening amount turbulence , flexibility handle 
sudden changes , making quick adjustments .

example mucus aquatic 
organisms , barracuda sharks , reduce turbulent friction seawater 66 % .

Search Function Optimize Shape/Materials Resources limited simple act 
retaining requires resources , especially energy .

constantly balance value resources obtained costs resources expended ; 
failure result death prevent reproduction .

Living systems therefore 
optimize , rather maximize , resource use .

’ streamlined reduce drag water due opti mal ratio length diameter 
, well features surface lie flat , reducing turbulence .

Search Function Animals Vertebrates Mammals Whales dolphins Dolphins 
Bottlenose dolphin Mammals Class Mammalia ( “ breast ” ) : Bats , cats , 
whales , horses , h umans Mammals make less 1 % animals earth , include 

Unlike sh arks 

search icon Search Living System body dolphin low 
friction water optimal length diameter ratio .

Image : Frank Wirth 
Whales-dolphins / Wikimedia Commons / toggle icon Bottlenose Dolphin ( `` 
Tursiops truncatus '' ) Junping Image : NASA / Wikimedia Commons / toggle 
icon right arrow right arrow “ streamlined body optimal shape length 4.5 
times diamete r .

optimal 
numerical proportion remained secret nature : dolphins ( Tursiops gilli ) 
ratio close 5.

” author goes talk Reynolds number shape dolphin shows 
high efficiency : “ matter fact , maximal diameter dolphin s lightly back 
center .

Experiments confirmed particular shape lowers friction drag turbulent 
boundary layers 65 % .

” ( Tributsch 1983 : 48 ) Last Updated October 14 
, 2016 References “ streamlined bo dy optimal shape length 4.5 times 
diameter .

optimal numerical 
proportion remained secret nature : dolphins ( Tursiops gilli ) ratio

” author goes talk Reynolds number shape dolphin shows high 
efficiency : “  matter fact , maximal diameter dolphin slightly back 
center .

” ( Tributsch 1983 : 48 ) Book Life Learned  Live : 
Adaptation Nature 01/01/1983 | Helmut Tributsch embedly preview toggle 
Strategy Tiny Structures Help Butterflies Soar Butterflies moths 
Microscopic scales provide lift nature ’ “ f lying flowers.

” Biological 
Strategy Mussel Mantle Lures Larval Hosts Plain pocketbook mussel 
shellfish structure looks like meal attracts erstwhile predators , become 
unwitting nannies bus drivers sedentary animal ’ offspring .

Strategy Earwigs  ’ Complex Origami Wing -Fold Earwigs complex series 
joints enables earwig wings spring folded flight without use muscles .

Biological Strategy Oyster Reef Shapes Create Safe Havens Young Eastern 
oyster Uneven , complex oyster reefs create protective crevic es calm 
waters allow larvae attach thrive .

Biological Strategy Fish Scales ’ 
Drag Fish shape scales causes water flow streak across fish skin , 
reducing turbulence minimizing drag .

Biological Strategy Honeycomb 
Structure Space -Efficient Strong Bees wasps  Bees wasps build space -
efficient strong nests using hexagonal cells .

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protected ] writing us Biomimicry Institute , PO Box 92 16 , Missoula , 

Humidity -Sensitive Hydraulic Actuator Inspired  Pine Cones — Innovation — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Innovation : Academia Humidity -
Sensitive Hydraulic Actuator Inspired Pine Cones Technical University 
Munich 2017 Image : Aar on Burden / Unsplash / CC SA - Creative Commons 
Attribution + ShareAlike toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon 
Protect Temperature Many living systems function best within specific 
temperature ranges .

Temperatures higher lower range negatively impac t 
living system ’ physiological chemical processes , damage exterior 
interior .

, living systems use variet y strategies , avoiding 

Function Modi fy Size/Shape/Mass/Volume Many living systems alter physical 

example 
, may move efficiently , escape predators , recov er damage , many reasons 
.

sips water air inflate  body erect spines embedded skin .

Search Function Sense Atmospheric Conditions living systems , ability 
detect changes atmospheric conditions valuable .

predicting changes 
regional weather localized conditions , living systems avoid take 
advantage changes .

Since adjustments subtle , living systems must able 
detect miniscule variations moisture , barometric pressure , ions air , 
environmental cues .

Many insects birds , example , predict oncoming 
storms take cover lives put risk .

Temperature Cues Environment living systems use ability perceive 
temperature find prey avoid predators , way gain information environment 
, whether near warm cold place .

Temperature gradients subtle modulate 
travel water , air , solid s .

Living organisms must therefore variety 
thermal sensors appropriate given medium ( liquid , gas , solid ) .

example , rattlesnake heat sensors 
thousands nerve endings located pit -shaped holes side face .

sensiti vity 
pits overlaps , giving snake bifocal image heat ’ source .

Search Function Contents Innovation Profile Challenge Innovation Details 
Biomimicry Story References Hydraulic actuator Technical University 
Munich passively swell change shape , r educing energy usage .

Benefits 
Autonomous Reduced energy usage Sustainable Applications Building design 
Architecture Heating cooling systems UN Sustainable Development Goals 
Addressed Goal 11 : Sustainable Cities & Communities Goal 12 : 
Responsible Produc tion & Consumption Bioutilization Cellulose Challenge 
Common actuators used many different industries require electricity , 
amount large expense .

Additionally , critical actuators , like medical 
applications , fail power outages , resulting safety hazards  .

Details hydraulic actuator responds dynamically changes air ’ humidity .

composed two layers absorb varying amounts liquid control mechanical 
properties system .

One layers contains cellulose , polysaccharide , 
considered one abundant biopoly mers world .

actuator used smart buildings allow heat exchange 
environment , reducing energy usage costs .

Biomimicry Story Pine cones 
respond naturally different d egrees humidity opening closing .

scales 
flex passively response changes moisture levels via two ‐layered structure 
.

first layer composed cell walls made lignin , rigid polymer found 
plants .

pine cone 
scales arranged air humid , outer cells expand tow ard core , pinching 
pine cone shut .

atmosphere dry , pine cone stays open bent scales allow 
wind scatter seeds .

References Journal article Toward New Generation 
Smart Biomimetic Actuators Architecture Advanced Materials embedly 
preview toggle icon Refere nce toggle icon loading Innovations Innovation 
: Industry High -Performance Biocomposites Inspired Trees Strong Form 
Strong Form mimics growth patterns trees fuse sustainability wood 
performance advanced composites .

Materials mimics way chaperone proteins protect enzymes create self -

Packets Inspired Plants GreenPod Labs GreenPod Labs mi mics natural 

Amphico Amphico mimics waterproofing strategy springtails coloring 

Academia Renewable Plastic Production Inspired Bacteria University 
plastics .

Inn ovation : Academia Preventative Vision Screening Device 
Inspired Octopus Vision University Bristol Vision screening device 
University Bristol uses thresholds polarized light assess presence ( lack 
) macular pigments human eyes , fast method diagnose future  vision 
problems .

MissionJanine BenyusStaff , Board , AdvisorsCareers

Mission Don ate Select Page Transition Beth Rattner | May 8 , 2023 | Blog 
’ new moment… Nearly twenty years ago work friend dropped two books desk 
: Cradle Cradle Biomimicry : Innovation Inspired Nature .

still remember 
heart leapt chest read , deeply relieved inspire d elegant solution 
balancing human environmental needs : nature would show us way .

went 
become executive director organizations , unquestionably two greatest 
honors life .

C2C continues largely unmatched terms rigor understanding 
product Biomimicry Instit ute reaching million people year share “ 
biological blueprints ” around many brilliant new companies following 
nature ’ innovative lead .

team advanced AskNature , exactly Buckminster 
Fuller instructed : “ Give tool , use lead new ways thinking.

” ’ new moment , heart pulling act new capacity stepping 
Executive Director leaving role capable hands staff board .

future work , 
shared soon , focused immediacy ce rtain problems require systemic 

interim , staying support smooth transition TBI organization 
embraces opportunity begin new moment .

many years developing proof points 
sustainability/circularity/regeneration say :  real .

large CPGs disrupted 
, “ unintended consequences ” knowable avoidable , waste management 
professionals heroes supply chain realize decomposition —the biggest 
manufacturing force planet —has totally missing planning process industry 
.

intersection soc ial environmental justice , green chemistry , 
bioinspired design busy one .

gardeners call sleep -creep-leap moment : 
looks like nothing happening loooooooong time overnight full , blossoming 
emergence .

Beth Rattner Biomimicry Institute ’ Executive Director since 
2012 , leading strategic direction bridge biology design manifests 
education innovation .

2020 co -launched De sign Decomposition initiative 
Institute demonstrate biomimetic systems view transforming used garments 
new , biocompatible materials .

Prior work Biomimicry Institute executive 
director vice president Cradle Cradle Products Innovation Institute , 
non-profit co-founded .

Beth speaking writing nature -based paradigms 
reconceiving industry since 2005 .

Beth ’ background , however , non -
profit side , rather working tech sector — AOL , Kleiner Perkins start -up 
, Hewlett Packard — Fortune 500 companies sustainabil ity management 
consultant .

HP , Beth helped establish Emerging Market Solutions group , 
providing technology -based microfinance opportunities earn less $ 2 day , 
specifically women , India South Africa .

Beth California attorney , 
creative writer , studen t permaculture herbalism , advocate rights nature 
.

Back BlogShare CategoriesCategories Select Category Biomimicry Research 
( 1 ) Innovation ( 1 ) Blog ( 285 ) AskNature ( 61 ) Biomimicry Built 
Biomimicry Launchpad ( 8 ) Ray Hope Prize ( 18 ) Examples Biomimicry ( 42 
Success !

Scales Minimize Abrasive Damage — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Scales Minimize Abrasive 
Damage Egyptian sand boa AskNature Team Image : reptiles4all / 
Shutterstock  / rights reserved toggle icon Functions Performed toggle 
icon Living System toggle icon Manage Mechanical Wear living system

protect mechanical wear , 
lubricant reduces friction cartilage joint .

Animals Vertebrates Reptiles Egyptian sand boa Reptiles Class Reptilia ( 
“ creeping ” ) : Lizards , crocodiles , turtles , snakes Reptiles retain 
key characteristics first enabled vertebrates live permanently land .

Many reptiles reproduce 
laying eggs watertight yolk , eggs develop land staying moist nourished .

means burn 
energy much slowly “ warm blooded ” creatures size .

also means need keep 
warm keep active , might see spending seemingly inordinate amount time 
simply basking sun .

search icon Search Living System Scales integument 
Kenyan sand boa minimize abrasive damage gradient material properties .

“ 
aim study compare material properties outer inner scale layers exuvium [ 
discarded skin shedding ] Gongylophis colubrinus , relate structure snake 
integument mechanical properties .

nano indentation experiments 
demonstrated outer scale layers harder , higher effective elastic modulus 
inner scale layers .

results obtained provide strong evidence presence 
gradient material properties snake integument .

possible functional 
significance gradie nt discussed feature minimizing damage integument 
sliding locomotion abrasive surface , sand.

2010:659 ) 
Last Updated August 18 , 2016 References Journal article Material 
properties skin Kenyan sand boa Gongylophis colubrinus ( Squamata ,  
Boidae ) J Comp Physiol | 09/07/2010 | Marie -Christin G. Klein , Julia K. 
Deuschle , Stanislav N. Gorb embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle 
icon loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Giraffes Thrive 
Despite High Blood Pressure Giraffe Genes giraffes maintain cardiac 
health despite high blood pressure keeping thickened heart muscles supple 
.

Biological Strategy Subterranean Substance Surprising Superpowers Fungi 
Fungi create strong lightweight material producing random network tiny 
threads .

Biological Strategy Teeth Strong Resilient Chiton teeth chitons 
resist cracking highly ordered , submicroscopic architecture features 

Biological Strategy Teeth 
Enable Use Fallback Foods Great Apes teeth great  apes help survive times 

branches germinate due mecha nical properties cellulosic filaments sticky 
coating .

Collections — AskNature AskNature AskNature logo Co llections Biological 
Strategies Innovations Educators Donate Search CollectionsNature sum

Explore connections individual biological strategies , 
innovations , educational resources leading thinkers , scientists , 
artists , others reflect unifying t hemes biomimicry .

Collections Featured Collection Sisterhood Species comes certain aspects 
health , may common female animals husband .

Barbara Natterson -Horowitz , 
Cardiologist Evolutionary Biologist Applying biomimicry female health 
wellness , researchers learning species better care .

View Collection Ray 
Hope Prize Gallery Ray Hope Prize celebrates nature -inspired solutions 
addressing world 's biggest environmental sustainability challenges .

Tradit ional Indigenous building 
methods Colombia reveal construction intimate engagement species , work , 
core planet .

View Collection Life Built Earth Know Life n't inhabit 
Earth––it shapes , physically , every scale .

Today ’ challenges public health 
social equity humans feeling disconnected ––from nature .

View Collection 25th Anniversary “ 
Biomimicry : Innovation Inspired Nature ” Explore selection biomime tic 
innovations past quarter century .

well -known , awe -inspiring facts nature among least 
commonly understood .

View Collection Navigating Deeper Nature Polynesian 
voyaging canoes , Hōkūleʻa Hikianalia , rec ently sailed Hawaiʻi ’ 
ancestral homeland Tahiti .

Navigator Lehua Kamalu shared thoughts team 
made final preparations journey .

See strategies 
nature developed surv ive even thrive relentless adversity .

Whether inside outside 
bodies , completely separate , living things kinds create structures must 
reliable make efficient use resources .

View Collection Energy Natur e 
demand energy increases , must innovative life -friendly ways access use .

View Collection AskNature Contact Us instagram icon Monthly Newsletter 
Collections Biological Strategies Innovations Educators Donate Biomimicry 
Institute Biomimicry Institute empo wers people create nature -inspired 

DoAboutNews Terms Service & Privacy Policy built Civilization right arrow 
looking .

compelling updates ever -growing library biological strategies innovations 
.

Whistles Compensate Underwater Sound Distortion — Biological Strategy — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Biologic al Strategy Whistles 
Compensate Underwater Sound Distortion Dolphins Kathryn Krupin Image : 
Flavio Gasperini / Unsplash / Free non -commercial use toggle icon 
Signals Many living systems s end auditory signals communicate others , 

sounds must audible intended 

birds use 
sound frequencies heard birds competing environmental noises .

search 
icon Search Function Sense Sound Vibrations Environment living systems , 
sensing sound vibrations important communicating detecting conditions 
within environment .

Living systems must locate signal ’ source move 
toward ( food potential mate ) away ( predator ) .

prompt appropriate 
response , living systems must sense signals , recognize amplitude volume 
( sometimes low ) , de termine direction .

signals relevant able distinguish irrelevant sounds avoid expending 
unnecessary energy .

enables detect sounds accurately , helps locate small prey night avoid 
wasting energy chasing irrelevant sounds .

Coordinate Activities Whether ’ banding together group hunt prey share 
information , coordinating activities within species useful technique 
survival .

search icon Search Function Coopera te Within Species species 
group organisms capable breeding produce fertile offspring .

individuals 
within species undertake activities benefit one another , cooperation 
benefits individuals , also local wider populations species .

Collaborating activities finding food , controlling parasites , 
protecting predators enhances overall survival .

cooperate , must enough 
benefit individual , especially population , justify risk taken 
individuals .

cooperation , risk distributed among individuals benefits 
communit y greater sum benefits individuals .

example birds gather flocks 
, cooperative activity beneficial acting alone .

Despite potential 
short-term competition individual finds food , l ong-term , individual 
benefits others find different food sources .

Animals Vertebrates Mammals Whales dolphins Dolphins Mammals Class 
make less 1 % animal s earth , include well -known species .

Living System Contents Introduction Strategy Potential Related Innovation 
Related Strategies References Dolphi ns send broadband whistles bursts 
clicks prevent messages distorted underwater .

Introduction early 
childhood us taught dolphins use sound waves “ see ” underwater 
communicate .

’ impress , yet fully considered challenges presented 
trying hear heard underw ater .

dolphins ’ solution challenges effective ’ 
inspiring wave new underwater communication devices .

Image : Alexander 
Vasenin / Wikipedia / CC SA - Creative Commons Attribution + ShareAlike 
toggle icon Dolphin whistles span broad range frequencies , en suring 
communication get muddled interfering sound waves .

Image : geralt / 
Public Domain - restrictions toggle icon interference waves visualized 
throwing pebbles calm body water watching ripples pebble spread interact 
.

right arrow right arrow Strategy h umans produce sound pushing air past 
vibrating tissues throat , dolphins vibrating tissues nasal passages , 
called “ phonic lips.

” sounds produce typically fall three categories : 
whistles , clicks , burst pulses ( rapid series clicks ) .

Clicks used 
mainly echolocation hunting , span narrow range frequencies .

Whistles 
burst pulses used communication dolphins , span wide range frequencies , 
low high , even outside range human hearing .

“ broadband ” nature 
whistles burst pulses actually help ensure dolphi n ’ message distorted 
travels intended recipient .

Suppose ’ dolphin swimming shallow , 
pristine waters , trying get signal fellow dolphin location food .

However , sound wave emitted 
propagates directions :  also travels surface water ocean floor , bouncing 
eventually colliding parts wave .

called interference , one many problems 
posed organism trying make sense sound signal underwater .

Researchers 
confirmed , however , broadband signals compensate interfere nce .

portion 
signal gets interfered one frequency , may still get another , whole 
message transmitted without distortion meaning .

Potential company called 
EvoLogics employed solution design highly effective “ acoustic modem , ” 
encodes information sound waves , transmits , decodes end .

currently used tsunami monitoring systems , underwater exploration 
vehicles , even underwater telescope built detect neutrinos —subatomic 
particles emitted stars supernovae .

way , dolphins helping us save lives 
, see parts ocean ’ never seen , learn fundamental laws universe .

Related Innovation Innovation : Industry Underwater Acoustic 
Communication Inspired Dolphins EvoLogics S2C technology EvoLogics helps 
detect tsunamis earlier maximizing transmission underwater signals 
turbulent water conditions .

Related Strategies Biological Strategy Noise 
Stuns Prey Spinner dolphin members spinner dolphin pods stun capture fish 
emitting ultrasonic beams .

Biological Strategy Bird Find Large Objects 
Total Darkness Oilbird bats use high -pitched , inaudible sounds find tiny 
insects , oilbirds use lower -pitched , audible sounds sense walls , fruit 
, large objects .

Biological Strategy Off -Target Clicks Help Fruit Bats 
Find Food Egyptian fruit bat fruit -eating bats home meal aiming sound 
waves side intended target , adjusting path reduce difference timing 
waves bouncing back .

Biological Strategy Clicking Noises Interfere 
Predators ’ Sonar Grote 's bertholdia moth Clicking noises released tiger 
moth interfere predatory bat sonar sign als distorting echo signature .

Biological Strategy Nose Structure Aids Echolocation Ghost bat nose leaf 
false vampire bats may used echolocation , though role well understood .

Biological Strategy Sonar Adjusts Surroundings Big brown bat Sonar big 
brown bats enables navigation dense cluttered landscapes via frequency 
shifting .

Last Updated February 21 , 2021 References Journal article 
Clicks , whistles pulses : Passive active signal use dolphin 
communication Acta Astronautica | Herzing , D. L. embedly pre view toggle 
icon Reference toggle icon loading results reveal whistles burst pulses 
two species dolphin span broader frequency range traditionally reported 
delphinids .

Although fundamental frequency contours whistles occur 
mostly human -audible range ( typ ically assumed ) , harmonics routinely 
reach 50 kHz beyond .

addition , burst pulse signals predominantly 
ultrasonic , often little energy 20 kHz .

Journal article broadband 
social acoustic signaling behavior spinner spotted dolphins Journal 
Acoustical Soc iety America | Lammers , M. O. , Au , W. W. , & Herzing , 
D. L. embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Journal 
article Dolphin sounds -inspired covert underwater acoustic communication 
micro-modem Sensors | Qiao , G. , Zhao , Y. , Liu , S .

, & Bilal , M. 
embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Web page S2C 
Technology EvoLogics embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon 
loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Spiders ’ Leg Hairs 
Help Find Flying Food Spide rs Tiny leg hairs help spiders sense subtle 
air movement conducting directly nerve cells .

defense , tissue boosts air flow passes single vocal cord create init ial 

Biological Strategy Frog Plays Tree Holes Like Pipe Organ 
Bornean tree -hole frog tree -hole frog amplifies sound call adjusting 
pitch match resonant frequency surroundings .

Biological Strategy Insect 
Uses Waves Communicate Water strider W ater striders communicate using 
body parts send sense slight vibrations water around .

Strategy Moths Outwit Bats Super Hearing Moths tympanal organs moths `` 
hear '' bat biosonar trigger behavioral responses .

Hummingbird Hu ms Hummingbirds Hummingbirds produce lift sound downstroke 
upstroke wingbeats , creating steady musical hum instead pulsing whoosh 
larger birds .

Biomimicry ToolboxBiomimicry So lutionsEducational 
Innovation Ray Hope PrizeLaunchpad Systems Change Pilot ProjectsIndustry

Reports Institute Us Mis sionJanine BenyusStaff , Board , AdvisorsCareers 
Mission Donate Select Page Pilot Projects Design Decomposition Biomimicry 
Institute leading two -year , multi -million dollar project demo nstrate 
scalable new pathways ~92 million tonnes fashion waste discarded annually 
.

Design Decomposition initiative ambitious follow -up 2020 Nature Fashion 
report , identified decomposition missing link sector .

Together Laudes 
Foundation , Hong Kong Resea rch Institute Textiles Apparel ( HKRITA ) , 
Yale Center Green Chemistry Green Engineering , Metabolic Institute , 
Foundation , Celery Design , Biomimicry Institute pilot technologies 
convert wasted clothes textiles biocompatible raw materials .

initiative 
host pilots Western Europe Ghana , testing viable decomposition 
technologies commercially viable yet scale .

proving advanced 
decomposition viable locally , joint partnership plans prove system 
change scale globally .

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Mission Donate Select Page Industry Reports Nature Fashion would fashion 
industry look like truly functioned ecosyst em ?

realigning occurs nature 
, design next -generation textile production model recognizes connections 
biosphere .

report explores material flows underpin natural systems shows 
first thing must learn nature design decomposition dispersal .

also shows 
fashion industry , relying advances regenerative agriculture , cellulosic 
fibers , fermentation , gasification , work existing technology nature 
jump-start transition bio -compatible fibers right .

Finally , includes 
recommendations stakeholders next steps take transform system .

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Deciduous Trees Allo w Higher Seasonal Water Yields — Biological Strategy 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Deciduous Trees 
Allow Higher Seasonal Water Yields Flowering Plants Leon Wan g Image : 
Nicholas A. Tonelli / Flickr / CC - Creative Commons Attribution alone 
toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon

ecosystems need 
water growth survival , play imp ortant role maintaining regulating 
hydrological flows .

Earth ’ hydrological cycle depends ecosystems serve 
role , water flows sea evaporated air provide rain .

Therefore , ecosystems must slow 
water keep o n-site long enough plants organisms use .

example , beavers 
build dams make ponds store food travel underwater avoid predators .

community plants 
grows moistened soil , supporting life transpiring w ater atmosphere .

search icon Search Function Regulate Water Storage Maintaining water 
onsite important function ecosystems .

Ecosystems organisms comprise 
depend upon water chemical processes , therefore life .

solution sort water storage , occur 
soils , top ground , within tissues living dead organisms .

Unlike pine trees ( 
keep needles year -round , losing water transpiration evaporation ) , o ak 
trees lose leaves fall winter .

leaf loss allows rain run branches trunks 
soil , much available trees organisms spring .

Function Plants Flowering Plants Flowering Plants Clade Angiosperms ( “ 
receptacle seed ” ) : Dandelions , oaks ,  grasses , cacti , apples 416 
families containing 300,000 known species , angiosperms diverse group 
plants , found around globe wide variety habitats .

floral organs develop fruits 
myriad kinds  dimensions , simple seed casings maples elaborate fleshy 
growths like papayas .

herbivorous animals , turn makes indirect food source c arnivores well .

search icon Search Living System Deciduous trees allow water reach soil 
seep streams seasonally shedding leaves lose water via evaporation .

Trees , 
like plants , undergo proc ess called evapotranspiration .

forests large amount trees , effects process readily 
seen changes streamflow soil water .

example , harvesting cutting fo rests 
substantially increases streamflow fewer trees able draw cycle water back 
atmosphere .

Forests different types trees vary capacity water 
interception transpiration .

Deciduous trees species shed leaves 
conditions unfavorable ( cold , enough water , e tc. )

Since 
evapotranspiration process occurs trees ’ leaves , deciduous trees 
transpire much less dormant seasons .

means deciduous trees oak , maple , 
hickory allow rain seep soil ( rather roots leaves air ) eventually flow 
downstream .

contrast , ever green trees ( like pines ) retain leaves 
year-round , shown higher annual evapotranspiration therefore reduce 
streamflows .

Deciduous trees play important role ecosystem maintenance 
seasonally generating higher water yields .

increase soil water 
streamflow  provides valuable resource community .

higher flow help fill 
storage reservoirs mitigate water shortages drought seasons .

Thus , 
municipal watersheds areas water resources concern , important consider 
effects forest conversion .

forests converted deciduo us trees evergreen 
trees , local communities surely see form water yield reduction .

Last Updated April 28 , 2017 References Book Work 
Nature : Diversity Life Sustains Us 01/01/1997 | Yvonne Baskin embedly 
preview toggle ico n Reference toggle icon loading Journal article 
Conversion Hardwood -Covered Watersheds White Pine Reduces Water Yield 
Water Resources Research | 06/02/2008 | W. T. Swank , N. H. Miner embedly 
preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Journal articl e 
Streamflow Greatly Reduced Converting Deciduous Hardwood Stands Pine 
Science | 05/10/2006 | W. T. Swank , J. E. Douglass embedly preview

Biological Strategy Beaver Dams Cleanse Streams Slowi ng Water American 
beaver Obstacles placed path sediment -laden water reduce speed flow , 
allowing debris wildfires settle improving water quality downstream .

Biological Strategy Leaf Pores Draw Water Plants Plants Pores leaves 
allow water escape vapor , dr awing water plant roots .

Strategy Mangrove Forests Calm Coastal Waters Mangrove forest Roots red 
mangrove forests protect coastal shorelines absorbing energy waves .

Biological Strategy Beavers Remodel Land Stream Ecosystems American 
beaver Bea ver dams change stream flows create patchwork habitat diversity 
.

Biological Strategy Plants Minimize Water Loss Plants arid ecosystems 
self-organize minimize water loss aid plant seed survival .

Strategy Fog Drip Aides Carbon Cycling Below -ground microbial communities 
increase carbon cycling due fog drip reduced evaporation caused low -lying 
clouds .

Glossary Terms - Biomimicry Toolbox Glossary Terms - Biomimicry Toolbox 

Biological Strategies Abstract Design  Strategies Emulate Nature ’ Lessons 
Select Page Home » References » Glossary Terms Glossary Terms QUICK LINKS 
A-B C-D E-H I-N O-R S-Z glossary includes common words phrases Biomimicry 
Institute often uses talking teaching biomimicry .

terms u sed Toolbox , may 
encounter elsewhere continue study biomimicry .

Abiotic factors environment include sunlight , temperature , wind 
patterns , precipitation , e xample .

” Adaptation : 
feature organism results natural selection organism becomes better fitted 
survive reproduce environment .

Analogous : Similar function and/or 
appearance origin development .

Bio -assistance : Sometimes confused 
biomimicry , bio -assistance refers domesticating organism accomplish 
function , using bacteria purify water .

Bio -assistance biomimicry , 
well-adapted done naturally , transgenic genetic engineering .

Biodiversity : variety life processes ; includes variety l iving organisms 
, genetic differences among , communities ecosystems occur .

Biologize [ question ] : take human 
need function rephrase answer may found biology , e.g.

Learning emulating biological forms , processes 
, ecosystems create sustainable designs .

Biomimicry Taxonomy : function -
based organization scheme cataloging organisms meet different cha llenges 
.

Biomorphic : Sometimes 
confused biomimicry , biomorphic describes anything resembling suggesting 
forms living organisms .

Biophilic / Biophilia : Sometimes confused 
biomimicry , biophilia term popula rized E.O .

Wilson describe extent 
humans need connection nature forms life .

Biophilic design emphasizes 
using natural materials , forms , living things , air , sun , water 
design .

biotic factors 
environment  include organisms well factors predation , competition food 
resources , symbiotic relationships .

Bio -utilization : Sometimes 
confused biomimicry , bio -utilization entails acquiring harvesting 
product producer , gathering medicinal plants obtain medicatio ns produce 
, growing algae make biofuels .

Champion adaptor : spec ies whose strategies make particularly adept 
surviving given habitat .

Chimera : Greek mythology , Chimera creature 
composed body parts many creatures .

biomimicry , talk Chimera approach 
combination different biomimetic designs one application .

Co -evolution : 
Evolution involving successive changes two ecologically interdependent 
species ( e.g.

Context : interrelated conditions something exists occurs ; setting 
environment ; conditions strategy used .

” Convergent evolution : independent evolution structural functional 
similarity two organisms widely different , unrelated ancestry .

Creating 
conditions conducive life : Establishing practices strategies existence 
species , communities , systems threatened rather enhanced .

Cross-pollination also used metaphorically refer transfer sharing ideas 
information results new ways thinking acting .

De sign ( noun ) : way 
something made ; way parts somethingare formed arranged particular use , 
effect , etc .

verb : plan make decisions ( something built created ) ; 
create plans , drawings , etc.

Note : word “ 
design ” implies i ntent forethought noun verb uses .

reason Institute 
refrains using “ design ” refer nature biological strategies , except 
poetic usage .

Biological strategies “ designed , ” rather result 
evolutionary processes .

Design brief : document defnes problem must  
solved , provides context , outlines goals outcomes expected design 
process .

Designer : broad term used refer anyone responsible conceiving 
, creating , and/or implementing ideas affect human cultural , social , 
technological , scientifc , fnancial syste ms scale .

Design strategy : 
biomimicry methodology , design principle refers biological strategy 
abstracted restated non -biological terms applied design solution .

E -H Ecosystem : dynamic complex 
plant , an imal , fungal , microorganismal communities associated non -
living physical environment , interacting ecological unit .

Ecosystem 
services : Benefts people organisms obtain ecosystems , food clean 
drinking water , decomposition wastes , raw materials , crop  pollination 
, climate stabilization , cultural recreational benefts .

Emergent : 
biomimicry , emergent refers strategy , property , relationship arises 
natural logical consequence action environmental condition .

Evolution : cumulative 
genetic change population organisms generation generation .

Feedback loop 
: fow information within system outputs infuence new inputs according set 
rules conditions .

Food web : complex 
network interactions among species observed nature represent food 
relationships herbivory predation .

Form : Morphology shape , whether 
macro scale , micro scale , nano scale .

Function : outcome role characteristic , 
mechanism , process ; adaptation organism design users .

, 
acquiring water , accommodating growth , managing disturbance ) Green 
chemistry : utilization set principles reduces eliminates use generation 
hazardous substances design , manufacture , application chemical 

Habitat : natural environment place organism , population , 
species lives .

Heat , beat , treat : way humans tended create products , 
…and using toxic inefficient chemical processes .

I -N Interdependent : 
Relationships among two organisms dependent order survive thrive .

Interdisciplinary : Involving two academic , scientific , artistic 

( Also multidisciplinary , cross -disciplinary ) Leverage 
point : Places complex system small shift one thing pro duce big changes 
everything .

” Life : condition distinguishes animals 
plants inorganic matter , including capacity growth , reproduction , 
functional activity , continu al change preceding death .

Life ’ 
Principles : list persistent patterns exhibited organisms living systems 
contribute life ’ ability survive thrive .

prototype principles first 
drafted Janine Benyus book Biomimicry : Innovation Inspired Nature .

current v ersion published Biomimicry 3.8 ( formerly Biomimicry Guild ) .

” Modular : Construction design 
standardized parts units allow flexibility , variety use , and/or 
expansion .

Natural selection : process organisms best adapted 
environment succeed ; key mechanism evolution .

Nature : phenomena 
physical world collectively , including plants , animals , landscape , 
features products earth .

Note : Sometimes ‘ nature ’ used poetically 
synonym “ life ; ” however , technically  ‘ nature ’ includes living non -
living elements .

Nature model , measure , mentor : Three ways biomimicry 
values nature .

Model – applying , imitating taking inspiration nature ’ 
designs processes order solve human problems ; Measure – using ecological 
standard judge “ rightness ” innovations ; Mentor – valuing nature learn 
extract .

Nature ’ unifying patterns : simplified list patterns exhibited 
living systems profound implications humans design .

list created use 
Biomimicry Institute ’ design challenge co mpetitions .

Niche : position 
functional role species within community ; dependent organism ’ 
structural adaptations , physiological responses , behavior .

Niche 
differentiation : process natural selection drives organism associate new 
niche order avoid di rect competition .

O -R Operating 
parameters/conditions : Non -negotiable factors influence success design ( 
e.g .

Also used biomimicry 
describe common contextual factors defined ways life persists Earth ( e.g 
.

Optimize : Plan carry design makes 
efficient use energy materials .

Pri nciple : fundamental 
quality attribute determining nature something ; primary element , force 
, law produces determines particular results .

Process : series actions 
steps taken order achieve particular end .

Mimicking biological process 
means mimicking so mething made series steps taken achieve particular end 
.

Recycle : treat process ( used waste materials ) make suitable reuse .

Regenerate : Restore better , higher , worthy state existing one .

Regenerative : , relating , marked regeneration ; tending reg enerate .

Resilient : Able withstand recover quickly difficult conditions .

S -Z 
Self-organize : process order arises interactions components initially 
disordered system ; often governed simple rules feedback loops ( e.g .

Strate gy : characteristic , mechanism , 
process ; “ ” function accomplished .

Sustainability : Creating 
maintaining conditions humans nature exist productive harmony , permit 
fulflling social , economic , requirements present future generations .

Sustainability based principle everything need survival well -being 
depends , either directly indirectly , natural environment .

Symbiosis : 
intimate relationship two organisms different species .

Symbiotic 
relationship take three forms : mutualistic ( organism benefits 
relationship ) , commensal ( one organism benefits relationship organism 
neither benefits harmed ) , parasitic ( one organism benefits expense ) .

System : interconnected set elements coherently organized way achieves 
something ( function ) .

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Introductory Videos - Biomimicry Toolbox Introductory Vid eos - Biomimicry 

Patterns Methods Biomimicry  Process Define Challenge Biologize Function & 
Reading List Glossary Terms Case Studies Biology Research Readi ng 
Biomimicry Toolbox Select Page Home » Introduction » Introductory Videos 
Biomimicry perhaps better spokesperson biomimicry Janine Benyus , co -
founder Biomimicry Institute , biologist , a uthor Biomimicry : Innovation 
Inspired Nature , book brought biomimicry public eye .

20 -minute film 
features Janine introducing biomimicry explaining mimicking nature solve 
pressing problems .

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Biomimicry premiered October 2015 made 
possible Leonardo DiCaprio , Executive Producers Oliver Stanton , 
directed Leila Conners , produced Mathew Schmid Bryony Schwan , created 
Tree Media Executive Producers Roee Sharon Peled George DiCaprio .

film 
visit : www.treemedia.com introductory videos TED ( 2010 ) : Michael 
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even vid eos variety 
resources introducing biomimicry , search resource library Ask Nature .

Challenge Inspiration AskNatureBiomi micry Toolbox Innovation Ray Hope 
Mission Donate Select Pag e Lab .

equip nature -inspired 
scientists researchers skills tools need turn work scalable startups .

Impact Program Details Featured Participants Supporters Launchpad Mission 
Biomimicry Launchpad program designed help scientists , inventors ,  
innovators bring nature -inspired ideas reality .

seek accelerate growth 
biomimetic technology startups order create scalable solutions systemic 
environmental social challenges .

2023 , re -launching program invite 
promising scientists , engineers , designe rs , entrepreneurs participate 
free 10-week program .

curriculum includes training , connections , 
resources innovators otherwise may considered commercializing work .

unique combination business biomimicry training , along in -person 
expeditions extraordin ary natural locations , proven inspire , educate , 
build vibrant community amongst multidisciplinary participants .

Launchpad participants inspired innovators transcend 
typical categories disciplines .

may transforming chemical material  
palettes , designing sustainable systems , researching novel biological 

Ot hers exploring 
technology design lenses art sustainable business practices .

multidisciplinary participants come together form 2023 Biomimicry 
Launchpad Cohort .

course Biomimicry Launchpad program , help scientists 
: See entrepreneurship promising fulfill ing career path , tools training 
make reality Turn groundbreaking research new products businesses faster 
greater impact Learn communicate work broader audiences , connecting 
industry leaders nature powerful new ways Since 2018 , Biomimicry 
Launchpad suppo rted : Participants Teams % Female Participants SDGs 
Addressed Program Details Biomimicry Launchpad program selects promising 
nature-inspired scientists around world annual invitation basis .

Entrepreneurial Mindset Training focus customer discover , susta inable 
business practices tools modeled Lean Startup methodology .

Biomimicry & 
Sustainability Training Helping nature -inspired scientists researchers 
identify unique value could provide help solve critical social 
environmental issues .

Communications & St orytelling Training 
Participants learn communicate business scientific value clear engaging 
ways .

Nature -Immersion Expeditions Workshops remarkable locations focus 
community building , leadership skills , cultivating sustainability ethos 
.

Coaching & Ment oring Including informal community networking current 
former participants , formal mentor talks diverse perspectives .

Ongoing 
Alumni Support Introductions 40 next -step pipeline partners , including 
top-ranked accelerator programs pre -seed investment funds  .

Timeline 
Biomimicry Launchpad program selects promising nature -inspired innovators 
scientists around world based annual invitation basis .

Featured 
Participants Launchpad participants multidisciplinary , looking nature -
inspired work via commercializatio n , industry , academia .

past 
participants include… Elena Juodisius Landscape Designer , SE Group Elena 
participated Launchpad program studying Masters Landscape Architecture 
State University New York College Environmental Science Forestry .

time 
Launchpa d Elena exploring develop , prototype , patent novel solution 
easy install riparian buffer .

Chui -Lian Lee Co -Founder & CEO , Werewool 
Chui business partners Valentina Gomez , along advisor Dr. Theanne 
Schiros , joined Launchpad shortly Chui graduated degr ee Textile 
Development Marketing Fashion Institute Technology .

program , Chui team 
developed startup pitch , received funding , launched biotechnology 
startup Werewool .

Jonno van Vulpen Professor Biology , Utrecht 
University Jonno joined Launchpad progra m studying MS Bio Inspired 
Innovation Utrecht University .

program Jonno explored biomimetic climate 
adaptive water management strategies infrastructure , focuses science 
communication teaches university students biology bio -inspired 

Supporte rs Biomimicry Launchpad key initiative Biomimicry 
Institute founding partner , Ray C. Anderson Foundation .

late Ray 
Anderson Founder Chairman Interface , Inc. sustainable business pioneer .

Biomimicry important part Ray ’ Interface ’ early success creatin g 
environmentally friendly better performing products .

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Institute ’ Innovation newsletter stay date latest biomimetic 
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  Help Support Early -Stage , Nature -Inspired  Innovators take us 
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Donate Tap nature :  
Construction Decomposition Inspired Forests — Innovation — AskNature 
AskNature AskNature logo Collec tions Biological Strategies Innovations 
Educators Donate Search Innovation : Industry Construction Decomposition 
Inspired Forests Mycocycle Image : Kalle Gustafsson / Flickr / CC - 
icon Physically Assemble Structure Living systems use physical materials

structures 
internal ( within attached system ) , cell membranes , shells , fur .

also external ( detached ) , nests , burro ws , cocoons , webs .

vegetation crea te nests : strong , stiff fibers numerous thin fibers .

cross-supports tubular outer surface filled air minimize w eight .

search 
icon Search Function Chemically Break Polymers vast majority biochemical 
assembly breakdown processes –even complex organisms –occur within cells .

fact , cells able perform hundreds , even thousands chemical 
transformations time life -friendly  conditions ( ambient temperature 
pressure aqueous environment ) .

example , one biochemical pathways break 
proteins constituent amino acids protease enzyme -catalyzed processes 
occur within confined space lysosome –a membrane bound organelle 
eukaryotic cell s .

search icon Search Function Chemically Break Organic 
Compounds vast majority biochemical assembly breakdown processes –even 
complex organisms –occur within cells .

fact , cells able perform hundreds 
, even thousands chemical transformations time life -friendly conditions ( 

Part reason 
decomposition reactions ( chemical breakdown ) occur mild conditions 
often , occur stepwise , enzyme -mediated fashion , sipping releasing 
small amounts energy step .

exampl e , breakdown glucose pyruvate –and 
release energy –occurs 10 -step enzyme catalyzed process glycolysis .

search icon Search Function Chemically Break Inorganic Compounds vast 
majority biochemical assembly breakdown processes –even complex organisms –
occur with in cells .

fact , cells able perform hundreds , even thousands 
chemical transformations time life -friendly conditions ( ambient 
temperature pressure aqueous environment ) .

example , inorganic 
pyrophosphate hydrolyzed form two phosphate groups cellular deg radation 
pathway fatty acids .

Profile Challenge Innovation Details Video Biological Model Ray Hope 
Prize® Mycocycle uses fungi break toxic petrochemicals produce sturdy , 
lightweight mycelium byproducts .

Be nefits Fire -resistant Water -resistant 
Non-toxic Tough Lightweight Applications Materials Infrastucture 
Construction UN Sustainable Development Goals Addressed Goal 6 : Clean 
Water & Sanitation Goal 9 : Industry Innovation & Infrastructure Goal 11 
: Sustain able Cities & Communities Goal 12 : Responsible Production & 
Consumption Goal 13 : Climate Action Bioutilization various species 
fungus Challenge Around world , humans build extensively petroleum -based 
products , especially using asphalt roofing .

end usef ul life , asphalt 
shingles building materials generally incinerated dumped landfills ––not 
polluting land , adding millions tons climate -changing greenhouse gasses 
atmosphere every year .

United States alone annually produces 660 million 
tons construction d emolition debris ––twice much trash municipal solid 
waste ’ collected .

Innovation Details Inspired circular processes 
forests turn end -of-life trees useful soil , Mycocycle finding cost -
effective sustainable ways harness biochemical abilities fungi clean 
construction debris pollutants way clean fallen wood forest .

scientists 
cultivate test fungi , looking species enzymes optimally break detoxify 
construction debris , asphalt , forms waste , rapidly convert harmless 
materials weave growing rootlike structur es .

resulting mass fungi 
produce fire water -resistant , exceptionally light tough , used 
production flooring , concrete , insulation products , , replacing 
petrochemical polymers currently use .

Biological Model Forests diverse 
ecosystems different member s perform various complementary functions

cycle growing , breakdown , 
regrowing in -place allows forests largely self -sustaining .

example , 
trees capture carbon air , produce wood , provide shade shelter .

Fungi ,  
insects microorganisms break wood produce healthy soil provides medium 
new generation trees take root find necessary nutrients .

Strategies See Related Strategies toggle icon Biological Strategy Fungi 
Clean Pollution Fungi Chemicals fungi brea k contaminants .

Biological Strategy World ’ Diverse Community Lives Soil Soil ecosystem 
diverse commun ity organisms interacts break recycle chemicals maintain 
soil fertility .

Ray Hope Prize® Ray Hope Prize celebrates nature -
inspired solutions addressing world ’ biggest environmental 

Created honor Ray C. Anderson , founder 

innovative , nature -inspired solutions need build  sustainable resilient 
world .

See Ray Hope 
Prize Finalists See Ray Hope Prize Finalists toggle icon Collection Ray 
Hope Prize Gallery AskNature Team Ray Hope Prize celebrates nature -
inspired solutions addr essing world 's biggest environmental 

Innovations Innovation : Industry Functional 

Innovation : Industry High -Powered Cleaners 
Inspired Enzymes Sudoc Sudoc uses enzyme -inspired catalysts rapidly break 

Colorful , Waterproof Textiles Inspired A rthropods Amphico Amphico mimics 
waterproofing strategy springtails coloring butterflies produce easy -to-
recycle performance clothing .

Innovation : Industry High -Performance 
patterns trees  fuse sustainability wood performance advanced composites .

Innovation : Industry Wind Turbine Tech Inspired Owl Feathers Maple Seeds 

Self-Degrading Plastics Inspired Cellular Processes Intropic Materials 
Intropic Materials mimics way chaperone proteins protect enzymes create 
self-degrading plastics .

Define Challenge - Biomimicry Toolbox Define Challenge - Biomimic ry 

Patterns Methods Biomimicry Process Defin e Challenge Biologize Function & 
Biomimicry Toolbox Select Page Home » Methods » Define Challenge Define 
Challenge SECTION 
  Overview 
  Examples 
  Resources “ 
problem well -defined half solved.

” — John Dewey , educ ational pioneer 
first step design process define problem opportunity want design address 
.

Defining challenge ( also sometimes called “ scoping ” ) preparatory 
work done actual design work begins .

DEFINE Clearly articulate impact want design world criteria 
constraints determine success .

goal step decide make design understand 
design needs , , context .

good understanding issues involved , select 
discrete specific challenge focus — ideally one feel good probability 
success given resources abilities .

order avoid jumping conclusions design , try stating challenge question 
begins , “ might we… ?

example : might we… help corn farmers Iowa 
reduce dependency synthetic fertilizers ?

Define Challenge Worksheet Use 
worksheet outline challenge generate “ might ?

Context include many factors , ’ essential identify needs stakeholders ( 
impacted ) location setting design used .

Without context design 
challenge often broad addressed successfully .

Applying many constraints begin ning design process 
limit number variety potential solutions .

Asking right question 
beginning project guide research give better chance arriving innovative 
impactful solution .

Insights process point potential leverage points making change 
help define challenge clearly .

help illustrate 
known potential interconnections , resources , related systems particular 
design design problem .

Diagramming system help better understand context 
potentially alter define challenge wor king .

Systems Explorer Use 
worksheet diagram system design challenge part .

Sample design questions 
good design question neither broad narrow .

Hunger huge multifaceted problem statement ’ target specific area 

statement provides enough specificity remaining open 
variety possible solutions .

statement presupposes many details solutio n 
( app ) ’ leave enough room innovation .

statement provides enough specificity ( urban , 
night time visibility ) remaining open  variety possible solutions .

Resources 
  Define Challenge Worksheet Use worksheet outline 
challenge generate “ might ?

worksheet diagr am system design challenge part .

h Identifying Leverage 
Points document provides tips use systems thinking Systems Explorer tool 
identify design opportunities .

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video IDEO.org Design Kit , designer discusses example framing ( 
reframing ) design challenge .

Keep Learning next step Design Spiral , 
Biologize , ’ explain reframe challenge biological context , make easier 
find inspiration nature .

Image Credits Team working : Yandle CC -BY-SA 
via Flickr Terms Service & Privacy Policy Google+ Facebook Cookie 

Biosonar Gives Accurate Imaging — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Biosonar Gives Accurate 
Imaging AskNature Team Image : Steven Leeuw / Pixabay / Public Domain - 
restrictions toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Living System

toggle icon Send Sound Signals Many living syste ms send auditory signals 
communicate others , including attract , announce , warn .

sounds must 
audible intended recipient variety conditions , wind , water , solids .

result , living system specific sounds best adapted environment .

example 
, birds live l oud habitats , like alongside noisy streams windy areas .

birds use sound frequencies heard birds competing environmental noises .

search icon Search Function Mammals Class Mammalia ( “ breast ” ) : Bats 
, cats , whales , horses , humans Mammals make less 1 % animals earth , 

alligators , exampl e , whose teeth generally size shape , mammals 

search icon Search Living System High resolution 
biosonar dolphins , bats mole rats gives accurate imaging using real -time 
data processing .

“ Biosonar animals send ultrasonic sounds called ‘ 
pings ’ environment .

shape returning signals , echoes , determines 
animals ‘ see ’ surroundings , helping navigate hunt prey .

matter tens 
milliseconds , neurons animal ’ brain capab le full-scale analysis 
surroundings represented three dimensions , little energy consumption .

Even aid supercomputer , consumes thousands times energy , humans produce 
accurate picture , Prof. Intrator says… ’ Animals explore pings multiple 
filters recept ive fields , demonstrated exploring ping multiple ways lead 
higher accuracy , ’ explains .

‘ understanding sonar animals , create new 
family ultrasound systems able explore bodies accurate medical imaging . 
'

” ( Hunka 2011:1 ) Last Updated August 18 , 201 6 References Bats , 
dolphins , mole rats inspire advances ultrasound technology embedly 

Tree Holes Like Pipe Organ Bornean tree -hole frog tree -hole frog 
surrounding s .

Hums Hummingbirds Hummingbirds produce lift sound downst roke upstroke 
birds .

Biological Strategy Clicking Noises Interfere Predators ’ Sonar 
predatory bat sonar signals d istorting echo signature .

pitched , inaudible sounds find tiny insects , oilbirds use lower -pitched 

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Biomim icry ToolboxBiomimicry SolutionsEducational 
Innovation Ray Hope PrizeLaunchpad Systems Change Pilot ProjectsIndustry  
Mission Donate Select Page Biomimicry practice learns mimics strategies 
found nature solve human design challen ges—and find hope .

Biomimicry offers empathetic , interconnected 
understanding life works ultimately fit .

billions years research development 
, failures foss ils , remains hold secret survival .

goal create products 
, processes , systems —new ways living —that solve greatest design 
challenges sustainably solidarity life earth .

use biomimicry learn 
nature ’ wisdom , also heal ourselves —and planet —in process .

Bio mimicry 
provides blueprints adapted across context , industries , scalable 
address needs .

Biomimicry valuing 
nature learn , extract , harvest , domesticate .

3 Essential Elements Biomimicry 
translating nature ’ strategies design , science practice involves three 
essential elements : Emulate , Ethos , ( ) Connect .

three components 
infused every aspect biomimicry represent core values essence .

Emulate 
scientific , research -based practice learning replicating nature ’ forms 
, processes , ecosystems create regenerative designs .

Ethos philosophy 
understanding life works creating designs continuously support create 
conditions conducive life .

( ) Connect concept nature find va lue 
connecting place Earth part life ’ interconnected systems .

( ) Connect 
practice encourages us observe spend time nature understand life works 
may better ethos emulate biological strategies designs .

innate potential create world harmoni ous , regenerative , supports well -
being Life .

young species , fortunate enough guidance help us rise 

planet -mates , fantastic meshwork plants , animals , microbes 
, done billions years research development .

infusing biological 
strategies des ign , transform sustainable innovation .

Many losing hope solving climate 
crisis many negative effects ecosystems across world .

Biomimicry gives 
us hope , know solutions , accessible , validated ma ny species 
contributing ecosystems today .

using nature mentor , experience powerful 
healing effects connecting natural world —while also finding empowering 
relief solve challenges together .

R & cycles sl ow , climate change ’ wait —we must look 
biological blueprints successful millennia launch groundbreaking ideas , 
faster .

believe 
next generation wants help solve problems —they ’ want protest .

equip 
learners ages see science vehicle addressing access equity , building 
literacy mathematical skills , sense -making place world .

Circularity , sustainability , regenerative design —it means 
things humans make become force restoring air , water , soil instead 
degrading .

Nature uses structure perform functions passive forms energy 
, whereas inventions typically used brute force , like mining ancient 
carbon harmful chemicals .

Everything mus t model nature offers reciprocity abundance diversity 
life flourish .

Innovators turn 
biomimicry hope achieving unique product efficient effective , often gain 
deep appreciation connection natural world .

Biomimicry enc ourages 
conservation ecosystems inhabitants , hold knowledge need survive thrive 
.

view world deeply interconnected , gain empathy better knowledge make

decisions invites global collaboration supports future species .

Biomimicry one type bio inspired design , bioinspired design 

“ Bioinspired design ” term generally accepted umbrella 
category design engineering approaches , including biomimicry , use 
biology resource solutions .

biomimicry type bioinspired design , 
bioinspired desi gn biomimicry .

important factor differentiates 
biomimicry bio -inspired design approaches emphasis learning emulating 
regenerative solutions living systems specific functional challenges .

Within family bioinspired design , common misunderstanding encounte r 
mistaking biomorphism biomimicry .

Biomorphism refers designs visually 
resemble elements life ( “ look like ” nature ) , whereas biomimetic 
designs focus function ( “ work like ” nature ) .

Biomorphic designs 
beautiful beneficial , part humans natural af finity nature natural forms 
.

’ important realize “ looking like ” nature reliable indicator 
biomimetic design biomimetic design might might look anything like 
organisms inspired .

Bioutilization refers 
use biological material living organisms design technology .

example , 
using trees material ( wood ) furniture living wall plants help clean air 
office building bioutilization .

Bioutilization beneficial —organisms lot 
things ’ t —and biomimetic designs sometimes incorporate bioutilization 
reason .

However , designer consults living organism solution problem 
uses natural material , mean design biomimetic .

distinctive feature 
biomimicry study emulation functional strategies create sustainable 
solutions also embody ( ) connect ethos elements .

Read differentiating 
biomimicry similar disciplines : Bio -Inspired Buzzwords : Biomimicry 
Biomimetics Denise DeLuca Biomimicry , Bioutilization , Biomorphism : 
Opportunities B ioinspired Design Allison Bernett Go Biomimicry AskNature 
Discover nature ’ solutions genius books , articles , videos , lesson 
plans , groups , training programs , , ideas ’ inspired powerful , free 

Biomimicry Toolbox free resource introduce s set biomimicry 
tools core concepts help problem -solvers discipline begin incorporate 
insights nature solutions .

Biomimicry Solutions Explore solutions 
inspired nature , including water , energy , agricultural , public health 
, carbon capture solutions ,  developed current past program participants 
.

30 Days Reconnection might learn 30 days observing learning natural 
world ?

Explore favorite biomimicry activities done virtually outside 
nature .

Biomimicry Examples Marketplace GreenPod Labs Nature Inspired 
Solutions Minimize Food Waste .

Biohm 
Allowing Nature Lead Innovation , Revolutionize Construction , Create 
Sustainably -Built Environments .

Inspira tion InboxJoin thousands nature -
events , .

supporting Biomimicry Institute : Help bring biomimicry educa tion 

Giraffes Thrive Despite High Blood Pressure — Biological S trategy — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Giraffes Thrive 
Despite High Blood Pressure Giraffe Sam Stier Image : Damian Patkowski / 
Unsplash / Public Domain - restrictions toggle icon Functions Performed 
toggle icon Living System toggle icon Prevent Fatigue materials comprise

Therefore , living systems often employ shapes , materials , and/or 

Rather be nt constant flow forces waves 

search icon Search Function Animals Vertebrates Mammals Giraffe 
Mammals Class Mam malia ( “ breast ” ) : Bats , cats , whales , horses , 
humans Mammals make less 1 % animals earth , include well -known species .

know first -hand characteristics make mammals unique , like hair , able 
sweat , producing milk mammary glands .

Another critical  shared feature 
set highly -specialized teeth .

Living System Conten ts Introduction Strategy Potential References Genes 
giraffes maintain cardiac health despite high blood pressure keeping 
thickened heart muscles supple .

Introduction orange , globular sun resting horizon a cacia-
dotted savannah Kruger National Park South Africa reveals iconic 
silhouette : herbivore long neck , could peer upper windows two -story 
home .

need giraffes supply blood brains far -reaching necks results 
systolic ( i.e.

, arterial ) blood pressures do uble humans , even 
accounting body size differences .

handle blood pressures high 300 mmHg ( 
millimeters mercury ) , left ventricle giraffe heart thickens lifespan .

humans , thickening left ventricle heart hypertension lethal , giraffes , 
apparently .

Str ategy ability giraffe hearts maintain health 
functionality despite thickening left ventricle appears related relative 
lack restrictive connective tissue ( fibrosis ) thickened heart wall .

lack debilitating cardiac 
fibrosis appears related mammalian genes highly -mutated giraffes , FGFRL1 
( Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Like 1 ) .

spliced genomes mice using 
CRISPR-CAS9 gene editing techniques , uniquely giraffe version FGFRL1 
gene resulted significantly less fibro sis mice cardiac tissue , despite 
induced hypertension .

Several cardiac fibrosis -related genes giraffe 
genomes show similarly high degrees difference comparable genes mammals .

Image : Dino Pulera / Scientific American / Copyright © - rights reserved 
toggle icon Fibrosis heart slow person damage organ time .

Despite much 
higher blood pressure healthy human , giraffe able maintain large 
fibrosis -free heart .

giraffe 's closest living relative , okapi , 
forest-adapted species evolve long neck .

Comparisons g iraffe 's genome 
okapi 's shown giraffe mutations gene codes growth factor protein called 
FGFRL1 may suppress fibrosis heart .

, thickened 
left ventricles ) physi cally debilitating condition one leading causes 
death people , especially women .

precise understanding underlying 
mechanisms giraffe heart ’ ability maintain function , despite cardiac 
thickening , may yield pathways therapeutic innovations vital improvin g 
outcomes people suffering all -too-common deadly heart conditions .

Last 
Updated February 9 , 2023 References “ Across tree life , female animals 
share biological characteristics place risk similar diseases disorders .

Greater awareness shared vulnerabili ties accelerate insight innovation 
women ’ health .

present broadly comparative approach female health 
inform issues ranging mammary , ovarian , endometrial cancer preeclampsia 
, osteoporosis , infertility .

focus female health highlights 
interdependence h uman , animal , environmental health.

Insights Intersection Women 's Health , One Health Planetary Health PNAS 
Nexus | May 2022 | Natterson -Horowitz B. , Boddy A.M. , Zimmerm an embedly 
preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading “ giraffe heart , 
example , appears resistant pathology related heart failure preserved 
ejection fraction ( HFpEF ) —aleading form hypertension -associated 
cardiovascular disease humans .

, postul ate thatthe physiological 
pressure -induced left ventricular thickening giraffes result pathological 
cardiovascular changes observed humans hypertension .

mechanisms 
underlyingthis cardiovascular adaptation high blood pressure giraffe may 
bioinspired roadma p forpreventive therapeutic strategies human HFpEF.

: 248 ) Journal article giraffe cardiovascular 
evolution solve problem heart failure preserved ejection fraction ?

Evolution , Medicine , Public Health | 2021 | Natterson -Horowitz B , 
Baccouche BM , Head JM , Shivkumar , Bertelsen MF , Aalkjær C , Smerup MH 
, Ajijola OA , Hadaya J , Wang T. embedly preview toggle icon Reference 
toggle icon loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Acorn 
Weevil Snouts Bend Brink ’ Brea k Acorn weevil complex arrangement 
materials weevils ' slender snouts make strong flexible .

Strategy Dense Bones Thin Strong Birds Bird bones aid attaining flight 
thin dense , lightweight .

Biological Strategy Wings Fold Multiple Times 
Without Wear Beetles Wings beetles fold multiple times without wear 
fatigue resilin key joints .

Biological Strategy Plants Survive Repeated 
Drying Rehydration Lesser clubmoss plants cells lesser clubmoss plants 
prevent deformation repeated dehydration via small v acuoles filled 
mechanical mixtures called colloids .

Biological Strategy Thin Shells 
Resist Impact Loading Heart urchins hard outer coverings sea urchins , 
called tests , allow local deformation may resist impact loading 
incorporating collagen -swathed sutu res .

Biological Strategy Scales 
Minimize Abrasive Damage Egyptian sand boa Scales integument Kenyan sand 
boa minimize abrasive damage gradient material properties .

Air Sacs Power Lungs Birds ’ Respiratory System — Biological Strategy — 
AskNature AskNatur e AskNature logo Collections Biological Strategies 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Air Sacs Power 
Lungs Birds ’ Respiratory System Birds AskNature Team Image : Benoit 
Gauzere / CC - Creative Commons Attribution alone toggle icon Fun ctions 
Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Teach Topic toggle icon 
Store Gases Living systems sometimes store gases , oxygen , help maximize 
respiration variety purposes .

examples fish swim bladders used control buoyancy , respiratory sacs 
birds help maximize access oxygenated air .

carbon dioxid e , nitrogen .

Oxygen carbon dioxide involved respiration , 
survival .

accommodate , living systems strategies confining gases using ga ses ’ 
properties advantage .

discharging gases respiration many living syst ems release carbon dioxide 

Creating 
efficient strategies wort h energy investment use external force .

Function  Optimize Shape/Materials Resources limited simple act retaining

Living systems must constantly 
balance value resources obtained costs resources expended ; failure 
result death prevent reproduction .

Living systems therefore optimize , 
rather maximize , resource use .

’ 
streamlined reduce drag water due optimal ratio length diameter , well 
features surface lie fl at , reducing turbulence .

Function Animals Vertebrates Birds Birds Class Aves ( “ bird ” ) : Eagles 
, hawks , sparrows , parrots Birds evolutionary engineering marvels .

specific 
adaptions set apart , notable flight —although mammals fly , birds take 
prize abundance skies .

Many birds hollow , lightweight skeletons 
specially -designed wings help stay aloft .

also feathers made keratin 
help stay warm , attract mates , improve navigatio n aerodynamics flight .

contrast dinosaur ancestors , lack true teeth replaced specialized beaks 
bills .

search icon Search Living System Biological Strategy Printables 
need offline version AskNature 's content , pages covered .

Contents Stra tegy Search References respiratory system birds facilitates 
efficient exchange carbon dioxide oxygen using air sacs maintain 
continuous unidirectional airflow lungs .

Strategy avian respiratory 
system notably different mammalian respiratory system , struct ure ability 
exchange gas efficiently possible .

consists paired lungs , contain 
static structures surfaces gas exchange , connected air sacs , expand 
contract causing air move static lungs .

breath oxygen -rich inhaled air 
remains respiratory system two com plete inhalation exhalation cycles 
fully spent exhaled body .

fresh air first inhaled bird ’ nares ( 
nostrils ) , travels trachea ( large tube extending throat ) , splits 
left right primary bronchi ( called “ mesobronchi , ” bronchus leading 
lung ) .

inhal ed air travels primary bronchus divides : air enters lungs 
gas exchange occurs , remaining air fills posterior ( rear ) air sacs .

, 
first exhalation , fresh air posterior sacs enters lungs undergoes gas 
exchange .

Spent air 
lungs displaced incoming air , exit trachea fresh air flowing inward .

Instead , spent air lungs enters anterior ( forward ) air sacs .

, second 
exhalation , spent air  anterior sacs lungs flows trachea , fresh air 
posterior sacs enters lungs gas exchange .

Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon bird inhales , fresh air ( blue 
) enters trachea bronchus flows lungs posterior air sacs .

fr esh air 
moving lungs displaces stale air ( red ) previous breath , moving 
anterior air sacs .

exhalation , fresh air posterior air sac moves lungs 
, stale air anterior air sacs expelled bronchus trachea .

pattern airflow 
respiratory system creates unidirec tional ( one -way ) flow fresh air gas 
exchange surfaces lungs .

Furthermore , fresh air passes gas exchange 
surfaces inhalation exhalation , resulting constant supply fresh air 
enabling bird experience near -continuous state gas exchange within lungs 
.

contrasts mammalian lungs , experience bidirectional ( two -way ) 
airflow gas exchange surfaces .

efficiency avian respiratory system owed 
part unidirectional nature part structure parabronchial system ( smaller 
passages within lungs ) .

air capillaries walls p arabronchial system much 
larger overall surface area found mammalian respiratory system .

greater 
surface area allows greater proportion oxygen breath exchanged carbon 
dioxide blood tissues .

Download Strategy P DF Search Ask Nature Another Question Last Updated 
July 2 , 2020 References “ Avian lungs unique air flows one direction , 
rather vertebrates .

solution surprising combination unique anatomical feat ures 
manipulation airflow .

interconnected air sacs , present mammals…Most birds inhale air nostrils 
, nares , base bill…Inhaled air moves next trachea , windpipe , divides 
two bronchi turn many subdividing stems branch es lung…Most lung tissue 
comprises roughly 1800 smaller interconnecting tertiary bronchi .

bronchi 
lead tiny air capillaries intertwine blood capillaries , gases exchanged 
.

“ Inhaled air proceeds two respiratory cycles , together , consist four 
steps .

ai r inhaled step 1 passes primary bronchi posterior air sacs…In 
step 2 , exhalation phase first breath , inhaled air moves posterior air 
sacs lungs .

, oxygen carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) exchange takes place inhaled 
air flows air -capillary system .

next time bird  inhales , step 3 , 
oxygen-depleted air moves lungs anterior air sacs .

second final 
exhalation , step 4 , expels CO2 -rich air anterior air sacs , bronchi , 
trachea back atmosphere .

“ series four steps maximizes contact fresh air 
respiratory surfaces lung  .

transferring air air higher oxygen content breath , birds achieve 
efficient rate gas exchange mammals…The air -sac system inconspicuous , 
integral , part avian respiratory system…Air sacs thin -walled ( one two 
cell layers thick ) structures extend body cavity wing leg bones…The air 
sacs make possible continuous , unidirectional , efficient flow air 
lungs.

| 01/03/2007 
| Gill , Frank B. embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon 
loading Journal article Structure avian respiratory tract Respiration 
Physiology | 12/02/2003 | Hans -Rainer Duncker embedly preview toggle icon 
Reference toggle  icon loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy 

Builds Underwater Bubble House Diving bell spider Eur asian diving bell 
spider uses silk goo make airy home beneath surface pond .

Strategy Earwigs ’ Complex Origami Wing -Fold Earwigs complex series 

Biological Strategy Maggots E at Dead , Heal Wounded Green Bottle Fly 
Maggots scrape dead tissue mouth hooks spew stew enzymes liquefy , 
swallow , digest .

Biological Strategy Honeycomb Structure Space -
Efficient Strong Bees wasps Bees wasps build space -efficient strong nests 
using hexa gonal cells .

Biological Strategy Mounds Maximize Ecosystem 
Productivity Termites below -ground mounds Odontotermes termites strongly 
influence savanna productivity via ordered spatial distribution 
modification soil composition .

Bubbles Corral Prey — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature AskNature 
Search Biological Strategy Bubbles Corral Prey Humpback whale AskNature 
Team Image : Christin Khan/NOAA / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain - 
restrictions toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Living System 
toggle icon Capture , Absorb , Filter Organisms Many living systems must 
secure organisms food .

one living system must capture prey survive , 
prey must escape survive .

results captur e avoidance strategies include 
trickery , speed , poisons , constructed traps , .

example , carnivorous 
plant called pitcher plant leaves formed tube collect water .

insects enter tube seeking 
nectar , lose  footing slide inside , unable climb escape eaten digested 
plant .

search icon Search Function Coordinate Activities Whether ’ 
banding together group hunt prey share information , coordinating 
activities within species useful technique survival .

search ic on Search 
Function Cooperate Within Species species group organisms capable 
breeding produce fertile offspring .

individuals within species undertake 
activities benefit one another , cooperation benefits individuals , also 
local wider populations species .

controlling parasites , protecting predators enhances overall survival .

cooperate , must enough benefit individual , especially population , 
justify risk taken individuals .

cooperation , risk distributed among 
individuals benefits community greater sum benefits individuals .

example 
birds gather flocks , cooperative activity beneficial acting alone .

Despite potential short -term competition  individual finds food , long -
term , individual benefits others find different food sources .

search 
icon Search Function Animals Vertebrates Mammals Whales dolphins Humpback 
whale Mammals Class Mammalia ( “ breast ” ) : Bats , cats , whales , 
horses , hum ans Mammals make less 1 % animals earth , include well -known 
species .

Unlike shar ks alligators , example 

search 
icon Search Living System Humpback whales control movement prey blowing 
spiraling nets bub bles underwater .

“ Behaviourally , humpback whales 
capture prey engaging complex feeding manoeuvres often accompanied 
apparently directed use air bubbles .

ability bubble barriers corral herd 
fish reported number authors ( e.g.

, Smith , 1961 ; Blaxter & Batty , 
1985 ; Sharpe & Dill , 1997 ) .

Bubble use humpback whales observed many 
feeding habitats reported occur variety configurations .

bubble -feeding 
behaviours appear vary nature among individuals regions ; example , 
bubble clouds ( production single m ultiple bursts seltzer -sized bubbles ) 
commonly observed humpback whales Gulf Maine , never Alaskan waters .

“ 
various bubble configurations reported , complex appears bubble net ( 
Jurasz & Jurasz , 1978 ; Watkins & Schevill , 1979 ; Hain et al.

Existing descriptions unique complex behavior currently derived surface 
observations , predominately Jurasz & Jurasz ( 1979 ) Hain et al .

described Jurasz & Jurasz ( 1979 ) , bubble nets rings distinctive 
bubbles appear surface closed circle f igure ‘ 9 ’ .

( 1982 ) ring formed series discrete bubble 
columns , blown 3 –5 depth , whale rotated inward flippers vertical plane 
.

nets described incorporating 1.25 –2 revolutions smaller bubbles grading 
larger bubbles net closed .

descriptions , whales fed centre completed 
bubble net near surface .

2011 : 576 -577 ) Last Updated 
September 14 , 2020 References Journal article Underwater components 
humpback whale bubble -net feeding behaviour Beh aviour | 20/06/2011 | 
David Wiley , Ari Friedlaender , Mason Weinrich , Alessandro Bocconcelli 
, Danielle Cholewiak , Michael Thompson , Colin Ware embedly preview 
toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Journal article Feeding 
behavior humpback whale , Megaptera novaeangliae , western North Atlantic 
Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Fangs Combine Copper Melanin 
Tough Material Bloodworm single protein found bloodworms performs six 
distinct functions critical formation performance creature 's jaw .

Biological Strategy Anglerfish Harness Ligh t Darkness Anglerfish 
Anglerfish light -absorbing skin keep hidden attract prey glowing lure .

vessels without ne ed pump .

Biological Strategy Hairlike Fringe Filters 
Food Blue whale Baleen whales use fringed sheets keratin strain food 
water swallow .

Biological Strategy Bubbles Super -Power Mantis Shrimp ’ 
Punch Peacock mantis shrimp appendage mantis shrimp strikes t remendous 
amount force enhanced cavitation bubbles .Innovation – Biomimicry

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Mechanical Sniffer Inspired Canines — Innovation — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Innovation : Industry Mech anical Sniffer Inspired Canines 
National Institute Standards Technology Image : Jeff Nissen / Unsplash / 
Free non -commercial use toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Sense 
Chemicals ( Odor , Taste , etc . )

Environment Chemicals important 
signaling communication among living systems , either intentionally ( two 
living systems try find one another ) unintentionally ( plant emits 
chemical signal herbivore use find tasty bite ) .

chemical signa ls often relatively 
weak disperse moving water gases .

Therefore , detecting requires 
specialized abilities , including way determine coming .

well known 
example sensing chemicals seen ants following pheromone trail laid others 
colony locate quality abunda nt food source .

Contents Innovation Profile Challenge Innovation Details Biological Model 
Video References ventilation system National Institute Standards 
Technology fits onto commercial detectors inspires expires air improve 
sampling flow dynamics .

Benefits Enhances performance Improves safety 
Applications Safety Surveillance Challenge Chemical sensors detect 
explosives rely inefficient approaches sampling .

Stationary sensors 
utilize passive sampling , depends air flow enviro nment carry compounds .

Innovation Details mechanical “ sniffing ” device fits inlet nozzle 
standard explosive detector uses separate ventilation system sampling .

device inspires air also exp ires two lateral holes , create lateral air 
jets help draw vapor farther distances front inlet nozzle sensor .

improved flow dynamics increase aerodynamic reach sensor , improving 
ability detect trinitro -toluene ( TNT ) 16 -fold distance 4 centimeters 
sensor ’ inlet .

/ Public Domain - restrictions 
toggle icon device fits inlet nozzle standard explosive detector uses 
separate ventilation system mimic dog inhales exhales improve ability 
detect faraway molecules .

Biological Model Dog s well-known olfactory 
detectives , able distinguish single molecule among trillions .

exhalation , air jets 
downward side , flow modeling reveals actually pulls air front dog closer 
nose , allowing sni ff scents farther away .

See Related Strategy See 
Related Strategy toggle icon Biological Strategy Canine “ Super -Sniffers 
” Use Odor Detect Disease Domestic dog olfactory system dog detects 
diseases disorders responding chemicals given affected individual s .

content marked “ Google 
Youtube ” uses cookies chose keep disabled .

Click open preferences 
accept cookies .. References Journal article Biomimetic Sniffing Improves 
Detection Performance 3D Printed Nose Do g Commercial Trace Vapor Detector 
Nature Scientific Reports | 2016 | Matthew E. Staymates , William A. 
MacCrehan , Jessica L. Staymates , Roderick R. Kunz , Thomas Mendum , Ta -
Hsuan Ong , Geoffrey Geurtsen , Greg J. Gillen , Brent A. Craven embedly 

Innovation : Industry Colorful , 
Waterproof Textiles Inspired Arth ropods Amphico Amphico mimics 

patterns trees fu se sustainability wood performance advanced composites .

Innovation : Industry Su nblock 
Inspired Compounds Eyes Sóliome Sóliome produces non -toxic , 
biodegradable sunscreen based UV -protection provided kynurenine molecules 
.

Noise Stuns Prey — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature AskNature 
logo Collections Biological Strategies In novations Educators Donate 
Search Biological Strategy Noise Stuns Prey Spinner dolphin AskNature 
Team Image : Doug Finney / Flickr / CC NC - Creative Commons Attribution 
+ Noncommercial toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Living System 

results capture avoidance strategies include 

ex ample , carnivorous 

nectar , lose footing slide inside , unable climb escape eaten digested 
plant .

search icon Searc h Function Animals Vertebrates Mammals Whales 
dolphins Dolphins Spinner dolphin Mammals Class Mammalia ( “ breast ” ) : 
Bats , cats , whales , horses , humans Mammals make less 1 % animals 
earth , include well -known species .

know first -hand characteristic s make 
mammals unique , like hair , able sweat , producing milk mammary glands .

Unlike 
sharks alligators , example , whose teeth generally size shape , mammals 
differently shaped teeth differe nt areas jaws target specific foods 

search icon Search Living System members spinner 
dolphin pods stun capture fish emitting ultrasonic beams .

“ Whales may 
use ultrasonic noise like stun gun fish…Working captive Hawaiian spinner 
dolphins ( Stenella longirostris ) , California University cetologist 
Prof. Ken Norris found direct ultrasonic beams shoal fish , stun even 
kill .

beams may cause fishes ’ air -filled swimbladders resonate 
intensely body tissues also vibrate , disorienting them .

” ( Shuker 
2001:23 ) Last Updated August 18 , 2016 References Book Hidden Powers 
Animals : Uncovering Secrets Nature Marshall Editions Ltd. | 26/02/2021 | 
Dr. Karl P. N. Shuker embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon 
loading Biological Strategi es Biological Strategy Fangs Combine Copper 
Melanin Tough Material Bloodworm single protein found bloodworms performs 
six distinct functions critical formation performance creature 's jaw .

Biological Strategy Mussel Mantle Lures Larval Hosts Plain pocketb ook 

Biological Strategy Anglerfish Harness Light Darkness Anglerfish 
Anglerfish light -absorbing skin keep hidden a ttract prey glowing lure .

Food Blue wha le Baleen whales use fringed sheets keratin strain food 

Punch Peacock mantis shrimp appendage mantis shrimp strikes tremendous 
amount force enhanced cavitation bubbles .

Fangs Combine Copper Melanin Tough Material — Biological Strategy — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Fangs Combine 
Copper Melanin Tough Material Bloodworm AskNature Team Function s 
Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Capture , Absorb , Filter

one living 
system must capture prey survive , prey must escape survive .

results 
capture avoidance strategies include tri ckery , speed , poisons , 
constructed traps , .

example , carnivorous plant called pitcher plant 
leaves formed tube collect water .

insects enter tube seeking nectar , lose footing slide inside 
, unable cli mb escape eaten digested plant .

Chemically Assemble Inorganic Compounds vast majority biochemical 
assembly break processes ––even complex organisms ––occur within cells .

fact , cells able perform hundreds , even thousands , chem ical 
transformations time life -friendly conditions ( ambient temperature 

example , coral polyps transform 
dissolved calcium carbonate ions crystalized calcium carbonate within 
calicoblastic cells .

search icon Search Functi on Animals Worms Segmented 
worms Bloodworm Animals Kingdom Animalia ( “ breath soul ” ) : Mammals , 
reptiles , sponges , corals , insects , birds kingdom captures staggering 
variety life —from smallest coral polyp largest elephant .

Although animal 
body sha pes life histories vary , defining characteristics .

Animals 
heterotrophs , meaning gain energy eating organisms , developed single -
celled ancestors highly diversified coordinated multicellular forms .

Unlike plant fungi cells rigid cell walls , animal cel ls bound flexible 
combinations proteins .

Strategy Potential References single protein found bloodworms performs 
six distinct functions cr itical formation performance creature 's jaw .

Introduction Bloodworms small , segmented worms get name fact often 
appear red due presence hemoglobin bodies .

Strategy jaws bloodworms contain protein called multi -tasking 
protein ( MTP ) , responsible several different functions construction .

binds copper , enables droplets form , converts Dopa melanin , integrates 
copper melanin ultra strong composit e material .

Potential ability MTP 
perform many different functions critical formation performance bloodworm 
jaw remarkable example versatility proteins .

could potential 
applications development new materials nanotechnology .

December 19 , 20 22 References Journal article multi -tasking polypeptide 
bloodworm jaws : Catalyst , template , copolymer film formation Matter | 
April 25 , 2022 | William R. Wonderly , Tuan T.D .

Nguyen , Katerina G. 
Malollari , Daniel DeMartini , Peyman Delparastan , Eri c Valois , Phillip 
B. Messersmith , Matthew E. Helgeson , J. Herbert Waite 8 embedly preview 
toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading “ [ ] researchers performed 
simplified version jaw formation process .

added copper beakers 
artificial multi -tasking prot ein observed two materials become 
concentrated little droplets .

researchers added molecule called Dopa ( 
animals often convert melanin ) , droplets turned darker formed dense 
film .

“ noticed put pin tip brownish -black film formed surface could 
actually p ull fibers film test mechanically , ” Waite says .

” ” Magazine article 
copper jaws venomous bloodworms could win sustainable manufacturing 
Popular Science | April 26 , 2022 | Kate Baggaley embedly pr eview toggle 
unwitting nannies bus drivers seden tary animal ’ offspring .

Strategy Lymph System Pumps Pump Mammals lymphatic system uses pressure , 
muscle c ontractions , one -way valves squeeze fluid network vessels

Biological Strategy Hairlike Fringe Filters Food Blue 
whale Baleen whales use fringed sheets keratin strain food water swallow 
.

Biological Strategy Bubbles Super -Power Mantis S hrimp ’ Punch Peacock 
mantis shrimp appendage mantis shrimp strikes tremendous amount force 
enhanced cavitation bubbles .

Biological Strategy Buckling Valve Sucks 
Prey Bladderwort Tiny transparent capsules found bladderworts trap small 
prey via resettable , vacuum -driven valve mechanism .

Secretion Waterproofs Nest — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Secretion Waterproofs Nest AskNature 
Team Imag e : Jano du 59 62 / Flickr / rights reserved toggle icon 
Functions Performed toggle icon Protect Microbes living systems , 
microbes play important roles , breaking organic matter maintaining 
personal system health .

bacteria create colonies called biofilms coat surfaces , 
reducing effectiveness –for example , inhibiting leaf ’ ability 

cause disease become numerous create imbalance syst em .

search icon Search Function Protect Excess 
Liquids water essential life , much water liquids overwhelm living 
systems .

Excess liquids , example , decrease living system ’ access 
oxygen , promote excessive bacterial fungal growth , strip away soil 
nutrients .

prevent accumulation excess liquids , living systems must 
control movement liquids across boundaries surfaces .

Plant leaves , example , commonly wa xy surfaces comprised 

search icon Search Function Contents 
Introduction Strategy Potential AI AskNature References Dufour 's gland 
plasterer bees protects nests wa ter secreting natural polyester .

build homes , gather 
food , care young impressive level organization coordination .

one 
fascinating aspects bees way use self -generated materials build nests .

Strategy Unli ke honey bees elaborate hive construction , plasterer bees ( 
Colletes ) yellow -faced bees ( Hylaeus ) , develop breeding chambers 
hollow twigs holes ground , line oral secretion .

exuded , fluid hardens cellophane -like film 
bees use line walls nest cavity .

Potential ability bees produce liquid turns 
waterproof film , made natural substances bees eat , inspire scientists 
develop green materials sim ilar properties .

synthetic materials could 
used variety applications , waterproofing building materials , protecting 
food products , coating medical implants .

AI AskNature page produced 
part assistance AI , allowing us greatly expand volume content avail able 

Last Updated October 
14 , 2022 References “ plasterer bees ( Colletes ) yellow -faced bees ( 
Hylaeus ) among primitive bees ; bui ld breeding chambers hollow twigs 
holes ground , lining walls nest cavity wallpaper made oral secretion .

fluid hardens waterproof film resembling cellophane ; lining prevents 
collected nectar leaking surrounding material keeps away dampness mold .

( Pallasmaa 1995:37 ) ” Book Animal Architecture 22/04/2014 | Ingo Arndt 
Strategies Biological Strategy Nest Openings Protect Floods Mud -nesting 
ant Entrances ant nests protect flooding high tid e collapsing block

Biological Strategy Beak Prevents Water Uptake Dives Gannets 

Biological Strategy Spider Silk ’ Antibacterial Power 
.

Biological Strategy Diverse Food Sources Keep Honeybees Healthy  

Nests Dynamic  — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature AskNature logo 
Biological Strategy Nests Dynamic Rock ant AskNature Team Image : 
LMartinUK / Shutterstock / rights reserved toggle icon Funct ions 
Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Adapt Behaviors 
environment constantly changing , living systems ’ adapt changes , ’ 
survive .

Environmental changes cyclic seasons , sudden floods forest 
fires , gradual long -term , ecosystems shifting early mature stages .

changes require flexibility behavioral responses match specific 

example , fish called lamprey swims , constantly faces 
changes currents .

search icon Search Fun ction Animals Arthropods Insects Ants 
Rock ant Insects Class Insecta ( “ insect ” ) : Flies , ants , beetles , 

distinct body sections : head , specialized mouthparts , thorax , jointed 

well -developed nervous sensory sys tems , invertebrate 

Living System Contents Introduction Strategy Potential AI AskNature 
References Temnothorax ants adjust colony growth diminution shedding 
reconstructing nests .

lift 
phenomenal relative weights , build structures rival engineering feats 
humans , even farm insects .

Strategy 
colony Temnothorax albipennis ants grows , ants must periodically shed 
old nest walls rebuild new ones accommodate increased number workers .

Interestingly , also close unneeded space population decreases .

Potential ability ants shed rebuild nests provides inspiration designing 
structures adapted changing needs .

example , wal ls building could made 
modular blocks added removed occupancy building changes .

Alternatively , 
shedding rebuilding process could used repair damage structure .

AI 
AskNature page produced part assistance AI , allowing us greatly expand 
volume content avai lable AskNature .

Last Updated September 6 , 2022 References “ ontogeny wall 
building colonies ant Temnothorax [ formerly Leptothorax ] albipenni s 
involves discontinuous rebuilding events reminiscent moulting insects…Our 
results suggest first time history influences wall building ants worker 
density decreases ( e.g .

Fu rthermore , found ants used 
greater number larger building blocks ( big sand grains ) cavity 
expansion , surprisingly , also cavity contraction .

pattern nest ‘ 
moulting ’ experimentally manipulated analysed provide insights possible 
trade-offs various fun ctions structural properties nest animals may 
optimize.

2007:567 ) Journal article Nest ‘ moulting 
’ ant Temnothorax albipennis Animal Behaviour | 23/08/2007 | Antony S.

Aleksiev , Ana B. Sendova -Franks , Nigel R. Franks embedly previe w toggle 
Strategy Birds Feign Injury Draw Away Predators Plovers Plovers fake 
broken wing order lead predators away nest protect young .

Strategy Sharing Tools Passes Knowledge Chimpanzee Chimpanzees train next 
generation simply sharing tools .

Biological Strategy Peer -to-Peer 
Learning Spreads Innovations Rapidly Bottlenose dolphin New generations 
bottlenose dolphins adapt changing situations learning peers mothers .

Biological S trategy Vocal Learning Makes Communication Style Adaptable 
Killer whale Killer whales use vocal learning adopt vocalization patterns 
neighboring species .

Biological Strategy Birds Build Responsively Birds 
Birds evaluate external threats , previous success  , success others 
determining build nests .

Biological Strategy Claws Protract Grip Prey 
African lion Claws African lion protract sheaths skin grab prey using 
muscles tendons .

Ray Hope Prize Awarded GreenPod Labs Nature -Inspired Solution Food Loss – 
Biomimicry Institute .

Inspiration AskNatureBiomimicry Toolbox Innovatio n Ray Hope 
Mission Donate Select Page Back Newsroom Ray Hop e Prize Awarded GreenPod 
Labs Nature -Inspired Solution Food Loss Biomimicry Institute announces 
GreenPod Labs top biomimicry startup 2022 ; Fusion Bionic recognized year 
’ Runner -Up .

November 16 , 2022 — Biomimicry Institute awarded 2022 Ray 
Hope Prize® G reenPod Labs , India -based agricultural biotechnology 
startup focused tackling food loss problems developing countries .

learning fruits vegetables naturally resist pest fungal pathogens , 
GreenPod Labs showcases learning nature solve climate societal prob lems .

2022 Ray Hope Prize recipient , GreenPod Labs receive $ 100,000 support 
groundbreaking work .

third food produced goes waste , countries like 
India , much waste occurs farm storage transport food .

GreenPod Labs ’ 
product line works without need col d storage integrating deep 
understanding crop physiology , effectively communicating crops activate 
built-in defense mechanisms .

product extend shelf life fruits vegetables 
40 60 % ambient temperature conditions .

focusing markets India sub -
Saharan Africa  , solution ability solve largest environmental social 

“ proud support GreenPod Labs 2022 recipient Ray Hope Prize 
work eliminate post -harvest food loss , ” said Jared Yarnall -Schane , 
Innovation Director Biomimicry Institute .

“ Project Drawd own cites ‘ 
reducing food waste ’ one impactful things lower amount CO2 produced , 
time ensuring better livelihoods nutrition people around world .

inspired 
GreenPod Labs ’ biomimetic approach solving critical issue.

” GreenPod 
Labs team consists 17 innova tors passionate solving food waste food loss 
problem 30 years combined research operational experience agriculture 
food biotechnology .

plants get infected abiotic biotic stress , release 
unique volatile compounds act signal molecules activate defense mech anism 
neighboring plant protect .

plant unique composition compounds different 
stresses , biomimicry behind GreenPod Labs ’ solution replicates unique 
plant volatile fingerprint crop protect fruits vegetables harvest .

“ 
nature-inspired solution minimizes food waste , also improves health 
financial well -being thousands farmers across India conserving freshwater 
mitigating carbon loss , ” said one year ’ judges , Andrew Courtney , 
Deputy Chief Science & Innovation Officer , VP Programs , National 
Geographic Society .

“ powerful business , conservation , human story 
achieved seemingly simple innovation.

’ unique 
targeting specific plants , cost effective easy -to-adopt appr oach , 
plant-based chemistry sets apart competitors .

coming months , 12 
different products crops developed , funding year ’ Prize help company 
innovative solution .

year ’ second place recognition goes German -based 
Fusion Bionic , developed cutting -edge laser technology capable 
integrating biomimetic micro nanostructures variety material surfaces .

Today ’ surface finishing technologies rely largely ecologically harmful 
manufacturing processes , chemical etching ( e.g .

Fusion Bionic ’ Direct Laser Interference Patterning ( DLIP ) 
technology enables functional surface texture solutions inspired natural 
surface structures found lotus leaves , shark skin , mot h eyes , name .

Runner-Up , Fusion Bionic awarded $ 25,000 support novel solution .

Ray 
Hope Prize , created honor late sustainable business pioneer Ray C. 
Anderson , awarded year world ’ top nature -inspired startup 10 finalist 
teams conclude 10 -week accel erator program .

year , GreenPod Labs , 
Fusion Bionic , eight participating companies selected pool 212 
applications 54 different countries .

finalists recipients chosen expert 
judging panel , included trusted experts field biomimicry , industry , 
entrepre neurship .

participants program learned sustainable business 
practices , met industry startup mentors , refined scientific 
communication skills , invited immersive retreat California Redwoods 
reconnect natural world form bonds fellow bio -inspired innovator s .

2022 
Ray Hope Prize made possible generous partners , Ray C. Anderson 
Foundation .

information Ray Hope Prize support initiative , visit 
biomimicry.org/rayofhopeprize email [ email protected ] .

# # # 
Biomimicry Institute Biomimicry Institute 501 ( c )  ( 3 ) not -for-profit 
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healthy planet .

advance solution process , Institute offers 
AskNature.org , free online tool contains strategies found nature 
examples ways used design .

also h osts Youth Design Challenge support 
project-based education ; Biomimicry Launchpad startup accelerator 
program ; Ray Hope Prize® early -stage biomimetic companies bring 
solutions market .

2021 , Institute launched new collaborative initiative 
called Design Decomposition pilot technologies convert discarded clothes 
textiles biocompatible raw materials .

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Biomimicry Toolbox Select Page Home » Methods » Pathways Biomimicry 
Pathways Biomimicry SECTION 
  Biology Design 
  Biomimicry Frameworks 
Biomimicry Toolbox focuses largely “ challenge biology “ approach

biomimicry : start ing design challenge actively seeking inspiration 
models biology solve .

type approach ’ useful seeking biomimetic 
solutions specific design problems opportunities .

biomimicry manifest 
practiced ways , , especially core concepts methods practice become 
second nature .

Biology Design Sometimes biomimicry occur innovator first 
notices interesting mechanism phenomena natural world identifies 

describe 
pathway “ biology design ” begins biological inspi ration instead specific 

’ good reminder value spending time outside observing 
interacting natural world .

build biomimicry habits mind become attuned 
features functions living things , visits nature become rewarding .

Biology Design Examples st ory invention Velcro® famous example “ biology 
design.

Later 
, pulling burdock seeds dog ’ fur , realized hooked barbs seed could 
model new type hook loop fastener .

Bringing Biomimicry Design Fram eworks 
Biomimicry concepts tools utilized within variety design processes .

sense biomimetic approach , ’ begin see way thinking designing integrated 
design frameworks may traditionally focused sustainable bio -inspired 
approaches .

Design Thinking , Human -Centered Design , Engineering Design 
examples .

possible virtually design creative problem -solving activities 
share key phases activity .

basic level , design processes require 
research understand design opportunity , develop explore variety 
potential solu tions , proceed test ideas refine arriving final product .

Different disciplines design methodologies may use alternative terms 
refer general ideas .

practice biomimetic design , go phases well – 
simply approached slightly different perspective .

two examp les show 
bringing biomimicry design frameworks might look like : Design Thinking 
image modified Design Thinking diagram used Hasso Plattner Institute 
Design ( aka “ d.School ” ) Stanford University , show biomimicry 
concepts fit framework .

Whereas design thinking emphasizes beginning 
design process empathy users , biomimetic concept could extend concern 
include life .

“ define ” step would identify function context necessary 
solution formulate questions biology research .

“ ideate ” step includes 
searching  biology inspiration , translating strategies , considering 
nature ’ unifying patterns .

finally , “ test ” step includes evaluating 
whether resulting design ultimately life -friendly .

Engineering Design 
Engineering Design process diagram provided NASA res ource educators .

Step 2 
integrates defining function context solution , steps 3 -5 include 
searching biology inspiration , translating strategies , considering 

finall y 8th step requires evaluating whether 
resulting design ultimately life -friendly .

Understanding basic steps essential , concepts 
methods described Toolkit applied many ways .

Image Credits Velcro SEM : public domain Whale image 
: NOAA , public domain Design Thinking diagram : Hasso Plattner Institute 
Design Standford Engineering Design diagram : NASA Education Terms 
Service & Privacy Policy Google+ Facebook Coo kie Settings © 2015 -2023 
Biomimicry Institute FEEDBACK SURVEY use cookies give best browsing 

Fluorophores Enhance Photosynthesis — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Fluorophores Enhance 
Photosynthesis AskNature Team Image : David Stang / Wikipedia Commons / 
Performed toggle icon Living System  toggle icon Capture , Absorb , Filter 
potential , thermal , elastic , radiant , chemical , .

one form s .

search icon Search Function Transform Radiant 
Energy ( Light ) sun ultimate source energy many living s ystems .

sun 
emits radiant energy , carried light electromagnetic radiation streams 
photons .

radiant energy convert heat , living systems convert chemical energy .

latter conversion simple , multi -step process starting living systems 
algae , bacteria , plants capture photons .

example , potato plant 
captures photons converts light energy chemical energy photosynthesis , 
storing chemical energy underground carbohydrates .

search icon Search Function Modify Light/Color 
Color living systems comes pigments interaction light surfaces .

Color 
serves many purposes living systems , attracting prey mates , providing 
warnings , protecting camouflage .

create effects ne eded purpose , living 
systems must control expression visibility pigments interactions ( 
reflectance refraction ) light .

, strategies modify color light increase 
decrease color ’ position , intensity , opacity , .

Male hummingbirds , 
example , brightly co lored feather patches throats ; coloring comes 
pigments , structures refract light , combination two .

male hummingbird 
hovers near potential mate , modifies angle feathers create bright , 
colorful display .

However , needs mute colors reduce conspicuousne ss , 
avoid predator , modifies angle .

search icon Search Function Conifers 
Others ( Pines , Spruce , Gingko ) Clade Gymnosperms ( “ naked seeds “ ) 
: Conifers , cycads , Gingko , gnetophytes approximately 1,000 known 
species Gymnosperms .

include well kno wn needle -bearing plants like pines 
, firs , spruce , well broad leaves like Gingko gnetophytes .

Instead 
flowers , gymnosperms produce unenclosed ( “ naked ” ) seeds exposed 
surface cone scales .

Economically , conifers make 45 percent world ’ 
lumber prod uction .

first gymnosperms evolved 390 million years ago 
Paleozoic Era dominated landscapes quarter billion years evolution 
diversification flowering plants .

search icon Search Living System 
cuticular wax dwarf mountain pine enhances photosynthesis using 

dwarf mountain pine ( Pinus mugo ) grows high elevations 
Alps vertical nearly -vertical slopes , often leaving shaded foliage .

Unlike many plants produce seed seasonally , mountain pine produces seed 
all-year round .

production development seeds requires significant 
amounts energy photosynthesis , constant shading trees makes access light 
difficult .

Thus , mountain pine must able maximize photosynthetic 
capacity even low li ght-conditions order ensure seed production .

Plants 
normally absorb light visible spectrum , either scatter filter UV light 
damaging multiple plant processes .

However , leaves dwarf mountain pine 
contain waxy cuticle loaded fluorophores , absorb UV light  convert blue 
light , used photosynthesis .

allows mountain pine increase amount light 
use photosynthesis , providing energy even low -light conditions .

Image : Македонец / CC 
SA - Creative Commons Attribu tion + ShareAlike toggle icon Pinus mugo 
Terra Last Updated July 2 , 2020 References Journal article UV protective 
coatings : botanical approach UV protective coatings : botanical approach 
.

loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Holey Leaf Pattern 
ultraviolet radiation reaches plant ’ cells .

Common eastern firefly common eastern firefly produces 
light chemical reaction energizes molecule release photon .

Strategy Thinner Fur Keeps Numbats Warmer Numbat making  hairs stand , 
numbats expose skin sun create insulating layer air reduce heat loss .

become mobile forms chemica l energy power plant growth .

Osmotic Microfluidic Device Inspired Trees Plants — Innovation — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Innovation : Academia Osmotic 
Microfluidic Device Inspir ed Trees Plants MIT 2017 Image : Alaric Sim / 
Unsplash / CC SA - Creative Commons Attribution + ShareAlike toggle icon 
Functions Performed toggle icon Capture , Absorb , Filter Liquids common 
liquid used living systems water , require survive .

many liquid s provide 
nourishment , play role defense mechanisms , serve purposes .

Water 
varies availability ; sometimes plentiful sometimes scarce available fog 
mist .

minimize energy required capture , absorb , filter liquids , 
living systems strategies take advant age unique properties given liquid .

example , water moves gaseous liquid state encounters surface colder air 
.

Plants forests experience fog clouds rain strategies condense liquid 
water moist air .

search icon Search Function Distribute Liquids Liquids 
include water , well body fluids blood , gastric juices , nutrient -laden 
liquids , .

survive , many living systems must move liquids within 
locations .

address , living systems strategies confine fluid s transport , overcome 
barriers gravity , friction , forces .

Trees giraffes face challenge : move fluids ( water blood 
, respectively ) upward gravity .

tree moves 
water using capillary ac tion evaporation , possibly due water ’ 
properties polarity adhesion .

giraffe ’ tight skin provides pressure 
assist blood circulation .

Function Contents Innovation Profile Challenge Innovation Details 
Biomimic ry Story References Microfluidic device MIT uses slow , steady 
osmosis sugar cube continuously pump liquid .

Benefits Reduced energy 
usage Long lasting Reliable Applications Electronics HVAC Systems 
Robotics UN Sustainable Development Goals Addressed Goal 9 : Industry 
Innovation & Infrastructure Goal 12 : Responsible Production & 
Consumption Challenge Many robots require tiny , movable parts pumps 
power complex movements .

tiny parts difficult expensive manufacture , 
break easily , require external energy o perate .

microfluidic device operates passively , requiring moving parts pumps .

create sugar gradient 
, channels filled water sugar , others filled water .

device able passively pump water tank beaker 
constant flow rate several days , outperforming designs lasted minutes .

Biomimicry Story Plants contain tissue called xylem consists many small 
transport tubes .

See 
Related Content See Related Content toggle icon Biological Strategy Roots 
Maximize Water Uptake Plants Roots plants maximize water uptake adapting 
orientation environment .

Biological Strategy Leaves Root Maximize Water 
Collection Desert rhub arb leaves root desert rhubarb maximize water 
collection directing rainwater plant 's base absorbing water saturated 
ground .

References Journal article Passive phloem loading long -distance 
transport synthetic tree -on-a-chip Nature Plants embedly preview t oggle 
icon Reference toggle icon loading Innovations Innovation : Academia 
Humidity -Sensitive Hydraulic Actuator Inspired Pine Cones Technical

University Munich Hydraulic actuator Technical University Munich 
passively swell change shape , reducing energy u sage .

Innovation : Academia Geometric Pa vilion Structure Inspired Silkworms MIT 
Pavilion structure MIT constructed using 3D -printers silk worms explore 
relationship digital biological fabrication .

Modular Solar Cell Inspired Photosynthesis University Illinois Chicago 
Solar cell University Illinois Chicago uses sunlight recycle carbon 
dioxide renewable fuel source .

Innovation : Academia Renewable Plastic 
Production Inspired Bacteria University Wisconsin -Madison Engineered 
bacteria University Wisconsin Madison convert lignin  , component wood , 
material could replace oil -based plastics .

Coordinated Materials Inspired Animal Movement UMass Amherst Smart 

Mission Donate Select Page  Support nature -inspiredproblem -solvers .

donation makes possible us address critical 
environmental social issues increasing adoption nature -inspired 
innovation education , culture , industry .

Make Online Donation donate , 
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people increasing number biomimetic solutions AskNature.org .

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Optimized Structural Materials Inspired Cuttlefish Mantis Shrimp — 
Strategies Innovations Educators Donate Search Innovation : Academ ia 
Tech 2021 Functions Performed toggle icon Manage Impact impact high force 
mechanical shock happens short period time , hammer hitting nail rather 
hand pushing slowly wall .

speed f orce , impacts ’ allow materials slowly 
adjust force , lead cracks , ruptures , complete breakage .

living systems strategies absorb , dissipate , otherwise survive force 
without need add large amounts material .

example , Toco toucan ’ large 
beak lightweight , yet withstand impacts ’ made composite material rigid 
foam inside layers hard , fibrous material outside .

Function Manage Tension living system tension , means force pulling , 
like person pulling rope tied horse .

appl ied living system , unless 
system completely rigid , result gets stretched .

stretching exceeds 
strength living system ’ material , damage .

Living systems manage 
tension using materials flexible stretchable enough survive tension 
occurs environment .

Mussels 
resist tension flexible threads hold onto rocks ; contrast , large algae 
stretchy fronds .

search icon Search Function Manage Compression li ving 
system compression , force pushing , like chair person sitting .

evenly 
applied sides living system , compression results decreased volume .

applied two sides , results deformation , pushing two sides balloon .

living  systems must retain efficient 
form , must ensure deformation temporary .

Managing compression also 
provides opportunity lessen effects forces .

Living systems strategies 
help prevent compression recover , maintaining function .

example , 
African elephant adults weigh 4,700 6,048 kilograms .

must hold weight 
four feet , tissues feet features enable compression absorb distribute 
forces .

search icon Search Function Manage Shear effect shear stress 
living system parallel internal surfaces sliding past .

may easy add glue , increases shear strength makes harder 
impossible slide .

must increase shear strength overcom e types forces .

example , darkling 
beetles lock wings together flight prevent lateral movement using many 
small hairs wing .

hairs interlock provide shear strength , two hair 
brushes put together would difficult slide past .

Function Pr event Buckling living system undergoes compression extent 
causes structural damage , results buckling .

example , person pushes top 
side paper cup , cup ’ wall eventually give way , buckle .

Although 
living system could add material strengthen structure , requires 

placement materials resist , absorb , deflect compressive forces .

Biomimicry Story Referen ces Structural material Georgia Institute 
Technology made continuously embedded microstructures increase material 
's overall strength .

Benefits Lightweight Efficient Modular Applications 
Building materials Medical implants Bridge design UN Sustainable 
Goal 12 : Responsible Production & Consumption Challenge Traditional 
building materials steel concrete often dense heavy .

Although 
characteristics make buildings stronger , attributes increase quantity 
raw materials required well cost .

Innovation Details structural 
materials optimized layout multiple micro -structured materials .

topology 
optimization algorithm , materials arranged increase structural 
efficiency require fewer raw materi als .

3D -printing , printer receives 
2D-information embedded information material ’ microstructures , reducing 
amount processing required , saving time money .

end print cycle , 
printer combines slices , creating continuous , 3D -structure .

Story Cuttlefish hard , brittle internal bone structure , consists narrow 
layers upright pillars form chambers .

club strong calcium -based mineral outer layer 
resilient inner layer made mineralized fib ers arranged spiral -pattern .

Gas-holding Structure Aids Buoyancy Cuttlefish cuttlebone cuttlefish aids 
maintaining buoyancy using chambered structure keep gas mixture 
relatively con stant pressure .

Resists Cracking Peacock mantis shrimp Shrimp ’ attack club distributes 
impact among spiraled layers fibers References Journal article Optimal 
continuous multilattice embedding Science Advances emb edly preview toggle

icon Reference toggle icon loading Innovations Innovation : Industry 
High-Performance Biocomposites Inspired Trees Strong Form Strong Form 
mimics growth patterns trees fuse sustainability wood performance 

Innovatio n : Academia Search Algorithm Inspired 
Arboreal Ant Trail Networks Stanford Algorithm Stanford parameterized 
field data enabling quickly fix network disruptions .

University Me mbrane Deakin University made aramid nanofibers boron 

polarized light navigate , enabling explore randomly find way back .

Innovation : Academia Self -Assembling Material Inspired Protein Capsids 
Northwestern University Material Northwestern University hydrogel self -
assembles utilizing strong noncovalent interacti ons molecules .

Innovation : Academia Flexible Batteries Inspired Electric Eels 
University Fribourg Battery University Fribourg made hydrogel 
compartments membranes flexible store energy .

Roots Stabilize Trees Wind — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNat ure 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Roots Stabilize Trees Wind Longleaf 
pine AskNature Team Image : Leo Miranda/USFWS / Flickr / rights reserved 
toggle icon Functions Performed toggle  icon Living System toggle icon 

search ic on Search Function 
Plants Conifers Others Pines Longleaf pine Conifers Others ( Pines , 
Spruce , Gingko ) Clade Gymnosperms ( “ naked seeds “ ) : Conifers , 

include well known ne edle-bearing plants like pines , firs 

gymnosperms produce unenclosed ( “ naked ” ) seeds exposed surface cone 
scales .

productio n .

search icon Search Living System Roots longleaf pine 
protect strong winds forming large anchoring tapr oots widespread lateral 
root system .

“ damage resistance longleaf pine could related firm 
anchorage provided large taproot widespread lateral root system .

excavations longleaf pine root systems ( Baruch Forest Science Institute 
, pers .

indicate d longleaf pine taproots extended two meters 
vertically soil lateral root system extended six meters horizontally 
taproot… alternative scheme capitalizes little ability soil withstand 
compressive force .

trunk continued downward beneath soil stiff taproot , 
ramifying lateral roots near soil ’ surface fix location tree , pushing 
trunk one direction push taproot ( Edelin Atger 1994 ) .

Soil , 
especially beneath layer superficial roots , ought resist sideways push 
quite well ; scheme , might call ‘ taprooting ’ shown figure 21.3c .

Taprooting depends good resistance taproot bending cantilever –a high 
level flexural stiffness –as sufficient broadside area push slip sideways 
soil .

( Additional substantial vertical ‘ striker ’ roots , according 
Perry [ 1982 ] Crook  Ennos [ 1996 ] , may supplement mechanical role 
taproots . )

” ( Vogel 2003:431,433 ) Last Updated May 14 , 2018 
References Book Comparative Biomechanics : Life 's Physical World ,

Second Edition Princeton University Press | 17/06/2013 | Steven Vogel 
Hurricane Hugo Wind Damage Southeastern US Coastal Forest Tree Species 
Association Tropical Biology Conservation , Biotropica Vol .

4 , 
Dec. , 1991 | Gresham , C. A. ; Williams , T. M. ; Lipscomb , D. J. 
Strategies Biological Strategy Branching Design Lessens Breakage 
Branching design lessens chances trees breaking structurally reducing 
wind stress .

Biological St rategy Buttresses Red Mangrove Improve 
Stability Red mangrove Buttresses red mangrove enable growth thin soils 
efficiently increasing footprint Biological Strategy Eyelashes Protect 
Eyes Mammals Eyelashes mammals protect eye airborne particles redirecting 
airflow .

Biological Strategy Spiral Fibers Strengthen Tree Trunk Pines 
trunks pine trees withstands wind snow via spiral growth .

Strategy Relationship Provides Nutrients , Stability Giant polypore 
Bracket fungi mature trees gain nutrients stru ctural stability trees 
thanks mutualistic relationship .

Biological Strategy Weak Leaves Deal 
Strong Winds Tulip poplar leaves trees deal strong winds adjusting 
configurations order reduce exposure limit flutter .

Introducing Biomimicry High School — Resource — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Resource : Resource Bundle Introducing Biomimicry High 
School Biomimicry Institute Grades 9 –12 ( Ages 14 –18 ) | Published 2020 
Image : Rido / Shu tterstock / Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon 
Subject Areas toggle icon Standards Addressed toggle icon Life Science 
Engineering & Technology Physical Science Earth & Space Science Next 
Generation Science Standards Contents Introduction Relevant St andards 
Thin Air Exploring Function Explore AskNature Examples Biomimicry Wild -
Inspired Robotic Arms Youth Design Challenge collection activities 
provides high school level introduction concept biomimicry , along 
instruction support student use resources A skNature website apply 
biomimicry design challenge .

Introduction high school level , many 
places incorporate biomimicry concepts .

Student thinking delves complex 
examples innovations inspired nature .

able apply biomimicry engineering 
design challenges ,  students need truly understand role function 

bundle activities focuses helping students better understand 
functions apply natural strategies designed objects/systems .

enable 
utilize AskNature website resource engineering design challenge ask ed 
address .

Relevant Standards examples high school level engineering 
design-related challenges paraphrased Next Generation Science Standards 
listed .

High 
School Engineering Design Concepts Analyze c hallenge specify constraints 
( HS-ETS1-1 ) Design solution real -world problem ( HS -ETS1-2 ) Evaluate 
solution real -world problem accounting many criteria ( HS -ETS1-3 ) Model 
solutions ( using computer simulations ) ( HS -ETS1-4 ) Physical Science 
Concepts R efine chemical system design produce increased amounts products 
equilibrium ( HS -PS1-6 ) Communicate molecular -level structure important 
functioning designed materials ( HS -PS2-6 ) Design device convert one 
form energy another ( HS -PS3-3 ) Communicate tech  devices use wave 
behavior interactions transmit information energy ( HS -PS4-5 ) Life 
Science Concepts Design solution reducing impacts human activities 
environment biodiversity ( HS -LS2-7 ) Create simulation test solution 
mitigate adverse impacts human ac tivity biodiversity ( HS -LS4-6 ) Earth 
Space Science Concepts Evaluate design solutions utilizing energy mineral 
resources ( HS -ESS3-2 ) Evaluate technological solution reduces impacts 
humans natural systems ( HS -ESS3-4 ) Thin Air Kick learning biomimicry 
engaging , short graphic comic .

Challenge students break message comic – 
could future made thin air ?

brainstorm ways concept learning nature could applied , examples know 
method used .

Resource : Article Thin Air  Stuart McMillen Trees build 
principally carbon dioxide air around us .

Exploring 
Function trio activities Biomimicry Institute excellent job getting 
students interactin g objects nature , also starting think biomimicry 
terms natural functions inspiration address functions human design 
problems .

Start “ Seeing ” Function utilizes students ’ sense touch 
become familiar structures nature purpose function .

Next , Function 
Junction challenges students see everything around new lens .

Lastly , 
Alone directly compares natural design human engineered designs recognize 
parallels function .

Resource : Activity/Lesson “ Seeing ” Function 
Biomimicry Institute activity , students lea rn recognize function natural 
objects encountering , describing , considering natural objects 
blindfolded .

Resource : Activity/Lesson Function Junction Biomimicry 
Institute simple , hands -on activity gives students practice identifying 
function biological  world relating human design challenges .

Resource : 
Activity/Lesson Alone Biomimicry Institute 10 -20 minute interactive 
exercise functions building must perform compared functions tree must 
perform , helping students see humans alone need solve challenges  .

Explore AskNature AskNature provides unique resource students 
professionals able utilize function means identify biological strategies 
nature human innovations utilize strategies .

Understanding use resource 
key students incorporating biomimicry enginee ring design challenges posed 
curriculum .

two activities designed specifically students recognize site 
offers importance .

understood , AskNature provides resource used 
students future .

Resource : Activity/Lesson AskNature Scavenger Hunt 
Biomimicry Instit ute Get familiar use AskNature website exploring offer .

Resource : Activity/Lesson Language Biomimicry Biomimicry Institute 45 -
minute lesson students review practice key vocabulary used biomimicry 
designers AskNature website .

Examples Biomimicry Elaborat e student 
understanding biomimicry sharing numerous examples stories .

resource 
contains video audio showcasing different examples successful innovations 
inspired nature .

Resource : Video + Resource Bundle Biomimicry Action : 
Case Studies Biomimicry Insti tute animated video series features 
innovative biomimicry startups organisms inspired technologies .

Resource 
: Audio 30 Animals Made Us Smarter BBC World Service podcast features 
stories amazing things humans learned animal kingdom .

Resource : Video 
AskNature Nuggets Biomimicry Institute series fun 2 -minute videos present 
biological strategies corresponding function .

Wild -Inspired Robotic Arms 
Let students apply learned activity PBS Learning Media gets designing .

Also provided links Biological Strategy Innovation pages related activity 
.

Resource : Activity/Lesson + Video Wild -Inspired Robotic Arms PBS 
LearningMedia NOVA video related project , students introduced engineers 
learning natural world solve problems .

Biological Strategy Elephant Trunks Twist Twirl Elephants Three 
muscle fiber patterns inside trunks work together provide strength , 
support , resistance needed bend twist extreme agility .

Industry Robotic Arm Inspired Elephant Trunk Festo Bi onic Handling 
Assistant Festo robotic arm easily move grip objects without endangering 
humans .

Extended Learning : Biomimicry Youth Design Challenge Biomimicry 
Institute ’ Youth Design Challenge free design competition project based 
learning experience em powers students grades 6 -12 reimagine sustainable 
world nature -inspired design .

Learn register 
youthchallenge.biomimicry.org Resources Resource : Article + Resource 
Bundle Biological Strategy Printables Biomimicry Institute need offline 
version AskNature 's content , pages covered .

Resource : Book Mimic 
Makers : Biomimicry Inventors Inspired Nature Kristen Nordstrom picture

book , young readers meet ten real -life scientists , engineers , 
designers learn plants animals create amazing new technologies .

Res ource 
: Activity/Lesson Biomimicry : Nature Model , Measure , Mentor Cloud 
Institute Sustainability Education three -part lesson students explore 
nature teach us principles sustainable design reflect applications 
problem home , school , community .

Resource  : Activity/Lesson Language 
Biomimicry Biomimicry Institute 45 -minute lesson students review practice 
key vocabulary used biomimicry designers AskNature website .

Resource : 
hands-on , project -based learning experience competition students work 

Natural Designs University Colorado Boulder 50 -minute activi ty provides 
introduction biomimicry quickly gets students brainstorming design ideas 
.

Meet Newest Young Innovators Biomimicry – Biomimicry Institute .

Biomimicry ToolboxBiomimicry 
SolutionsEducational ResourcesGlobal  NetworkInvite SpeakerBlog 
Initiatives Education K -5 EducationYouth Design Challenge Inspiration 
AskNatureBiomimicry Toolbox Innovation Ray Hope PrizeLaunchpad Systems 
Change Pilot ProjectsIndustry Reports Institute Us MissionJanine 
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Annual ReportNewsroomNewsletterSupport Mission Donate Select Page Meet 
Newest Young Innovators Biomimicry Biomimicry Institute | Jun 1 , 2023 | 
Youth Design Challenge , Blog , Youth Education year , Biomimicry  
Institute ’ Youth Design Challenge inspired thousands middle high school 
students look nature solve local design challenges .

tackling issues 
microplastics urban heat islands , addressing clean energy solutions use 
wind turbines underwater solar panels , Biomimicry Institute ’ 2022 -23 
Youth Design Challenge ( YDC ) winners offered unique , nature -inspired 
ideas solve local design challenges .

YDC , sixth year , serves bridge 
core concepts advanced project -focused STEM learning middle high school 
students a cross world .

Youth Design Challenge open access experience 
leads middle high school educators students project -based curriculum 
immerses practice biomimicry —looking nature inspiration solve problems 
regenerative way .

support teachers coaches , students c hoose Sustainable 
Development Goal ( SDG ) want address attempt solve related problem 
iterative design process , engaging nature new perspective .

year , YDC 
received record 177 submissions 16 countries addressed wide array SDGs .

One year ’ Challenge judg es commented “ wish every young person could 
experience program design challenge.

” Another judge said “ always feel [ 
] elated inspired seeing work students.

” Biomimicry Institute proud 
introduce year ’ Biomimicry Youth Design Challenge winners : MIDDLE 
SCHOOL DIVISION : National First Place : SeedSpinner wind turbines 
effective form sustainable energy , without faults .

One issue problem 
root leakage , center turbines draws power away blades resulting 
turbulence .

Team BioBreeze Montana hopes combat issues “ SeedSpinner ” turbine .

design incorporates functions Japanese maple seed , dragonfly wings , 
aspen leaves .

Combining aspects three organisms , blades design made 
light , flexible plastic slightly tilted catch wind pick slightest breeze 
.

address issue root leakage , design enables turbine adapted variety 

fact Team BioBreeze seamlessly incorporated three 
inspirational organisms design set apart teams .

judges impressed team 
extensive research tested design see could adapted larger scale .

Lastly 
, team ’ insight provided interviewing local engineers gave project 
informed perspective .

Watch Video National Second Place : Diatom Brick 
House BioBuilders team Montana understands h ousing growing problem

Current 
housing solutions often unsustainable require constant repairs use non -
renewable materials .

inspired diatoms , golden s caled snails , jet ants .

unique structure 

team draws inspiration jet ants 

ensure proposed infrastructure could last longer , could built 

Watch Video International First Place : Photovoltaic -
reservoirs sustainable source clean energ y .

LUC -YDC , team Singapore , looked nature find 

surface uses exposed region lens direct light inside without overheating 
.

hydrophobic 
orientation panels allows so lar energy captured .

Watch Video International Second Place : 
Rail Razor Every two years , National Railway London clears debris 
settled train tracks well cuts hundreds trees surrounding shrubbery could 
make track dangerous use .

current solution cleaning debris accumulates 
bakes track , Tree Savers team come different solution .

Looking 
smalltooth sawfish , whales , remora , team creat ed “ Rail Razor.

” Rail 
Razor attaches fronts trains , similar remora fish attaches bigger fish .

tank enzyme -based liquid would break plant wood cells along track .

Going 
even , device sweeps branches leaves bristle brush system , inspired way 
whales filt er food baleen .

Tree Savers team hopes system reduce need cut 
trees along track every year , thereby preserving ecosystems along train 
route , avoiding safety hazards .

Tree Savers commended various 
iterations led final Rail Razor design .

judges apprecia ted process trial 
error – well research – team engaged .

Watch Video National Third Place : 
Green Pathological Waste TankNational Honorable Mention : 
EarthproofInternational Third Place : Bird PreyInternational Honorable 
Mention : Female Defense Badge HIGH  SCHOOL DIVISION National First Place 
: Protego Microplastics ocean , especially California , increasingly 
prominent issue San Francisco Bay Area team Christmas Tree Worm hoped 
solve “ Protego.

” Protego self -charging device would attach front marine 
vessel collect microplastics vessel moving .

design gets inspiration four 
organisms , including remora fish , Christmas tree worms , swordfish , 
blue tilapia .

One device ’ highlights suction pad , inspired remora fish 
ability use suction pad atop head attach l arger marine life “ hitch ” 
ride .

Another prominent feature device ’ ability capture microplastics 
internal spiral conveyor belt system made nonpolar rubber hairs , 
mimicking Christmas tree worms use appendages get food mouth .

Protego received high 
praises overall quality project using numerous inspirations contributed 
final design .

judges loved team iterated upon design based feedback , 
look forward hearing potential future developments related Pr otego

Watch Video National Second Place : BirdHive Urban expansion 
threatens homes many organisms , displacing altering natural habitats .

Inspired solve problem , group Southern California came “ Birdhive , ” 
modular panel ecosystem attached ext erior houses , parking garages , 
skyscrapers , etc .

goal provide habitats native plants animals support 
biodiversity bring back organisms displaced .

design panel takes 
inspiration beehives , birds nests , rotting logs , rotting logs often 
habitat support s biodiversity within relatively small space .

being humans wildlife bringing natural elements back urban environment .

Watch Video International First Place : Biomimetic Architecture Hot 
Climates Increasingly severe heat waves Paki stan due climate change led 
alarming number deaths well disruption daily life .

team Islamabad , 
Heatwave Heroes , hopes architectural design could help mitigate rising 

center housing , ma ny features throughout design inspired Saharan Silver 

use ar chitectural 
software simulate design would work especially impressive .

Watch Video International Second Place 
: BlueManta Water Bottle Tea m BlueManta Jakarta realizes pressing local 
problem everyone access clean water , especially communities surrounding 
Ciliwung river .

local residents depend Ciliwung river daily necessities 
, faced heavy bacterial contamination due trash industrial waste d umped 
waterway .

team ’ solution low -cost bottle multi -layer filter produce 
clean water .

first layer takes inspiration manta ray lobes , hundreds 
lobes made recycled polyethylene terephthalate ( rPET ) , arranged 
strategically remove larger particles .

se cond layer integrates nanosized 
pores interconnected conduit structure similar xylem vessels Gymnosperm 
trees , added help remove additional pathogens .

team able increase 
efficiency final design looking certain arterioles human kidneys work .

team display ed thorough research methods understanding important local 
issue affects nearby low -income communities .

Eco Beaver GeotextileNational Honorable Mention : Swamp 
FilterInternational Third Place : EROSO HelmetInternational Honorable 
Mention : Robotic Starfish Learn Youth Design Challenge , read winners ’ 
announcement .

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Guard Cells Function — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Guard Cells Function Plants AskNature 
Team Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Regulate 
Cellular Processes Cells basic building blocks living systems , cellular 
processes dictate physiological processes occur within systems .

whether entire unicellular organisms parts multicellular living systems ) 
grow , metabolize nutrients ( , chemically transform ) , produce proteins 
enzymes , replicate , move .

Cells part multicellular systems rarely act 
alone , instead ways signal start complet e simple quite complex 
interactions .

Blood 
cells called platelets release clotting factors stop bleeding ; white 
blood cells rid area foreign materials release molecules coordinate 
healing ; cells called f ibroblasts start rebuilding using proteins called 
collagen ; new blood vessels form ; skin cells called keratinocytes 
create new surface .

search icon Search Function Plants Phylum Plantae ( 
“ plants ” ) : Angiosperms , gymnosperms , green algae , Plants e volved 
using special structures within cells harness energy directly sunlight .

currently 350,000 known species plants include angiosperms ( flowering 
trees plants ) , gymnosperms ( conifers , Gingkos , others ) , ferns , 
hornworts , liverworts , mosses , green algae .

get energy process 
photosynthesis , partially carnivores , feeding bodies insects , others 
plant parasites , feeding entirely plants .

evolved around 500 million years ago 
found ever y continent worldwide .

Contents Search References Guard cells use osmotic pressure open close 
stomata , allowing plants regulate amount water solutes within .

order 
plants produce energy maintain cellular function , cells undergo highly 
intricate process photosynthesis .

Stomata ( 
multiple stoma ) located outermost cellular layer leaves , stems , plant 
parts .

First 
, allows light enter inte rcellular matter trigger process .

Second , 
allows uptake carbon dioxide , key chemical producing plant energy .

Third , allows oxygen expelled outside environment , byproduct 
photosynthesis longer needed cell .

open stoma necessary plant undergo 
photosynt hesis , comes negative side effect : water loss .

Therefore , delicate balance 
must maintained allows light gases pass cells , put plant risk 
dehydration .

open , cells triggered one many possible 
environmental chemical signals .

include strong sunlight higher average 
levels carbon dioxide inside cell .

response signals , guard cells take 
sugars , potassium , chloride io ns ( i.e.

increase solutes induces influx water across guard cell membrane .

volume 
guard cells increase , “ inflate ” two kidney -bean-like shapes .

expand , 
reveal stoma opening center two guard cells ( similar hole center 
doughnut  ) .

fully expanded , stoma open gases move cell external 

Excess loss water 
stoma , drought , triggers chemical reactions signal water ions leave 
guard cells .

solutes exit guard cells , pair “ deflates ,  ” subsequently 
closing stoma like two flat balloons .

Last Updated May 2 , 2020 References “ 
guard-cell pair accumulates solutes , resultant turgor volume changes 
cause guard cells bow outw ard cell -wall architecture , enlarging pore .

simple explanation belies underlying complexity guard -cell turgor 
regulation whole -plant responses.

” ( Outlaw Jr. 2003:503 ) “ stomatal 
opening , flanking guard cells accumulate K+ salts ( Outlaw , 1983 ; 
Zeiger , 1983 ) sucrose ( Talbott Zeiger , 1998 ) .

Osmotic H2O influx 
causes increased guard -cell turgor , asymmetric guard -cell enlargement , 
consequent increase stomatal aperture size .

essence stomatal regulation the refore regulation membrane 
transport ” ( Outlaw Jr. 2003:505 ) Journal article Integration Cellular 
Physiological Functions Guard Cells Critical Reviews Plant Sciences | 
25/06/2007 | William H. Outlaw , Jr. embedly preview toggle icon

Quarterly Review Biology | Pallas Jr. JE embedly preview toggle 
icon Reference toggle icon loading Biological Strategies Biologica l 
Strategy Marmots ’ Bones ’ Waste Away Hibernation Yellow -bellied marmot 
Marmots maintain strong bones hibernation building without breaking .

Common eastern firefly common 
eastern firefly produces light chemica l reaction energizes molecule 
release photon .

Biological Strategy Diverse Food Sources Keep Honeybees 
Healthy Honeybees Honeybee immune systems depend protein diversity 
quantity .

Biological Strategy Trojan Horse Chemical Makes Bacteria Self -
destruct Alka loid molecules protect plants bacterial infections .

Biological Strategy Bacterial Proteins Conduct Electricity Geobacter 
sulfurreducens Microbes build external protein networks `` nanowires '' 
export electrons outside cell walls .

Biological Strategy Skel etal 
Skeletal muscles contract relax , generating force enabling movement .

Printable Electronic Material Inspired Trees — Innovation — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Innovation : Academia Printable Electronic 
Material Inspired Trees Simon Fraser University 2019 Image : Lucie Hošová 
/ Unsplash / CC SA - Creative Commons Attribution + ShareAlike toggle 
icon Functi ons Performed toggle icon Manage Tension living system tension 
, means force pulling , like person pulling rope tied horse .

applied 
living system , unless system completely rigid , result gets stretched .

stretching exceeds strength living system ’ materi al , damage .

Living 
systems manage tension using materials flexible stretchable enough 
survive tension occurs environment .

waves incoming outgoing tides put tension soft -bodied organisms 
.

Mussels resist tens ion flexible threads hold onto rocks ; contrast , 

Managing 
compression also provides opportunity lessen  effects forces .

absorb distribute fo rces .

search icon Search Function Break Non -living 
Materials Nonliving materials carbon -based ; , never living organs 
tissues .

However , products living organisms , calcium carbonate 
materials found seashells ( excluding organic compounds included ) .

Physically breaking nonliving materials requires mechanical means .

feeding , living systems encounter hard nonliving materials hinder access 
food .

address , teeth structures often contain minerals maximize 
hardness .

Challenge Innovation Details Biomimicry Story References Electronic 
material Simon Fraser Univ ersity made wood -derived cellulose enables 

Benefits Biocompatible 
Reduced costs Reduced waste Applications Optics Consumer goods 3D 
Printing UN Sustainable Development Goals Addressed Goal 9 : Industry 
Innovation & Infrastructure Bioutilization Cellulose Challenge Electronic 
waste , called e -waste , often classified hazardous contains toxins 
harmful humans environment .

electronics , nearly impossible eliminate harmful ch emicals eventually 
leach ground atmosphere .

Innovation Details material wood -derived 
cellulose replace plastics used manufacturing electronics .

device reaches end lifetime , 
material recycled naturally br oken without contaminating environment .

Biomimicry Story Plant matter mainly made cellulose , hemicellulose , 
lignin .

Cellulose lightweight high strength weight ratio , making strong durable 
.

See Related Strategy See Related 
Strategy toggle icon Biological Strategy Nanocrystals Isolated Cellulose 
Unique Properties Plants Nanocrystals isolate d cellulose strong , 
flexible , lightweight References Journal article 3D Printed Disposable 
Wireless Ion Sensors Biocompatible Cellulose Composites Advanced 
Electronic Materials embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon 
loading Innovations Innovat ion : Industry High -Performance Biocomposites 

Materials Intropic Materials mimics way chaperone proteins protect 

Impermeable Coating Material Inspired Nacre University Connecticut 
Coating UConn made nanosheets polymer matrix makes nearly i mpermeable air 
gases .

Innovation : Academia Modular Solar Cell Inspired Photosynthesis 
University Illinois Chicago Solar cell University Illinois Chicago uses 
sunlight recycle carbon dioxide renewable fuel source .

Academia Programmable Stret chable Surfaces Inspired Octopuses Cornell 
University Stretchable surfaces Cornell made extensible silicone 
inextensible mesh instantly transform flat sheet 3D shape .

Academia Flexible Lithium -Ion Battery Inspired Human Spine Columbia 
density .

Marmots ’ Bones ’ Waste Away Hibernation — Biological Strategy — 
AskNature AskNature AskNature logo Collections Biologi cal Strategies 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Marmots ’ Bones ’ 
Waste Away Hibernation Yellow -bellied marmot Sam Stier Image : Eli Allan 
toggle icon Living S ystem toggle icon Regulate Cellular Processes Cells 
basic building blocks living systems , cellular processes dictate 
physiological processes occur within systems .

Cells ( whether entire 
unicellular organisms parts multicellular living systems ) grow , 
metabolize nutrients ( , chemically transform ) , produce proteins 

alone , instead ways signal start complete simple quite complex 

Blood 
healing ; cells called fibroblasts start rebuilding using proteins called 
collagen ; new blood vessel s form ; skin cells called keratinocytes 

Mammals Rodents Yellow -bellied marmot Mammals Class Mammalia ( “ breast ” 
) : Bats , cats , whales , horses , humans Mammals make less 1 % animals  

know first -hand characteristics make 

Unlike 
sharks alligators , example , whose t eeth generally size shape , mammals 
differently shaped teeth different areas jaws target specific foods

Introduction Strategy Potential References Marmots maintain strong bones 
hibernation bui lding without breaking .

Introduction High talus slope Triple Divide Peak 
Glacier National Park , stout , cat -sized , golden -furred mammal relaxes 
upon ancient , red sedimentary rock outcropping treeline , soaking 
glowing May sunshine springtime .

eight long months since aging female 
yellow-bellied marmot ( Marmota flaviventris ) seen sun , spent entire 
winter since early September previous year inside small , cramped 
hibernation burrow , 30 feet underground  .

Remarkably , though spent 80 % 
entire fourteen -year life burrow , skeleton comprised strong , dense 
bones , akin young , teenage marmot aging grandmother .

Strategy 
metabolic activities hibernating animals tend slow , yellow -bellied 
marmots , bone forma tion actually appears increase .

Osteocytes bone -
forming cells found within bones animals marmots humans .

yellow -bellied 
marmots hibernate , cells appear busy depositing calcareous minerals 
hydroxyapatite , calcium carbonate , calcium phosphate throughout  bone 
matrix––the opposite one would expect hibernating , relatively inactive 
animals .

unexpected metabolic activity may due hormonal changes 
hibernating marmots , suspended inhibition growth bone ’ periosteum ( 
i.e.

Additional researc h suggests higher levels 
certain enzymes hibernation ( e.g.

, MGL , 98 times concentration 
summertime levels ) may help reduce bone loss marmots reducing number 
osteoclasts ( bone -reducing cells ) .

Smithsonian ’ Earth Optimism Summit 
: Osteoporosis Segmen t Dr. Barbara Natterson -Horowitz ’ Lab Members 
Potential bones constantly broken replaced , size density optimized 
mechanical loads must carry .

, low gravity physical activity ) tend become osteoporotic , r educed 
density strength , common issue astronauts spending long periods time 
low-gravity environments elderly .

Post -reproductive women , particular , 
often suffer osteoporosis due additional hormonal changes bodies .

Understanding mechanisms mammals yello w-bellied marmots defy expectations 
, actually maintain bone strength density despite inactivity age , could 
help development therapies positively impact millions elderly , 
especially women , year .

Last Updated February 9 , 2023 References “ 
Across tree l ife , female animals share biological characteristics place 
risk similar diseases disorders .

Greater awareness shared 
vulnerabilities accelerate insight innovation women ’ health .

present 
broadly comparative approach female health inform issues ranging m ammary 
, ovarian , endometrial cancer preeclampsia , osteoporosis , infertility 
.

focus female health highlights interdependence human , animal , 
environmental health.

Journal article 
Female Health Across Tree Life : Insigh ts Intersection Women 's Health , 
One Health Planetary Health PNAS Nexus | May 2022 | Natterson -Horowitz B. 
, Boddy A.M. , Zimmerman embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle 
icon loading “ results support idea , like bears , marmots able prevent 
disuse osteoporosis hibernation , thus preventing increased fracture risk 
promoting survival extreme environmental conditions occur hibernation.

: 182 ) “ Osteocyte lacunar area porosity decrease 
hibernation , indicating osteocytes may actually  filling lacunae .

Osteocytic bone formation demonstrated perilacunar tetracycline labeling 
well measureable decrease lacunar area .

excess mineral may deposited 
lacunar–canalicular system result hormonal changes and/or suspended 
periosteal growth hibernat ion.

: 186 ) Journal article 
Yellow-bellied marmots ( Marmota flaviventris ) preserve bone strength 
microstructure hibernation Bone | 2012 | Wojda , S.J.

embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Golden Marmot

Giant Panda Natural Animal Models Resistance Osteoporosis Smithsonian ’ 
Earth Optimism Summit | Apr 29 , 2021 | Liana Owen Daphnee Piou , Lab Dr. 
Barbara Natterson -Horowitz embedly p review toggle icon Reference toggle 
icon loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Lights Firefly ’ 
Fire ?

Common eastern firefly common eastern firefly produces light 
chemical reaction energizes molecule release photon .

Diverse Food Sources Keep Honeybees Healthy Honeybees Honeybee immune 
systems depend protein diversity quantity .

Biological Strategy Trojan 
Horse Chemical Makes Bacteria Self -destruct Alkaloid molecules protect 
plants bacterial infections .

Biological Strategy Bacterial Proteins 
Conduct Electricity Geobacter sulfurreducens Microbes build external 
protein networks `` nanowires '' export electrons outside cell walls .

Biological Strategy Skeletal Muscles Generate Force Vertebrates ( Mammals 
, Fish , Birds , Reptil es ) Skeletal muscles contract relax , generating 
force enabling movement .

Biological Strategy Lyme Disease Bacteria Hide 
Immune Defenses Bacteria Lyme disease pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi 
unusual ability substitute manganese iron build enzymes , helps e lude 
immune defenses well tests detect .

Spiral Fibers Strengthen Tree Trunk — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Spiral Fibers Strengthen Tree 
Trunk Pines AskNature Team Image : John Johnston / Flickr / rights 
icon Teach Topic toggle icon Protect Wind Wind subjects living systems 
various forces , compression , twisting , tu rbulence , tension .

forces 
put living systems risk losing ability perform life -essential functions , 
plant becomes uprooted .

Wind typically constant predictable force , living systems 
must able function without presence adjusting direction speed .

good 
example plants ’ leaves stems flexible align wind , rather battered .

search icon Search Function Manage Shear effect shear stress living 
system parallel internal surfaces sliding past .

may 
easy add glue , increases shear strength makes harder impossible slide .

Living systems must increase shear 
strength overcome typ es forces .

example , darkling beetles lock wings 
together flight prevent lateral movement using many small hairs wing .

hairs interlock provide shear strength , two hair brushes put together 
would difficult slide past .

Others Pines Conifers Others ( Pines , Spruce , Gingko ) Clade 
Gymnosperms ( “ naked seeds “ ) : Conifers , cycads , Gingko , 
gnetophytes approximately 1,000 known species Gymnosperms .

include well 
known needle -bearing plants like pines , firs , spruce , well broad 
leaves like Gingko gnetophytes .

Instead flowers , gymnosperms produce 
unenclosed ( “ naked ” ) seeds exposed surface cone scales .

Economically 
, conifers make 45 percent world ’ lumber production .

first gymnosperms 
evolved 390 millio n years ago Paleozoic Era dominated landscapes quarter 
billion years evolution diversification flowering plants .

Search Living System Biological Strategy Printables need offline version 

View Resource trun ks pine trees 
withstands wind snow via spiral growth .

trees , including Pondersa pine 
, Scots pine , Norway spruce , exhibit spiral growth pattern trunks , 
branches , stems .

scientists suggest spiral -grained materials bend 
straight -grained materials , sp iral composition may help protect trees 
grow areas high wind breaking .

tree ’ ability bend twist strong winds 
may reduce drag forces limbs also allow additional weight ( snow ) slide 
branches twist wind .

tested ability bend breaking , spiral -grained 
sticks break force straight -grained sticks , spiral -grained samples

Spiral -grained materials 
deflect ( bend ) straight -grained materials .

deflection straight -grained 
materials , side nearest force compressed oppo site side stretched , 
putting tension .

contrast , spiral -grained materials transfer 
compression tension forces along spiral side , thereby equalizing 
stresses .

Image : Emily Harrington / EH Illustration / Copyright © - 
rights reserved toggle icon Blue ar rows show deflection wind result 
spiral structure .

Green arrows represent nutrients distributed spiral 
structure aspects tree .

Download Strategy PDF Related Content Biological 
Strategy Helical Wound Fibres Increase Toughness Plants Cellulose fibers 
plant stems increase toughness winding around tubes angle Last Updated 
July 26 , 2017 References “ …increasing mechanical resistance means fiber 
spirals , easier compressed stretched without breaking , also applied 
spiral growth tree trunks .

inexplicable reaso ns , many trees start 
growing spirally strong pressure wind snow , often encountered mountains 
subarctic regions .

circumstances wood fibers may deviate 30° vertical 
direction growth .

Since spiral growth offers plant better protection 
mechanical destructi on , may well regarded kind defensive reaction.

” ( 
Tributsch 1984:28 -29 ) Book Life Learned Live : Adaptation Nature 
01/01/1983 | Helmut Tributsch embedly preview toggle icon Reference 
toggle icon loading “ Compared straight -grained trees , spiral -grained 
stems branches bend twist exposed strong wind , way offering less wind 
resistance less likely break .

bending twisting , snow slides branches 
rather breaking them… ” ( Kubler 1991:125 ) Journal article Function 
spiral grain trees Trees | 31/08/2004 | Hans  Kubler embedly preview 
consisting rigid flexible l ayers .

Biological Strategy Quills Penetrate 
Easily North American porcupine Quills North American porcupine penetrate 
tissue easily due stress concentration barbs likely stretches tears 
tissue fibers locally interface quill .

Biological Strategy Teeth Str ong 
Resilient Chiton teeth chitons resist cracking highly ordered , 
submicroscopic architecture features partnership hard mineral crystals 
fibers .

Biological Strategy Branching Design Lessens Breakage Branching 
design lessens chances trees breaking struct urally reducing wind stress .

increasing footprint Biological Strategy Glass Skeleton Tough Yet 

Donate — AskNature AskNature AskNature logo Collections Biological 
Strategies Innovations Educators Donate Search  Donate rely public support 
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dedicated advancement nature -inspired education innovation order help 
solve pressing  problems time .

donating , help us bring promise 
biomimicry learners practitioners every age background .

DONATE hope 
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Institute empowers people create nature -inspired solutions healthy 
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DoAboutNews Terms 
Service & Privacy Policy built Civilization right arrow right arrow 
toggle icon Term Definition toggle icon ’ seem find page ’ looking .

month , ’ bring selection compelling 
updates ever -growing library biological strategies innovations .

Blood Vessel Network Pr events Heat Loss Body Surface — Biological 
Strategy — AskNature AskNature AskNature logo Collections Biological 
Strategies Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Blood 
Vessel Network Prevents Heat Loss Body Surface Gray whale AskNature Tea m 
Image : Cameron Venti / Public Domain - restrictions toggle icon 
Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Maintain 
Homeostasis living system homeostasis , means internal conditions stable 
relatively constant .

example , human ’ internal temperature 
approximately 37 degrees Celsius ( 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit ) unless ’ 
illness .

human body maintains temperature despite external ambient 
temperature .

However , physiological processes , maintaining homeostasis 
requires communication coordinat ion .

living systems ways detect changes 
norm , mechanisms cause adjustment , negative feedback connections two .

desert lizard called Gila monster offers good example maintaining 
homeostasis .

Temperatures high er lower range 

temperatures using minimal energy , often requires controlling responses 
along incremental temperature change s .

s earch icon Search Function Animals Vertebrates Mammals 
Whales dolphins Gray whale Mammals Class Mammalia ( “ breast ” ) : Bats , 

know first -hand characterist ics make mammals 

differently shaped teeth diffe rent areas jaws target specific foods 

Introduction Strategy Potential Related Content References blood vessel 
network tongues gray whales precools blood avoid heat loss via counter -
current hea t exchange .

Ver en español / View Spanish Introduction Baleen 
whales gray whale move huge quantities cold ocean water large mouths 
across filtering surface baleen .

Thus , 
avoid losing much body heat cold water passing mouth , gray whale ’ 
tongue largest counter -current heat exchanger yet described .

Image : 
Tomcio77 / CC NC SA - Creative Commons Attribution + Noncommercial + 
ShareAlike toggle icon Baleen  whales gray whale move huge quantities cold 
, ocean water large mouths .

Strategy blood vessel network inside side 
tongue called lingual rete .

’ comprised 50 sets long small -diameter 
arteries , surrounded many small veins .

structure ensures slowed blood  
flow large surface area exchange heat cool blood veins leaving tongue 
warm blood arteries coming tongue .

way blood pre -cooled effectively 
approaching surface tongue thus lose much heat cold water mouth .

surface 
temperature tongue young gray whale measur ed 0.5° C higher water .

presence long , small -diameter arterial venous vessels close proximity 
low flow key efficient recapture heat maintenance cool tongue surface .

Potential Gray whale tongues great example counter -current heat exhangers 
.

type exchang er commonly used manufacturing power plants minimize energy 
consumption .

Looking specific configuration blood vessels gray whale ’ 
tongue could reveal ways improve thermal efficiency heat exchangers .

Related Content Biological Strategy Bill Used Heat Exc hanger 
Thermoregulation Common toucan Bill toco toucan acts heat exchanger 
regulate body temperature adjusting blood flow Biological Strategy Blood 
Flow Regulates Heat Exchange American alligator Skin alligators regulates 
heat exchange increasing blood flo w .

Biological Strategy Bodies Stay 
Warm Cold Water Skipjack tuna Bodies skipjack tuna stay warmer counter -
current heat exchange system .

Biological Strategy Wings Reduce Heat Loss 
Penguins Wings penguins reduce heat loss forming countercurrent heat 
exchanger via vascular design .

Last Updated September 15 , 2017 
References “ Vascular structures heat conservation tongue gray whale ( 
Eschrichtius robustus ) reported .

Numerous individual countercurrent 
heat exchangers found throughout massive tongue .

Temperature measurements oral cavity live 
gray whale indicate heat may lost blubber layer body tongue , despite 
fact tongue far vascularized much less insulation .

heat exchangers 
substantially reduce heat loss wh ales feed cold waters.

” ( Heyning Mead 
1997:1138 ) Journal article Thermoregulation Mouths Feeding Gray Whales 
Science , 278 ( 5340 ) : 1138 -1140 | 07/11/1997 | Heyning JE ; Mead JG 
Strategies Biological Strategy Rapid Oscillation Sheds Water Mammals 
force .

reduce heat loss .

Biological Strategy Camel ’ Fur Coat Keeps Cool 
Dromedary camel Camel fur sweat glands combine form powerful temperature 
management system .

Water Common organism s Aquaporin molecules form channel allows water move 

Biological Strategy Beetles Scatter “ Light ” 
White scarab beetles Randomly arranged filaments scatter wavelengths 
light , optimized spacing maximizes effect .

Biological Strategy  Fur 
Keeps Heat Cold Water Otters Long scales underhair otters fur seals trap 

Innovations Educators Donate Search portal wisdom nature holds.

innate potential create world harmonious , 
regenerative , supports well -being Life .

young species , fortunate 
enough guidance help us rise challenge .

planet -mates , fantastic 
meshwork plants , animals , microbes , done billions years research 

AskNature field 
guide natural world , designed draw eye learn nature ( learn ) .

exist encourage everyone , everywhere direct experience nature founded 
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designed tool provide guidance students , educators , 
engineers , scientists , designers , artists , naturalists , yet defined 

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seek rightsize place planet 
quieting cleverness , collaborate Life solutions .

Attune question seek answer , Ask Nature would solve challenge .

Heighten senses see organism , living system , un iversal 
pattern adapted strategy inspires model emulation .

( ) Connect increasing awareness humans , 
individually species , part nature , separate , deepening connection 
honors reciprocal relationship living beings .

Emulate scientific , 
research -based practice learning replicating nature ’ forms , processes , 
ecosystems create regenerative designs .

Ethos realization humans 
responsibility conserve protect learning , well abiding planetary 
boundaries principles nature -inspired innovation .

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Institute AskNature project Biomimicry Institute , nonprofit organization 
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built Civilization right arrow right arrow toggle icon Term Definition 
toggle icon ’ seem find page ’ looking .

month , ’ bring selection compelling updates ever -growing library 
biological strategies innovations .

Birds Surf Air — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature AskNature logo 
Biological Strategy Birds Surf Air Pelicans Andy Carstens Image : Russ / 
Wikimedia Commons / CC - Creative Commons Attribution alone toggle icon 

lift stay aloft take advantage variable curre nts .

Function Animals Verteb rates Birds Pelicans Birds Class Aves ( “ bird ” ) 
: Eagles , hawks , sparrows , parrots Birds evolutionary engineering 
marvels .

specific adaptions set apart , notable flight —although mammals fly , 
birds take prize abundance skies .

Many birds hollow , lightweight 
skeletons specially -designed wings help stay aloft .

also feathers made 
keratin help stay warm , attract mates , improve navigation aerodynamics 
flight .

contrast dinosaur ancestors , lack t rue teeth replaced 
specialized beaks bills .

search icon Search Living System Biological 
Strategy Printables need offline version AskNature 's content , pages 
covered .

Content References pelic an wings glide close water , use “ ground effect 
” maximize lift , minimize drag , conserve energy .

Introduction ’ low 
tide calm sea early morning flock brown pelicans dips low glides surface 
Atlantic Ocean .

Strategy Pelicans , 
skimmers , birds save energy gliding across water something called “ 
ground effect , ” increases lift reduces drag .

Video : Pelicans gliding 
ocean pelicans gliding low taking  advantage ground effect .

bird glides , 
stretches wings outward rides wind , saving energy would otherwise use 
flap .

“ fixed -wing ” mode flight , air flows wing impacts washes 
downward , pushing wing ( bird ) upward .

addition , curvature wing 
causes air  move faster drop pressure , also contributing lift .

Near tips 
wings , higher -pressure air able push region lower pressure create 
swirling vortices .

downwash vortices increase drag , adding amount 
energy required stay airborne .

less room downwash disperse , compresses air wing surface , 
creating cushion even higher pressure increases lift .

Image : Gretchen Hooker / Biomimicry 
Institute / Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon pelican nears water 
surface , downwash wing compresses air creates cushion higher -pressure 
air ( yellow arrows ) .

water also 
partially blocks formation vortices , decreases drag .

Potential Studying 
methods birds use save energy flying lead innovations help airplanes fly 
efficiently , reducing fuel consumption greenhouse gas emissions .

Flying 
drones survey study waterways might designed glide close water optimize 
energy cover farther distances .

risi ng development electric airplanes , 
’ going particularly helpful save much energy possible help battery 
charges last long possible .

Download Strategy PDF Related Strategies 
Biological Strategy Flying Squirrels Control Glide Flying squirrels 
Flying squirre ls membranes cartilage help change lift drag forces , 
enabling glide 100 times body length .

Biological Strategy Skin  Aids 
Gliding Gliding possums Membranes skin wrists ankles enable gliding 
possums travel farther increasing lift reducing drag .

Last Updated May 
12 , 2022 References “ behavioural adaptations proposed locomotion 
involve interference effects among individu als group individuals 
surface…In black skimmers ( Rynchops nigra ) ground effect estimated 
reduce induced drag 50 -90 % .

” Journal article Induced drag savings 
ground effect formation flight brown pelicans Journal Experimental 
Biology | 1988 | F. Reed Hain sworth embedly preview toggle icon Reference 
’ Remarkable Roll Hoverflies use rolling maneuver right taking upside .

Biological Strategy Sensory Cells Give Dragonflies Smart Wings 

Biological Strategy Moths Alter Flight 
Deal Winds Death's -head hawkmoth Moths use changes speed altitude 
maintain trajectory despite changes windspeed direc tion .

Strategy Flying Squirrels Control Glide Flying squirrels Flying squirrels 
membranes cartilage help change lift drag forces , enabling glide 100 
times body length .

Biological Strategy Tiny Structures Help Butterflies 
Soar Butterflies moth s Microscopic scales provide lift nature ’ “ flying 
flowers.

” Biological Strategy Spiders Fly Riding Electric Currents 
Spiders Spiders travel thousands miles air using silk ride electrostatic 
repulsion instead wind .

NetworkInvite SpeakerBlog Initiatives Education K -5 EducationYouth Design

PrizeLaunchp ad Systems Change Pilot ProjectsIndustry Reports Institute Us 
Mission Donate Select Page Biomimicry Institute empowers people create 
nature-inspired solutions healthy planet.Biomimicry practice learns 
mimics strategies found nature solve human design challenges regenerative 
way .

Biomimicry Institute empowers people create nature -inspired 

goal today biomimicry  become natural part 
design process , create new generation innovators support life planet .

Mission : purpose Biomimicry Institute naturalize biomimicry culture 
promoting transfer ideas , designs , strategies biology sustainable 
systems design .

accomplis h tackling one massive sustainability problem 
time Youth Design Challenge providing learners ages AskNature tool begin 
solution process .

support researchers , scientists , entrepreneurs 
bringing nature -inspired designs market Biomimicry Launchpad program Ray 
Hope Prize® , anticipate dozens new biomimetic innovations result , 
creating healthier world .

latest endeavor , launched Design 
Decomposition part broader Systems Change initiative taking research 
learned industry analysis working collaborators test v iable decomposition 
technologies commercially viable yet scale , pilot technologies convert 
wasted clothes textiles biocompatible raw materials .

learn organization 
, work , get involved , please see frequently -asked questions page .

envision world people view nature warehouse goods storehouse knowledge 
inspiration regenerative solutions .

History Biomimicry Institute founded 
2006 Janine Benyus , Bryony Schwan , Dayna Baumeister share nature ’ 
lessons people design make world .

began working directly educat ors K-12 
, university , non -formal ( museums , zoos , aquariums ) environments 
naturalize biomimicry educational system , ensure next generation 
changemakers tools integrate biomimicry careers .

2008 , launched free , 
online database biological solutions c ould provide insight solving design 

award -winning website called AskNature.org helped students , 
educators , practitioners around globe look nature regenerative design 
inspiration advice .

also find lesson plans , classroom exercises , 
educator resources .

also created Biomimicry Student Design Challenge 
2008 opportunity university students studying biomimicry apply knowledge 
skills address critical sustainability issues nature -inspired solutions .

Challenges focused broad topics energy , trans portation , water , food .

program would later become initial feeder Biomimicry Global Design 
Challenge , Biomimicry Launchpad , Ray Hope Prize .

programs evolved , 
began working closely sister organization , Biomimicry Guild , for -profit 
consulting compan y co-founded Janine Benyus Dayna Baumeister .

2010 
embarked experiment united Guild shared brand , Biomimicry 3.8 Institute 
, non-profit/for -profit hybrid organization .

2014 , two entities decided 
revert original model dual brands order effectively achiev e missions .

for-profit consultancy Biomimicry 3.8 , 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non -profit 
organization Biomimicry Institute .

2015 , launched Biomimicry Global 
Design Challenge empower young adults learn create designs , systems , 
materials , chemistry inspired info rmed nature .

2021 , saw opportunity 
hone focus research labs scientists equip skills tools need turn work 
scalable startups .

Thus Biomimicry Launchpad program evolved provide 
necessary training , connections , resources nature -inspired scientists 
innovators otherwise ’ thought commercializing work .

inception 
conclusion 2021 , Biomimicry Global Design Challenge provided opportunity 
4,800 university students young professionals gain hands -on biomimicry 

introducing biomimicry ’ design methodolo gy sustainability 
mindset , emerging leaders created design concepts addressing biggest 
social environmental issues facing world today .

Biomimicry Global Network help support university students advancing 
education regionally .

Ray Hope Pr ize born 2016 created generous support 
partner , Ray C. Anderson Foundation .

program identifies top nature -
inspired startups world fosters growth providing sustainable business 
training , communications support , opportunities non -dilutive funding —
the top $ 100,000 equity -free prize .

Armed nature ’ billions years 
research development , startups uniquely suited address critical 
environmental social issues scale .

launched first Youth Design Challenge 
2018 serve 6 -12-grade students educators , since evolved  year-after-year 
reaching thousands learners across globe .

professional learning 
opportunities , help educators districts see science vehicle addressing 
access equity , building literacy mathematical skills , student sense -
making place world .

support eas ily bringing STEM -based biomimicry 
lessons course curriculum , mission empower new generation nature -
inspired nature -connected innovators value environmental education 
social-emotional learning .

2021 , initiated process developing 
comprehensive nature -inspired curriculum elementary students , 
partnership Green Schools National Network .

2021 , also launched Design 
Decomposition , two -year , multi -million dollar project demonstrate 
embracing true decomposition —the way leaves break soil —that builds 
healthy ecosystems .

proving advanced decomposition viable locally , 
joint partnership plans prove system change scale globally .

mission 
education adoption nature -inspired design , could wit hout generous 
support donors community .

Facing global climate crisis , systemic social 
inequity , viral pandemic , unprecedented time uncertainty reliance 
technology , recognize deeply interconnected change must happen .

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Please consider joining Biomimicry Global Network reaching 
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Donate Today Tap natu re : 
Photosynthesis Converts Solar Energy Chemical Energy — Biological 
Strategies Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy 
Photosynthesis Converts Solar Energy Chemical Ene rgy Plants Andy Carstens 
Image : Philipp Deus / Pexels / Free non -commercial use toggle icon 
toggle icon Catalyze Chemical Breakdown Life depends upon building 
breaking biological molecu les .

transformations oc cur inside living cells water ambient conditions .

example , consider 10 -enzyme catalytic breakdown transformation glucose 

Chemically Assemble Organic Compounds Part reason synthesis react ions ( 
chemical assembly ) occur mild conditions ambient temperature pressure 
water often , occur stepwise , enzyme -mediated fashion , sipping 

example , synthesis glucose carbon 
dioxide Calvin cycle 15 -step process , s tep regulated different enzyme .

search icon Search Function Transform Chemical Energy Life ’ chemistry 
runs transformation energy stored chemical bonds .

example , glucose 
major energy storage molecule living systems oxidative breakdown glucose 
carbon dio xide water releases energy .

Animals , fungi , bacteria store 
30,000 units glucose single unit glycogen , 3 -D structured molecule 
branching chains glucose molecules emanating protein core .

energy needed 
metabolic processes , glucose molecules detached oxi dized .

Search Function Transform Radiant Energy ( Light ) sun ultimate source 
energy many living systems .

sun emits radiant energy , carried light 
electromagnetic radiation streams photons .

radiant energy convert heat , living systems 
convert chemical energy .

latter conversion simple , multi -step process 
starting living systems algae , bacteria , plants capture photons .

example , potato plant captures photons converts light energy c hemical 
energy photosynthesis , storing chemical energy underground carbohydrates 
.

Plants Phylum Plantae ( “ plants ” ) : Angiosperms , gymnosperms , green 
algae , Plants evolved using s pecial structures within cells harness 
energy directly sunlight .

angiosperms ( flowering trees plants ) , gymnosperms ( conifers , Gingkos 

get 
insects , others plant parasites , feeding entirely plants .

million years ago found every continent wo rldwide .

Living System Dye -Sensitized Solar Energy Bring biomimicry chemistry 
class nature -inspired lab activity students build working solar cell 
inspired leaves .

View Resource Contents 
Introduction Strateg y Potential Search Related Innovations Related 
Strategies References absorbing sun ’ blue red light , chlorophyll loses 
electrons , become mobile forms chemical energy power plant growth .

Introduction first half Earth ’ life date , oxygen absent atmospher e made 
mostly nitrogen , carbon dioxide , methane .

2.5 billion years ago , cyanobacteria —the 
first organisms used sunlight carbon dioxide produce oxygen sugars via 
photosynthesis —transformed atmo sphere .

Later , algae evolved ability , 
0.5 billion years ago , first land plants sprouted .

Algae , plankton , 
land plants work together keep atmosphere full oxygen .

Strategy 
Photosynthesis occurs special plant cells called chloroplasts , type 
cells fou nd leaves .

single chloroplast like bag filled main ingredients 
needed photosynthesis .

water soaked plant ’ roots , atmospheric carbon 
dioxide absorbed leaves , chlorophyll contained folded , maze -like 
organelles called thylakoids .

Cyanobacteria , plankton , land plants rely light -sensitive molecule 
spark process .

Chlorophyll molecules bad absorbing green light reflect 
like tiny mirrors , causing eyes see leaves green .

’ usually autumn , 
chlorophyll degrades , peep infinite shades yellow orange produced 
carotenoid pigments .

Image : Anna Guerrero , [ email protected ] / CC NC 
SA - Creative Commons Attribution + Noncommercial + ShareAlike toggle 
icon process photosynthesis plants involves series steps reactions u se 
sunlight , water , carbon dioxide produce sugars plant uses grow .

Strategy chlorophyll ’ superpower ’ ability 
reflect green light —it ’ ability absorb blue red light like sponge .

sun 
’ blue red light energizes chlorop hyll , causing lose electrons , become 
mobile forms chemical energy power plant growth .

chlorophyll replenishes 
lost electrons drinking water splitting apart taking electrons hydrogen , 
leaving oxygen byproduct “ exhaled ” .

First , used build high concentration protons 
space inside thylakoid ( called lumen ) , turn drives transformation ADP 
ATP—nature ’ energy carrier molecule .

transformations take place stroma , area o utside thylakoid folds still 
inside chloroplast “ bag.

” energy brought ATP NADPH fuels series 
reactions carbon dioxide persuaded give precious cargo carbon build 
glucose key metabolic compounds .

reactions ( known Calvin Cycle ) occur 
, molecules depleted  back ADP NADP+ returning thylakoid folds replenish 
store energy sunlight -stimulated chlorophyll .

plants enough sunlight , 
water , fertile soil , photosynthesis cycle continues churn glucose .

combine thousands glucose 
molecules make cellulose , main component cell walls .

Potential Nature , photosynthesis , enables plants convert sun ’ 
energy form living things make use .

Plants transfer energy directly 
living things food food animals ani mals eat .

Humans also extract energy 
indirectly wood , plants decayed millions years ago oil , coal , natural 
gas .

Burning materials provide electricity heat , overexploitation , led 
dire consequences upset balance life Earth .

Imagine green chemistry ’ catalyzed sunlight instead mine 
heavy metals like copper , tin , platinum .

Think potential chemical 
processes requiring little heat reduce energy consumption .

better 
understanding photosynthesis , may transform agriculture consume less 
water preserve land native plants forests .

continue grapple climate 
change , listening plants teach us shine light greener path .

Related Innovations Innovation : Academia 
Efficient Fuel Creatio n Inspired Plants Technion -Israel Institute 
Technology Stable solar -to-energy conversion Technion -Israel Institute 
Technology uses full cycle redox transformation break water hydrogen fuel 
.

Innovation : Academia Sustainable Carbon Reduction Inspired Plant s 
Oregon State University Electrocatalyst Oregon State University made 
unique molecule promotes stability selectivity .

Environmentally -Friendly Solar Cells Inspired Photosynthesis Dye -
Sensitized Solar Cells Dye -Sensitized Solar Cells  use non-toxic materials 
convert light electricity .

Related Strategies Biological Strategy 
Pigment Molecules Absorb Transfer Solar Energy Cooke 's kokio Pigment 
molecules plants absorb transfer solar energy using special arrangement 
funnels light toward r eaction center .

Biological Strategy Catalyst Helps 
Split Water Plants Catalysts chloroplasts photosynthesizing plants help 
split water binding water molecules separating protons electrons .

Biological Strategy Photosynthesis Makes Useful Organic Compounds  CO2 
Plants Photosynthesis plants makes useful organic compounds carbon 
dioxide carbon -fixation reactions .

Last Updated June 9 , 2021 References 
“ Light captured set light -harvesting complexes ( LHCs ) funnel light 
energy photochemical reaction centres , photosystem ( PS ) PSII ( Fig .

Special subsets chlorophyll molecules 
photosystems excited light energy , allowing electrons transferred series 
redox carriers called electron transfer chain ( ETC ) , beginning oxygen 
evolving complex ( OEC ) PSII ( oxidizes H2O releases O2 protons ) ( 
Diner Babcock , 1996 ) , plastoquinone ( PQ ) pool , cytochrome ( cyt ) 
b6f complex ( Sacksteder et al.

Electrons PSI transfe rred ferredoxin ( Fd ) , , 
turn , reduces NADP+ NADPH via ferredoxin : NADP+ oxidoreductase ( FNR )

linear electron flux ( LEF ) NADP+ coupled proton 
release OEC , ‘ shuttling ’ protons across thylakoid membrane PQ pool Q -
cycle cyt b6f c omplex , establishes electrochemical potential protons , 
proton motive force ( pmf ) drives synthesis ATP chemiosmotic coupling 
chloroplast ATP synthase ( McCarty , 1996 ; Mitchell , 1966 ) .

2005:395 ) Journal article Plasticity light rea ctions 
photosynthesis energy production photoprotection Journal Experimental 
Botany | 01/01/2005 | Cruz JA ; Avenson TJ ; Kanazawa ; Takizawa K ; 
Edwards GE ; Kramer DM embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon 
loading Journal article Artificial ph otosynthesis : water cleavage 
hydrogen oxygen visible light Accounts Chemical Research | 01/01/1981 | 
Grätzel embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading 
Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Lights Firefly ’ Fire ?

Common 
eastern firefly  common eastern firefly produces light chemical reaction 
energizes molecule release photon .

Biological Strategy Anaerobic 
Bacteria ’ Breathless Variety Chemical Processes Bacteria Anaerobic 
bacteria use broad diverse range chemical pathways synthesize ATP  .

pheromone aphid predators Biological Strategy Kombucha : Microbial 
Metropolis Bacteria Bacteria yeast form commu nity ensure mutual survival 
produce fermented tea .

Biological Strategy Diatoms Build Glass Houses 
Stable Strong Diatoms Diatoms build strong , intricate cases using 
proteins arrange minerals .

Biological Strategy Fungi Clean Pollution 
Fungi Chemicals fung i break contaminants .

Leaves Fold Response Touch — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Leaves Fold Response Touch Sensitive 
plant AskNature Team  Image : Eric Hunt / Flickr / rights reserved toggle 
icon Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Protect 
Animals Animals –organisms range microscopic larger bus –embody wide 
variety harms living systems , including animals .

threaten preda tion , 
herbivory , defense , parasitism , compete resources water , nutrients , 
space .

given living organism commonly faces threats variety animals , 
requiring strategies effectively defend .

Trout bony fish , example , 
escape predators scales made thin ,  flake-like pieces bone covered 
slippery mucus .

also behavioral strategies camouflage , fast swimming , 
twisting turning achieve release predator ’ grip .

Function Modify Size/Shape/Mass/Volume Many living systems alter physical 

Search Function Plant s Flowering Plants Sensitive plant Flowering Plants 
Clade Angiosperms ( “ receptacle seed ” ) : Dandelions , oaks , grasses , 
cacti , apples 416 families containing 300,000 known species , 
habitats .

Introduction Strategy Potential Related Habitats Related Content 
References Leaves  sensitive plant protect predators environmental

Introduction Mimosa pudica , commonly 
known sensitive plant , touched another organism , leaves fold upon stems 
droop .

hypothesized rapid folding deters herbivores insect s eating plant 
making plant appear smaller , simultaneously exposing sharp spines plant 
stems .

Mimosa also exhibits movement night exposed abiotic factors 
excessive heat rain , protecting plant physical damage desiccation .

leaf 
Mimosa collection small le aflets growing midrib , usually around 15 20 
pairs leaflets along midrib .

Image : 
Hrushikesh / Public Domain - restrictions toggle icon Watch leaves Mimosa  
pudica close touched .

Image : Tarun Kant / CC NC ND - Creative Commons 
Attribution + Noncommercial + NoDerivatives toggle icon leaves mimosa 
plants fold touched , opening minutes .

right arrow right arrow Strategy 
leaves Mimosa achieve rapid folding chan ge turgor pressure .

lot water pushing 
cell wall turgor pressure high , cell rigid .

water moves cell , turgor 
pressure decreases cell becomes flaccid .

Osmo sis occurs unequal concentration solutes , sodium potassium 
ions , two sides membrane , case cell wall .

Water flow solution higher 
concentration solutes lower concentration , equilibrium two sides reached 
.

leaves Mimosa touched , change concentration gra dient potassium 
chloride ions within two types cells , flexor extensor cells , within 
pulvinus plant .

pulvinus “ hinge -like ” area plant leaflet connects 
midrib , midrib connects stem .

Water channeled extensor cells , located 
top side , flexor cells , lo cated bottom side pulvinus .

change 
concentration potassium chloride ions causes water flow extensor cells , 
become flaccid , water flows flexor cells , making turgid .

folding co mplete , unfolding leaflets take anywhere tens seconds 10 
minutes .

believed unfolding time result behavioral adjustments plant 
makes time response different kinds stimuli .

younger leaves sensitive plan t repeatedly 
exposed non -damaging stimuli , younger leaves consistently folded 
completely , time , decreased time took unfold .

Conversely , older 
leaves folded partially maintaining similar reopening times .

shows plant 
able modulate behaviour optimize pr otection , energy production ( 
photosynthesis ) , energy expenditure ( folding unfolding ) .

Potential 
Observing plants respond tactile stimuli could result new methods robotic 
movement goal improving manufacturing industrial processes .

addition , 
extending retracting solar panels , antennas , structures could keep 
protected use .

Related Habitats temperateunderstorytropicalground Related Organisms > 
Plants > > Flowering Plants > > > Mimosa pudica , Se nsitive Plant Related 
Content Biological Strategy Siphuncle Controls Buoyancy Nautiluses 
siphuncle nautiloids controls buoyancy active transport ions osmosis 
siphuncle shell chamber .

Biological Strategy Forelegs Fold Prevent Speed 
Loss Whirligig beetles f orelegs whirligig beetle reduce loss speed 
folding swimming enhance fluid -resistant body shape .

Hair Extension Folding Prevents Speed Loss Whirligig beetles Hairs 
whirligig beetle 's mid hind legs prevent loss speed extending folding 
swimming strokes .

Last Updated July 20 , 2017 References “ leaf touched 
, quickly folds leaflets pinnae droops downward petiole attachment…The 
leaves also droop night , exposed rain excessive heat .

response may 
defenses herbivorous insects , leaching loss  nutrients , desiccation .

folds different leaves interconnected compatible , whole structure folded 
unfolded single multiple driving points.

” ( Patil 2007 : 19 -23 ) Journal 
article Study Geometry Folding Pattern Leaves Mimosa pudica Journal 
Bionic Engine ering | 15/04/2007 | H.S .

embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading “ rapid folding 
Mimosa leaflets triggered mechanical stimulus hypothesized deter 
herbivore attack several reasons : exposes spines located le af raquis ; 
leaf moves insects land causing move away ; could decrease visibility 
leaves make look smaller.

Journal 
article Leaf -folding response sensitive plant shows context -dependent 
behavioral plasticity Plant Ecol .

| Amador -Vargas , 
Dominguez , León G , Maldonado B , Murillo J , Vides GL .

embedly preview 
toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading “ similar mechanism , rapid 
movement , well known mimosa , folds leaves upon external stimuli .

Motor 
cells one side pulvinus ( so -called extensor cells ) lose turgor pressure 
upon stimulation .

result , motor cells opposite side ( flexor cells ) 
stretched , without increase turgor pressure , reduces cell stiffness 
dramatically .

consequence , entire hinge lo ses bending stiffness , 
deflects thereby triggers folding movement ” ( Burgert Fratzl 2009:1543 ) 
.

Journal article Actuation systems plants prototypes bioinspired devices 
.

| Burgert İ , Fratzl P. 
Study geometry folding pattern leaves Mimosa pudica Journal Bionic 
Engineering 4 : 19 -23 .

| Patil HS , Vaijapurkar S. embedly preview 
toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Journal article Mimos a pudica : 
Electrical mechanical stimulation plant movements .

| Volkov AG , Foster JC , Ashby TA , Walker RK , 
Johnson JA , Markin VS embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon 
loading Biological Strategies Bio logical Strategy Birds Feign Injury Draw 

threads roll leaves tube -shaped shelter Biological Strategy Anglerfish 
Harness Light Darkness Anglerfish Anglerfish light -absorbing skin keep 
hidden attract prey glowing lure .

Biological Strategy Wild Potatoes 
Trick Attackers Sensing Danger Wild potato gl andular hairs wild potato 
plants expel pheromone mimics alarm pheromone aphid predators Biological 

Opossums Feig n Death Evade Predators Opossum Many animals use phenomenon 
known thanatosis tonic immobility last resort appear dead avoid killed 

High-Performance Actuator Inspired Human Muscles — Innovation — AskNature 
AskNature AskNature logo Collections Bi ological Strategies Innovations 
Educators Donate Search Innovation : Academia High -Performance Actuator 
Inspired Human Muscles Northern Arizona University 2021 | Available 
License Image : Nigel Msipa / Unsplash / CC SA - Creative Commons 
Attribution + Shar eAlike toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon 

ex ample 
.

Biomimicry Story References Actuator Northern Arizona University coiled , 
helical structure enables generate power .

Benefits Flexible Adaptable 
Efficient Applications Prosthetics Medical treatment Robotics UN 
Sustainable Development Goals Addressed Goal 3 : Good Health & Wellbeing 
Goal 9 : Industry Innovation & Infrastructure Challeng e Pneumatic devices

certain 
applications , actuators must large provide sufficient strength .

actuators use lot energy require continuous maintenance due contamination 
.

Innovation Details actuator flui d-driven made inexpensive polymer tubes 
.

tubes stretched twisted 
, introducing anisotropy microstructure .

filled hydraulic pneumatic 
pressure within actuator , pressure inside tubes results localized 
untwisting innate helical structure .

untwisting increases potential 
energy system enables tubes contract efficiently like muscle .

Story Muscles essential animal movement , made thousands small fibers .

fibers move specific sequence muscles flex , ord er deliver power 

See Related Strategy See Related Strategy toggle icon 
, Fish , Birds , Reptiles ) Skeletal muscles contract relax , generating 

References Journal article Cavatappi artificial 
muscles drawing , twisting , coiling polymer tubes Science Robotics 
embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Innovations 
Innovation : Industry High -Performance Biocomposites Inspired Trees 
Strong Form Strong Form mimics growth patterns trees fuse sustainability 
wood performance advanced composites .

Innovation : Academia Self -Growing 
University contain double -network hydrog els become stronger response 

Innovation : Academia Geometric Pavilion Structure 
Inspired Silkworms MIT Pavilion structure MIT constructed using 3D -
printers silk worms explore relationship digital biological fabrication .

Innovation : Ac ademia Optimized Structural Materials Inspired Cuttlefish 
Mantis Shrimp Georgia Tech Structural material Georgia Institute 

Innovation : Academia Super -Iridescent Display 
Technology Inspired Rainbow Peacock Spiders University California San 
Diego Display technology University California , San Diego uses light -
diffracting microstructures display vibrant , iridescent colors .

Innovation : Academia High Resolution Imag ing System Inspired Mantis 
Shrimp Eyes University Illinois Urbana -Champaign Imaging system 
University Illinois Urbana -Champaign vertically stacked photodetectors 
sense color polarization information simultaneously .

Flippers Provide Lift , Reduce Drag — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Flippers Provide Lift , 
Reduce Drag Humpback whale AskNature Team Image : Mike Doherty / Unsplash 
/ Free non -commercial use toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon 
Living System toggle icon Move in/on Liquids Water abundant liquid earth 
, ’ vital life –so ’ surprise majority life evolved thrive surface .

Moving efficiently dense dynamic substance presents unique  challenges 

water reducing drag due streamlined  shape specially shaped features skin 
.

search icon Search Function Animals Vertebrates Mammals Whales dolphins 
Humpback whale Mammals Class Mammalia ( “ breast ” ) : Bats , cats , 
whales , horses , humans Mammals make less 1 % animals earth , include 

alligators , example , whose teeth generally size s hape , mammals 

search icon Search Living System flippers humpback 
whale channel flow increase aerodynamic efficiency due tubercles bumps .

Flippers humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) non -smooth leading 
edges , yet demonstrate superior fluid dynamics characteristically smooth 
leading edges wings , turbines kinds blades .

Despite 40 -50 feet long 
weighing nearly 80,000 pounds , humpback whales swim circles tight e nough 
produce nets bubbles five feet across , corral shrimp -like prey .

whale ’ 
surprising dexterity due primarily non -conventional flippers , large , 
irregular looking bumps called tubercles across leading edges .

Whereas 
sheets water flowing smooth flipp ers break myriad turbulent vortices 
cross flipper , sheets water passing humpback ’ tubercles maintain even 
channels fast -moving water , allowing humpbacks keep “ grip ” water 
sharper angles turn tighter corners , even low speeds .

Wind tunnel tests 
model humpback flippers without leading -edge tubercles demonstrated fluid 
dynamic improvements tubercles make , staggering 32 % reduction drag , 8 
% improvement lift , 40 % increase angle attack smooth flippers stalling 
.

company called WhalePower applying lesso ns design wind turbines fans 
sorts – industrial ceiling fans HVAC systems , computer fans , etc .

Image : Wikivisual / 
toggle icon Image : Giles Breton / toggle icon Image : Leigh Robert 
Hilbert / toggle  icon Fin slapping water surface sequence Image : Giles 
Breton / toggle icon right arrow right arrow Last Updated September 14 , 
2016 References “ humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) reported use 
elongate pectoral flippers swimming maneuvers .

morpho logy flipper 9.02 -m 
whale evaluated regard hydrodynamic function .

Rounded tubercles regularly interspersed along 
flipper ’ leading edge .

Except section s near distal tip , flipper sections 
symmetrical camber .

Flipper sections blunt , rounded leading edge highly 
tapered trailing edge .

Placement maximum thickness placement cross -
section varied 49 % chord tip 19 % mid -span .

humpback whale flipper cross -sectional 
design typical manufactured aerodynamic foils lift generation .

morphology placement leading edge tubercles suggest function enhanced 
lift devices control flow flipper maintain lift high angle s attack .

morphology humpback whale flipper suggests adapted high maneuverability 
associated whale ’ unique feeding behavior.

” ( Fish Battle 1995:51 ) 
Journal article Hydrodynamic design humpback whale flipper Journal 
Morphology | 24/02/2005 | Franke E. Fish , Juliann M. Battle embedly 
preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading “ humpback whale 
Megaptera novaeangliae exceptional among baleen whales ability undertake 
acrobatic underwater maneuvers catch prey .

order execute banking turning 
maneuvers  , humpback whales utilize extremely mobile flippers .

humpback 
whale flipper unique presence large protuberances tubercles located 
leading edge gives surface scalloped appearance .

show , wind tunnel 
measurements , addition leading -edge tubercles scale mo del idealized 
humpback whale flipper delays stall angle approximately 40 % , increasing 
lift decreasing drag.

2004 : L39 ) Journal article 
Leading-edge tubercles delay stall humpback whale ( Megaptera 
novaeangliae ) flippers Physics Fluids | 16/03/2004 | D. S. Miklosovic , 
M. M. Murray , L. E. Howle , F. E. Fish embedly preview toggle icon 
Reference toggle icon loading Journal article Tubercles Humpback Whales ' 
Flippers : Application Bio -Inspired Technology Integrative Comparative 
Biology | 17/05/2011 | F. E. Fish , P. W. Weber , M. M. Murray , L. E. 
Howle embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading 
Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Mussel Mantle Lures Larval 
Hosts Plain pocketbook mussel shellfish structure look s like meal 
attracts erstwhile predators , become unwitting nannies bus drivers 
sedentary animal ’ offspring .

Biological Strategy Fish Scales ’ Drag 
Fish shape scales causes water flow streak across fish skin , reducing

Biolog ical Strategy Beak Inspired Bullet 
Train Kingfishers shape kingfisher beak allows dive water without 
splashing .

Biological Strategy Fin Movements Aid Swimming Backward 
Forward African knifefish undulating fin knifefish enables swim forward 
backward , well  keep afloat , creating propulsive water jets .

Strategy Foot Aids Underwater Movement Snails slugs foot water snails 
helps move upside beneath water 's surface creating small ripples mucus -
water interface .

Biological Strategy Slime Reduces Dra g Fish Skin fish 
reduces drag covered slime layer complex proteins , polysaccharides , 
bacteria .

Glass Skeleton Tough Yet Flexible — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
Educators Donate Se arch Biological Strategy Glass Skeleton Tough Yet 
Flexible Venus 's flower -basket AskNature Team Image : NOAA Okeanos 
Explorer Program / Public Domain - restrictions toggle icon Functions 
Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Manage Tension livin g 
system tension , means force pulling , like person pulling rope tied 
horse .

applied living system , unless system completely rigid , result 
gets stretched .

stretching exceeds strength living system ’ material , 
damage .

Living systems manage tension us ing materials flexible 
stretchable enough survive tension occurs environment .

waves incoming outgoing tides put 
tension soft -bodied organisms .

Mussels resist tension flexible threads 
hold onto rocks ; contras t , large algae stretchy fronds .

Search Function Manage Compression living system compression , force 
pushing , like chair person sitting .

evenly applied sides living system 
, compression results decreased volume .

applied two sides , results  
deformation , pushing two sides balloon .

living systems must retain efficient form , must ensure deformation 
temporary .

Managing compression also provides opportunity lessen effects 
forces .

Living systems strategies he lp prevent compression recover , 
maintaining function .

example , African elephant adults weigh 4,700 
6,048 kilograms .

must hold weight four feet , tissues feet features 
enable compression absorb distribute forces .

Manage Shea r effect shear stress living system parallel internal surfaces 
sliding past .

may easy add glue , increases shear 
strength makes harder impossible slide .

Living systems must increase shear strength overcome types forces 
.

example , darkling beetles lock wings together flight prevent lateral 
movement using many small hairs wing .

hairs interlock provide shear 
strength , two ha ir brushes put together would difficult slide past .

search icon Search Function Prevent Buckling living system undergoes 
compression extent causes structural damage , results buckling .

example 
, person pushes top side paper cup , cup ’ wall eventually gi ve way , 
buckle .

Although living system could add material strengthen structure , 
requires expending precious energy .

placement materials resist , absorb  , deflect compressive forces .

Function Prevent Fracture/Rupture High force impact stress cause 

structural failure fracture shell comprised two mat erials varying 

icon Search Function Animals Cnidarians Sponges Venus 's flower -basket 
Sponges Phylum Porifera ( “  pore-bearing ” ) : Sponges Sponges may seem 
simple , ’ meets eye .

Collar cells long tails flagella line 
inner sponge cavity funnel water body .

Sponges filter feeders , taking  
large amounts water trapping tiny particles eat .

also small spiky 
spicules made silica calcium carbonate help keep structure .

least 5,000 
known species sponges living aquatic systems , 98 % ocean .

Search Living System Contents Introduction Strategy Potential Related 
Innovation Related Strategies References silica skeleton Venus ’ flower -
basket sea sponge tough stable multiple levels organization help manage 
forces .

Introduction Venus ’ flower -basket ( Euplectella aspergillum ) 
marine animal  lives anchored deep ocean floor near Philippines .

Looking 
like delicate sculptures animals , tube -shaped sea sponges typically 
stand 10 30 cm tall filter tiny food particles seawater flows bodies .

Also known glass sponges , cylindrical skeletons made si lica , main 
component glass .

glass normally brittle fragile material , Venus ’ 
flower-basket ’ skeleton tough stable owing composition ’ organized .

least six levels organization skeleton span nanometers centimeters size .

Strategy sponge ’ glass skeleton  made spicules , tubule structures 
concentric layers amorphous hydrated silica separated thin organic layers 
, like Parisian pastry tease sweet cream flaky crusts .

thin organic 
layers go long way impart spicules considerable toughness .

Even pair 
symbioti c shrimp live lives trapped within Venus ’ woven glass basket ’ 
break .

Unlike biomineralization organisms abalone , mineral portion 
appear regular crystalline pattern .

Experiments suggests silica layers 
made colloidal spheres silica 50 200 nm diameter , turn made smaller 
spheres 2.8 nanometers diameter .

comparison , smallest sand grains beach 
( also usually silica ) 60 nm diameter .

spicule consists alternating 
layers inorganic silica organic compounds , around central protein 
filament .

inorganic layers  made hydrated silica nanoparticles relatively 
stiff .

laminated organization alternating stiff weak layers prevent cracks 
surface spicule spreading deep core .

Image : Randolph Femmer , USGS / 
Public Domain - restrictions toggle icon sponge ’ glass skeleton made 
spicules , tubule structures concentric layers amorphous hydrated silica 
separated thin organic layers .

Image : Gianluigi Bertin / CC NC SA - 
Creative Commons Attribution + Noncommercia l + ShareAlike toggle icon 
squares lattice reinforced struts run vertically , horizontally , 
diagonally .

Image : NOAA Okeanos Explorer Program / Public Domain - 
restrictions toggle icon Venus ’ flower -basket ( Euplectella aspergillum 
) marine animal lives  anchored deep ocean floor near Philippines .

right 
arrow right arrow higher level organization , spicules arranged square 
lattice rolled tube .

Two separate overlapping 
lattices make main frame , lattices still move relative one another , 
skeleton flexible ’ growing .

squares lattice reinforced struts run 
vertically , horizontally , diagonally .

struts made bundles spicules 
support lattices bending , sliding , twisting forces .

Helical ridges 
made spicules form surface tube -shaped structure spiral around opposite 
directions .

cap top cylinder keeps collapsing , flexible bundle anchor spicules keep 
whole skeleton attached ocean floor able withstand forces coming side .

Finally , silica matrix small spicules embedded throughout cements whole 
structure together increases strength .

hierarchical level organization 
Venus ’ flower -basket ’ skeleton contributes overall mechanical 
performance .

result complex structure ’ tough stab le even though main 
ingredient naturally fragile material .

Potential think engineered 
supports , often think giant columns bolster skyscrapers huge cables

looking glass sponge , imagine materials manufactured 
layered internal structures make inherently robust flexible .

materials 
could become light -weight implants replace joints bones .

applied 
transportation , similar materials could provide safety strength 
minimizing weight therefore fuel consumption .

Related Innovation 
Innovation : Ac ademia Building Material Inspired Marine Sponges Harvard 
Structural material Harvard University diagonally -reinforced square 
lattice structure makes strong lightweight .

Related Strategies 
Biological Strategy Light -transmitting Fibers glass -like fibers gla ss 
sponge transmit light better fiber optics , yet made natural materials 
ambient temperatures .

Biological Strategy Concentric Layers Strengthen 
Cables Venus 's flower -basket Glass cables anchor sponges strengthened 
concentric layering Biological Strategy  Barbed Filaments Anchor Venus 's 
flower-basket Filaments anchor sponges soft sediments using barbed tips 
Last Updated July 2 , 2020 References “ Despite inherent mechanical 
fragility , silica widely used skeletal material great diversity 
organisms ranging  diatoms radiolaria sponges higher plants .

addition 
micro- nanoscale structural regularity , many hard tissues form complex 
hierarchically ordered composites .

One example found siliceous skeletal 
system Western Pacific hexactinellid sponge , Euplectella aspergillum .

species , skeleton comprises elaborate cylindrical lattice -like structure 
least six hierarchical levels spanning length scale nanometers 
centimeters .

basic building blocks laminated skeletal elements ( 
spicules ) consist central proteinaceou s axial filament surrounded 
alternating concentric domains consolidated silica nanoparticles organic 
interlayers .

Two intersecting grids non -planar cruciform spicules define 
locally quadrate , globally cylindrical skeletal lattice provides 
framework onto skeletal constituents deposited .

grids supported bundles 
spicules form vertical , horizontal diagonally ordered struts .

overall 
cylindrical lattice capped upper end terminal sieve plate rooted sea 
floor base flexible cluster barbed fibrillar anchor spicu les .

External 
diagonally oriented spiral ridges extend perpendicular surface strengthen 
lattice .

secondarily deposited laminated silica matrix cements structure 
together additionally reinforces resulting skeletal mass.

2007:93 ) Journa l article Hierarchical assembly siliceous skeletal 
lattice hexactinellid sponge Euplectella aspergillum Journal Structural 
Biology , 158 : 93 –106 | 01/04/2007 | Weaver JC ; Aizenberg J ; Fantner 
GE ; Kisailus ; Woesz ; Allen P ; Fields K ; Porter MJ ; Zok FW ; Hansma 
PK ; Fratzl P ; Morse DE embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle 
icon loading Journal article Skeleton Euplectella sp .

: Structural 
Hierarchy Nanoscale Macroscale Science , 309 ( 5732 ) : 275 -278 | 
08/07/2005 | Aizenberg J ; Weaver JC ; T hanawala MS ; Sundar VC ; Morse 
DE ; Fratzl P embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading 
Journal article Micromechanical properties biological silica skeletons 
deep-sea sponges Journal Materials Research , 21 ( 8 ) : 2068 -2078 | 
01/08/2006 |  Woesz ; Weaver J ; Kazanci ; Dauphin ; Aizenberg J ; Morse ; 
Fratzl P embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading 
Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Hero Shrew ’ Remarkable Spine 
Hero shrew spine hero shrews remarkably strong yet flex ible , due 

stitches made contracting silk threads roll leaves tube -shaped shelter 
threads .

Strategy Clashing Elk Antlers Thwart Breakage Elk Inherent plasticity

microfracture toughening mechanisms work together prevent antlers 
breaking .

Biological Strategy Shell Geometry Materials  Resist Cracking 
Tortoises shell tortoise withstands pressure interlocking scutes various 
shapes consisting rigid flexible layers .

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Biomimicry Design Process Begin overview Biomimicry Design Spiral .

Biomimicry Design Spiral visual tool describes six important steps design 
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Define Challenge first step design process define problem opportunity 
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Biomimicry manifest practiced ways , , especially 
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Photo Sherry Ritter , 
CC-BY-NC-ND Terms Service & Privacy Policy Google+ Facebook Cookie 

Colorful , Waterproof Textiles Inspired Arthropods — Innovation — 
AskNature As kNature AskNature logo Collections Biological Strategies 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Innovation : Industry Colorful , 
Waterproof Textiles Inspired Arthropods Amphico Image : hilalabdullah / 
Shutterstock / Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon F unctions 
Performed toggle icon Protect Excess Liquids water essential life , much 
water liquids overwhelm living systems .

Excess liquids , example , 
decrease living system ’ access oxygen , promote excessive bacterial 
fungal growth , strip away soil nutri ents .

prevent accumulation excess 
liquids , living systems must control movement liquids across boundaries 
surfaces .

using waterproofing materials structures , slowing flow , 
and/or facilitating flow move liquid away .

Plant leaves , example , 
commonly w axy surfaces comprised water -repelling chemicals keep water

Search Function Protect Chemicals Chemicals everywhere bodies living 

chemicals valuable benign  , toxic , 

Even naturally -occurring chemicals , arsenic , must managed 

less toxic forms , physicall y prevent chemicals harming sensitive tissues 
, .

example , herbivorous mammals digest toxic compounds plants 

Search Function Protect Dirt/solids dirt small solids adhere living 
systems , slow , create blockages , reduce ability carry vital functions 
, cause surface wear tear .

Due electrostatic forces , ’ easy dirt solids 
adhere surfaces , living systems must overcome forces .

earthworm , 
example , uses small electric current keep soil  particles adhering body 
moves soil .

impact living s ystem ’ physiological chemical processes , damage exterior 
interior .

, living systems use variety strategi es , avoiding 

Function Send Light Sig nals Visible Spectrum visible spectrum portion 
electromagnetic spectrum human eye detect .

Visible light thought two 
ways–light illumination ( used fireflies ) colors result light absorbed 
reflected .

Sometimes ,  use 
make highly visible ( like peacock showing brilliant feathers potential 
mate ) .

times , use become virtually invisible ( like owl hiding plain 
sight rests day ) .

living system sends light signal , must create light 
color energy - material -efficient w ay .

Living systems create enhance 
color using strategies non -toxic pigments , structures bend absorb 
different wavelengths , chemical processes create bioluminescence .

Innovation Details V ideo Biological Model Ray Hope Prize® Amphico mimics 

Benefits toxic chemicals Easier -to-recycle 
garments Reduced use water Applications Clothing Upholste ry UN 
Sustainable Development Goals Addressed Goal 6 : Clean Water & Sanitation 
Goal 12 : Responsible Production & Consumption Challenge Much colorful , 
breathable , waterproof gear people wear ’ loving nature terrible 

’ functions usually ach ieved combining different types 
materials , coating harmful , non -degradable chemicals .

Toxic particles 
shed garment use washing , combination materials makes garment difficult 
recycle end useful life .

Innovation Details Amphico created easier -to-
recycle textiles —building complex performance structure simple substances 
.

make textiles , Amphico starts single , non -polar substance drawn nano -
textured filaments .

filaments bundled twisted form yarn two levels nano -
micro structures , woven together create no n-polar fabric texturing nano 
, micro , macro scales .

impart variety colors , Amphico uses four 
different -colored yarns , twisting different combinations , weaving 
different patterns .

creates multitude colors , reducing number dyes 
needed decreasing amou nt freshwater consumed coloring process 80 percent 
.

colored woven fabric combined waterproof , breathable membrane , since 
textile membrane made material , final product much easier recycle .

Biological Model Many living organisms manage achieve multiple functions 
using small toolbox materials adding function texture , chemicals .

protect 
drowning infected harmful bacteria , bodies covered tiny , pillar -shaped 
protrusions covered waxy , non -polar substance .

Tiger beetles butterflies produce color bodies 
wings similar nanoscale structures .

multi -textured surfaces manipulate 
different wavelengths light produce micro -scale dots set colors , blen d—
like pixels TV screen dots pointillist painting —to produce illusion 
countless colors .

See Related Content See Related Content toggle icon 
Biological Strategy Overhang Structures Repel Various Liquids Springtails 
Skin springtails repels liquids undercut structures stabilize air bubbles 
.

Biological Strategy Butterflies Hack Light Waves Produce Brilliant 
Color Morpho butterfly Wings morpho butterflies create color causing 
light waves diffract interfere .

founder Interface , Inc. business sustainability leader , $ 100,000 Ray 

See Ray Hope Prize Finalists See Ray Hope Prize  Finalists toggle 
icon Collection Ray Hope Prize Gallery AskNature Team Ray Hope Prize 
celebrates nature -inspired solutions addressing world 's biggest 

Innovations Innovation : 
Industry Functional Surface Finishing  Inspired Plants Insects Fusion 

Innovation : Industry Construction Decomposition Inspired 
Forests Mycocycle Mycocycle uses fungi break toxic petrochemicals produce 
sturdy , lightweight mycelium byproducts .

Innova tion : Industry Sunblock 
.

Innovation : Industry High -Powered Cleaners Inspired Enzymes Sudoc 
Sudoc uses enzyme -inspired catalysts rapidly break toxins complex 
chemicals environment , break well .

Innovation : Industry Wind Turbine 
Tech Inspired Owl Feathers Maple Seeds Biome Renewables Biome Renewables 

Eyes Squirt Blood — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature AskNature 
Search Biological Strategy Eyes Squirt Blood Pygmy short -horned lizard 
AskNature Team Image : brdavi ds / toggle icon Functions Performed toggle 
icon Living System toggle icon Expel Solids Living systems must often 
discharge solids –such seeds , eggs , pollen , mineral salts –for 
reproduction , protection , reasons .

creating force requires energy , living systems must 
either efficient strategies worth energy investment use outside force ( 
gravity ) .

example , tropical mistletoe positions pollen weight bird 
landing nearby triggers pollen ’ release onto bird ’ forehead .

search icon Search Function Expel Liquids 
various reasons living systems discharge liquids , defend , avoid liquid 
buildup cause decay , eliminate waste , dry .

liquids effectively moved 
pushing , different kind force needed expel .

Creating force requires 
energy , living systems must efficient strategies worth energy investment 
use outside force ( gravity ) .

typically entails strategies build 
pressure use forces propel liquids away .

creature moves water clapping shells together , 
generating water jet propels opposite direction .

Function Protect Animals Animals –organisms range microscopic larger bus –
embody wide variety harms living systems , including animals .

threaten 
predation , herbivory , defense , parasitism , compete resources water , 
nutrients , space .

given living organism commonly faces threats variety 
animals , requiring strategies effectively defend .

Trout bony fish , 
example , e scape predators scales made thin , flake -like pieces bone 
covered slippery mucus .

also behavioral strategies camouflage , fast 
swimming , twisting turning achieve release predator ’ grip .

Search Function Animals Vertebrates Reptiles Pygmy sho rt-horned lizard 
Reptiles Class Reptilia ( “ creeping ” ) : Lizards , crocodiles , turtles 
, snakes Reptiles retain key characteristics first enabled vertebrates 
live permanently land .

Many reptiles reproduce laying eggs watertight yolk , eggs develop land 
staying moist nourished .

means burn energy much slowly “ warm blooded ”  creatures size 
.

also means need keep warm keep active , might see spending seemingly 
inordinate amount time simply basking sun .

search icon Search Living 
System Contents Introduction Strategy Potential Related Habitats Related 
Content References Blood -filled sinuses within eye sockets horned lizards 
squirt blood self -defense swelling rupturing .

Introduction North 
American desert horned lizards wide range predators within habitat .

One 
unusual defense mechanism involves flooding ocular sinuses , tissues 
found eye , blood .

horned lizard feels threatened predator , final 
defense response shoot blood flooded sinuses eye sockets .

lizard also uses mechanism remove 
foreign particles surface eyes .

Image : brdavids / toggle icon one three 
horned lizard species squirt blood eyes .

Strategy horned lizard two 
constricting muscles line major veins around eye .

muscles contract , cut 
blood flow back heart , continues flow head .

floods ocular sinuses blood 
, building pressu re , causing bulge .

contracting muscles rapid manner , 
pressure increases even , eventually rupturing thin sinus membranes .

result jet stream blood shoot four feet eye socket , process known auto -
hemorrhaging .

Amazingly , process repeated several times within short 
period necessary , though mechanism rapid recovery completely understood 
.

Desert Horned Lizard : Watch one use eye -opening strategy defend coyote 
.

lizard uses mechanism remove particles eye , without rupturing sinus 
membranes completely .

di rt , soil , particles enter eye , lizard 
controls pressure precisely , allowing sinuses swell , hemorrhage .

membranous 
eyelid folds back front corner eye , leaving debris rear corner .

horned 
lizard uses bulging ocular sinuses draw debris away rear eye onto eyelid 
.

lizard floods sinuses blood , described , skin surrounding eyelids 
expands , dislocating debris falls otherwise easily removed .

Potential 
Equipment used liquid services pumps filters need regular maintenance 
keep clean .

Often , requires shutting plants processes perform 

Studying lizard ’ unique mechanism could provide innovative 
ways clean equipment continues operate , increasing overall efficiency .

Related Habitats 
aridcoastalgroundvalley Related Organisms > Animals > > Vertebrates > > > 
Reptiles > > > > Pygmy short -horned lizard Related Content Biological 
Strategy Electric Organ Produces Strong , Customizable Shocks Electric 
catfish el ectric organ electric catfish uses specialized connectors 
synchronize release electricity .

Biological Strategy Secreted Chemicals 
Repel Confuse Predators California seahare Glands sea hares secrete two 
compounds protect organism predators reacting togethe r create unpalatable

Secretions Protect Multiple Organisms Glands pleasing fungus beetle kill 
microbes , deter predators competitors secreting volatile fluids .

Biological Strategy Chemical Defenses Protect Parasites Tobacco leaves 
tobacco protect parasitic insects releasing chemical signal , inducing 
production adjacent cells compound toxic invertebrates .

September 14 , 2016 References “ Among famous , spectacular , performers 
autohemorrhaging three species North American desert -dwelling lizard , 
Phrynosoma cornutum , P. coronatum , P. solare , commonly known ( albeit 
inaccurately ) horned toads…If predator still intimidated , however , 
persists attack , lizard one final , quite  grotesque , defense mechanism 
.

uses series thin -walled , blood -filled spaces called sinuses found 
within eye sockets .

lizard rapidly increases blood pressure within 
sinuses , causes sinus walls break suddenly .

Sometimes , force lizard squirts eye -ejected 
blood powerful send sprays shooting distances 4 feet ( 1.2 ) .

bizarre 
squirting repeated several times necessary , usually sufficient frighten 
predator .

Also , squirted blood may contain distasteful che mical , would 
act additional deterrant [ sic ] potential predators.

” ( Shuker 2001:128 
) Book Hidden Powers Animals : Uncovering Secrets Nature 26/02/2021 | Dr. 
Karl P. N. Shuker embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon 
loading Journal article Bl ood-Squirting Variability Horned Lizards ( 
Phrynosoma ) Copeia | 18/07/2006 | Wade C. Sherbrooke , George A. 
Middendorf III | C. Guyer embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle 
icon loading “ horned lizard wipe intruding particles surface eyeball 
elastic , transparent sheet tissue , nictitating membrane , structure 
also present lizards .

membrane usually folded front corner eye , sweep 
back surface eye pick foreign debris .

material thus picked accumulates 
mucus-encapsulated pellet rear corner eye…At bas e nictitating membrane 
blood sinus , tissue swells numerous capillary vessels flooded blood .

muscles around major veins leaving head contracted , blood pressure eye 
area head increases .

increase fills blood sinuses around eye , forcing 
enlarged pellet di rt resting site onto eye eyelid ( pl .

” ( Sherbrooke 
2003:85 ) “ Contrary earlier suggestions antipredator substances , glands 
around eye , added blood leaves eye socket.

” ( Sherbrooke 2003:129 ) Web 
page Introduction horned lizards North America embedly preview toggle 
broken wing order lead predators a way nest protect young .

Strategy Caterpillars Reshape Leaves Silk Cherry leaf roller Caterpillars 
use stitches made contracting silk threads roll leaves tube -shaped 
shelter Biological Strategy Rapid Oscillation Sheds Water Mammals Quick 

Biological Strategy Wild Potatoes Trick Attackers Sen sing Danger Wild 
pheromone aphid predators Biological Strategy Moths Outwit Bats Super 
Hearing Moths tympanal organs moths `` hear '' bat biosonar trigger 
behavioral responses .

Keeping Clean — Resource — AskNature AskNature AskNature logo Collections 
Biological Strategies Innovations Educators Donate Search Resource : 
Resource Bundle Keeping Clean Biomimicry Institute Grades 3 –12 ( Ages 8 –
18 ) | Published 2020 Image : Biomimicry Institu te / CC NC SA - Creative 
Commons Attribution + Noncommercial + ShareAlike toggle icon Subject 
Areas toggle icon Life Science Engineering & Technology Physical Science 
Contents Story Biological Strategy Innovations Teaching Resources Explore

resources teach ing superhydrophobicity nanotechnology using story super 
water‐repellent lotus leaves inspired self ‐cleaning surface coatings .

Story Lotus plants remain clean even growing muddy water surface leaves 
super water -repellent , “ hydrophobic ” .

bumps help water droplet keep spherical , 
ball-like shape , making easier water roll .

droplets roll , pick dirt 
particles carry away , helping leaf stay clean .

Scientists engineers 
created special paints coati ngs similar nanoscale features replicate 
water-repellent self -cleaning properties .

StoColor® Lotusan® lotus -
inspired paint keeps buildings clean .

GreenShield™ oil - , water- , stain-repellant finish upholstery 
fabric also uses lotus -inspired nano particles .

Innovations Learn lotus innovations inspired AskNature pages .

Strategy Surface Allows Self -Cleaning Sacred lotus Leaves sacred lotus 
self-cleaning thanks hydrophobic microscale bu mps .

Paint Inspired Lotus Leaves Creates Self -Cleaning Antifouling Surfaces 
Sto Corp Lotus -Effect Technology Sto Corp. creates microtextured 
superhydrophobic surface repels dirt water .

Innovation : Industry Stain -
Resistant Fabric Fi nish Inspired Lotus Leaves GreenShield Finish 
GreenShield GreenShield Finish uses nano -textured , self -cleaning surface 
dramatically reduce amount fluorochemicals needed repel water - oil-based 
stains .

Recommended Teaching Resources Use resources engage st udents 
topic make connections physical science nanotechnology .

Resource : 
Activity/Lesson Lotus Leaf Effect NISE Network short activity created 
museum environments , learners compare water interacts leaves 
superhydrophobic versus introduced role nanostruc tures nature technology 
.

Resource : Activity/Lesson Superhydrophobicity – Lotus Effect 
University Colorado Boulder lesson students explore phenomenon 
superhydrophobicity nature engineers created human -made products mimic 

narrated film offers close look tiny nanostructures give 
lotus leaf unique properties .

Resources Resource : Article + Resource Bundle 
AskNature  's content , pages covered .

Resource : Book Mimic Makers : 
Biomimicry Inventors Inspired Nature Kristen Nordstrom picture book , 
young readers meet ten real -life scientists , engineers , designers learn 
plants animals create amazing new technologies .

Re source : 
Activity/Lesson Language Biomimicry Biomimicry Institute 45 -minute lesson 
students review practice key vocabulary used biomimicry designers 
AskNature website .

Resource : Curriculum Biomimicry Youth Design 
Challenge Biomimicry Institute free , han ds-on , project -based learning 
experience competition students work teams explore wonders natural world 
apply learn create innovations support healthier planet .

Resource : 
Activity/Lesson Biomimicry : Natural Designs University Colorado Boulder 
50-minute activity provides introduction biomimicry quickly gets students 
brainstorming design ideas .

Nature Model , Measure , Mentor Cloud Institute Sustainability Education 
three-part lesson students explore nature teach us  principles sustainable 

Super-Iridescent Display Technology Inspired Rainbow Peacock Spiders — 
Strategies Innovations Edu cators Donate Search Innovation : Academia 
Super-Iridescent Display Technology Inspired Rainbow Peacock Spiders 
University California San Diego 2017 Image : Jean Fred Holt / Flickr / 
rights reserved toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Transform 
Radiant Energy ( Light ) sun ultimate source energy many living systems .

sun emits radiant energy , carried light electromagnetic radiation 
streams photons .

radiant energy convert heat , living syst ems convert chemical 
energy .

latter conversion simple , multi -step process starting living 
systems algae , bacteria , plants capture photons .

example , potato 
plant captures photons converts light energy chemical energy 
photosynthesis , storing chemical energy underground carbohydrates .

Modify Light/Color Color living systems comes pigments interaction light 
surfaces .

Color serves many purposes living systems , attracting prey 
mates , providing warnings , protecting camouflage .

create effects 
needed purpose , living systems must control expression visibility 
pigments interactions ( reflectance refraction ) light .

, strategies 
modify color light increase decrease color ’ position , int ensity , 
opacity , .

Male hummingbirds , example , brightly colored feather 
patches throats ; coloring comes pigments , structures refract light , 
combination two .

male hummingbird hovers near potential mate , modifies 
angle feathers create bright , color ful display .

However , needs mute 
colors reduce conspicuousness , avoid predator , modifies angle .

search 
Details Video Biomimicry Story References Display technology University 
California , San Diego uses light -diffracting microstructures display 
vibrant , iridescent colors .

Benefits Reduced glare Reduced energy usage 
High-definition Applications Electronic displays Security devices UN 
Sustainable Development Goals Addressed Goal 9 : Industry Innovation & 
Infrastructure Challenge Current display technologies rely energy -
intensive , bright lights behind screens .

bright lights found cause eye 
strain headaches health issues prolonged use .

Innovation Details display 
technology microscopi c 3D contour nanoscale diffraction grating 
structures surface .

diffraction grating structures printed using novel 
nano-3D-printer .

combination grating structures microscopic curvature 
scales enables fine -tuned separation isolation light variety wavelengt hs 
, enables display iridescent color .

Biomimicry Story Male rainbow 
peacock spiders showcase intense rainbow iridescent signal part courtship 
display toward females .

tiny structured scales bodies reflect full 
visual spectrum light .

method manipulating light results brilliant 
iridescent colors also aid spiders camouflaging thermoregulation .

References Journal article Rainbow peacock spiders inspire miniature 
super-iridescent optics Nature Communications embedly preview toggle icon 
Reference toggle icon loading Innovations Innovation : Industry 
Functional Surface Finishing Inspired Plants Insects Fusion Bionic Fusion 
Bionic uses laser interference patterns efficiently produce micro nano 
textures wide variety materials .

Innovation : Academia Humidity -
Munich Hydraulic actuator Technical University Munich passively swell 
change shape , reducing energy usage .

Innovation : Academia Energy 
Harvesting Membrane Inspired Bone Cartilage Deakin U niversity Membrane 
Deakin University made aramid nanofibers boron nitride harvest osmotic 
energy providing structural reinforcement .

Innovation : Academia Modular 
Solar Cell Inspired Photosynthesis University Illinois Chicago Solar cell 
University Illinoi s Chicago uses sunlight recycle carbon dioxide 
renewable fuel source .

Innovation : Academia Tunable Adhesive Inspired 
Leaf Beetle Feet Kiel University Adhesive Kiel University mushroom -shaped 
micro-structures surface firmly stick surfaces without causing damage .

Innovation : Academia Self -Coordinated Materials Inspired Animal Movement 
UMass Amherst Smart material UMass Amherst made hydrogel nanocomposite 
disks enable accurately respond environment .

Trees Absorb Water Directly Clouds — Biological Strategy  — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Trees Absorb Water Directly

Clouds Tropical montane cloud forest AskNature Team Image : Andrew Coelho 
/ Unsplash / Free non -commercial use toggle icon Functions Performed 
toggle icon Living System toggle icon Capture , Absorb , Filter Liquids 
common liquid used living systems water , require survive .

many liquids 
provide nourishment , play role defense mechanisms , serve purposes .

Water varies availability ; sometimes plentiful sometimes scarce 
available fog mist .

minimize energy required capture , absorb , filter 
liquids , living systems strategies take advantage unique properties 
given liquid .

example , water moves gaseous liq uid state encounters 
surface colder air .

Plants forests experience fog clouds rain strategies 
condense liquid water moist air .

search icon Search Function Protect 
Loss Liquids Water essential life .

Liquids , mostly water , make 70 90 % 
living systems , loss even small percentage mean difference life death .

Living systems must maintain proper liquid balance , especially difficult 
dry conditions .

Living systems using structures waterproof materials prev ent slow liquid 
movement .

Scattered throughout bloodstream lens -shaped structures serve plug wound 
.

search icon Search Function Ecosystems Tropical montane cloud forest 
Ecosystems Eco - ( `` household  '' ) , system ( `` organized whole '' ) 

definition might seem vague , means ’ flexible : apply word across 
different scales times .

search 
icon Search Living System Trees cloud forests cope dry season absorbing 
water clouds directly leaves .

often absorb 
rain water roots use water transport nutrients stem , branches , leaves .

Plants also use water building block grow trunk/stem , leaves , parts 
structure .

Water molecules ( H2O ) made two hydrogen molecules one 
oxygen molecule .

rains , plants take water soil roots separate hydrogen 
atoms oxygen atom .

combine hydrogen atoms carbon c reate variety 
different structures , including wood trunks .

7 % piece dry wood 
actually made hydrogen atoms trees obtained rain .

mountainous forests tropical 
regions , example , months may  go little rainfall .

Many trees forests 
however , trick : good getting water low -moving clouds .

forests , known “ cloud forests 
” , often covered throughout much year low -hanging clouds .

clouds muc h 
closer ground clouds , breezes move clouds forest , touch leaves trees .

water clouds condenses onto leaves , absorbed branches , stem , roots 
tree .

trees cloud forests 
especially good — able absorb 20 % wa ter directly leaves forests hundred 
feet lower mountain .

Image : Cristóbal Alvarado Minic / CC - Creative 
Commons Attribution alone toggle icon Image : NepGrower~commonswiki / CC 
SA - Creative Commons Attribution + ShareAlike toggle icon right arrow 
right arrow Last Updated July 2 , 2020 References “ used satellite 
ground-based observations study cloud leaf wetting patterns contrasting 
tropical montane pre -montane cloud forests .

studied consequences leaf 
wetting direct uptake water accumulated leaf surfac es leaves .

dry season 
, montane forest experienced higher precipitation , cloud cover leaf 
wetting events longer duration pre -montane forest .

Leaf wetting events 
resulted foliar water uptake species studied .

capacity foliar water 
uptake differed signifi cantly montane pre -montane forest plant 
communities , well among species within forest .

results indicate foliar 
water uptake common forest plants improves plant water status dry season.

2013:307 ) Journal article incidence implicatio ns 
clouds cloud forest plant water relations Ecology Letters , 16 ( 3 ) : 
307–314 | 01/03/2013 | Goldsmith GR , Matzke NJ , Dawson TE embedly 
preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Magazine article Cloud 
Forest Trees Drink Fog Science Magazine N ews | 17/12/2012 | Treacy 
Strategies Biological Strategy Leaves Capture Water Fog Flowering Plants 
surface .

Biologica l Strategy Lymph System Pumps Pump Mammals lymphatic 
system uses pressure , muscle contractions , one -way valves squeeze fluid 
network vessels without need pump .

Biological Strategy Hairlike Fringe 
Filters Food Blue whale Baleen whales use fringed sheets keratin strain 
food water swallow .

Biological Strategy Hourglass -Shaped Molecules 
Filter Water Common organisms Aquaporin molecules form channel allows 
water move across cell membranes .

Biological Strategy Mucus Filters 
Water Food Giant Larvacean giant l arvacean rapidly regularly builds house 
mucus capable filtering large quantities water .

Biological Strategy Root 
Grafting Enhances Growth Jack pine Roots jack pines distribute limited 
resources forming underground connections trees .

Natural Produce Prese rvative Packets Inspired Plants — Innovation — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Innovation : Industry Natural Produce 
Preservative Packets Inspired Plants GreenPod Labs Image : Raysonh o @ 
Open Grid Scheduler / Grid Engine / Wikimedia Commons / CC - Creative 
Commons Attribution alone toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon 
Regulate Cellular Processes Cells basic building blocks living systems , 
cellular processes dictate physiologica l processes occur within systems .

Cells ( whether entire unicellular organisms parts multicellular living 
systems ) grow , metabolize nutrients ( , chemically transform ) , 
produce proteins enzymes , replicate , move .

Cells part multicellular 
systems rar ely act alone , instead ways signal start complete simple 
quite complex interactions .

Blood cells called platelets release clotting factors stop 
bleeding ; white blood cells rid area foreign materials rele ase molecules 
coordinate healing ; cells called fibroblasts start rebuilding using 
proteins called collagen ; new blood vessels form ; skin cells called 
keratinocytes create new surface .

search icon Search Function Maintain 
Homeostasis living system homeo stasis , means internal conditions stable 

H owever , physiological processes , maintaining homeostasis 
requires communication coordination .

desert lizard called Gila monster offers good examp le maintaining 

Search Function Protect Fungi Fun gi–which include molds mushrooms , 
amongst others –play important roles every ecosystem , also create 
diseases plants animals .

Fungi rapidly reproduce , living systems must 
fend early avoid spread potential , physical harm .

Living systems use 
physical che mical strategies protect fungi , must ensure strategies ’ 
harm threatened living system .

example , pumpkin ’ skin antifungal 
proteins prevent fungal growth without harming pumpkin .

Search Function Protect Microbes living systems , microbes pl ay important 

example , inhibiting leaf ’ abilit y photosynthesize .

Search Function Protect Light Access sunlight crucial living systems ’ 
primary energy source life .

However , much sunli ght form ultraviolet 
radiation ( UV ) cause damage living tissues .

example , plants live areas exposed long 
periods direct sunlight reflective surfaces ( white hairs powder ) 
reflect UV light .

s earch icon Search Function Contents Innovation 
Prize® GreenPod Labs mimics natural chemical signaling whole plants keep 

Benefits Reduced hunger Reduced waste 
Reduced synthetic chemical use Applications Food storage Food 
distribution chains UN Sustainable Development Goals Addressed Goal 1 : 
Poverty Goal 2 : Zero Hunger Goal 3 : Good Health & Wellbeing Goal 12 : 
Responsible Production & Consumption Challen ge Currently , 40 60 percent 
produce grow spoils eat , especially areas without developed cold -storage 
facilities processes .

wastes half humanity ’ harvest billion people 
around world face hunger every day .

high spoilage rate also represents 
quarter glob al freshwater supplies ––and large amount greenhouse gas 
emissions ––squandered food never consumed .

Innovation Details GreenPod 
Labs devised way harness unique natural signaling substances different 
fruits vegetables capture small sachets placed crates spe cific produce .

, compounds gradually rise air , taking role parent plant sending signals 
living fruits vegetables read loud clear .

waft onto produce , trigger 
number chemical physical responses : control opening “ breathing pores ” 
, lessen production ga sses encourage ripening , reduce production enzymes 
decompose cell walls ––slowing ripening ( spoiling ) process .

plant 
extracts sachets activate natural immune system response resists attacks 
microbes .

GreenPod Labs ’ sachets work ambient temperatures ,  keeping 
food fresh even areas without access cold storage cold supply chain 
facilities .

Since contain natural ingredients ’ leave residue , ’ 
detrimental impacts safety nutritional value produce .

Initial tests show 
sachets extend shelf life first target ed fruits vegetables 40 60 percent 
.

Since type fruit vegetable unique defense mechanism , company continues 
investigate unique signals food -providing plants .

tomato counter , lettuce fridge , produce spilling buckets shelves 
kitchens mar kets around world … alive !

parts detached removed , lose 
critical lines communication parent plant .

harvested , fruits vegetables 
lose contact communication plants grew , ’ die .

live days , weeks , even 
longer––making breaking chemicals nutrients , resp onding various aspects 

Whole plants many natural built -in defense mechanisms , 
producing responding chemical cues control rate ripening fight microbes 
insects .

Ray Hope Prize® GreenPod Labs awarded 2022 Ray Hope Prize , 

Hope Prize helps startups cross critical threshold becoming viable  

See Ray Hope Prize Finalists See Ray Hope 
Prize Finalists toggle icon Collection Ray Hope Priz e Gallery AskNature 
Team Ray Hope Prize celebrates nature -inspired solutions addressing world 
's biggest environmental sustainability challenges .

Innovation : Industry Functional Surface Finishing Inspired Plants 
Insects Fusion Bionic Fusion B ionic uses laser interference patterns 
efficiently produce micro nano textures wide variety materials .

wood perfor mance advanced composites .

Innovation : Industry Construction 
Decomposition Inspired Forests Mycocycle Mycocycle uses fungi break toxic 

Innovation : Industry Sunblock Inspired Compounds Eye s Sóliome Sóliome 
produces non -toxic , biodegradable sunscreen based UV -protection provided 
kynurenine molecules .

toxins complex chemical s environment , break well .

Wind Turbine Tech Inspired Owl Feathers Maple Seeds Biome Renewables 
Biome Renewables adjusts aeroacoustics existing turbine blades decrease 
turbulence increase efficiency .

Juvenile Friendships Help Throu ghout Life — Biological Strategy — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Juvenile 
Friendships Help Throughout Life Bottlenose dolphin Elyse DeFranco 
Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Cooperate 
Within Species species group organisms capable breeding produce fertile 

individuals within species undertake activities benefit one 
another , cooperation benefits individuals , also local wider po pulations 
species .

cooperation , risk di stributed among individuals benefits 
community greater sum benefits individuals .

short-term competition individual finds food , long -term , individual 

Animals Vertebrates Mammals Whales dolphins Dolphins Bottlenose dolphin 
Mammals Class Mammalia ( “ breast ” ) : Bat s , cats , whales , horses , 

Another critical shared feature 

Living System Contents Introduction Strategy V ideo Potential References 
Bottlenose dolphins develop lifelong friendships early benefit shared 
information , cooperation , means .

species reach sexual maturity young age produce 
many offspring , dolphins ( like humans large social species elephants ) 
prolonged development stage early life .

weaning first pregnancy , stage 
lasts 10 years , appears crucial developing relationships survival skills 
needed adults .

Researchers wanted know way dolphin s use juvenile period 
develop skills , whether different demands adult males females would seen 
ways juveniles spend time .

Cataloging unique markings dorsal fins group 
bottlenose dolphins Shark Bay , Australia , able follow individuals birth 
adulthood .

S ee Related Strategy See Related Strategy toggle icon 
Biological Strategy Peer -to-Peer Learning Spreads Innovations Rapidly 
Bottlenose dolphin New generations bottlenose dolphins adapt changing 
situations learning peers mothers .

Strategy adults , female do lphins 
care ( feed ) offspring 3 -4 years .

contrast , adult male dolphins spend 
time socializing groups males , ’ involved raising young .

Dolphins share 
foraging strategies friends , demonstra ting importance social bonds 
developed throughout lives .

males females , dolphins choose friends 
carefully , spending time individuals strengthening bonds throughout 
lives .

helps prepare future high energy 
demands pregnancy raising calf .

adults , females tend group females 
offspring , provides protection calves also facilitating sharing 

Researchers observed dolphins sharing knowledge creative 
ways use tools capture fish prey .

One strategies , first observed Shark 
Bay dolphins 1984 , involves dolphin holding sea sponge mouth protect 
nose rooting sandy sea floor .

sponge -tool method passed mothers primarily 
female calves —a textbook example generational knowledge transfer .

Dolphins also appear share foraging strategies friends , demonstrating 
importance social bonds dev eloped throughout lives .

Juvenile females 
seem understand friendships important develop , spend time bonding 
unrelated females share creative foraging strategies .

Potential period learning , dolphins use extended 
juvenile years build community friendships last throughout lives .

Understanding great benefit conservationists habitat preservation .

example , know members species need social rela tionships unrelated 
members , better able plan manage protected areas aquarium habitats .

Last Updated January 22 , 2021 References “ juvenile period appears 
critical developing skills relationships necessary survival reproduction 
.

suggests costs delayed sexual maturity taxa prolonged juvenile periods —
such primates ( including humans ) , elephants , dolphins —may offset 
social experience learning development .

2020:2 ) 
Journal article Juvenile social dynamics reflect adult reproductive 
strategies bottlenose dolphins Behavioral Ecology | Allison A. Galezo , 
Ewa Krzyszczyk , Vivienne Foroughirad , Celine H. Frère , Janet Mann 
embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading “ … 
investigated spread another foraging strategy , “ shellin g ” , whereby 
dolphins population feed prey trapped inside large marine gastropod 
shells… show shelling behavior spreads primarily non -vertical [ non –
parent-to-offspring ] social transmission .

statistically accounting 
environmental genetic influences , fi ndings thus represent first evidence 
non-vertical transmission foraging tactic toothed whales .

research 
suggests multiple transmission pathways foraging behaviors dolphins , 
highlighting similarities cetaceans great apes nature transmission 
cultural behav iors.

, 2020 ) Book Integrating Genetic , 
Environmental , Social Networks Reveal Transmission Pathways Dolphin 
Foraging Innovation Behavioral Ecology | June 25 , 2020 | Sonja Wild , 
William J.E .

Hoppitt , Simon J. Allen , Michael Krutzen e mbedly preview 

Biological St rategy Sharing Tools Passes Knowledge 
Chimpanzee Chimpanzees train next generation simply sharing tools .

situations  learning peers mothers .

Biological Strategy Information 
Gained , Stored , Transferred Without Brains Physarum polycephalum slime 
mold Despite lack nervous system , slime molds learn share learn slime 
molds joining together time .

Biological Strategy Male s Cooperate Attract 
Mate Lance -tailed manakin Male lance -tailed manakins attract female

Biological Strategy Root Grafting Enhances 
Growth Jack pine Roots jack pines distribute limited resources forming 
underground connections trees .

EducationYouth Design Challenge Inspira tion AskNatureBiomimicry Toolbox 
Mission Donate Select Page Frequently Asked Questions Thank interest 
learning Biomimicry Institute , , get involved .

list frequently -asked 
questions help next steps : Biomimicry Institute ?

Biomimicry Institute 
501 ( c ) ( 3 ) not -for-profit organization founde d 2006 e mpowers people 
seek nature -inspired solutions healthy planet .

advance solution process 
, Institute offers AskNature.org , free online tool contains strategies 
found nature examples ways used design .

also hosts Biomimicry Global 
Design Challenge Y outh Design Challenge support project -based education ; 
Biomimicry Launchpad startup accelerator program ; Ray Hope Prize® 
developing companies bring designs market ; Biomimicry Global Network 
connects innovators across world .

purpose Biomimicry Institute naturalize biomimicry culture 

accomplish tackling one massive sustainability problem 
time Youth Design Challenge , mobilizing tens thousands practitioners 
support Global Biomimicry Network , providing practitioners AskNature 
tool begin solution process .

support entrepreneurs bringing nature -
inspired designs market Biomimicry Launchpad program Ray Hope Prize® , 
anticipate dozens new biomimetic innovations result , creating healthier 
world .

CONNECT ’ interested representative Biomimicry Institute speak 
event .

many fascinating biomimicry projects w orld today 
would love help , small team resources partner individual projects .

good place start check Resources 
section list educational opportunities biomimicry .

look specific 
biological inspiration , solve particul ar problem , look biologically 
inspired inventions exist already , visit AskNature website use strategy 
pages search bar explore ’ .

Biomimicry Youth Design Challenge Challenge provides middle school high 
school teams avenue practice biomimicry design process guidance teacher .

would like contact regarding interview speaking engagement , 
please email [ email protected ] also comple te quick questionnaire , get 
back soon possible .

Global Network made people 
around world interested creating opportunities practice , share , learn 
biomimicry r egionally .

Visit Global Network page see group near working 
similar theme .

LEARNING 
RESOURCES ’ interested practicing biomimicry – study major choose ?

Since biomimicry mult idisciplinary field , 
people biomimicry come many different backgrounds .

recommend students 
study topics interest , engineering , biology , architecture , design , 
green chemistry , business .

best thing undergraduate pick course study 
truly enjoy , like engineering industrial design architecture biology , 
apply biomimicry practice .

Biomimicry Institute ’ 
maintain comprehensive list training programs ( change quick ly ) , number 
universities worldwide incorporating biomimicry design , engineering ,

’ looking 
resources biomimicry / ’ interested learning biomimicry .

resources 
section AskNature wide range biomi micry videos , books , articles , 
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may also want check Biomimicry Toolbox , 
walk introduction biomimicry practiced .

AskNature number great resources 
introduce biomimicry young minds , including free curricula , lesson 
plans , videos , books , .

Ask Planet Biomimicry Institute ’ award -
winning album children ’ music used formal informal learning envir onments 
.

, Sharing Biomimicry Young People educator training publication aimed 
helping educators establish general foundation biomimicry provide ideas 
introducing way thinking student s .

Plus 
Youth Design Challenge , hands -on , project -based learning experience 
provides classroom informal educators engaging framework introduce bio -
inspired design interdisciplinary lens science , engineering , 
environmental literacy .

gives middle high school students unique STEM 
experience empowers envision solutions social environmental challenges .

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System Nature ’ Unifying Patterns Methods Biomimicry Proces s Define 
Studies Biology Research Reading Scie ntific Paper Interdisciplinary 
References » Business Planning Biomimicry Business Planning Biomimicry 
introduction identifying market strategy SECTION 
  business planning 
essential 
  Business innovation tools 
  Fit : Designing context 
  
Resources section provides introduction business planning help identify 
potential pathways market .

First , ’ introduce two business innovation 
tools use start planning : Business Model Canvas Value Propos ition Canvas

Next ’ provide suggestions make sure innovation fits provides value 
within context customers ’ needs .

Business Planning Essential Biomimicry 
powerful force sustainable innovation .

However , reality many innovative 
ideas , biomimetic , find  success market .

fail designed context specific 
, viable market need , others due lack resources needed get market .

Biomimetic solutions often disruptive innovations seen threat entrenched 
competitors ’ interests .

reasons , market entrants need identify  
mutually beneficial ways working industry players points entry market 

Alternatively , innovators must sometimes create ecosystems 
get product service market .

support 
partners global network , Biomimicry Institute ’ Biomimicry Launchpad 
program offers design teams mentorship , advice industry experts , 
opportunity compete cash prizes overcome market entry hurdles .

Business 
Innovation Tools Business Model Canvas Value Proposition Canvas business 
innovation tools dev eloped Alexander Osterwalder & Yves Pigneur featured 
books Business Model Generation Value Proposition Design .

iterative , 
ideation tools work well entrepreneurship disruptive innovations .

purposes introduction , ’ focus two sections Business Model Canva s – 
value propositions customer/stakeholder segments .

Business Model 
Generation ( 2010 ) Value Proposition Design ( 2014 ) Alexander 
Osterwalder & Yves Pigneur .

Serial entrepreneur Steve Blank , developer 
Lean LaunchPad approach start -ups , highlights tw o reasons using Business 
Model Canvas : organize one ’ thinking turn hypotheses/guesses facts .

Steve recommends “ getting building ” gain customer insights , planning 
step comes writing ( business ) plan .

agree , case biomimicry , 
naturally recommend get ting outside gain nature ’ .

Biomimicry Business 
Model Canvas want remember use nature mentor aspects design business 
innovation , integrated nature ’ unifying patterns Business Model Canvas 
Value Proposition Canvas create call Biomimicry Business Model Ca nvas .

good method using Canvas team jot individual thoughts ideas onto sticky 
notes grouped moved canvas .

Visualizing variety scenarios help identify 
priorities needs design process .

h Biomimicry Business Model Canvas ( 
PDF ) Download three page PDF too ls .

Biomimicry Business Model Canvas adapted Business Model Canvas Value 
Proposition Canvas .

organism must fit ecosystem 
exchanging value organisms environment manner .

early phase business planning innovation , must 
find fit specific value might create customer .

Source : Value 
Proposition Design , Strategyzer.com Fit result winning co nnection two ( 
nine ) blocks Business Model Canvas : value proposition customer segment 
.

Fit hard find maintain , nature , 
business model needs fit niche adaptable disturbance .

Prototyping solution provide opportunity 
assess tru e product -market fit .

Customer/Stakeholder Segments 
customer/stakeholder segment defines people organization ( ) enterprise 
aims reach serve .

Focusing important , frequent bothersome job custo mers face 
help identify value offer specific customer segment .

jobs 
important others job functional task social/emotional role .

Many 
social enterprises focus important needs profitable current market 
economy problems monetized .

student German University Cairo interviews 
stakeholder Fayoum , Egypt .

camel-inspired ir rigation pest -control strategy grand prize 2012 -13 
Biomimicry Student Design Challenge .

Many global challenges face today 
result flaws economic models require people look broadly system level 

order address market failures , teams may address n eeds “ 
customers ” “ stakeholders.

” Stakeholders include investors , funders , 
program intermediaries service providers , beneficiaries constituents .

Whether stakeholder exchanging monetary currency , value proposition 
still meet criteria helping solve o ne stakeholder ’ jobs , creating gain 
and/or reducing pain .

Teams consider scale need stakeholders customers 
design concepts .

Value Propositions team Belgium demonstrates Wakati 
value proposition reducing food waste efficient , low -cost evaporative 
cooler inspired honeybees .

value proposition bundle products and/or services 
offer customer .

list features , advantages benefits range tangible goods 
intangible experiences .

Nature ’ strategies m ulti-functional locally 
attuned responsive —a value proposition , .

Value comes many forms —
insurance provides access future health services , immediate online 
recommendations books , experiential value attending concert .

Whatever 
bundle products services o ffer , combined value help customer stakeholder 
meet essential need want , help perform one jobs .

value proposition must 
compelling context existing alternatives resilient future disturbances .

Value Proposition Design Osterwalder Pigneur state , “ achiev e fit 
customers get excited value proposition , happens address important jobs 
, alleviate extreme pains , create essential gains customers care about.

” Next Steps focus introduction value proposition customer segments , 
context full Business Model Canvas  broader business model environment .

Business Model Canvas asks consider key partners , activities resources 
comprise cost structure customer relationships channels required deliver 
value proposition customer segment , generating revenue stream .

broader 
ecosystem view includes four additional drivers constraints : macro -
economic forces , key trends , market forces industry forces .

However , prototype 
phase teams move business model business plan deve lopment , address three 
nested levels .

Resources h Biomimicry Business Model Canvas ( PDF ) 

Business Model Generation ( 2010 ) book introduces 
Business Model Canva s , powerful tool understanding , designing , 
implementing new business model .

Value Proposition Design ( 2014 ) 
sequel Business Model Generation explains use ‘ Value Proposition Canvas.

’ 
 Strategyzer team behind books Business Model Generation Value 
Proposition Design provide range additional resources services 
Strategyzer .

month newsletter bring selection 
.

may deeper looks well -known adaptations , others may reveal humanity ’ 
latest discoveries , still others may reve al long-held little -known 
knowledge nature human cultures around world .

new approach design , 
imagery , reporting , storytelling bring closer ever living things guide 
us innovative regenerative future .

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Biologize Function & Context - Biomimicry Toolbox Biologize Function & 
Context - Biomimicry Toolbox Biomimicry Institute AskNature Youth Design 

Core Concepts Functio n Strategy Systems View Earth ’ Operating System 
Biologize Function & Context Discover Biological Strategies Abstract

Pathways Biomimicry References Reading List Glossary Terms Case Studies 
Business Planning Biomimicry Toolbox Select Page Home » Methods » 
Biologize Function & Context Biologize Funct ion & Context SECTION 
  
Overview 
  Examples 
  Resources clearly defined 
challenge , ready next step — reframing challenge biological context .

’ step makes possible begin 
looking nature strategies solve specific design problems .

BIOLOGIZE Analyze 

” questions guide research look biological models next step ( Discover 
) Design Spiral .

formulate good research questions , need take needs 
functions identified design question rephrase question easily find 
answers biology .

good test biomimicry research question whether logically complete 
phrase , “ nature… ?

” simply used original design question complete 
sentence , probably ’ make sense .

example , asking “ nature make urban 
cyclists visible dri vers night ?

Describe function ( ) context design must contend 
biologically -relevant terms .

Chances original design question already 
contains information ( either explicitly implicitly ) .

may simply need 
tweak state function ( ) context (  ) , “ asking ” nature makes sense .

examine design question , might discover multiple 
functions play  multiple ways define function context challenge 
biologically .

multiple ways framing function gives options search 
terms work research phase .

broaden range potential 
solutions , turn question ( ) around consider opposite , tang ential 

interested silent 
flight know flight noise consequence turbulence , might also ask nature 
reduces turbulence water , air water share similar fluid dynamics .

Defining biologizing design question one difficult parts 
biomimicry process .

lead success looking biological models ultimately save 
time whole design process .

Also , uncover new insights begin researching 
, prepared revisit steps refine challenge question .

Sample biologized 
questions “ Biologizing ” translates design quest ion search terms used 
look biological models .

Consider examples : Design Question : might keep 
buildings cool summer ?

Biologized Question : nature regulate temperature 
hot climates ?

Design Question : might reduce stormwater runoff flooding 
cities ?

Multiple possibilities Often times variety ways 
biologize design question .

’ example showing variety wa ys break night -
time cycling design question ( previously explored Define step ) 
functions contexts multiple “ nature… ” questions derived .

Design 
Question : might make urban cyclists visible drivers night ?

Functions : 
enhance visibility ; produce light ;  reflect light ; sense/send signals 
Context : dark , low light ; chaotic , busy environment ; moving quickly 
Biologized Questions : nature … …enhance visibility low light

Reso urces 
 Biologize Question Worksheet Use worksheet biologize 
design question .

h Biomimicry Taxonomy 
Biomimicry Taxonomy great reference functions found nature .

Keep Lear ning next step 
Design Spiral , Discover , ’ guide look biological models strategies 
inspiration .

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— Collection — AskNature AskNature AskNature logo 
Collection Nature Build Home ?

Camilo Garzón , Poet Journalist | January 
10 , 2023 Image : John Carnemolla / https : //www.shutterstock.com/image -
photo/welcome -swallow-nesting-on-banks-cooper-2028765314 / Copyright © - 
rights reserved toggle icon Traditional Indigenous building methods 
Colombia reveal construction intimate engagement species , work , core 
planet .

moved around throughout life 
escaping , embracing , analyzing , ignoring .

idea one 
written explicitly , like “ Oikos , ” work , asking home , place , 
identity mean different peo ple .

Image : Shutterstock / Copyright © - rights 
reserved toggle icon village house made using bahareque technique sticks 
mud––materials shared countless fellow species .

Asylum 
, refuge , sanctuary , shelter … Familienähnlichkeit : related , , 
different .

one way housing different purpose : political , 
social , religious , .

time , reflect refract aspects , still providing 
home––and ’ through -line .

’ vital 
recognize ’ part continuum homemaking homebuilding entities , learning 
keep find ways housing care creation structures frameworks make us 
comforted comfortable .

’ simple , really , see ancestral techniques 
human homemaking grav itating origin .

use materials nature 
nature , help us create circular processes diminish energetic expenses , 
less CO2 produced , temperature inside homes adapts outside .

Image : 
Camilo Garzón / Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon Houses r ise 
land sit upon around Santander , Colombia .

Let ’ start 
tapia pisada , coming Spanish colonizers bahareque , inherited Indigenous 
peoples .

first , tapia pisada , uses mud , soil water , gets compacted 
weight person creating .

closely 
compared cob hou se making , tabby concrete , United States America .

spoke Santiago Rivero Bolaños , civil engineer , wife , Lina Pieruccini , 
lead project called De la Tierra Casa Taller Barichara , Sa ntander .

Santiago told , , using techniques build homes could come necessity 
hominids give roof , shelter , made hands , adapting resources

look nature , see home provides , 
learn one aspects apply natures , fashioning tools creating structures 
like see natural phenomena .

thing two one ’ see geologic time 
layers embedde d existing crevices soil .

Santiago echoes : Soil complex material different  shades observed .

materials remind us death cessation transformation matter reintegrating .

soil hyperobject , incalculable mass bioproducts , rocks , sand , water , 
layers upon layers lif e existed keep nourishing life continue exist .

Bacteria , microorganisms , insects , roots 
, worms , animals organic matter decomposition .

natural occurring 
material integral part walls Santiago wife make tapia pisada .

Imag e : 
Camilo Garzón / Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon soft steps 
domestic cat leave trace mud wall construction , squeezed wood tamped 
significant force human hands ( feet ) .

walls fractal information tells 
us elemental planet , elemental universe  , following continuous 
transformation organic inorganic matter spontaneous , intuitive 
miraculous .

Image : Désirée Russeau / iStock Getty Images / toggle icon 
known many existing techniques inspired techniques animals inspiring 
examples rest nature aboun d .

asked Santiago know exact point humidity 
necessary mud mixture become compact enough would become resistant , told 
anecdote .

still university , consulted maestro tapiero would use hand 
molding mixture find humidity point .

biomimetic way good , even b etter , 
post-modern post -industrial way creating bricks .

Relying taught , actual 
literal manipulation hands , rely senses memory .

rely elder ’ examples , 
rely mimicking ancestors , traditions techniques .

Santiago wanted test 
biomimetic technique versus lab proctor test .

comparing ancestral technique maestro , 
would find techniques would compactness .

Santiago realized something 
ancestral technique versus newer technologies : Formulas cartesian plan es 
, curves algorithm driven software , way interpreting universe around us 
.

like natural materials majority biomimetic 
resources , techniques reversible .

also talking research done Ilya 
Prigogine Isabelle Stengers understand chaos actually irreversible nature 
.

Industrial materials , Santiago notes , created irreversible physico -
chemical processes , “ call something mystical perspective , dead 
materials.

soil different 
constituent elements impart different qualities walls incorporate .

soils used build tapia pisada  found 
different parts Departamento de Santander , Colombia .

soils Santander showcased come Jordán , San Gil 
, Villanueva , Mogotes , Barichara , Aratoca , Guane , Curití , Lebrija .

Guane , town , named like honor Indigenous peoples part known Colombia 
used eat hormigas culonas , reported recently .

leafcutter ants Santander 
built underground homes , caring fungi complex agricultural system 
endured dinosaurs today , domesticated fungi created underground homes .

organisms , living non -living things part elements living houses , like 
Disney ’ Encanto .

Houses alive way cohabitate natural elements coexist 
relate us different times .

’ Lina explaining means : Soil ’ let us 
harvest , also walk , build homes .

whoever liv es inside living house 
like one ’ right , knows [ house ] lives , teaches , speaks way .

tapiero 
master counter -pisón , [ person building ] ones dancing inside wall

must careful ’ feet order step , also step creating music 
construction .

changes sound tapia structures simply part tradition magic surrounds type 

Sounds Tapiero Master Work Near Santiago Lina live , 
rural area Barichara , spoke Ramón Atuesta .

campesino Guayabal path 
keeping Spanish Indigenous building techniques alive well gastronomical 
traditions .

Barichara , also notes , 732 houses made repetitive 
persistent pattern building : tapia pisada .

third , confirms independently Santiago 
, something standardized passed .

Ramón also built ceiling 12,000 older tiles collected Girón , 
Piedecuesta , Tunja , Moniquirá , San José de Pare , among others , 
wanted honor ancestors reuse bricks continue building .

Ramón Atuesta 's 
passion maintaining traditional building techniques includes deep 
appreciation clay roofing tiles well .

Speaking learning elders way , 
spoke Santino “ Tino ” Gonzales , collaborator friend mine , also artist 
originally Los Lunas , New Mexico .

Tino crux three things 
hometown : adobe earth building , ufology , radio technologies , artistic 
practice see three interacting .

Like “ adobe summer ” 2020 album “ Bookfair , ” recorded summer 
2019. bookfair tino amidst Tino reconnecting dad asking ever worked adobe 
, adobe everywhere Los Lunas , including first place Tino ever found : 
San Clemente Church .

asked dad knew make adobe bricks , father told 
stories learning nine -year old earning money young adult , said would 
happy teach Tino .

Si nce , Tino incorporated adobe artistic practice 
meditation life heritage .

became like really great way talk thin gs trying 
talk artwork , oftentimes themes like connection relating ideas home 
unknown .

adobe brick also 
, culmination mestizo heritage , mixed techniques .

real 
materiality comes using something alive creating something endure .

also , “ dust 
come dust shall return ” nature , draws Tino well .

culture care , culture homem aking techniques ––adobe , 
bahareque , tapia pisada ––is one oldest forms culture rupestrian art oral 
storytelling .

things help us layer relationships , building structures , 
limits , frontiers .

hopefully ’ like hard drive , plug 
computer access information .

think , way , brick container history , 
information , knowledge passed .

like way  connect , 
father , father , also learned make bricks .

’ dialogue , kind historical 
dialogue families ’ way talk father —and onward .

industrial brick , tool 
useful creating want create , machine series industrialized processes end 
product .

product , hand s humans throughout , ending , loses natural 
elements .

natural brick created adobe technique , soil conserves organic 
elements featured create first place .

Courtesy Santino “ Tino ” Gonzales Joe Gonzales ( 
Santino “ Tino ” Gonzales 's father ) & friend ( Frank Apodaca ) making 
adobe bricks c. 1973 Los Lunas , NM - Closeup .

Courtesy Joe Gonzales 
Santino “ Tino ” Gonzales father making ado be brick mold 2019 .

Courtesy 
Santino “ Tino ” Gonzales still image Santino “ Tino ” Gonzales 's 
installation “ Evening Star ” 2020 .

Courtesy Santino “ Tino ” Gonzales 
right arrow right arrow Language fails , words enough .

’ simple , really , see benefits 
returning mindset lets us use materials nature nature .

think ought keep playing soil , remembering come , shall 
return .

Camilo Garzón award -winning Colombian -American poet , writer , 
interdisciplinary artist , award -winning voice creative director , oral 
historian , award -winning producer , educator .

journalism multimedia 
work featured forthcoming Scientific American , Skybound Entertainment , 
Wolf Door , NPR , National Geographic Society , KQED , Creative 
Independent , American Geophysical Union ’ Eos magazine , WBGO ’ Jazz 
Night America , America ’ Test Kitchen ’ Proof , SF MOMA ’ Proyecto 
Mission Murals , BirdNote Daily , among others .

Follow Twitter @ 
CamiloAGarzonC Instagram @ Camilo.A.Garzon.C .

Collection Explore 
incredible ways species work mud , soil , wood construct homes , 
communities , structures .

Biological Strat egy Turrets Ventilate Nest 
Leafcutter ants Turrets nests leaf -cutting ants enhance wind -driven 
ventilation Biological Strategy Secretion Waterproofs Nest Dufour 's 
gland plasterer bees protects nests water secreting natural polyester .

Biological Strategy Mixture Waterproofs Nests Chinese paper wasp Paper 
wasps use oral secretion combined masticated plant matter create 
waterproof paper nests .

Biological Strategy Nest Structurally Reinforced 
Jet ant carton nests jet ants reinforced hyphae resident fungi .

Biological Strategy Nest Lined Protective Material Song thrush Cup -shaped 
nests song thrush lined wood pulp hardens protective , cardboard -like 
material .

Biological Strategy Fibers Reinforce Nests Wasps Nests wasps 
sturdy incorporate fibers parallel patter n .

Biological Strategy Plant 
Fragments Prevent Infections Eurasian blue tit Blue tit females protect 
chicks pathogenic bacteria selectively placing fragments certain aromatic 
plants nests .

Superpowers  Fungi Fungi create strong lightweight material producing 

Biological Strategy Mound Facilitates Gas 
Exchange Mound -building termites structure above -ground macrotermite 
mounds facilitates gas exchange below -ground nest using i nternal air 
currents driven solar heat .

Biological Strategy Honeycomb Structure 
Space-Efficient Strong Bees wasps Bees wasps build space -efficient strong 
nests using hexagonal cells .

Biological Strategy Vibration Firms Mud 
Nest Apostlebird mud nest apost lebird sturdy home high trees , built 
using jiggled -mud construction technique .

Biological Strategy Spiral -
patterned Cases Prevent Crushing Moth flies Larvae bagworm moths protect 
crushed building spiral -patterned cases environmental materials twigs , 
leaves , silk .

Biological Strategy Nests Durable Humid Mason bee flower 
petal nests Osmia avosetta bees durable humid multi -layer design , hard 
layer sandwiched organic layers .

Biological Strategy Dome Constructed 
Without Framework Ovenbird ovenbird constru cts free -standing domed nest 
adding mud pellets set pattern .

Biological Strategy Nest Openings 
Protect Floods Mud -nesting ant Entrances ant nests protect flooding high

Biological Strategy Body Heat Melts Wax 
Form Hexagons H oneybees Honeybees generate heat mold cylindrical wax 
cells , surface tension pulls cooling wax hexagons .

Nests Made Paper Paper wasps Nests paper wasps made paper -like material , 
created wood hardening saliva .

Biological Strategy Nes ts Dynamic Rock 
ant Temnothorax ants adjust colony growth diminution shedding 

Biological Strategy Architecture Avoids Flooding , 
Creates Microclimates Ants nests fungus -growing ants avoid flood damage 
create uniform microclimates via  necklace -like tree -like architecture .

Biological Strategy Nests Parasite -Free House sparrow nests house 
sparrows kept free parasitic insects lining leaves neem tree , containing 
insect-repelling compounds .

DoAboutNews Terms Service & Pri vacy Policy built Civilization 

selection c ompelling updates ever -growing library biological strategies 

Educators — AskNature AskNature AskNature logo Collections Biologica l 
Strategies Innovations Educators Donate Search EducatorsHelp students 
understand life 's systems features inspire design systems products solve 

Whether use biomimicry examples regularly teaching , new 
concept biomimicry , AskNature tools  students .

Biomimicry Stories AskNature Activities 
Grades K —2 Grades 3 —5 Grades 6 —8 Grades 9 —12 Image : Robert Kneschke / 
Shutterstock / Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon Teach Biomimicry 
?

Introduci ng biomimicry classroom bridges boundaries school real world 
students .

Biomimicry inherently interdisciplinary way encouraging 
students observant complexity natural world interconnectedness .

Rather 
learn living things , biomimicry requires us learn natur al world .

educational standards ( Next Generation Science Standards U.S. ) 
including biomimicry way focus instruction STEM .

focus incorporating 
Engineering Design K -12 education grows , biomimicry concepts become 
relevant – design thinking inspired natur e empowers students solve 
problems .

teaching biomimicry , check publication , Sharing Biomimicry 
Young People .

Learn & Download Teaching AskNature AskNature provides 
different types resources useful educators .

Educator Resources section 
find curated col lections student - educator -facing resources teaching 
biomimicry concepts classroom .

AskNature 
catalog inspiring natural phenomena great examples nature solving problem 
.

Designers engineers use Biological Strategy pages database inspiration 
solving problems –and students !

Examples biomimicry innovations , 
engineering design solutions inspired nature , also cataloged site 
Innovation pages .

Check Biomimicry Stories links see examples different 
biological strategies inspired real in novations !

Biomimicry Stories 
Velcro classic example design solution inspired natural structure 
function , many .

Visit biomimicry stories expand repertoire biological 
strategy innovation examples share students .

Resource Bundle | Ages | Biomimicry 
Institute Explore resources introducing biomimicry young learners using 
Velcro , one widely recognized examples .

View Resource Keeping Clean 
Resource Bundle | Grades 3 –12 ( Ages 8 –18 ) | Biomimicry Institute 
Explore resources teaching superhydrophobicity nanotechnology using story 
super water ‐repellent lotus leaves inspired self ‐cleaning surface coatings

View Resource Gentler Robot Resource Bundle | Grades 6 –12 ( Ages 11 –18 
) | Biomimicry Institute Explore re sources teaching engineering concepts 
practices using story flexible robotic arm inspired muscles elephants ’ 
trunks .

View Resource True Blues Resource Bundle | Ages | Biomimicry 
Institute Explore resources teaching physical science structural color 
using story butterfly wings inspired paints without pigment .

View 
Resource right arrow right arrow Get Students Started Using AskNature Try 
activities introduce students AskNature use website .

AskNature Scavenger 
Hunt Activity/Lesson | Grades 6 -University ( A ges 11–18+ ) | Biomimicry 
Institute Get familiar use AskNature website exploring offer .

View 
Resource Language Biomimicry Activity/Lesson | Grades 9 –12 ( Ages 14 –18 ) 
| Biomimicry Institute 45 -minute lesson students review practice key 
vocabulary used bio mimicry designers AskNature website .

right arrow right arrow Grades K —2 Browse featured content students aged 
5-7 years .

Introducing Biomimicry K -2 Resource Bundle | Grades K –2 ( 
Ages 5–8 ) | Biomimicry Institute collection activities provi des hands -on 
methods students grades K -2 explore natural world , learn make 
observations think natural designed phenomena new ways .

Ask Planet Children ’ Music Teaching Guides Activity/Lesson + Audio | 
Grades Pre -K–5 ( Ages 3 –11 ) | Biomimic ry Institute & Amy Martin award -
winning album accompanying teaching guides help kids connect nature 
develop sense awe environment .

View Resource Five Minute Field Trips 
Activity/Lesson | Grades K –12 ( Ages 5 –18 ) | Global , Environmental , & 
Outdoor Educa tion Council downloadable booklet provides greatest hits 
compendium schoolyard activities used experienced environmental 
biomimicry educators foster connection natural world .

Private Eye Curriculum | Ages | Private Eye Project unique 
interdisciplinary curriculum built around looking closely natural world 
using jeweler 's loupe .

used kids adults alike promote thinking analogy 
, creativity , critical thinking , scientific literacy .

Butterfly Sneezes Book | Grades K –5 ( Ages 5 –11 ) | Linda Booth Sweeney 
guide parents teachers uses 12 favorite story books help children see 
understand world systems around us .

View Resource right arrow right 
arrow Grades 3 —5 Browse featured content students aged 8 -10 years .

Introducing Biomimicry G rades 3-5 Resource Bundle | Grades 3 –5 ( Ages 8 –
11 ) | Biomimicry Institute collection activities grades 3 -5 provides 
ideas strategies tying biomimicry science engineering design standards .

Activity/Lesson + Article | Grades 3 –5 ( Ages 8–
11 ) | National Science Teaching Association article resources teachers 
outlines series 4th grade lessons structure function students observe 
ants develop design ideas inspired nature .

View Resource Introduction 
Scientific Sketching Activity/Lesso n | Grades 3 –12 ( Ages 8 –18 ) | 
California Academy Science 60 minute lesson introduces students 
techniques closely observing nature drawing like scientist .

View 
Resource Fostering Outdoor Observation Skills Curriculum | Grades K –8 ( 
Ages 5–14 ) | Associat ion Fish Wildlife Agencies free curriculum provides 
24 lessons six units , full activities help students focus hone 
observation skills using multiple senses .

View Resource Wild Buildings 
Bridges : Architecture Inspired Nature Activity/Lesson + Book | Grad es 3–
8 ( Ages 8 –14 ) | Etta Kaner Carl Wiens book kids aged 8 -12 , celebrates 
examples nature 's influence design buildings bridges around world 
includes simple activities help illustrate concepts .

Beastly Bionics Book | Grades 3 –8 ( Ages 8 –14 ) | Jennifer Swanson 
engaging book written readers aged 7 -10 presents 40 examples biomimicry 
action , products use research development .

View Resource Engineering 
Education Next Generation : Nature -Inspired Approach Book | Grades K –12 ( 
Ages 5–18 ) | S amuel Cord Stier book introduces youth educators 
biomimicry guides engage students topic ways transform outlook world

View Resource Biomimicry : Natural Designs Activity/Lesson | 
Grades 3 –5 ( Ages 8 –11 ) | University Colorado Boulder 50 -minute activity 
provides introduction biomimicry quickly gets students brainstorming 
design ideas .

View Resource right arrow right arrow Grades 6 —8 Browse 
featured content students aged 11 -13 years .

Introducing Biomimicry 
Middle School Resource Bundle | Grades  6–8 ( Ages 11 –14 ) | Biomimicry 
Institute collection activities help begin incorporate biomimicry 
engineering design challenges middle school classroom .

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Biomimicry In stitute Bring biomimicry chemistry class nature -inspired lab 
activity students build working solar cell inspired leaves .

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Activity/Lesson | Grades 6 –8 ( Ages 11 –14 ) | National Geogr aphic 
activity , students learn deep sea expedition explore Mariana Trench 
engineer underwater vehicle withstand heat cold .

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Activity/Lesson | Ages | Biomimicry Institute 10 -20 minute interactive 
exercise functions building must perform  compared functions tree must 
perform , helping students see humans alone need solve challenges .

View 
Resource Biomimicry : “ Natural ” Intersection Biology Engineering 
Activity/Lesson + Article | Grades 6 –8 ( Ages 11 –14 ) | National Science 
Teaching Asso ciation article describes 5 -lesson biomimicry engineering 
project middle school students .

View Resource Biomimicry : Nature Model , Measure , Mentor 
Activity/Lesson | Grades 6 –8 ( Ages 11 –14 ) | Cloud Inst itute 
Sustainability Education three -part lesson students explore nature teach 
us principles sustainable design reflect applications problem home , 
school , community .

View Resource ’ Bag : Engineering BioInspired Gear 
Curriculum | Grades 6 –8 ( Ages 11 –14 ) | Engineering Elementary Created 
school camp programs , eight -hour unit takes students engineering design 
challenge create bioinspired backpacks bags .

View Resource right arrow 
right arrow Grades 9 —12 Browse featured content students aged 14 -18 years 
.

Introducing Biomimicry High School Resource Bundle | Grades 9 –12 ( Ages 
14–18 ) | Biomimicry Institute collection activities provides high school 
level introduction concept biomimicry , along instruction support student 
use resources AskNature website app ly biomimicry design challenge .

View 
Resource Concrete Without Quarries Activity/Lesson | Grades 3 –12 ( Ages 
8–18 ) | Biomimicry Institute lab students explore sea creatures creates 
calcium carbonate , compound needed manufacture cement , ambient 
temperat ures using abundant , readily available raw materials .

View 
Resource Biomimicry Youth Design Challenge Curriculum | Grades 6 –12 ( 
Ages 11–18 ) | Biomimicry Institute free , hands -on , project -based 
learning experience competition students work teams explo re wonders 
natural world apply learn create innovations support healthier planet .

View Resource Biomimicry Science : Applying Nature ’ Strategies 
Curriculum | Grades 9 –12 ( Ages 14 –18 ) | Biomimicry Institute & EcoRise 
22-lesson high school science curric ulum uses biological phenomena 
biomimicry teach core concepts biology , chemistry , physics .

View 
Resource Biomimicry Primer Article | Grades 9 -University ( Ages 14 –18+ ) 
| Janine Benyus approachable eight -page essay , Janine Benyus defines 
biomimicry dis cipline 's place design culture .

View Resource Exploring 
Way Life Works : Science Biology Book | Grades 9 -University ( Ages 14 –18+ 
) | Mahlon Hoagland Bert Dodson unique , richly illustrated textbook 
explores deep patterns life operates .

View Resource Bi omimicry : Copying 
Way Conservation Video | Grades 6 -University ( Ages 11 –18+ ) | 
HabitatSeven & ConservationBridge.org 9 -minute video introduces concept 
biomimicry asks us consider importance conserving natural world learn .

View Resource right arrow righ t arrow AskNature Contact Us instagram icon 
Monthly Newsletter Collections Biological Strategies Innovations

people create nature -inspired solutions healthy planet.© 2021 Biomimicry 

Hero Shrew ’ Remarkable Spine — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Hero Shrew ’ Remarkable Spine Hero 
shrew AskNature Team Image : William Stanley / Field Mu seum / rights 
icon Move in/on Solids obtain needed resources escape predators , living 

Solids vary form ; soft p orous like leaves , sand , skin , snow , hard 

Movement involve whole living system , 

result , living systems adaptations meet one , 

rough slippery leaf surfaces due diversity envir onment .

Search Function Manage Impact impact high force mechanical shock happens 
short period time , hammer hitting nail rather hand pushing slowly wall .

speed force , impacts ’ allow materials slowly adjust force , lead cracks 
, ruptures , c omplete breakage .

absorb , dissipate , otherwise survive force without need add large 
amounts material .

example , Toco toucan ’ large beak lightweight , yet 
withstand impacts ’ made composite material rigid foam insi de layers hard 
, fibrous material outside .

applied two sides  , results deformation , pushing two 

Living 
systems str ategies help prevent compression recover , maintaining 
function .

search icon Search Function A nimals 
Vertebrates Mammals Hero shrew Mammals Class Mammalia ( “ breast ” ) : 

mammals unique , like hair , able s weat , producing milk mammary glands .

Unlike 

Introduction Strategy 3D Model Potential AI AskNature References spine 
hero shrews remarkably strong yet flexible , due interlocking vertebral 
spines along spinal column .

Introduction vast forests Congo Basin west 
central Africa , lives small , unassuming creature big secret .

hero 
shrew mouse -sized mammal spine three times thick normal shrew .

super -
strong backbone impressed puzzled humans centuries ( least ) .

extended 
side wings vertebrae also feature countless horizontal tubercles allow 
separate bones fit snugly together , allowing flexed back take propert ies 
single massive column .

also strong attachment points muscles pull back 
together , particular arch upwards .

Scutisorex somereni skeleton ( FMNH 
227556 ) scutisorex Sketchfab Complementing features makeup bone matter .

Bone “ cellular solid ” , made ne twork matter spaces cause lightweight 
strong .

Hero shrew vertebrae though incredibly dense bone ––an indicator 
bones experience intense compression front -to-back .

features led 
researchers hypothesize hero shrew ’ striking spine developed 
relationship fora ging strategy leads species scrunch push plant parts , 
rocks , logs order access hidden worms insect larvae .

never documented 
wild , scenario fits observation people region often see shrews 
harvesting similar food sources prying dead palm fronds trunks .

Potential hero shrew ’ unique spine adaptation could emulated humans 
variety ways .

interlocking bones could used model designing stronger , 
flexible joints prosthetic limbs .

could also inspire joining elements 
pre-manufactured buildings earthquake zones hitching elements 
transportation environments require flexibility well strength .

AI 
volume content available AskNature .

Last Updated May 19 , 2023 References collectors indicated 
Scutisorex commonly encountered process showed LWR runways around base 
trees said used Scutisorex .

Scutisorex flex fortified vertebral column 
considerably , especially sagitally , spine provides robust muscle 
attachments , especially epaxial longissimus muscles , store elastic 
energy flexion .

hypothesize shrews position trunk leaf bases , use spine 
associated musculature exert force trunk base leave s , granting access 
predictable potentially concentrated sources invertebrate larvae 
otherwise protected predation .

mechanism may useful levering heavy 
objects logs gain access aggregates invertebrate prey earthworms ( 
Oligochaeta ) .

Journal article new hero emerges : another exceptional 
mammalian spine potential adaptive significance Biology Letters | October 
23 , 2013 | William T. Stanley , Lynn W. Robbins , Jean M. Malekani , 
Sylvestre Gambalemoke Mbalitini , Dudu Akaibe Migurimu , Jean Claude 
Mukinzi , Jan Hulselmans , Vanya Prévot , Erik Verheyen , Rainer Hutterer 
, Jeffrey B. Doty , Benjamin P. Monroe , Yoshinori J. Nakazawa , Zachary 
Braden , Darin Carroll , Julian C. Kerbis Peterhans , John M. Bates Jacob 
A. Esselstyn embedly preview toggle icon Re ference toggle icon loading 
Journal article Deciphering extreme morphology : bone microarchitecture 
hero shrew backbone ( Soricidae : Scutisorex ) Proceedings Royal Society 
B | April 29 , 2020 | Stephanie M. Smith Kenneth D. Angielczyk embedly 
preview togg le icon Reference toggle icon loading Biological Strategies 
Biological Strategy Taller Bumps Increase Grip Polar bear Taller bumps 
compensate loss friction due polar bears ' relatively smaller paw pads .

Biological Strategy Beak Prevents Water Uptake Dives  Gannets closable gap 
beak gannet , instead open nostrils , prevents water rushing high -speed 
dives .

Biological Strategy Subterranean Substance Surprising Superpowers 
Fungi Fungi create strong lightweight material producing random network 
tiny threads .

B iological Strategy Elephant Trunks Twist Twirl Elephants 
Three muscle fiber patterns inside trunks work together provide strength 
, support , resistance needed bend twist extreme agility .

Strategy Shell Geometry Materials Resist Cracking Tortoi ses shell 
tortoise withstands pressure interlocking scutes various shapes 

Fibers Strong Minerals Dissipate Energy Vertebrates ( Mammals , Fish ,

Birds , Reptiles ) combination mineral  crystals collagen fibers protects 

ResourcesGlobal NetworkInvi te SpeakerBlog Initiatives Education K -5 
Reports Institute Us MissionJanine BenyusStaff , Board , AdvisorsCaree rs 
Mission Donate Select Page Meet PeopleBehind Mission Staff Board Advisory 
Council Beth Rattner ( she/her ) Executive Director Bay Area , California 
Beth Rattner Biomimicry Institute ’ Executive Director since 2012 , 
leading strategic direction bridge biology design manifests education 

2020 co -launched Design Decomposition initiative Institute 
demonstrate biomimetic systems view transforming used garments new , 
biocompatib le materials .

non-profit co -founded .

Beth ’ background , howev er , non -
, Hewlett Packard — Fortune 500 companies sustainability management 

providing technology -based micr ofinance opportunities earn less $ 2 day , 

creative writer , student permaculture herbalism , advocate rights nature 
.

LinkedIn Lex Amore ( she/her ) Communications Director Kihei , 
HawaiiLex combines background biomimicry communications reconnect humans 
place animal kingdom .

guides Institute ’ outreach communications 
strategy biomimicry education application across industries audiences .

advocated sustainability thought leaders decade , bringing expertise 
writing strategic communications project aimed making positive impact 
world .

Lex achieved Master Science degree Biomimicry Arizona State 
University 2018 bachelor ’ degree journalism Georgia State University .

also received extensive tra ining Climate Reality Leadership Corps , LEED 
, sustainable design working multitude industry leaders across globe .

ultimate mission help people heal empowered act positive movement forward 
using nature -inspired innovation community collaboration .

Linked In Marc 
Cappelletti ( he/him ) Director Development Outreach Philadelphia , 
PennsylvaniaMarc Cappelletti responsible Biomimicry Institute ’ 
development marketing efforts .

Previously , served freelance marketing 
content development consultant variety nonpr ofit private sector 
organizations .

Marc brings 15 -year career travel industry international 
education marketing development .

recently served VP Expedition Product 
Development Lindblad Expeditions National Geographic , doubling 
organizations ’ offerings A laska , British Columbia , Central America .

lives Phi ladelphia , PA wife 
two daughters , together seek nature whenever possible .

LinkedIn Megan 
Dwyer ( she/her ) Partnership Brand Strategy Director , AskNature 
Brooklyn , New YorkMegan Dwyer brings rigorous approach research , 
insights , design , communication set strategic plan AskNature platform .

also looks create partnerships like -minded organizations inspire people 
embrace nature -inspired solutions .

New Yor ker , passion born importance 
nature cities , believes everyone , regardless background location able 
benefit connecting nature .

joining AskNature , led brand strategy 
practice working purpose -driven brands committed solving problems people 
planet innovat ion sustainable design .

past twenty years , worked 
advertising agencies like Saatchi & Saatchi Joan , partnering leading 
companies P & G Google .

Sustainability holds Design Certificati on Pratt 
Institute , studied Sustainable Design Biomimicry , well B.A .

Jen Fredette ( she/her ) Website & Visual Design Manager 
Western MontanaJen Visual Design Manager Biomimicry Institute initiatives 
.

work 
began 2009 Marketing Public Relations Coordinator spectrUM Discovery Area 
, not-for-profit science museum located University Montana campus .

leaving position spectrUM , went run successful Web , Graphic Design , 
Communications company supported independent businesses , non -profits , 
public schools online presence communication efforts .

dedicated CrossFit athlete 
coach loves spending time rafting amazing rive rs Western Montana road -
tripping around United States family .

Jen graduated University Montana 
degree Communications continuously inspired nature lend positive 
prosperous living .

LinkedIn Katia Hardgrave ( she/her ) D4D Project 
Assistant Orange County , CAKatia driven passion meaningfully sustainably 
address social justice issues .

brings unique mix experiences living 
working across North America , South America , South/Southeast Asia .

Katia draws roles impact startup , early -stage impact VC , impact -focused 
investment bank , impact advisory firm .

applies experiences 
international development background support systems change work 

Gretchen Hooker ( she/her ) Visual Science 
Communications Manager Missoula , MontanaA designer trainin g nature nerd 
heart , Gretchen manages visual communication AskNature , working reveal 
mechanisms behind nature ’ strategies powerful illustrations diagrams .

Gretchen also contribues overall content product strategy AskNature , 
drawing 10 years experience  Institute managing creating educational 
programs learners ages .

transitioning AskNature team , Gretchen founded 
led Biomimicry Youth Design Challenge helped establish Institute ’ Youth 
Education program Interim Director .

Prior , core contributor Institu te ’ 
education programs university students young professionals .

Gretchen 
certified Biomimicry Specialist Montana Master Naturalist , holds master 
’ degree Industrial Design Rhode Island School Design , earn BA 
Macalester College .

Andrew Howley ( he/him ) Chief Editor , AskNature 
Williamsburg , VirginiaAndrew guide vast collection materials AskNature , 
commissioning curating ever -growing body stories life ’ innovations 

science communicator , spent 11 years National Geographic 
Society , conne cting audiences explorers grantees websites , blogs , 
social media , live -streamed interviews events .

also served 
Communications Director conservation nonprofit Adventure Scientists , 
conceived hosted podcast human origins , aided various scientists 
organizations online efforts .

studied anthropology focus archaeology College 
William & Mary Virginia .

Dave Hutchins ( he/him ) Launchpad Program 
Manager Butte , MontanaDave manages Biomimicry Inst itute ’ Launchpad 
Program , supporting scientists researchers take nature -inspired 
solutions lab market .

background environmental engineering PhD materials 
science , research focused remediating mining impacted waters .

served 
research associate Center Ad vanced Materials Processing professor Montana 
Technological University .

Dave also sculptor , entrepreneur , amateur 
journalist passionate science communication intersection art science .

volunteered Butte ’ Citizens ’ Technical Environmental Committee , C lark 
Fork Watershed Education Program , founded community bicycle shop Bike 
Lab .

Angela Klinefelter ( she/her ) Director Finance Administration York 
, PennsylvaniaAngela manages financial details Biomimicry Institute ’ 
amazing projects also assistant exec utive director .

, Angela managed finances several local non -profits Buffalo Field 
Campaign , Wind River Bear Institute , Cold , Mountain Cold Rivers .

past life spent roaming Montana ’ 
Glacier Country bear conflict specialist .

Sarah McInerney ( she/her ) 
Ray Hope Prize Program Manager Cleveland , OhioSarah manages Biomimicry 
Institute ’ Ray Hope Prize Program , identifying , supporting , 
accelerating world ’ promising nature inspired startu ps address humanity 
biggest environmental social challenges .

Traditionally trained zoologist 
educator , Sarah completed PhD integrated bioscience focusing potential 
biomimicry advance narrative corporate sustainability design behaviour .

work provided pro fessional biomimicry education innovation services 
variety audiences Fortune 500 companies K -12 institutions within academic 
, corporate , natural settings .

Sarah grew west coast Ireland completing 
PhD worked wildlife conservation training falconer volunt eering variety 
non-profits across Europe .

Brian Oliva ( he/him ) Youth Education 
Program Assistant Bay Area , California Brian helps manage Youth 
Education Program , emphasis Youth Design Challenge .

joining Institute , 
Brian served Alameda County Area Ma nager company ran LEGO® STEM 
afterschool enrichment programs , oversaw group instructors managed 
logistics programs throughout Alameda County Elementary Schools .

constantly looking build 
things , whether LEGO® , woodworking model kits , passion improving 
skills set .

past months , seen succulent collection grow 30 plants loves 
watching thrive .

Brian graduated degree Architecture University 
California , Berkeley .

Nina Rubin ( they/them ) Youth Design Chal lenge 
Manager Bay Area , California Nina manager Youth Design Challenge program 

bring passion STEM -focused educational programs , 
managed youth programs science museums STEM nonprofits decade .

work , 
prioritize centering youth voice s supporting young adults historically 
marginalized communities .

focus experiential project -based learning , 
bringing social justice lens creating many opportunities possible youth 
learn STEM .

longtime educator Master ’ degree International Education , 
Nina worked various informal education environments , including 
nonprofits , museums , wilderness settings , international placements .

proud cat parent , percussionist , art event goer , food lover , indoor 
plant enthusiast .

Jared Yarnall -Schane ( he/him ) Director Innovation 
State College , Pennsylvania Jared brings entrepreneurial background 
startup coaching experience Biomimicry Institute , supports startups 
commercialize biomimetic innovations addressing major climate 

joining Ins titute , Jared developed ran startup 
training programs Penn State University ’ incubator accelerator programs 
Program Director Thought Food , global community food agriculture 
entrepreneurs .

creator open -source startup training toolkit Startup Guts 
, initial founding member AgTech company GreenTowers , started small food 
preservation company rural Kenya .

Executive Certificate Social Impact 
Strategy University Pennsylvania , BS Mechanical Engineering Penn State 
University .

LinkedIn Kelli Young ( she/her )  HR Generalist Bozeman Area 
, MontanaKelli brings 15 years Human Resources experience Biomimicry 
Institute , works directly Director Finance Administration .

earned BA 
Psychology Roanoke College , VA Masters Professional Studies Human 
Resources Employment Relations , emphasis Compensation Benefits Penn 
State , PA. Kelli also holds certificate Supervisory Leadership 
University California , Irvine .

Kelli husband enjoy outdoors , 
specifically hiking , together visited roughly half national parks United 
States .

LinkedIn Meet Board Janine Benyus Co -founder Janine Benyus 
natural sciences writer , innovation consultant , author six books , 
including latest − Biomimicry : Innovation Inspired Nature .

co -founded 
Biomimicry 3.8 – world ’ first bio -inspired consultan cy , bringing nature 
’ ideas design table boardroom 250+ companies including Nike , HOK , GE 
Procter Gamble , Levi ’ General Mills ; Biomimicry Institute ,

addition 
biomimicry work , Janine teac hes interpretive writing , lectures 
University Montana , works towards restoring protecting wild lands .

received several awards including Smithsonian ’ Cooper -Hewitt Design Mind 
Award , 2011 Heinz Award , Rachel Carson Environmental Ethics Award , Lud 
Browman Award Science Writing .

Angela Nahikian President Angela Nahikian 
heads cross -company effort ensure Steelcase achieves global 
sustainability goals .

world leader contract furnishings , company 
committed leadership environmental sustainability .

role ,  Ms. Nahikian 
responsible sustainability strategy program development well integration 
key environmental platforms life cycle management , materials assessment 
, designing recycling -reuse new products .

Ms. Nahikian also leads 
environmental research progra ms corporate collaborative efforts 
sustainability experts .

BSEE background architecture , filled diverse 
roles architectural systems design , product strategy development , 
technology licensing , futures exploration , management strategies 
environmental i ssues .

addition responsibilities Steelcase , Ms. Nahikian 
serves board advisors Today ’ Facility Manager , LEED -accredited 
professional .

Steelcase family companies since 1990 named current 
position 2005 .

native Traverse City , Michigan , graduate Lawren ce 

Kent Snyder Vice President Kent attorney , 
consultant , CEO devoted much public service career working collaborative 
solutions complex problems .

served 10 years Sustainable Development 
Commission Portland including three year s co-chair , working Economic 
Development , Green Building , development city ’ Climate Action Plan .

chaired National Board Trustees American Leadership Forum , whose mission 
joining strengthening collaborative networks diverse leaders serve common 
good .

Kent founding Board Chair Green Electronics Council works 
consultant organizations sustainable supply chain development .

attorney 
, Kent nationally recognized expert author bankruptcy law focus business 
workouts turnarounds .

Jim Bunch Secretary Jim 
passionate investing businesses drive social environmental benefit , 
generating attractive returns investors .

last decade , worked two family 
office impact in vestment platforms , deploying $ 100 million venture 
capital private equity investments clean tech , agriculture , broader 
economic development .

Erin Rovalo Treasurer , Certified Biomimicry 
Professional Erin Rovalo , Ph.D. Certified Biomimicry Professiona l since 
2010 among inaugural graduates MSc Biomimicry program ASU 2016 .

experienced scholar researcher holding PhD Design Practice focused 
biomimicry design published academic research well editorial articles 
Fast Company , Greenbiz , Metropolis among oth ers .

serves Faculty 
Associate MSc Biomimicry program jointly offered Arizona State University 
Biomimicry 3.8 teaches Biomimicry & Design iSites : Nature Journaling 
Biomimicry .

Erin Director Education International Living Future 
Institute leads education team mission empower international diverse 
community practice skills , values , knowledge necessary take bold action 
towards built environment socially , culturally rich , ecologically 
restorative .

role , responsible ILFI ’ educational strategy oversees 
curriculum design , course development , credentialing .

Billy Almon 
Billy Almon biology -inspired storyteller inventor highlights connection 
nature , technology , design .

co -host Animal Planet ’ “ Little Giants ” 
television show , Billy harnesses power ent ertainment demonstrate 
ingenuity strategic creativity found nature .

Billy Biology platform , 
Billy guides next generation scientists students exploring natural 
wonders around us .

Previously , Billy worked Imagineer Walt Disney 
Company , leading multi -disciplinary teams dreamed , designed built new 
attractions , cruise ships , real estate developments , regional

Imagineer , Billy received prestigious “ 
Inventor ’ Award ” creating patent -winning design first year job .

Bachelor Architecture degree Howard University Master Science Biomimicry 
Arizona State University .

Evelyn Arce Erickson Founder CEO Indigenous 
Resilience Consulting descendant Muisca people Colombia , Evelyn 
passionate Indigenous self -determination Indigenous -led philanthropy .

Founder CEO Indigenous Resilience Consulting ( IRC ) , mission build 
Native-led capacity serve strategic advisor donors Indigenous communities 
.

former Vice President Native Conservancy , first Native land trust US 
fundraising campaign l ed raised millions played pivotal role managing 
daily operations focus development , program , financials , forward -
looking strategies .

Evelyn helped found ran 15 years International 
Funders Indigenous Peoples ( IFIP ) , donor affinity group dedicated 
supporting Indigenous communities .

first organize effort bring hundreds 
millions dollars directly Indigenous communities globally .

Evelyn one 
first voices Indigenous -led philanthropy notably led effort several donor 
publications , including Foundation Cente r ’ Funding Indigenous Peoples : 
Strategies Support .

currently serves Board Development Committee three 
NGOs : Biomimicry Institute , Fortunate Farm Love Wild Horses , advisor 
Earth Codes Observatory .

co -found Coastside Friendship Organize Garden ( 
c-FOG ) served HMB Parks Recreation Commission .

Goldman Environment Prize nominator Donella Meadows 
Leadership Fellow .

Master Gardner San Mateo San  Francisco County , 
California , Evelyn lives territory Pomo tribe ( called Mendocino ) 
husband three children .

Lisa Craig Gautier 1998 , Lisa co -founded ecological public 
charity , Matter Trust ( Mof T ) husband Patrice Gautier ( VP Internet 
Software Services – Apple Inc. ) .

Moft ’ reuse , recycling , renewable 
resources eco -educational programs concentrate want see environment .

pro-bono president since inception , led MofT ’ enthusiastic teams 
provide pilot studies real solutions 19 current 50 completed projects 
fiscal sponsorships .

Prior Matter Trust , Lisa worked International 
Development Treasurer departments Valeo Headquarters – Paris ( 1995 -1996 
) , Logistics FedEx – Paris ( 1994 ) Cecchi Marlo w & Massoni Atty CPAs 
San Francisco ( 1985 -1993 ) .

unusual education includes : French 
Sorbonne ( 1993 -4 ) Breeding Endangered Species Zoo Management ( 
surprisingly useful things ) Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust Channel 
Islands , UK ( 1983 -4 ) .

Mary 
Davidge , LEED® Fellow Mary leader design strategy creation places foster 
health occupants environment .

2021 , retired position Google ’ Directory 
Global Design REWS ( Real Estate Workplace Services ) focus environm ental 
advocacy .

Mary established career Silicon Valley ’ architecture design 
firms working primarily rapidly growing technology companies Apple , Ebay 
, Yahoo !

four decades , focus work facilitate design process , helping 
owners define values built env ironment , identify associated goals 
strategies , execute strategies .

Mary served volunteer capacity multiple 
boards advisory groups , particular passion work intersection design , 
health nature .

recognized Living Building Challenge Hero 2012 , LEED 
Fellow 2014 received IIDA Leadership Award Excellence 2017 .

2022 served 
chair Living Future Conference , bringing together leaders design 
construction community theme Restoration Justice .

2012 -2014 founding 
member Health Product Declaration Collaborative Boa rd ( HPDC ) , served 
Cradle Cradle Products Innovation Institute Certification Standards Board 
2013-2016 , Healthy Building Network Board 2016 -2020 .

currently serves 
Biophilic Institute Board , Advisory Board ILFI Biophilic Design 
Initiative Sierra Instit ute Communty Environment Board .

express interest 
joining Board Directors , may fill Interest Form touch .

Advisory Council Ibrahim AlHusseini Managing Member Husseini Group | 
FullCycle Energy LP Ibrahim AlHusseini venture capitalist dedicated 
financing companies implement market ready solutions bigger social 
environmental challenges .

Ibrahim spent much earlier career 
sustainability -focused entrepreneur investor , significant experience 
operations , sales , finance .

launching FullCycle Energy LP , Ibrahim partners 
financing projects revolutionize relationship waste converting costly 
environmental problem clean , valuable fuel power communities around 
world .

Mr. AlHusseini concurrently manages Family Office Los Angeles , 
CA .

Husseini Group LLC , decade funding ventures embrace social 
enhancement ecological sustainability .

Ibrahim frequent speaker Family -
Office wealth conferences , colleges universities nationally 
internationally promot ing merits impact investing solution economy .

Annie Berdy Entrepreneur Philanthropist Annie built successful 
commercial real estate company applies resources supporting perception , 
practice policy creates conditions conducive peace health .

worki ng , 
Annie earned Bachelor ’ Science Nursing New York University 1987 .

widow 
single mother graduated Center Environmental Research Conservation 
Columbia University 2006 , completed Biomimicry Specialist Certification 
Program 2013 .

Annie member Threshold Foundation since 1988 co -
facilitated Sustainable Planet Middle East Peace initiatives .

co -founder 
Partnership Peace Friends Taghyeer Movement , Peace Development Fund .

Annie Board Inside Middle East American Friends Combatants Peace .

Lynelle Cameron Pre sident CEO , Autodesk Foundation Lynelle Cameron 
President CEO Autodesk Foundation , Senior Director Sustainability 
Autodesk , Inc. founded invest support people using design solve today ’ 
epic challenges .

Prior Autodesk , Lynelle led sustainability teams  HP , 
10 years experience nonprofit sector intersection conservation economic 
development WWF , TMI , NOLS .

Lynelle serves Board CEH , Innovators 
International , UC Berkeley CRB , previously Biomimicry 3.8 Net Impact .

Lynelle degrees UC Berkeley , Univer sity Michigan , Middlebury College .

Karen Cowe Chief Executive Officer , Ten Strands Karen Cowe , CEO 
, education -industry executive 25 years experience sales , marketing , 
professional development , business development , operations .

worked curriculum leaders 
teachers introduce innovative , inquiry -based math science instructional 
materials learning tools students .

Karen combines deep personal interest 
environmental stewardship place -based educ ation education industry 

Denise DeLuca Director , Sustainable Design , 
Minneapolis College Art Design ( MCAD ) Denise DeLuca Director MCAD ’ 
Sustainable Design program .

co -founder BCI : Biomimicry Creative 
Innovation , network creativ e professional change agents driving 
ecological thinking radical transformation .

Denise author book Re -
Aligning Nature : Ecological Thinking Radical Transformation , 
illustrated MASD alum Stephanie Koehler .

Denise ’ previous roles include Education Director 
International Living Future Institute , Project Manager Swedish 
Biomimetics 3000 , Outreach Director Biomimicry Institute .

Denise 
licensed civil engineer ( PE ) holds Master ’ degree Civil Environmental  
Engineering focus modeling landscape -scale surface ground water 

addition , Denise Biomimicry Fellow Biomimicry Institute , 
editorial board Journal Bionic Engineering , Researcher Katerva .

Brian Dougherty Foun ding Partner Creative 
Director , Celery Design Collaborative Founding partner creative director 
Celery Design Collaborative co -founder Charlie Cart Project .

Brian works 
across multiple media , including brand strategy , packaging , print , 
digital 3D desi gn .

advises Fortune 
500 corporations , local global non -profits , innovative start -ups .

Brian author Green Graphic Design lectures internationally topic 
sustainable innovation .

Kamal El -Wattar Kamal believes 
collective knowledge human languages nature holds vital solutions 
humanity ’ survival .

coming wave AI upon us , focuses efforts 
intersection intelligence technology nature ’ knowledge fastest way  scale 

previous life , Kamal managed software localization companies 
Middle East , Asia South America .

17 years , teams adapted software 100 
languages HP , Microsoft , Nokia , Adobe , Medtronic , Sanofi , Ford 
others .

Kamal co -leads Kamanya F oundation dedicated supporting knowledge 
preservation revival , whether biological cultural .

Examples minority 
language revival Answers Project ( theanswersproject.net ) Wikitongues ( 
wikitongues.org ) , natural solutions AskNature ( asknature.org ) 

graduate linguistics biomedical sciences 
University Manchester , UK .

Natasha Giraudie Creative Director Founder , 
Micro-Documentaries Natasha founded Micro -Documentaries vision make 
compelling cinematic filmmaking accessible social innov ators .

Natasha 
regularly writes teaches topics related storytelling , social innovation 
, short documentary film production , distribution purposeful businesses 
nonprofits .

Prior Micro -Documentaries , CEO Papilia , helped nonprofits 
raise millions dollar s innovative stewardship software showed donors 
difference gifts make .

started career native Venezuela filming adventure 
nature documentaries distributed Discovery Channel .

went film school 
University Texas Austin received Master ’ degree Journalism Stan ford , 
awarded Stanford Haas Center Public Service fellowship pursue documentary 
work Nepal .

Natasha combines passion film lifelong commitment nonprofit 
sector .

co -chairs Advisory Board Dalai Lama Fellows serves Board 
Directors Biomimicry Institute Advis ory Board Tools Peace .

Natasha lives 
Bay Area husband daughter , enjoys paddleboarding sea lions discovering 
joys violin .

Ashok Goel Professor , Computer Cognitive Science , 
Director , Design Intelligent Laboratory , Georgia Institute Technology 
Ashok Goel professor computer science cognitive science School 
Interactive Computing Georgia Institute Technology .

director school ’ 
Design & Intelligence Laboratory ( DILab ) co -director Georgia Tech ’ 
Center Biologically Inspired Design ( CBID ) .

Ashok recently co -chaired two 
workshops Computer Aids BioInspired Design sponsored US National Science 

co -editing volume Computational Methods Tools Biologically 
Inspired Design published Spr inger late 2012 .

Erika Harrison 
Founder Principal , EcoTone Advisors Erika social impact advisor , 
investor , life -long learner intersection culture living systems .

principal EcoTone Advisors , serving leaders creating purpose -driven 
organization s building legacies benefiting greater good .

2012 , driven 
passion education , Erika founded New Literacies Fund , private 
philanthropic fund support lifelong learning ecosystem -based leadership 
skills essential competencies regenerative society .

Erika h olds Master ’ 
degree Media & Communications Royal Roads University , Bachelor ’ degree 
Cultural Anthropology & Environmental Studies University Victoria .

Paul 
Hawken Executive Director , Project Drawdown Paul Hawken one 
environmental movement ’ leading vo ices , authored best -selling books 
environmental movements impacts commerce living systems , founded 
successful , ecologically -conscious businesses , consulted heads state 
CEOs economic development , industrial ecology , environmental policy .

Paul one pio neering proponents corporate reform respect ecological 
practices , one themes often focuses writing .

Paul founder Executive 
Director Project Drawdown , non -profit describes climate change reversed 
.

appeared numerous media including Today Show , Larry Kin g , Talk Nation

, Charlie Rose , profiled featured hundreds articles including Wall 
Street Journal , Newsweek , Washington Post , Business Week , Esquire , 
US News World Report .

authors articles , op -eds , peer -reviewed papers , 
written seven books includ ing four national bestsellers Next Economy ( 
Ballantine 1983 ) , Growing Business ( Simon Schuster 1987 ) , Ecology 
Commerce ( HarperCollins 1993 ) Blessed Unrest ( Viking , 2007 ) .

Stefan Heck Consulting Professor , Precourt Institute Energy Stan ford 
University Stefan Heck Consulting Professor Precourt Institute Energy 
Stanford University , teaching courses conducting research innovation , 
energy , resource economics .

Stefan lectures widely new book Resource 
Revolution : Capture Biggest Business Opportunity Century long -term 
investors , academic audiences , broader public .

Previously Director ( 
senior partner ) McKinsey co -founded Cleantech Sustainability 
Transformations practices .

Stefan worked extensively Fortune Global 100 
technology , indust rial , infrastructure , building systems , retail , 
utility energy companies across US , China , Korea , Japan , India , 
Europe .

Stefan Innovation Advisory Board United Technologies , advisory 
board New World Capital , School Earth Sciences Stanford , Bio mimicry 

research focused neural network 
algorithms neural basis reasoning .

Sara Nichols Environmental 
lawyer , activist Sara R. Nichols gr aduate Syracuse University Villanova 
University Law School Master ’ degree counseling psychology University 
New Hampshire .

international flight attendant TWA , public defender 
staff attorney public interest environmental organization Pennsylvania 
running US Congress 1994 .

Currently , Sara environmental political 
activist Los Angeles .

Sara husband , Frank Arentowicz one son , Drew , 
one granddaughter , Lucja .

free time , Sara enjoys skiing , reading , 
political environmental activism , organic gardening , water sports , 
travel , hiking , horseback riding .

David Oakey Founder , David Oakey 
Designs David Oakey founded David Oakey Designs 1985 leads global efforts 
sustainable “ smart design ” learning nature .

Oakey challenges 
industrial designers , archite cts , teachers , students take action 
impact change today .

featured Business Week , Fast Company , Interior 
Design magazine , New York Times , Green Futures magazine , I.D .

Parish Founder President , Ten 
Strands credentialed public high school science educator 30 -year record 
innovative accomplishments environmental educational fields .

taught 
Environmental Science Gateway High School San Francisco , serves board .

served California State Board Education ’ Curricul um Commission founded 
Ten Strands nonprofit organization support California ’ efforts achieve 
statewide penetration high -quality environment -based education schools .

Ahmed Rahim Co -Founder , CEO Chief Alchemist , Numi Organic Tea 
Ahmed Rahim Co -Founder , CEO Chief Alchemist behind Numi Organic Tea , 
largest premium , organic , Fair Trade Certified tea company North 
America .

Ahmed responsible unique Numi blends products company launches 
every year .

starting Numi 1999 Oakland , California sister , Reem , 
Ahmed studied Theater & Psychology New York City .

spent decade living , 
working traveling throughout Europe professional filmmaker photographer .

Numi , Ahmed travels remote regions world seeking unique herbs teas 
unknown United States .

Numi devel oped meaningful partnerships based 
mutual gratitude , proudly involved sponsoring schools , hospitals , 
community centers , road construction needs improve living standards 
farming communities .

Since 2009 , Ahmed sister Reem evolving vision Numi 
Numi Foun dation , initiatives focus acknowledging addressing challenges 
within inner city Oakland ; education health nutrition .

Ahmed sits 
various boards works many non -profit organizations focus infusing art 
nature inner city communities , mentors for -profit comp anies enhancing

2011 , Ahmed helped launch nation ’ first 
Waldorf-inspired multi -lingual , multi -cultural K -4 charter school : 
Community School Creative Education .

Ethan Smith Life -Centered 
Strategy + Concept Designer  Bellingham , Washington Ethan passionate 
cultivating great ideas , talented people , symbiotic relationships 
develop products services empower innovators help create healthy vibrant 
future .

Ethan collaborated numerous award -winning products , services , 
media clients employers outdoor recreation environmental conservation 

holds bachelor ’ degree industrial design received extensive 
training sustainable development , LEED , biology , biomimicry .

professional background spans creative directio n , business strategy , 
marketing , product design development , web design development , .

TwitterLinkedIn Duke Stump Executive Vice -President , lululemon athletica 
inc. Duke Stump executive vice president community brand lululemon 
athletica , works ampli fy lululemon ’ global impact .

Prior position , 
Duke principal chief architect Northstar Manifesto , dynamic culture 
leadership studio focused cultivating nurturing bonfires soul —positive 
systemic change -makers transform world great time along way .

creati ng 
Northstar Manifesto , Duke worked brand builder 20 years , recently chief 
marketing officer Seventh Generation prior senior executive NIKE .

Marilyn Waite Program Officer Environment , William Flora Hewlett 
Foundation Marilyn leads climate clean  energy finance portfolio Hewlett 
Foundation , author Sustainability Work : Careers Make Difference , 
serves editor -at-large GreenBiz .

founded SustyTrip SustyJobs serves 
boards COI Energy Kachuwa Impact Fund .

Marilyn previously worked across 
four contine nts renewable nuclear energy , energy modeling , venture 
capital .

holds Master ’ Degree distinction Engineering Sustainable 
Development University Cambridge Bachelor ’ Science Degree Civil 
Environmental Engineering , magna cum laude , Princeton University  .

ch ange mind time clicking 

: Help bring biomim icry education students educators Accelerate growth 

Donate 
Leaf Color Shape Enhance Cooling Effect — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Leaf Color Shape Enhance 
Cooling Effect Sand drago AskNature Team Image : Forest Kim Starr / 
Wikimedia Commons / CC  - Creative Commons Attribution alone toggle icon 
Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Protect Light 

search icon Search Function Protect Temperatu re Many living systems 
function best within specific temperature ranges .

Temperatures higher 
lower range negatively impact living system ’ physiological chemical 
processes , damage exterior interior .

Living systems must manage high 
low temperatures using  minimal energy , often requires controlling 
responses along incremental temperature changes .

, living systems use 
variety strategies , avoiding high low temperatures , removing excess

Insulation well -known example managing low 
temperatures retaining heat using thick layers hair , fur , feathers hold 
warm air next skin .

search icon Search Function Plants Flowering Plants 
Sand drago Flowering Plants Clade Angiosperms ( “ receptacle seed ” ) : 
Dandelions , oaks , grasses , cacti , appl es 416 families containing 
300,000 known species , angiosperms diverse group plants , found around 
globe wide variety habitats .

floral organs develop fruits myriad kinds dimensions , 
simple se ed casings maples elaborate fleshy growths like papayas .

oldest 
flower known fossils , Montsechia vidalii , appeared Jurassic Period 130 
million years ago .

primary food source herbivorous animals , turn makes 
indirect food source carnivores well .

search  icon Search Living System 
cooling effects shade trees subtropical regions influenced foliage 
density leaf thickness , leaf texture , leaf color lightness .

Shade 
trees provide cooling effect blocking sunlight increasing air moisture , 
trees offer equal re lief heat .

Tree species rough , dense foliage light 
colored leaves provide greatest cooling benefits surroundings .

sunlight falls trees , 
energy excites atoms leaves , triggering photosynthesis crea ting heating 
.

little heat results slow growth , excess heat destructive temperature 
sensitive molecules plant .

Tree species adapted local sunlight regime 
producing leaves varying degrees reflectiveness ; i.e.

, dark colored 
leaves absorb energy sunlight , light colored leaves reflect excess 
sunlight .

example , conifer forests cover high latitudes sunlight 
limited .

prevent 
scorching , cacti light colored reflect sunlight receive .

Sunlight also 
heats ground exposed , causing collect sun ’ energy day release energy 
heat night .

results overall heat increase exposed areas nighttime 
cooling minimized .

Shade trees dense foliage able  block sunlight 
reaching ground day , preventing ground collecting energy .

shaded areas 
release heat night , ambient temperatures remain cooler average exposed 
areas receiving amount sunlight .

addition general heating , energy 
sunlight also excites water  molecules leaves transforms liquid vapor , 
process called evapotranspiration .

Water molecules unique able hold 
great deal energy without releasing heat .

vapor state , water molecules 
pronounced cooling effect able absorb heat objects come contact , 
including trees , ground , human body .

maximize cooling effect , trees 
adapted allow greatest amount evapotranspiration occur producing leaves 
high surface area .

Rough leaves surface area smooth leaves , providing 
space evapotranspiration across surface leaf  occur .

results greater 
cooling benefits due high humidity surrounding trees rough leaves .

Innovation : Industry Ventilating Shade Structure Inspired Trees 
FootstepFloor Fractal Shade Foots tepFloor uses fractal patterns create 
well-ventilated sunshade prevent radiant heat .

Last Updated September 1 
, 2017 References Journal article Cooling Effect Shade Trees Different 
Characteristics Subtropical Urban Park HortScience | 01/01/2010 | Bau -
Show Lin Yann -Jou Lin embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon 
loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Hairs Absorb 
Ultraviolet Radiation Edelweiss wooly hairs alpine edelweiss intercept 
de-energize harmful ultraviolet radiation reaches plan t ’ cells .

stand , numbats expose skin sun cr eate insulating layer air reduce heat 
loss .

Camel fur sweat glands combine form powerful temperature management

beetles Ran domly arranged filaments scatter wavelengths light , optimized 

Resin Protects Damage — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Resin Protects Damage Pines AskNature 
Team Image : Elena Mullagaleeva / Pixabay / Free non -commercial use 
Protect Animals Animals –organisms range microscopic larger bus –embody 
wide variety harms living systems , including animals .

example , escape predators scales made thin , flake -like pieces bone 

a lso behavioral strategies camouflage , fast 

Search Function Manage Mechanical Wear living system subject mechanical 
wear two parts rub living system comes contact abrasive components  
environment , sand coral .

abrasive components constant force , finger 
joints moving , others occur infrequently , sand storm moving across 
desert .

Living systems protect mechanical wear using strategies 
appropriate level frequency source , abrasion -resistant surfaces , 
replaceable parts , lubricants .

example , human joints like shoulders 
knees move day , every day .

protect mechanical wear , lubricant reduces 
friction cartilage joint .

Fracture/Rupture High force impa ct stress cause materials comprise living 
systems separate two pieces ( called fracturing ) break burst suddenly ( 
called rupturing ) .

example , scallop prevents structural failure 
fracture shell comprised two materials varying stiffness .

crack moves 
scallop ’ stiff material less stiff one , latter reduces force tip crack 
, thereby stopping spreading farther .

search icon Search Function Plants 
Conifers Others Pines Conifers Others ( Pines , Spruce , Gingko ) Clade 
Gymnosperms ( “ naked seeds “ ) : Conife rs , cycads , Gingko , 

evolved 390 million years ago Paleozoic Era dominated landscapes quarter 

Search Living System Resin produced conifer trees protects mechanical 
insect damage flows , hardens seal wound site .

“ Conifers protect trunks 
mechanical damage insect attack special gummy substance , resin .

first 
flows wound runny liquid p art , turpentine , quickly evaporates leaving 
sticky lump seals wound effectively.

” ( Attenborough 1979:76 ) Last 
Updated October 24 , 2016 References “ Conifers protect trunks mechanical 
damage insect attack special gummy substance , resin .

first flows wound 
runny liquid part , turpentine , quickly evaporates leaving sticky lump 
seals wound effectively.

” ( Attenborough 1979:76 ) Book Private Life 
Plants 21/08/1995 | David Attenborough embedly preview toggle icon 
Birds Feign Injury Draw Away Predators Plovers Plovers fake broken wing 
order lead predators away nest protect young .

stitches made con tracting silk threads roll leaves tube -shaped shelter 
Biological Strategy Anglerfish Harness Light Darkness Anglerfish

Biological Strategy  Opossums Feign Death Evade 
Predators Opossum Many animals use phenomenon known thanatosis tonic 
immobility last resort appear dead avoid killed predators .

Acorn Weevil Snouts Bend Brink ’ Break — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
AskNature AskNature logo C ollections Biological Strategies Innovations 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Acorn Weevil Snouts Bend 
Brink ’ Break Acorn weevil Lonny Lippsett Image : Bernard DuPont / Flickr 
/ rights reserved toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Living  
System toggle icon Prevent Buckling living system undergoes compression 

Although living system could add material s trengthen structure , requires 

Function Prevent Fatigue materials comprise living systems subjected  

systems often employ shapes , materials , and/or  smooth transitions 

species bends flow , ult imately reducing structural fatigue .

example , scal lop prevents 

search 
icon Search Function Animals Arthr opods Insects Acorn weevil Insects 
phylum .

Introduction Strategy Potential Video References complex arrangement 

Ver en español 
/ View Spanish Introd uction slender snout protrudes acorn weevil ’ head 
may fantastic unicorn horn .

’ almost long weevil ’ 0.4 -inch ( 1 -cm ) 
body , extends straight outward , gradually curves 90 degrees downward .

weevi l raises 
forelegs , tilts head apply downward pressure , rotates around hole , 
using snout drill .

weevil sucks nutrients snout ’ hollow center , 
excavates thin , straight chute acorn ’ depths , insect later deposit 
eggs hatch larvae .

excavation process ,  curved part snout straightens , 
bending brink strain , break .

snout shatter repeated , extreme stress 
drilling , would mean death weevil future generations .

Image : Pxhere / Public Domain - 
restrictions toggle icon Acorn weevils long slender snout use extract 
food acorns boring thin tunnel lay eggs .

Image : 
Nik Chawla , Nico Franz , Andrew Jansen/ASU / C opyright © - rights 
reserved toggle icon microscopic image cross -section acorn weevil ’ snout 
reveals complex composite material , multiangled fibers embedded protein 
matrix , gives snout flexibility strength .

Strategy secret lies complex composite material snout made .

material arranged thin 
layers align like steps spiral staircase .

layer ’ outer edge rotated 
slightly forward one , cumulatively form helix .

general , long fib ers 
best withstand breaking pressure comes direction parallel length .

strength diminishes , risk breaking mounts , force comes angles .

scientists think confluence factors work together keep material strong 
flexible .

small angle differences adjacent laye rs , tightly packed 
spacing , broad spectrum fiber directions encircling combine absorb 
distribute incoming force many layers , one layer bears brunt impact .

addition , multi -sided , multi -angled helical structure ensures cracks 
form layers hit wall chang e directions , unable propagate far along path 
least resistance .

way , multiple tiny cracks form stymied coalescing 
long , wide ruptures .

thickness chitin fibers also plays role changing 
materials ’ properties .

brittle outer layer snout , called exocuti cle , 
fibers measuring nanometers diameter , inner layer , called endocuticle , 
fibers 1,000 times thicker , making much stronger .

endocuticle gets 
progressively thicker length snout fortify areas snout must able bend 
extreme pressure without breaking .

P otential general , properties make 
materials rigid strong opposite make materials flexible fracture -

Scientists investigating intricacies weevil snout 
microstructure design materials optimally balance properties variety 
combinations suit differe nt uses .

materials would boon wide range 
products , including ships , cars , airplanes , buildings , textiles , 
packaging , housewares , medical devices , replacements plastics —all must 
strong , flexible , unbreakable face turbulence , pressure , earthqua ke 
shaking , forces bring breaking point .

Video acorn weevil 's extraordinary life cycle 
wholly dependent unique snout , featured excerpt BBC Earth .

March 18 , 2020 References “ rostrum Curculio characterized discontinuous 
composite profile .

cuticle strongly differentiated terms relative layer 
thicknesses orientation angles along anterior –posterior gradient .

… 
altered composite profile cuticle rostral apex makes rostrum 
simultaneously f lexible fracture resistant , permitting structure 
repeatedly flexed without exceeding elastic limits cuticle.

” Journal 
article Avoidance Catastrophic Structural Failure Evolutionary Constraint 
: Biomechanics Acorn Weevil Rostrum Advanced Materials | Augus t 28 , 2019 
| Michael A. Jansen , Jason Williams , Nikhilesh Chawla , Nico M. Franz 
embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading “ Curculio 
longinasus Chittenden , 1927 ( Coleoptera : Curculionidae ) , weevil 
species common throughout southwes tern United States uses rostrum —a 
slender , curved , beak -like projection head —to excavate tunnels plant 
organs ( acorns ) egg laying ( oviposition ) .

apical portion rostrum 
inserted preferred substrate oviposition , female begins rotating around 
perimete r hole , elevating head extending fore -legs , rotating head place 
drilling motion .

action causes signiﬁcant elastic deformation rostrum , 
bend becomes completely straight.

” Journal article Multilayer 
Micromechanical Model Cuticle Curculio longinasus Chit tenden , 1927 ( 
Coleoptera : Curculionidae ) Journal Structural Biology | May 8 , 2016 |

M. Andrew Jansen , Sudhanshu S. Singh , Nikhilesh Chawla , Nico M. Franz 
Strategies Biological Str ategy Giraffes Thrive Despite High Blood 
blood pressure keeping thickened heart muscles supple .

Strategy Clashing Elk Antlers Thwart Breakage Elk Inherent plasticity 
microfrac ture toughening mechanisms work together prevent antlers 
breaking .

Biological Strategy Shell Geometry Materials Resist Cracking 

Biological S trategy Flies 
Survive Freezing Goldenrod gall fly Specialized proteins gall fly larvae 
create channels push freezing water cells let natural anti -freeze flow .

Biological Strategy Flexible Collagen Fibers Strong Minerals Dissipate 
Energy Vertebrates ( Mamm als , Fish , Birds , Reptiles ) combination 
mineral crystals collagen fibers protects bone major fractures 
sacrificing small structural elements .

Biological Strategy High -impact 
Appendage Resists Cracking Peacock mantis shrimp Shrimp ’ attack club 
distributes impact among spiraled layers fibers  
Education – Biomimicry Institute .

Mission Donate Select Page Biomimicry education creating next generation 
nature-inspired problem solvers .

provide educators tools , curriculum , 
support need empower studentsto solve local design challenges .

Helping 
Educators Districts See scie nce vehicle addressing access equity , 
building literacy mathematical skills , student sense -making place world 
.

Easily bring STEM -based biomimicry lessons course curriculum 
professional learning opportunities offering interdisciplinary , peer -
reviewed co ntent .

Empower new generation nature -inspired nature -
connected innovators value environmental education social -emotional 
learning .

Professional Learning Educators states across country adopt 
new standards place engineering activities prominently within y outh 
education , offer educators ways meet requirements keeping students 
captivated engaged .

professional learning programs offer multiple entry 
points teachers , districts , state representatives integrate biomimicry 
student learning .

entry points provi de articulated pathway students 
and/or teachers engage activity opportunity deepen understanding 
experiencing programs .

’ also specifically crafted youth education 
professional learning offerings : Reach historically underserved students 
Build deeper awar eness Culturally Linguistically Responsive ( CLR ) 
practices Address Social -Emotional Learning ( SEL ) relates academic 
success New Approach Learning goal develop growing network educators use 
biomimicry engage students learning science , technology , engi neering 
mathematics , inspire students teachers alike learn , value , conserve 
greatest mentor —nature .

developing teacher leadership YDC Mentors , 
summer camp facilitators , biomimicry cadre members.Sign newsletter learn 
upcoming opportunities .

Youth Des ign Challenge ( Grade 6 -12 ) Youth 
Design Challenge ( YDC ) free , project -based learning experience asks 
middle high school students around world solve planet ’ pressing problems 
using strategies inspired nature .

Challenge serves bridge core concepts 
advanced , project -focused STEM learning , providing engaging framework 
introduce nature -inspired design , interdisciplinary lens science , 
engineering , environmental literacy .

Students connect nature ways 
address social emotional learning , prepare face ch allenges intellect ,

engage educators develop coherent biomimicry 
curriculum support implementation professional learning , building 
leadership , networking .

educating empowering students learn nature 
solve problems , programs  equip powerful skill set transformative 
relationship nature .

Learn Youth Design Challenge SunTile design global 
warming increased urban heat , middle school team Honolulu devised 
SunTile .

Inspired hexagonal shape honeycomb grooves Saharan Silver Ant , 
SunTile aims cool homes protect erosion .

“ Knowing ’ done made something 
could save help someone ’ day probably one best feelings world… ” -
Student , SunTile Team , Punahou Middle School , Hawaii K -5 Education 
Teaching lens biomimicry offers opportunities reconnect students wonders 
natural world .

encourage deep connections nature , process developing 

K -5 lessons uniquely 
incorporate biomimicry core c oncepts connected Next Generation Science 
Standards ( NGSS ) , English Language Arts ( ELA ) standards , Math 
standards , along social emotional learning core competencies .

Integrating school systems result innovative classrooms young people gain 
understa nding biomimicry exploring natural world .

Essentially , learn 
solve problems nature , gain hope agency process .

Learn K -5 Education 
Biomimicry Cadre Biomimicry Cadre team develops , presents , revises NGSS 
phenomena/problem -based 3-dimensional learning s equence prominently 
showcases biomimicry examples principles targeted specific grade .

serves 
support 4th - 5th-grade teachers bringing high -quality learning sequence 
professional learning curriculum .

“ ’ become awar e environmental challenges , miracles evolution nature , 
gained confidence focus teaching.

” – Professional Learning Participant 
Spotlight Education Youth Design Challenge Winner Takes Stage 
BioneersWhat would world look like education system environmental  
literacy deeply embedded , biomimicry give youth means take control 
future ?

presentation , YDC team member speaks biomimicry inspiration on -
stage Bioneers .

Read Black CarbonThe Black Carbon Keeper design concept 
capture black carbon emissions wood stove s sequester mycelium remediation 
.

Wood burning stoves common source home heating West Virginia , winning 
Youth Design Challenge team resides , well around world .

View Solution 
Frost Safe WindInspired mint lotus leaves , Youth Design Challenge 
winning tea m Vancouver , British Columbia came solution could prevent 
drag-inducing frost building wind turbine blades , thereby improving 
efficiency reliability cold climates , without use chemical deicing 
agents .

Frost Safe Wind Turbines proposal retrofit existing  turbines 
laser-engraving blades pattern mimics texture mint leaves , resist ice 
build .

View Solution Transforming Education : Fostering Students ’ 
Connection NatureLearn make nature -inspired science education fun 
rewarding K -12 students biomimicry educat ion headed future .

View 
Fireside Chat BioBRICKeryThe BioBRICKery team Belmont , California sought 
address climate -related housing displacement also addressing carbon 
dioxide emissions building industry root cause issue .

created tested 
prototype carbon -sequestering mud brick inspired calcium carbonate -
producing marine organisms , use hexagons strength found multiple 
organisms , freeze -resistant arctic fish .

View Solution Teardrop 
ResidenceThis Youth Design Challenge winning team Palo Alto , California 
motivated protect people living flood prone areas , island Taiwan , 
increasingly impacted climate change .

Teardrop Residence amphibious 
shelter rests ground normal conditions float whenever flood occurs .

View 
Solution 
  Support Next Generationof Nature -Inspired Innovators donating 
Biomimicry Institute , help us empower nature -inspired innovators .

eliminating need extractive industries revitalizing degraded ecosystems .

Instagram 
High-Performance Biocomposites Inspired Trees — Innovation — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Innovation : Industry High -Performance 
Biocomposites Inspired Trees Strong Form Image : Chatnarong Rakchart / 
Performed toggle icon Physically Assemble Structure Living systems use 
physical materials create structures serve protection , insulation , 
purposes .

structures int ernal ( within attached system ) , cell 
membranes , shells , fur .

also external ( detached ) , nests , burrows , 
cocoons , webs .

physical materials limited energy required gather create 
new structures costly , living systems must use conservatively .

example , 
weaver birds use two types vegetation create nests : strong , stiff 
fibers numerous thin fibers .

bon e comprised mineral 
matrix assembled create strong cross -supports tubular outer surface 
filled air minimize weight .

search icon Search Function Manage Tension 
living system tension , means force pulling , like person pulling rope 
tied horse .

applied livi ng system , unless system completely rigid , 
result gets stretched .

stretching exceeds strength living system ’ 
material , damage .

Living systems manage tension using materials 
flexible stretchable enough survive tension occurs environment .

hold onto rocks ; contrast , large algae stretchy fronds .

Search Function Modify Size/Shape/Mass/Volume  Many living systems alter 
physical properties , size , shape , mass , volume .

modifications occur 
response living system ’ needs and/or changing environmental conditions .

example , may move efficiently , escape predators , recover damage , many 
reasons .

Modifying properties requires materials enable changes , cues make 
changes , mechanisms control .

example porcupine fish , protects 
predators taking sips water air inflate body erect spines embedd ed skin .

results deformation , pushing t wo sides balloon .

compression r ecover , maintaining function .

Search Function Modify Material Characteristics mat erials found living 
systems variable , yet often made basic building blocks .

material resources 
limited , material within used given living system must frequently serve 
multiple purposes .

The refore , living systems strategies modify 
materials ’ softness , flexibility , characteristics .

ensure survival , 
benefits modifications must outweigh living system ’ energy material 
expenditure generate .

example , spiders store liquid components spider 
silk gland , converting silk thread needed .

threads different 
characteristics , elasticity UV reflectance , others .

Function Contents Innovation Profile Challenge Innovation Details Video 
Biological Model Ray Hope Prize® Strong Form mi mics growth patterns trees

Benefits High -
performance structures Near -zero waste Use carbon -sequestering material 
Fully automated design manufacturing Applications Architecture Automotive 
Infrastruc ture Maritime vehicles Furniture UN Sustainable Development 
Goals Addressed Goal 9 : Industry Innovation & Infrastructure Goal 11 : 
Sustainable Cities & Communities Goal 12 : Responsible Production & 
Consumption Challenge Recognizing strength flexibility w ood , humans ––
like birds beavers us ––have long used construction .

using wood , tended 
focus supporting structures macro scale , using large , straight beams 
planks concentrate intense pressure specific points follow relatively 
limited design options .

use  fluid shapes designs , avoid weak joints , ’ 
developed energy -and-resource -intensive materials like reinforced 
concrete , fiberglass , plastics .

’ good way get sustainability wood 
functionality composite materials time .

Innovation Details Architects 
inventors Strong Form devised manufacturing process mimics way trees 
shape materials structural performance , opening revolutionary 
possibilities forms wood construction take .

, design software arranges direction distributi on flakes bear 
loads material needs support .

Advanced robotics lay flakes bit binding 
resin , matching prescribed three -dimensional pattern , using minimal 
material get optimal performance .

Since Strong Form ’ manufacturing 
process uses wood flakes , saw n timber , make use wide diversity tree 
species , greater proportion tree , including smaller branches parts 
irregular forms .

Strong Form ’ engineered lightweight wood product 
reduces amount material needed build structures costs transport , yet 
material strong enough become alternative highly polluting materials 
steel , aluminum , concrete , fiber -reinforced plastics , buildings , 
vehicles , furniture .

Biological Model withstand forces would break , 
trees evolved strategic way growing : form wood compens ate forces .

trunk 
branch grows , adjust size number different kinds cells , thickness cell 
walls , compounds within .

hardwood trees , results rings thicker top 
side branches , stuffed lots stretchy cellulose fibers accommodate 
downward pull tension .

Sof twood trees build lower side branches rigid 
lignin resist crushing stress compression .

trees , structural support 
highly adaptable , working odd angles curves , built right material used 
construction , micro scale .

See Related Strategy See Related Strate gy 
toggle icon Biological Strategy Structure Distributes Stress Scots pine 
Trunks branches trees withstand external stresses load -adaptive growth .

Ray Hope Prize® Ray Hope Prize celebrates nature -inspired solutions 
addressing world ’ biggest environmental  sustainability challenges .

Created honor Ray C. Anderson , founder Interface , Inc. business 
sustainability leader , $ 100,000 Ray Hope Prize helps startups cross 
critical threshold becoming viable businesses amplifying stories 
providing equity -free fund ing .

prize shines light innovative , nature -
inspired solutions need build sustainable resilient world .

See Ray Hope Prize Finalists See 
Ray Hope Prize Finalists toggle icon Collection Ray Hope Prize Gal lery 
AskNature Team Ray Hope Prize celebrates nature -inspired solutions 

Innovations Innovation : Industry Functional Surface Finishing Inspired 
Plants Insects Fusion Bionic Fusion Bionic  uses laser interference 

, lightweight myce lium byproducts .

Innovation : Industry Sunblock 
.

Innovation : Industry High -Powered Cleaners Inspired Enzymes Sudoc

adjusts aeroacoustics existing turbine blades de crease turbulence 

Snakes Bellow Like Bulls — Biologic al Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Snakes Bellow Like Bulls Bull snakes 
relatives Andy Carstens Image : Dallas Krentzel / Flickr / CC - Creative 
Living System toggle icon Teach Topic toggle icon Send Sound Signals Many 
living systems send auditory signals communicate others , including 
attract , announce , warn .

sounds must audible int ended recipient 
variety conditions , wind , water , solids .

result , living system 
specific sounds best adapted environment .

example , birds live loud 
habitats , like alongside noisy streams windy areas .

birds use sound 
frequencies heard birds competing  environmental noises .

Search Function Animals Vertebrates Reptiles Snakes Bull snakes relatives 

means burn energy much slowly “ warm blooded ” creatures size 
.

System Biological Strategy Printables need offline version AskNature 's 
content , pages covered .

View Resource Contents Introduction Strategy 
Potential Related Content References bull snakes relatives bellow defense 
, tissue boosts air flow passes single vocal cord create initial burst 
sound .

Introduction snake slinking across grassy meadow red -tailed hawk 
swoops sky try catch .

response , snake lets loud bellowing sound earns 
name “ bull snake.

Strategy 
bull snake , g opher snake , pine snake ( members genus Pituophis ) 
attacked frightened makes two defensive noises .

noises result snake 
forces air larynx exhaling , similar humans speak exhaling .

recorded bull snake defensive noises acoustic chamber analyzed  
characteristics .

bellow characterized high amplitude ( louder -sounding ) burst sound 
followed longer period low -amplitude ( quieter ) constant -frequency sound 
resembles hiss .

Video : Pituophis snake bellowing Bull snakes relatives 
bellow defense , making initial burst sound trails low amplitude hiss .

researchers found bull snakes also hiss third fourth exhalation , 
resembles second portion bellow low amplitude constant frequency .

Video 
: Pituophis s nake hissing snake exhales forces air across larynx , 
produces hissing noise mistake sound venomous rattlesnake .

Pituophis 
snakes unique anatomical features help create sounds .

animals paired vocal cords mad e smooth muscle 
tissue vibrate constrict change pitch sounds make .

Whereas human vocal 
cords paired vertically oriented , bull snakes relatives single cord 
oriented horizontally across top portion larynx .

bellowing likely occurs 
air flows tensed vocal co rd , causing vibrate .

scientists also found 
another piece tissue , called epiglottal keel , minor role bellow .

keel 
oblong stiff piece tissue sits path air flow divides like boulder might 
split river two streams .

boulder dividing river forces water ( air snakes ) narrower paths .

air 
pass partially obstructed paths amplifies sound bellow ’ initial burst .

Potential Studying snakes vocalize amplify sound could lead devices 
amplify sound structure , opposed ele ctronic means .

Warning systems 
alert people natural disasters might one day use structural elements 
efficiently carry sound .

Download Strategy PDF Related Strategies Biological Strategy 
Frog Plays Tree H oles Like Pipe Organ Bornean tree -hole frog tree -hole 
frog amplifies sound call adjusting pitch match resonant frequency 

Biological Strategy Hummingbird Hums Hummingbirds 
Hummingbirds produce lift sound downstroke upstroke wingbeats , creati ng 
steady musical hum instead pulsing whoosh larger birds .

, audible sounds sense walls , fruit , la rge objects .

12 , 2022 References “ alarmed animals normally produce defensive sounds 
several sub - sequent exhalations , resulting temporal series defensive 
sounds .

Two different acoustic profiles … observed within temporal 
series defens ive sounds : duration exhalation characterized either hiss 
bellow.

” Journal article Sound production Pituophis melanoleucus ( 
Serpentes : Colubridae ) first description vocal cord snakes Journal 
Experimental Zoology | 1995 | Bruce .

Young , Stan Sheft , W illiam Yost 
Strategies Biological Strategy Frog Plays Tree Holes Like Pipe Organ 
pitch match resonant frequency surrou ndings .

Whistles Compensate Underwater Sound Distortion Dolphins Dolphins send 
broadband whistles bursts clicks prevent messages distorted underwater .

Biological Strategy Hummingbird Hums Hummingbirds Hummingbirds produce 
lift sound d ownstroke upstroke wingbeats , creating steady musical hum 
instead pulsing whoosh larger birds .

Biological Strategy Clicking Noises 
Interfere Predators ’ Sonar Grote 's bertholdia moth Clicking noises 
released tiger moth interfere predatory bat sonar sign als distorting echo 
signature .

Biological Strategy Bird Find Large Objects Total Darkness 
Oilbird bats use high -pitched , inaudible sounds find tiny insects , 
oilbirds use lower -pitched , audible sounds sense walls , fruit , large 
objects .

Biological Str ategy Feet Adhere Temporarily Black bean aphid 
feet aphids appear adhere surfaces using capillary adhesion .

Nature 's Unifying Patterns - Biomimicry Toolbox Nature 's Unifying 
Patterns - Biomimicry Toolbox Biomimicry Institute AskNature Youth Design 

Core Concepts Function Strategy Systems View Earth ’ Operating System 
Biologize Function & Context Discover Biological  Strategies Abstract 
Business Planning Biom imicry Toolbox Select Page Home » Core Concepts » 
Nature ’ Unifying Patterns Nature 's Unifying Patterns Learning nature 's 
overarching design lessons .

10 nature 's unifying patterns consider 
  Putting patterns practice “ 
individual achievements [ organisms ] pale , however , consider intricate 
interliving characterizes whole systems , communities like tidal marshes 
saguaro forests .

ensemble , living things maintain dynamic stability , 
like dancers arabesque , c ontinually juggling resources without waste.

” 
–Janine Benyus , Biomimicry : Innovation Inspired Nature section Earth ’ 
Operating System discussed planetary context life Earth exists introduced 
idea , systems perspective , life allows life flourish .

understanding focuses identifying persistent patterns organisms function 
interact contribute resilient ecosystems .

patterns worth paying 
attention profound implications human design .

compatible life Earth lon g haul ) , need consider 
nature ’ lessons systems context .

Nature ’ 
unifying patterns attempt identify 10 essential lessons natural world 
considered part design process .

call “ nature ’ unifying patterns ” 
examples patterns f ound broadly across majority life Earth .

Consider 
patterns start design process return throughout process evaluation tool .

10 nature ’ unifying patterns consider Click patterns detailed 
explanation examples .

Nature builds using abundant resources , 
incorporating rare resources sparingly .

Rather , work progress hope informed 
enhanced growing  community biomimics practicing applying nature ’ lessons 
designs .

h Nature 's Unifying Patterns h Examples Applications Download 
document biology examples design applications 10 patterns .

Putting 
patterns practice intent behind applying nature ’ unifyin g patterns 
biomimetic design create sustainable solutions .

Bio -inspired design spur 
novel ways thinking breakthrough ideas , considering nature ’ lessons 
systems context ensure designs fit well life earth .

key step practice 
biomimicry , one distinguishes  broader category bio -inspired design .

begin understand patterns , start applying beginning design process , 
scoping phase , continue pondering using throughout design phases .

goal 
translate lessons design specifications , quality control metrics , 
material selection , manufacturing process choices .

Although may 
impossible fully apply 10 patterns within design given current limits 
human-made materials systems , replicating patterns excellent 
aspirational goal .

Closing Thoughts ’ like 
end inspiration Janine Benyus book , Biomimicry : Innovation Inspired 
Nature : “ … make Biomimicry Revolution different Industrial Revolution ?

’ say ’ simply steal nature ’ thunder use ongoing campaign life ?

last really famous biomimetic invention airplane ( Wright 
brothers watched vultures learn nuances drag lift ) .

Perhaps end , change 
technology br ing us biomimetic future , change heart , humbling allows us 
attentive nature ’ lessons .

author Bill McKibben pointed , tools always 
deployed service philosophy ideology .

use tools service fitting Earth , 
basic relationship nature —even story tell univers e—has change.

8 ) Notes first chapter 1997 book Biomimicry : 
Innovation Inspired Nature , Janine Benyus pulled together one first 
lists patterns applicable biomimetic design .

many attempts identify 
overarching patterns lessons nature  , various purposes .

examples include 
found popular science book Exploring Way Life Works ( Hoagland et al.

, 
2001 ) , McDonough Braungart ’ “ Hannover Principles , ” Natural Step ‘ “ 
Sustainability Principles , ” Biomimicry 3.8 ‘ “ Life ’ Principles , ” 
Biomimicry Creative Innovation ‘ “ Nature ’ Principles , ” David Holmgren 
’ “ Permaculture Principles , ” name .

Many groups still trying identify 
overarching patterns nature inform design , building previous lists 
knowledge .

Terms Service & Privacy Polic y Google+ Facebook Cookie 

Sisterhood Species — Collection — AskNature AskNature AskNature logo 
Collections Biological Strategies Inno vations Educators Donate Search 
Collection Sisterhood Species Barbara Natterson -Horowitz , MD | February 
14 , 2023 Image : Cyril Ruoso / toggle icon Applying biomimicry female 
health wellness , researchers learning species better care .

Los Angeles 
Zoo called , cardiologist , consult animal patients 2005 , recognized 
parallel world species face health challenges humans do ––including heart 
disease , cancer , mental illness .

Pushing barriers veterinary human 
medicine , took new species -spanning approach heal th recognizes animals 
powerful source lifesaving insights humans .

work became basis book 
naturalist science writer Kathryn Bowers , Zoobiquity .

recently , ’ 
focused attention usefulness technique addressing key challenges female 
health .

Female animals a cross tree life evolved adaptations protect 
diseases claim lives millions women every year .

feature March 2023 
Scientific American , share research connections : ’ published studies 
ovarian cancer flamingoes , pythons , fish humans ; hosted symposia 
menstrual difficulties great apes ( including us ) , bats tree shrews ; 
collaborated dairy veterinarians deep knowledge lactation cows help women 
common breastfeeding problems .

’ learned comes certain asp ects health , may common 
female animals husband , brother , son men life .

call shared bond links 
human animal females “ sisterhood species.

” Image : Gretchen 
Hooker/AskNature / Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon legitimacy 
inter-species comparison  stems fact viewed across time , species truly 
different things entirely , different variations shared ancestor , shaped 
conditions individual 's descendants lived .

Image : Gretchen 
Hooker/AskNature / Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon Populations 
consist individuals share many , , traits .

Changes conditions face 
affect individuals reproduce , eventually change presence balance helpful 
irrelevant traits population whole .

One exciting insights human females 
athleticism pregnant wild animals .

Despi te carrying sometimes hundreds 
extra pounds , pregnant giraffes still outrun predators ––and pregnant 
predators still chase prey .

gestational athleticism female animals 
wonderful source insights women ’ health .

Rachel Carson ( one scientific 
heroes ) wrot e “ nature , nothing exists alone.

Though women excluded many medical research studies 
generations , great cost health , nature essentially conducting much 
inclusive global research project hundreds millions years .

result study 
work female animals hold knowledge could yield major breakthroughs health 
care wellness management women .

Author Cardiologist 
evolutionary biologist Dr. Barbara Natterson -Horowitz faculty Harvard 
University , Harvard Medical School , University California , Los Angeles 
( UCLA ) .

New York Times bestselling author book Zoobiquity ( co -
authored Kathryn Bowers ) follow -up , Wildhood .

Biological Strategies closer examination models species ideas could 
inform health wellness approaches humans .

course , approach ’ limited usefulness 
dealing exclusively women ’ health .

Across board , d octors others treat 
ailing humans learn much knowledge gained species veterinary experts 
others work care animals .

thoughts feedback would like contribute expanding area 
content AskNature , contact us .

B iological Strategy Giraffes Thrive 
.

Biological Strategy Marmots ’ Bones ’ Waste Away Hibernation Yellow -
bellied m armot Marmots maintain strong bones hibernation building without 
breaking .

mole rat Naked mole rat queens stay reproductive long lives maintaining 
health large number egg cells .

Biological Stra tegy Embryo Development 
Pauses Time Delivery Ideal Conditions Mammals Many mammals suspend 
development embryos deliver favorable times .

AskNature Contact Us 
instagram icon Monthly Newsletter Collections Biological Strategies 
Innovations Educators Donate B iomimicry Institute Biomimicry Institute 
empowers people create nature -inspired solutions healthy planet.© 2021 

DoAboutNews Terms Service & 
Privacy Policy built Civilization right arrow right arrow toggle icon 
Term Definition toggle icon ’ seem find page ’ looking .

month , ’ bring selection compelling updates ever -
growing library biological strategies innovations  .

Structures Facilitate Pollen Dispersal — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
AskNature AskNature logo Collections Biological Strategies Innovati ons 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Structures Facilitate Pollen 
Dispersal Pines AskNature Team Image : Andy Morffew / Flickr / CC - 
icon Living System toggle icon Move i n/Through Gases Living systems must 
move gases ( less dense liquids solids ) earth ’ atmosphere .

greatest 
challenge moving gases living system heavier gas , must overcome force 
gravity .

Moving efficiently light medium presents unique challenges 
opportuni ties living systems .

optimize drag increase lift stay aloft take advantage variable currents .

wasp , air feels like 
heavy liquid move , uses special feathery oars rather wings .

Search Function Pollinate One ways plants produce offspring making seeds 
contain genetic information produce new plant .

Seeds produced pollen 
grains reach hid den ovaries within flower .

Flowers developed wildly 
diverse forms activities , production sweet nectar attract organisms bees 
butterflies , move flower flower , transferring pollen .

Flowers also 
adapt make use environmental influences wind water pollinat ors .

search 
icon Search Function Disperse Seeds Plants disperse seeds using variety 

Since plants lite rally rooted place , seed dispersal also 

search 
, Spruce , Gingko ) Clade Gymnosperms ( “ naked seeds “ ) : Conifers ,  

se arch icon Search Living System Air -filled sacs 
pollen grains pine trees allow pollen travel farther air One mechanism 
conifers promote cross -pollination increasing distance pollen grains 
travel .

pollen grain attached two three air -filled sacs , sacci , 
develop outer layer pollen wall .

air sacs increase surface area 
substantially increase overall pollen mass .

increased surface area 
pollen grain addition sacci increases amount air resistance grains , fall 
ground slowly .

amount 
time pollen grain remains airborne also correlated thickness sacci wall

Similar dimples golf ball 
, ornamentation may provide lift overcome inertia forces slow momentum .

slowing moment um allows pollen grain remain airborne longer travel longer 
distances wind .

Last Updated July 20 
, 2017 References “ morphology pollen grains may also affect aerodynamics 
wind pollination…Sacci increase surface area grai ns , ideally adding 
minimum mass .

Increased 
drag reduces settling speed pollen , causing dispersal distances increase 
” ( Schewendemann et al .

Journal article Aerodynamics 
saccate pollen implic ations wind pollination American Journal Botany 94 ( 
8 ) : 1371 -1381 .

| Schewendemann , AB , Wang , G. Mertz , ML , 
McWilliams RT , Thatcher SL , Osborn JL .

embedly preview toggle icon 
Reference toggle icon loading Journal article aerodynamics wind 
pollination Botanical Review .

embedly 
Biological Strategy Hoverflies ’ Remarkable Roll Hoverflies use rolling 
maneuver right taking upside .

Biological S trategy Sensory Cells Give 
Dragonflies Smart Wings Dragonflies Dragonfly wings lined sensors help 

changes speed altitu de maintain trajectory despite changes windspeed 

Flying squirrels Flying squirrels membranes cartilage help change lift 

”  
Hairlike Fringe Filters Food — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Hairlike Fringe Filters Food Blue whale 
Mary Hoff Image : Love Lego  / Shutterstock / rights reserved toggle icon 

one living system must capture prey survive  , 

search icon Search Function Capture , Absorb , Filter Solids 
living systems must secure solid particles sediment , usually keep 
particles hinderi ng health activity .

effective , 
filtering system must appropriate sizes solid particles captured must 
capture needed .

must also effective appropriate media –air , water , 
sometimes solids like soil .

root system slows settles sediment water , building soil support 
mangrove ecosystem .

search icon Search Function Capture , Absorb , 
Filter Liquids common liquid used living systems water , require survive 
.

many liquids provide nourish ment , play role defense mechanisms , serve 
purposes .

Water varies availability ; sometimes plentiful sometimes 
scarce available fog mist .

minimize energy required capture , absorb , 
filter liquids , living systems strategies take advantage unique 
properties given liquid .

example , water moves gaseous liquid state 
encounters surface colder air .

Plants forests experience fog clouds rain 
strategies condense liquid water moist air .

Expel Liquids various reasons living systems d ischarge liquids , defend , 
avoid liquid buildup cause decay , eliminate waste , dry .

Creating 
force requires energy , living systems must efficient strategies worth 
energy investment  use outside force ( gravity ) .

typically entails 
strategies build pressure use forces propel liquids away .

creature moves water clapping shells 
together , generating water jet propels opposite direction .

s earch icon 
Search Function Animals Vertebrates Mammals Whales dolphins Blue whale 
Mammals Class Mammalia ( “ breast ” ) : Bats , cats , whales , horses , 

know first -hand characterist ics make mammals unique , like hair , able 

teeth generally size shape , mammals differently shaped teeth diffe rent 

Living System Language Biomimicry 45 -minute lesson students review 
practice key vocabulary used biomimicry designers AskNature website .

View Resource Contents Introduction Stra tegy Videos Potential Related 
Content References Baleen whales use fringed sheets keratin strain food 

Ver en español / View Spanish Introduction blue whale 
largest animal ever known inhabit Earth .

Found every ocean planet except 
Arctic , g rows long three school buses lined end end weigh nine school 
buses full kids .

Ironically , almost exclusively one 
ocean ’ smallest animals —crustaceans known krill , swim large schools .

Opening ma ssive mouth , engulfs 
school krill along enough seawater double weight .

, uses baleen , 
bristly structure growing top jaw , sieve catch krill forces water back 
ocean .

Strate gy Like baleen whales suborder Mysticeti , blue 
whale ’ baleen composed keratin , type material makes hair , horns , 
fingernails , claws mammals .

350 plates material grow parallel 
perpendicular toothless jaw , lined like slats vertical window blind .

plate made main plate smaller plates , forming triangular profile .

plates contain tubules separate form frayed edge tongue side bottom made 
densely packed bristles 2 millimeters smaller diameter .

taking krill 
water together , whale partly closes mouth water go baleen moves back 
ocean .

Image : 
Biomimicry Institute / Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon Whale 
baleen composed many individual keratin plates grow gums perpendicularly 
jaw .

blue whale one 14 
whale species use baleen part foraging strategy .

length baleen plates 
nature bristles varies one species another depending whales ’ foraging 
style size prey prefer .

recent study suggests least one whale spec ies , 
bowhead ( Balaena mysticetus ) , uses baleen direct food back throat 
rather actual filter , helps avoid clogging mechanism bits prey .

exact 
movement water krill within blue whale ’ mouth —and keeps clogging and/or 
cleans baleen —appears remain mystery  .

Image : Anon NOAA Fisheries 
Service / NOAA Fisheries / Public Domain - restrictions toggle icon Whale 
baleen consists numerous thin plates attached upper jaw , fringes capture 
tiny organisms shuttle toward animal ’ throat .

Watch blue whale feeding 
behavior Scientists Oregon State University used research drone capture 
footage blue whale feeding behavior .

rest video discusses whales make choices 
's worth energetic cost eating .

Potential blue wh ale ’ approach separate 
tiny particles large amounts water find numerous applications solving 
human needs .

Baleen -like screens could used filter particles wastewater 
part conventional treatment process .

could provide first level cleansing 
drinking water taken lakes streams .

could used produce beverages beer , 
wine , apple cider include non -liquid materials part processing .

prove useful removing microplastic pollutants soil , water , contaminated 

might even inspire new energy -efficient cost-effective ways 
desalinate seawater use drinking irrigation water arid regions .

Related 
Innovation Innovation : Industry Self -Cleaning Filter Technology 
Wastewater Treatment Inspired Baleen Whales Baleen Filters Pty Limited 
Baleen Filters Baleen Filte rs Pty Limited use self -cleaning filters clean 
wastewater without use chemicals .

Filter Feeding Moves Water Filter feeding mechanism sponge moves water 
body intaking low releasing high .

Biological Strategy Fish Keep  Food 
Filters Clogging Basking shark Swirl -inducing structures separate 
microscopic particles water without clogging .

Appendages Used Movement Filtering Fairy shrimp appendages fairy shrimp 
water fleas used paddling movement filter fee ding equipped bristles , 
allowing operate different Reynolds numbers different functions .

Biological Strategy Fins Funnel Food Manta ray mouth manta rays filter 
feeds efficiently food funneled via extendable , flaplike fins either 
side mouth .

Last Update d October 15 , 2021 References “ feature 
whalebone whales common baleen , series plates upper jaw form comb side 
mouth place customary teeth .

plate “ tooth ” comb frayed inner edge , 
displaying hairlike outgrowths , fringes .

shape arrangement plates , ma y 
number 100 400 side , reflect different methods feeding among families 
baleen whales .

right whales finely fringed whalebone plates long , 
sometimes exceeding 3 , together make large fine -toothed comb , whereas 
finner whales gray whale characterized much  shorter triangular -shaped 
plates combine form much coarser smaller comblike structure.

” ( 
Pivorunas 1979 : 432 ) Journal article Feeding Mechanisms Baleen Whales 
American Scientists | July -August 1979 | August Pivorunas embedly preview 
toggle icon Refere nce toggle icon loading Generally speaking , long 
elastic baleen plates mean convenience skim foods sea water .

baleen 
plates filtering foods surface inner plane consists fine baleen fringes , 
long inner edge baleen plates effective successive filtering .

Short wide 
based plate hand useful filtering foods short time , strong stress flesh 
tongue make water run plates remaining mass food mouth .

( Nemoto 
1959:154 ) Journal article Food Baleen Whales Reference Whale Movements 
Sci Rep Whales Res Inst Tokyo | 19 59 | Takahisa Nemoto embedly preview 
Biological Strategy Fangs Combine Copper Melanin Tough Material Bloodworm 
single protein found bloodworms performs six distinct functions critical 
formatio n performance creature 's jaw .

Biological Strategy Mussel Mantle 
Lures Larval Hosts Plain pocketbook mussel shellfish structure looks like 
meal attracts erstwhile predators , become unwitting nannies bus drivers 

Biological S trategy Rapid Oscillation 
Sheds Water Mammals Quick movement dries mammalian fur ejecting droplets 
using centripetal force .

Biological Strategy Anglerfish Harness Light 
Darkness Anglerfish Anglerfish light -absorbing skin keep hidden attract 
prey glowing l ure .

Biological Strategy Leaves Capture Water Fog 
Flowering Plants leaves rosette succulents intercept water droplets fog 
waxy , smooth surface .

Biological Strategy Diverse Food Sources Keep 
Honeybees Healthy Honeybees Honeybee immune systems depend prot ein 

Load-Bearing Material Inspired Cartilage — Innovation — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Innovation : Academia Load -Bearing Material 
Inspired Cartilage Univers ity Leeds Imperial College London 2021 Image : 
Ondrej Machart / Unsplash / CC SA - Creative Commons Attribution + 
ShareAlike toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Manage Tension 

flexible stretchable enough survive tension occurs en vironment .

Search Function Manag e Compression living system compression , force 

applied two sides , results 

Living systems strategies help prevent compression recover , 

example , A frican elephant adults weigh 4,700 

rub living system comes contact abrasive components environment , sand 
coral .

Living 
systems protect mechanical wear using strategies approp riate level 
frequency source , abrasion -resistant surfaces , replaceable parts , 

search icon Search Funct ion Modify Phase Gases , liquids , solids 
phases matter found around living systems .

Modifying phases entails 
transforming one another , ice melting liquid water water turning gas 
vapor .

Phases matter different properties , living systems need 
strategies  manage different phases .

Modifying phases enables living 
systems take advantage properties one phase carry life activities .

example living system manages uses different phases found rainforest .

water re mains forest ’ 
canopy , evaporates gaseous phase carried elsewhere air , descending rain 
different ecosystem .

Profile Challenge Innovation Details Biomimicry Story References 
Structural material University L eeds Imperial College London consists 

Benefits 
Stronger Flexible Lightweight Applications Machinery Automobiles 
Prosthetics UN Sustainable Development Goals Addressed Goal 9 : Industry 
Innovation & Infrastructure Challenge Bearings important components many 
mechanical systems .

commonly solid metal spheres provide connection 
point static dynamic parts .

Due movement connection point , bearings low 
tolerance damage .

bearing fails whole apparatu s may stop working , 
leading increased labor , costs , waste .

consists hydrogel held matrix silicon -based 
polymer called poly -dimethylsiloxane .

Hydrogels known ability absorb 
water provide low -friction surface , also easily deformed .

Cartilaginous joints connected cartilage allow small movements : example 
, spine ’ vertebrae .

cartilage protects bone joint wear tear repeated 
motions , much like mechanical bearing .

Strategy toggle icon Biological Strategy Car tilage Proteins Dissipate 
Forces Cushion Joints Domestic cattle Cartilage joints cows protect 
compressive forces due repulsion negative charges cartilage molecules , 
well attractive forces molecules near peak compressive force .

Journal article Fabrication Cartilage -Inspired Hydrogel/Entangled

Polymer–Elastomer Structures Possessing Poro -Elastic Properties ACS 
Publications embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading 
Innovations Innovation : Industry High -Performance Biocomposites In spired 

Battery University Fribourg made hydrogel compa rtments membranes flexible 

Innovation : Academia Impermeable Coating Material 
Inspired Nacre University Connecticut Coating UConn made nanosheets 
polymer matrix makes nearly impermeable air gases .

Low-Powered Sensor Ar ray Inspired Blind Cave Fish Nanyang Technological 
University Sensor array Nanyang Technological University made series 
micro-sensors sense obstacles using water pressure rather light waves , 
allowing function dark .

Innovation : Academia High -Performance Act uator Inspired Human Muscles 
Northern Arizona University Actuator Northern Arizona University coiled , 

Moths Alter Flight Deal Winds — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
AskNature logo Collections Biologica l Strategies Innovations Educators 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Moths Alter Flight Deal Winds Death's -
head hawkmoth AskNature Team Image : Pedro Luna / Shutterstock / 
Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon 
Living Sys tem toggle icon Move in/Through Gases Living systems must move 
gases ( less dense liquids solids ) earth ’ atmosphere .

Moving efficiently light medium presents uniqu e challenges 

Search Function Navigate Air Although free many physical obstructions 
found land water , organisms move air must still avoid hitting obje cts 
flight path , trees mountains .

also need navigate one place another , 
presents different challenge .

use one strategy navigate around 
obstructions another move towards destination .

navigate migr ation , bats also use 
vision , sun orientation , likely strategies .

Function Animals Arthropods Insects Butterflies moths Moths Death's -head 
hawkmoth Insects Class Insecta ( “ insect ” ) : Flies , ants , beetles , 

Living System Contents Related Content Refe rences Moths use changes speed 
altitude maintain trajectory despite changes windspeed direction .

“ 
results show moths maintained perfectly straight trajectories long 
distances flight .

Rather , employed range 
flight strategies  buffer prevailing winds , allowing hold course 
throughout night .

harsh headwinds cross winds , flew low ground increased speed keep 
control path .

show insects capable great navigators , par birds 
, far less vulnerable wind conditions thought . '

” ( MAX -PLANCK-
GESELLSCHAFT ) Image : Christian Ziegler / Max Planck Institute Animal 
Behavior / rights reserved toggle icon Researc hers tracking moths radio 
transmitters focused death ’ s -head hawkmoth —a large , nocturnal migrant 
travels 4,000 kilometers ( 2,500 miles ) Europe Africa every year .

Related Strategies Biological Strategy Abrupt Flight Patterns Help Evade 
Predators Butter flies moths Moths detect bat calls avoid predation using 
sudden drops weaving flight patterns .

Biological Strategy Coordinated 
Senses Keep Eyes Fixed Flight Kestrel eyes kestrel remain fixed object 
due bird ’ ability use reflexes rapidly reposition eyes h ead respect body 
.

Biological Strategy Hairs Help Flight Maneuverability Big brown bat 
Tactile hairs wing membranes bats serve flight control organs providing 
immediate sensorimotor feedback .

Last Updated August 12 , 2022 
References Study achieves longest  continuous tracking migrating insects 
EurekAlert | August 11 , 2022 | Max -Planck-Gesellschaft embedly preview 
toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Using light aircraft individual 
radio tracking , show nocturnally migrating death ’ s -head hawkmoths 
maintain control flight trajectories long distances .

moths fly favorable 
tailwinds ; given night , also adjusted head crosswinds precisely hold 
course .

behavior indicates moths use sophisticated internal compass 
maintain seasonally beneficial migratory tra jectories independent wind 
conditions , illuminating insects traverse long distances take advantage 
seasonal resources .

Journal article Individual tracking reveals long -
distance flight -path control nocturnally migrating moth Science | August 
11 , 2022 | M .

Menz , M. Scacco , H. Bürki -Spycher , H. J. Williams , D. 
R. Reynolds , J. Chapman , M. Wikelski embedly preview toggle icon 
Hoverflies ’ Remarkable Roll Hoverflies use rolling maneu ver right taking 
upside .

” Biological Strategy Off -Target Clicks Help Fruit Bats Find 
Food Egyptian fruit bat fruit -eating bats home meal aim ing sound waves 
side intended target , adjusting path reduce difference timing waves 
bouncing back .

Blubber Absorbs Heat — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biolo gical Strategy Blubber Absorbs Heat Bottlenose dolphin 
AskNature Team Image : NASA / Wikimedia Commons / toggle icon Functions 
Energy Energy naturally available many forms , includin g kinetic , 

radiant energy sun others strat egies focus scattered light onto 

search icon Search Function Store Energy living 
system captures energy transforms one energy form another , must 
frequently save energy future use .

living 
systems ne ed strategies either use energy quickly , convert forms 
difficult store ( electrical kinetic ) storable forms .

example , 
grasshoppers store energy potential energy elastic material tendons .

need jump , energy converts kinetic energy , providing force nee ded 
escape predators .

search icon Search Function Distribute Energy Many 
forms energy naturally available , including kinetic , potential , 
thermal , elastic , radiant , chemical , .

Energy ’ physical object held , also ’ pushed , 
pulled , carried .

example , golden -
scale snail tri -layered shell dissipates , transfers , forces predator 
biting , thereby minimizing damage soft body inside shell .

Search Func tion Animals Vertebrates Mammals Whales dolphins Dolphins 

know first -hand characteristics m ake mammals unique 

search icon Search Living System blubber bottlenose 
dolphin absorbs heat acting phase change material Image : Mark Interrante 
/ Wikimedia Commons / toggle icon Second -generation wolphin female Kawili 
Kai ( * 2004 -12-23 ) Sea Life Park Hawaii , 9 months old .

Offspring 
first-generation dolphin female Kekaimalu ( parents : Tanui Hahai 
Pseudorca crassidens ?

Image : NASA / W ikimedia Commons / 
toggle icon Bottlenose Dolphin - Tursiops truncatus dolphin surfs wake 
research boat Banana River - near Kennedy Space Center .

right arrow “ substantial evidence support classification integument , 
specifically blubber layer  [ Atlantic bottlenose dolphin ] , phase change 
material .

First , many fatty acids found blubber classified phase change 
materials melting points range mammalian body temperatures ( Sari , 2003 
; Sari Kaygusuz , 2001 ; Sari et al.

( 2003 ) classified palmitic ( C16:0 ) , steric ( 18:0 ) , 
oleic ( C18:1 ) , linoleic ( C18:2 ) , linolenic ( C18:3 ) arachidic ( 
C20:0 ) fatty acids excellent phase change materials .

Mixtures fatty 
acids yield phase change materials melting points 29° 38°C ( Suppes et 
al.

Second , fatty 
acids also satisfy requirement material relatively large latent heat 
plateau , latent heat values generally greater 180·J·g –1 ( Suppes et al.

Third , stratification blubber may prevented containment 
adipocytes well highly structured nature adipocytes blubber tissue .

Finally , cetaceans known fine vascular control app endages periphery body 
( Elsner et al.

, 1974 ; Kvadsheim Folkow , 1997 ; Ling , 1974 ; Meagher 
et al.

Intermittent heat loads could applied blubber shunting warm blood blubber 
layer , followed  periods vasoconstriction .

Future studies needed fully 
characterize blubber ’ potential phase change properties well investigate 
possible functions may associated property.

, 2005 : 
1479 ) Last Updated September 14 , 2016 References Jour nal article 
ontogenetic changes thermal properties blubber Atlantic bottlenose 
dolphin Tursiops truncatus Journal Experimental Biology | 31/03/2005 | R. 
C. Dunkin embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading 
Journal article New materials solar  thermal storage —solid/liquid 
transitions fatty acid esters Solar Energy Materials Solar Cells | 
28/12/2002 | R Nikolić , Marinović -Cincović , Gadžurić , I.J Zsigrai 
Strategies Biological  Strategy Holey Leaf Pattern Captures Light Monstera 
Leaves full holes help Swiss cheese plant capture intermittent light 
Biological Strategy Hairs Absorb Ultraviolet Radiation Edelweiss wooly

hairs alpine edelweiss intercept de -energize harmful ultraviole t 
radiation reaches plant ’ cells .

Biological Strategy Thinner Fur Keeps 
Numbats Warmer Numbat making hairs stand , numbats expose skin sun create 
insulating layer air reduce heat loss .

Biological Strategy Maggots Eat 
Dead , Heal Wounded Green Bottle Fly  Maggots scrape dead tissue mouth 
hooks spew stew enzymes liquefy , swallow , digest .

Water Pressure Helps Flowers Follow Sun Plants Light intensity 
light source  .

Biological Strategy Legs Synchronize Jumps Planthopper 
Hind legs planthoppers produce powerful synchronized jumps thanks 
mechanical linkage .

Biological Strategy Printables — Resource — AskNature AskNature AskNature 
logo Collections Biological Strategie s Innovations Educators Donate 
Search Resource : Article + Resource Bundle Biological Strategy 
Printables Biomimicry Institute Grades 6 -University ( Ages 11 –18+ ) | 
Published 2022 Image : bady abbas / Public Domain - restrictions toggle 
icon Subject Areas toggle icon Life Science English/Language Arts 
Contents Vertebrates Insects & Spiders Plants need offline version 

following AskNature Biological 
Strategy pages printable PDF versions available .

strategy one page ( 
front back ) many include diagrams scientific illustrations support 
understanding .

pages might used following ways : Support outdoor le arning AskNature 
Strategies organisms might found region .

Bring biological phenomena 
English/Language Arts classroom using AskNature Strategies informational 
text .

Augment biomimicry lesson/activity , “ Language Biomimicry , ” 
using printed Strategies in stead students online devices .

Support 
understanding structure function students underline highlight key words 
phrases capture functional parts working principles within Strategy .

students translate concepts engineering terms writing description 
Strategy  could used engineer build system works similar way .

Download 
Combined PDFs Vertebrates Biological Strategy Air Sacs Power Lungs Birds 
’ Respiratory System Birds respiratory system birds facilitates efficient 

Squirrels Control Glide Flyi ng squirrels Flying squirrels membranes 
length .

Biological Strategy Off -Target Clicks Help Fruit Bats Find Food 
Egyptian fruit bat fruit -eating bats home meal aiming sound waves side 
intended target , adjusting path reduce difference timing waves bouncing 
back .

Biological Strategy Asymmetric Burrow Openings Create Passive 
Ventilation Black -tailed prairie dog Differences position shape burrow 
openings black -tailed prairie dogs create pa ssive ventilation wind energy 
altering air pressure .

Biological Strategy Frog Plays Tree Holes Like 
Pipe Organ Bornean tree -hole frog tree -hole frog amplifies sound call 
adjusting pitch match resonant frequency surroundings .

Strategy Snakes Be llow Like Bulls Bull snakes relatives bull snakes 
relatives bellow defense , tissue boosts air flow passes single vocal 
cord create initial burst sound .

Biological Strategy Body Uses Vortices 
Save Energy Rainbow trout body rainbow trout decreases energy r equired 
swimming interacting vortices fluid environment .

Insects & Spiders 
Biological Strategy Tiny Structures Help Butterflies Soar Butterflies 
moths Microscopic scales provide lift nature ’ “ flying flowers.

” 
Biological Strategy Insect Uses Waves Commu nicate Water strider Water 
striders communicate using body parts send sense slight vibrations water

Biological Strategy Spider Builds Underwater Bubble House Diving 
bell spider Eurasian diving bell spider uses silk goo make airy home 
beneath surfa ce pond .

Biological Strategy Spiders Fly Riding Electric 
Currents Spiders Spiders travel thousands miles air using silk ride 
electrostatic repulsion instead wind .

Biological Strategy Spiders ’ Leg 
Hairs Help Find Flying Food Spiders Tiny leg hairs help s piders sense 
subtle air movement conducting directly nerve cells .

Plants Biological 
Strategy Wetland Plants Get Air Waterlogged Roots Common reed Common 
reeds wetland plants transport gases network spaces cells .

Biological Strategy Spiral Fibers Strengthen Tree 
Trunk Pines trunks pine trees withstands wind snow via spiral growth .

Biological  Strategy Water Pressure Helps Flowers Follow Sun Plants Light 

Biological Strategy World ’ Diverse Community 
Lives Soil Soil ecosystem diverse community orga nisms interacts break 
recycle chemicals maintain soil fertility .

Underground Network Distributes Resources Mycorrhizal fungi Mycorrhizal 
network sustains diversity forest transporting nutrients water .

Resources Resource : Book Mimic M akers : Biomimicry Inventors Inspired 
Nature Kristen Nordstrom picture book , young readers meet ten real -life 
scientists , engineers , designers learn plants animals create amazing 
new technologies .

Resource : Activity/Lesson Language Biomimicry 
Biomimic ry Institute 45 -minute lesson students review practice key 

Resource : 
hands-on , project -based learning experience competition  students work 

introduction biomimicry quickly get s students brainstorming design ideas 
.

Resource : Activity/Lesson Biomimicry : Nature Model , Measure , Mentor 
Cloud Institute Sustainability Education three -part lesson students 
explore nature teach us principles sustainable design reflect 
applications p roblem home , school , community .

Resource : Resource 
Bundle Gentler Robot Biomimicry Institute Explore resources teaching 
engineering concepts practices using story flexible robotic arm inspired 
muscles elephants ’ trunks .

Poison Protects Seeds — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Poison Protects Seeds Yew AskNature 
Team Image : Dave Hitchborne / Flickr / rights reserved toggle icon 
Functions P erformed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Protect Animals 
Animals–organisms range microscopic larger bus –embody wide variety harms 
living systems , including animals .

threaten predation , herbivory , 
defense , parasitism , compete resources water , n utrients , space .

given living organism commonly faces threats variety animals , requiring 
strategies effectively defend .

Trout bony fish , example , escape 
predators scales made thin , flake -like pieces bone covered slippery 
mucus .

also behavioral stra tegies camouflage , fast swimming , twisting 
turning achieve release predator ’ grip .

Plants Flowering Plants Yew Flowering Plants Clade Angiosperms ( “ 
receptacle seed ” ) : Dandelions , oaks , grasses , cacti , apples 416 

myriad kinds dimensions , simple seed casings  maples elaborate fleshy

herbivorous animals , turn makes indirect food source carnivores well .

search icon Sear ch Living System seeds yew trees protected eaten large 
animals contain poisonous compounds called taxanes .

“ yew attaches 
bright red fleshy covering seeds many birds relish accordingly transport 
.

beaks strong enough damage seed well contains savage poiso n kill bigger 
animals incautious enough crush seed mouths.

” ( Attenborough 1995:32 ) 
Last Updated August 28 , 2020 References Book Private Life Plants 
21/08/1995 | David Attenborough embedly preview toggle icon Reference 
toggle icon loading Biological Str ategies Biological Strategy Birds Feign 

Strategy Wild Potatoes Trick Attackers Sensing Danger Wil d potato 
glandular hairs wild potato plants expel pheromone mimics alarm pheromone 
aphid predators Biological Strategy Moths Outwit Bats Super Hearing Moths 
tympanal organs moths `` hear '' bat biosonar trigger behavioral 

Biological Strategy Op ossums Feign Death Evade Predators 

Frog Plays Tree Holes Like Pipe Organ — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
AskNature AskNature logo Colle ctions Biological Strategies Innovations 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Frog Plays Tree Holes Like 
Pipe Organ Bornean tree -hole frog Andy Carstens Image : Bernard DuPont / 
Flickr / CC SA - Creative Commons Attribution + ShareAlike toggle icon 
toggle icon Send Sound Signals Many living systems send auditory signals 

audible intended recipient variety conditi ons , wind , water , solids .

example 
, birds live loud habitats , like alongside noisy streams windy areas .

search icon Search Function Animals Vertebrates Amphibians Frogs toads 
Bornean tree -hole frog Amphibians Class Amphibia ( “ live double life ” ) 
: Frogs , salamanders , toads Amphibians live “ double life ” able 
survive land water .

Unlike reptiles dry , scaly sk in , amphibians smooth 
skin needs kept moist .

Many live water development start life gills , 
transition breathing lungs .

class represents first animal group able efficiently 
walk land —aided well -defined limbs gave “ leg ” finned competitors .

search icon Search Living System Biological Strategy Printables need 
offline version AskNature 's content , pages covered .

Contents Introduction Strategy Potential Related Content References tree -
hole frog amplifies sound call adjusting pitch match resonant frequency 

Introduction Malaysian rainforest , male tree -hole frog 
wriggles inside water -filled tree hollow , getting ready call mate .

call 
single-note pulse , louder sounds , fa rther reach , increasing likelihood 
female hear respond .

Strategy Like frogs , tree -hole frog uses vocal 
cords vocal sac croak .

Instead expelling exhaled air like animals make 
noise , frogs pass exhaling air across vocal cords , vocal sacs .

vocal 
sac natural sound amplifier , vibrating like top kettle drum transfer 
sound call air .

frogs adjust pitch calls find 
resonant frequency surroundings .

example , frequency sound matches resonant 
frequency wineglass , glass vibrates hard breaks .

Video : Using 
resonance break wine glass Pipe organs form particular note forcing air 
pipe specific diameter leng th , causes pipe vibrate resonant frequency .

tree-hole frog sat inside pipe pipe organ adjusted pitch match pipe ’ 
resonant frequency , pipe would vibrate along frog ’ vocal sac , boosting 
sound volume .

Video : Tree -hole frog calling Listen pitch changes first croaks .

One 
thing affects resonant frequency tree hole amount water inside .

scientists put male tree -hole frog tube slowly drained water , frog 
continually tweaked call match changing resona nt frequency .

Furthermore 
, frog found resonant frequency , croaks longer duration fewer breaks , 
suggesting amplifying effect found , ’ worth energetic cost increase 
chances finding mate .

Potential Learning tree -hole frogs use 
surroundings boost sound c ould lead improved architectural designs 
incorporate acoustics .

Schools hearing -impaired children could designed 
naturally amplify sound .

Electronic devices televisions audio players 
could designed use less energy amplifying sound based resonance locatio ns 
.

Download Strategy PDF Related Strategies Biological Strategy Snakes 

Biological Strategy Humming bird Hums Hummingbirds 
Hummingbirds produce lift sound downstroke upstroke wingbeats , creating 

pitched , inaudible so unds find tiny insects , oilbirds use lower -pitched 

12 , 2022 References “ tuning vocalizations resonant frequency hole , 
varies amount water contains , frogs enhance chances attractin g females.

” Journal article Tree -hole frogs exploit resonance effects Nature | 2002 
| Björn Lardner , Maklarin bin Lakim embedly preview toggle icon 
Snakes Bellow Like Bulls Bull snak es relatives bull snakes relatives 
bellow defense , tissue boosts air flow passes single vocal cord create 
initial burst sound .

Biological Strategy Whistles Compensate Underwater 
Sound Distortion Dolphins Dolphins send broadband whistles bursts clicks 

Biological Strategy Clicking Noises Int erfere Predators ’ Sonar 

pitched , inaudible sou nds find tiny insects , oilbirds use lower -pitched 

Strategy Feet Adhere Temporarily Black bean aphid feet aphids appear 
adhere surfaces using capillary adhesion .

Wetland Plants Get Air Wate rlogged Roots — Biological Strategy — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Wetland Plants 
Get Air Waterlogged Roots Common reed Andy Carstens Image : Charles ( 
Chuck ) Peterson / Flickr / CC NC - Creative Commons Attribution + 
Noncommercial toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Living System 
toggle icon Teach Topic toggle icon Distribute Gases Gases particular 
importance living systems oxygen , carbon dioxide , nit rogen .

Oxygen 
carbon dioxide involved respiration , distributing gases efficiently 
effectively important living system ’ survival .

strategies confining gases using gases ’ p roperties advantage .

example , 
prairie dogs mound -building termites build systems tunnels mounds take 
advantage wind ventilate underground homes .

Expel Gases familiar forms discharging gases respiration many living 
systems rel ease carbon dioxide , plants release oxygen end product plant 

gases effectively moved pushing , different kind force 
needed expel .

Creating force requires energy , even cellular level , 
living systems must efficient strategies worth energ y investment use 
external force .

typically entails strategies build pressure use forces 
propel gases .

contrast , whale surfaces , exhales 90 % spent air one spouting .

search 
icon Search Function Plants  Flowering Plants Common reed Flowering Plants 
habitats .

known fossils , Montsechia vidalii , appeared Juras sic Period 130 million 
years ago .

View Resource Contents Introduction Strategy Potential Related 
Content References Common reeds wetland plants transport gases network 
spaces cells .

Introduction reedy marshland spring , wind rustles fronds 
, dragonflies buzz air , strange song American bittern  booms across land 
.

plants 
wetland , however , face major challenge —growing soil waterlogged ’ 
harder oxygen reach roots .

Strategy Plants take carbon dioxide leaves 
use carbon material build stru ctures .

Even though roots land plants buried , extract 
oxygen air pockets within soil .

oxygen enters roots diffusion , 
molecules driven move areas higher concentrations areas lower ones .

wet 
soil , becomes much difficult oxygen diffusion water 10,000 times slower 
air .

reeds ( common reed , Phragmites australis ) developed another way 
breathe ’ similar using snorkel .

Image : AskNature / Copyright © - 
rights reserved toggle icon Varying heights broke n reeds encounter air 
currents different velocities pressures , creating flow reeds ' internal 
structures .

Air enters common reeds broken stems dead plants connected 
via underwater structures called rhizomes .

Many wetland plant species 
rhizomes grow hori zontally surface soil , many stems growing many roots 
growing .

Air taken one broken stem dead plant reach healthy sections 
network .

oxygen -carrying air moves gaps plant ’ tissues , called 
aerenchyma .

glass beads poured cylindrical vase represented cells  inside 
plant stem , space beads would aerenchyma , form cells separate one 
another collapse .

Through -flow draws air broken stems reeds , sending 
oxygen stems rhizomes .

aerenchyma spaces rely pressure gradients drive 
gasses areas high pressure areas low pressure .

cases , air drawn living 
sections plant stomata ( gas -exchange holes ) leaf sheaths , sending 
oxygen stems rhizomes ( diffuse roots ) , pushing stale air broken stems 
.

cases , broken stems different heights create passive ventilation 
system .

B ernoulli principle : faster air moves , lower pressure becomes 
.

Since air closer ground slower due friction turbulence , air around 
higher stems faster , lower pressure .

pulls stale air taller broken 
stems draws oxygen -rich fresh air shorter broken stems  .

Gases like carbon dioxide ( roots 
produce via cellular respiration oxygen ) ethylene drawn upward roots , 
rhizomes , eventually air .

influences growth , researc h shows plant roots thrive low ethylene 
concentrations higher concentrations stunt growth .

Therefore , ability 
wetland plants vent gas help stay healthy keep growing .

Potential 
Understanding wetlands transport gases could help develop technologies 
remove water pollution transport gases , like natural gas , efficiently .

natural disasters earthquakes trap people felled buildings , perhaps gas 
exchange networks could vent carbon dioxide pump oxygen help recovery 
efforts .

Studying aerenchyma may even lead m edical therapies based 
concept multiple networks gas flow deliver oxygen ( removes toxins ) 
specific bodily tissues promote healing .

Download Strategy PDF Related 
Strategies Biological Strategy Asymmetric Burrow Openings Create Passive 
openings black -tailed prairie dogs create passive ventilation wind energy 

Biological Strategy Plant Eats Pollution Italian 
rye grass Ryegrass sucks industrial chemicals soil concen trates cells .

Biological Strategy Young Leaves Channel Water Fish -pole bamboo Young 
leaves bamboo channel excess water using combination hydrophobic 
hydrophilic surfaces .

Biological Strategy Body Pores Open Close Push 
Breath Cockroaches Madagascar hissin g cockroach respiratory system 
hissing cockroach creates one -way airflow using valves active pumping .

Last Updated May 12 , 2022 References “ Aerenchyma provides low -
resistance internal pathway gas transport shoot root extremities .

pathway , O2 supplied roots rhizosphere , CO2 , ethylene , methane move 
soil shoots atmosphere.

” Journal article Long -distance transport gases 
plants : perspective internal aeration radial oxygen loss roots Plant , 
Cell & Environment | 2021 | T. D. Colmer embedly preview toggl e icon 
Maggots Eat Dead , Heal Wounded Green Bottle Fly Maggots scrape dead 
tissue mouth hooks spew stew enzymes liquefy , swallow , digest .

Biological Strategy Flexible Body Allows Earthworm Burrow Soil Earthworm 
soft , fluid -filled flexible body earthworm enables burrow soil using 
unique set muscles int ernal fluid maintain shape .

Air Sacs Power Lungs Birds ’ Respiratory System Birds respiratory system 
birds facilitates efficient exchange carbon dioxide oxygen using air sacs 
maintain continuous unidirectional airflow lungs .

Biologica l Strategy 
Asymmetric Burrow Openings Create Passive Ventilation Black -tailed 
prairie dog Differences position shape burrow openings black -tailed 
prairie dogs create passive ventilation wind energy altering air pressure 
.

Biological Strategy Mound Facilita tes Gas Exchange Mound -building 
termites structure above -ground macrotermite mounds facilitates gas 
exchange below -ground nest using internal air currents driven solar heat 
.

Flying Squirrels Control Glide — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
AskNature AskNat ure logo Collections Biological Strategies Innovations 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Flying Squirrels Control 
Glide Flying squirrels Andy Carstens Image : Christian Collins / Flickr / 
CC SA - Creative Commons Attribution + ShareAlike toggle i con Functions 

greatest challenge moving gases living 
system heavier gas , must o vercome force gravity .

result , evolved countless solutions optimize drag increase lift stay 
aloft take advantage variable currents .

Vertebrates Mammals Rodents Squirrels Flyin g squirrels Mammals Class 

producing milk mamm ary glands .

search ico n Search 
Living System Biological Strategy Printables need offline version 

Introduction Strategy Potential Related Content References Flying 
squirrels membranes cartilage help change lift drag f orces , enabling 
glide 100 times body length .

Introduction Several hours sun rises 
conifer forest Alaska , northern flying squirrel ( Glaucomys sabrinus ) 
leaps high tree branch .

Launching forward , stretches arms legs far 
possible , opening parachute -like membranes catch wind .

squirrel glides 
tree 100 feet ( 30 meters ) away hopes find fungi eat .

ability glide 
evolved least six separate times mammals , suggesting gives certain 
species advantages may include saving energy walking climbing , expanding 
foraging range , avoiding exposure predators .

Image : Charles Dessalines 
D'Orbigny / Rawpixel / Public Domain - restrictions toggle icon Glaucomys 
sabrinus illustrated Charles Dessalines D'Orbigny ( 1806 -1876 ) .

Strategy flying squirrel ’ ability glide com es two anatomical features —
membranes cartilage .

One 
membrane stretches wrist ankle , forming wing -like flaps .

Behind wrist 
pieces cartilage bend upward like tips airplane wings improve stability 
minimize drag .

Changes body 
position allow squirrel alter aerodynamic forces lift drag .

researchers 
studied aerodynamics flying squirrels filming analyzing glides nature , 
found squirrels glide equilibrium , instead continuously ch anged 
velocities forces throughout three phases “ flight.

” phases , squirrel ’ 
body tilts , net aerodynamic forces rotate pointing forward upward , 
towards back .

corresponds acceleration increasing , reaching peak , 
decreasing .

Video : Northern flying s quirrel gliding scientists called 
first phase ballistic dive , characterized height leaps ( potential 
energy ) , forward momentum gains leaping , acceleration picks gravity .

glide , squirrel ’ body tilts , net aerodynamic 
forces rotate pointing forward upward , towards back .

Next comes 
cruising phase , squirrel deploys membranes , forces lift drag increase .

phase , squirrel ’ body begins tilt horizontal upright ( head tail ) .

, 
lift increases beyond force gravity , squirrel ’ g lide path flattens .

instead falling downward gliding forward ’ moving horizontally forward .

Lift increases 
significantly , net aerodynamic force continues rotate rearward , slowing 
squirrel enough land .

landing , lift high glide path curves slightly 
upward moving squirrel completely vertical position grabs tree trunk .

Potential Understanding mammals like northern flying squirrel glide could 
improve parachute skydiving suit designs well improve air plane 
aeronautics .

could help improve efficiency reduce greenhouse gas 
emissions planes currently burn fossil fuels .

future , electric planes 
may need maximum efficiency help batteries last long possible .

Download 
Strategy PDF Related Strategies Biologi cal Strategy Birds Surf Air 

Biological Strategy Fish Scales 
’ Drag Fish shape scales causes water flow streak across fish skin , 
reducing tur bulence minimizing drag .

Last Updated May 12 , 2022 
References “ Gliding simplest form animal flight ; flapping motion

generate thrust , animal simply trades height horizontal movement .

Among extan t 
taxa , gliding evolved independently twice amphibians , least three times 
reptiles six times mammals , potentially many times extinct lineages.

” 
Journal article Glide performance aerodynamics non -equilibrium glides 
northern flying squirrels ( Glaucomys sabrinus ) Journal Royal Society 
Interface | 2012 | Joseph W. Bahlman , Sharon M. Swartz , Daniel K. 
Riskin , Kenneth S. Breuer embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle 
icon loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Hoverflies ’ 
Remarkable Roll  Hoverflies use rolling maneuver right taking upside .

Biological Strategy Moths Alter Fli ght 
maintain trajectory despite changes windspeed direction .

Strategy Birds Surf Air Pelicans pelican wings glide close water , use “ 
ground effect ” maximize lift , minimize dra g , conserve energy .

” 
Biological Strategy Spiders Fly Riding Electric Currents Spiders Spiders 
travel thousands miles a ir using silk ride electrostatic repulsion 
instead wind .

Embryo Development Pauses Time Delivery Ideal Conditions — Biological 
Strategies Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological S trategy Embryo 
Development Pauses Time Delivery Ideal Conditions Mammals Sam Stier Image 
: Shutterstock / Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon Living System 
toggle icon Animals Vertebrates Mammals Mammals Class Mammalia ( “ breast 

specialize d teeth .

Living System Contents Introduction Strategy Potential Re ferences Many 
mammals suspend development embryos deliver favorable times .

Introduction Stepping gingerly 
sunlit understory Northern Iran , three -year old Western roe deer nibbles 
wild rose leaves plants a mply provided throughout forest late May .

Impregnated back late July previous year , ’ days away giving birth two 
spotted fawns .

Nothing could ordinary natural cycle life , yet roe deer 
done something extraordinary .

10 months , pregnancy lasts much long er 
many mammals comparable size .

Baffled European hunters 1800s pointed 
surprising long gestation .

Scientists 1850s confirmed roe deer somehow 
capacity put pregnancies pause .

Since time , 130 different mammal 
species found capable “ embryonic diapause ”  .

Strategy many mammals , 
embryonic diapause roe deer begins days ovulation pregnancy , blastocyst 
( ball dividing cells developed days fertilized egg ) lost thick 
transparent membrane preparation implantation uterine wall .

next 5 
months , result molecul ar interactions uterus embryo , blastocyst 
increase size millimeters suddenly resuming normal rapid growth .

Diapause reactivation many mammals involves hormonal control , especially 
circulating levels prolactin , progesterone and/or oestrogen , 
photoperio d local proteins case roe deer .

pause development roe deer 
allows fertilization occur normal rutting period ( late summer ) delaying 
birth late spring , food abundant sufficient time exists young fawns 
develop prior onset first cold winter .

Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon Roe deer pregnancies last 
approximately 10 months , significant portion time embryonic development 
paused .

Potential Learning mammals successfully preserve embryos 
diapause could help development  medical therapies humans .

successful 
preservation embryos challenge common many different assisted 
reproductive technologies ( vitro fertilization ) , whose current success 
rate around 30 % .

greater understanding embryonic diapause mechanisms 
animal mod els could lead better assisted reproductive therapies , well 
therapies delay development utero humans , .

greater understanding stem 
cells , first isolated diapaused embryos , could also result research .

Finally , better grasp embryonic diapause could hel p suggest pathways 
halting unwanted cell division humans , potentially useful , instance , 
treating various cancers .

Many pathways genesassociated embryonic diapause species conservedin 
humans may , therefore , guide innovation embryopreservation strategies 
forwomen undergoing fertility treatments.

: 3 ) Journal article Female Health Across Tree Life : Insights 
Intersection Women 's Health , One Health Planetary Health PNAS Nexus | 
May 2022 | Natterson -Horowitz B. , Boddy A.M. , Zimmerman embedly preview 
toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading “ Embryonic diapause – period 
embryonic suspension blastocyst stage – fascinating phenomenon occurs 130 
species mammals , ranging bears badg ers mice marsupials .

diapause , minimal cell division greatly reduced 
metabolism , development put hold .

” ( Renfree Fenelon : 3199 ) Journal article enigma embryonic 
diapause Deve lopment | 2017 | Renfree , M.B .

Fenelon , J.C. embedly 
preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading “ Notably , diapause 
appears replicatedfollowing ART/IVF , prompt ET enables birth spacing , 
allow birth occur opportune time favorablecircumstances .

Despite efforts 
, ART currently take -home-baby rate ~30 % , therefore evaluation diapause 
successful mode assisting reproduction could informative .

Greater 
insights embryo maternal aspects diapause , allowing delineation 
effective interaction , improve h uman generally mammalian reproductive 
outcomes.

” ( Barnea Absalon -Medina : 196 ) Journal article Embryo 
diapause replicated Assisted Reproductive Technologies ( ART ) : modern 
applications ancient species survival mechanism Gynecological 
Reproductive Endo crinology Metabolism | 2021 | Barnea , E. Absalon -Medina 
, V. embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading AskNature 
Strategies Innovations Educators Donate Biomimicry Institu te Biomimicry 

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ResourcesGlobal N etworkInvite SpeakerBlog Initiatives Education K -5 
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Mission Donate Select Page Annual Financial Reports Mission : purpose 
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2018-2019 Annual Report 2019 , saw amazing growth three elements 
mission — emulation , ethos , ( ) connection — supported movement bring 
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Burning Stimu lates Flowering — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Burning Stimulates Flowering Grass tree 
AskNature Team Image : Jean/Fred / Flickr / rights reserved toggle icon 
Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Regulate 
Reproduction Growth Reproduction growth two physiological processes occur

situations conditions right , situations continuing 
either harms living syste m high energy cost .

Reproduction growth unique 
stop conditions improve , although stopping either extended time cause 
problems .

example regulating reproduction process called delayed 
implantation embryonic diapause found mammals , otters .

otter ’ embryo s 
sometimes temporarily cease developing ’ develop female senses conditions 
suitable .

search icon Search Function Send Chemical Signals ( Odor , 
Taste , Etc . )

Tastes , odors , hormones chemical signals float air 
water , applied solid surfaces .

Chemical s important signaling 
communication ; even humans , underdeveloped sense smell , influenced 
chemicals realize .

Chemical signals often specific living system 
intended receive , often relatively weak , dispersing upon moving liquids 
gases .

ensure chemical signals reach target , living systems create 
unique chemical signals methods dispersal .

One example orchid pollinated 
dung beetles , therefore distributes dung -smelling aroma attract .

search 
icon Search Function Plants Flowering Plants Grasses Grass tree  Flowering 
habitats .

search icon Search Living System Flowering 
burn .

“ flames come , quickly burn great tuft leaves [ grass tree ] 
incinerate almost instantaneously shower red sparks fly high sky .

stem , 
surrounded fire -guard remains unharmed leaves quickly regrown .

vegetation goes flames 
, great qua ntities ethylene gas released .

months fire passed leaves regrown , vertical 
green rod emerges centre leaves .

may 
production ethylene vast scale following fire cues flowering almost adult 
grass trees bushland.

” ( Attenborough 1995:191 ) Last Updated August 18 
, 2016 References Book Private Life Plants BBC Books | 21/08/1995 | David 
Attenborough embed ly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading 
Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Extra Egg Cells Maintain 
Fertility Naked mole rat Naked mole rat queens stay reproductive long 
lives maintaining health large number egg cells .

Biological Strat egy 
Dung Beetles Duped Plant Scent Orchids Orchidantha inouei tricks dung 
beetles pollination mimicking smell beetle 's favorite food .

Strategy Stress Response Suppressed Prioritize Reproduction Birds face 
environmental stress , birds fewer cha nces breed suppress stress response 
, keeping focus reproduction instead survival .

Biological Stra tegy Stem Grows Tall Stem papaya grows tall turgor 
pressure cells high Biological Strategy Pheromones Turn Nematodes Pest -
killing Machines Nematodes Applying pheromones nematodes turns ultimate 
natural pesticide , drastically increasing destruction insects  
Speaking – Biomimicry Institute .

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Learn speakers workshop leaders biomimicry shapin g education 
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Biomimicry 3 Essential Elements translating 
nature ’ strategies design , science practice involves three essential 
elements : Emulate , Ethos , ( ) Connect .

three components infused every 
aspect biomimicry represen t core values essence .

Hear three elements 
bring depth discovery life ’ genius , patterns , deep principles 
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Peer-to-Peer Learning Spreads Innovations Rapidly — Biological Strategy — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Peer -to-Peer 
Learning Spreads Innovations Rapidly Bottleno se dolphin Kathryn Krupin 
Image : Sonja Wild / Dolphin Innovation Project / Copyright © - rights 
icon Learn Living systems obtain information environment use find mates 
resources , e scape threats .

reactions gathered information instinctual 
innate behaviors , based previous experiences .

reactions based previous 
experiences , means , level , living system learning .

Learning involve 
living system passing information another living sys tem , living system 
obtaining information using feedback loop .

information include knowledge 
, experience , behavior , skills .

Learning takes place information new 
recipient used modify existing behavior skills .

chimpanzee uses stick successfully get 
ants ant mound continues , learned behavior .

another chimpanzee observes 
technique replicates , learned first chimp .

Capture , Absorb , Filter Organisms Many living syste ms must secure 
organisms food .

one living system must capture prey survive , prey must 
escape survive .

results capture avoidance strategies include trickery , 
speed , poisons , constructed traps , .

example , carnivorous plant 
called pitcher plant leaves  formed tube collect water .

insects enter tube seeking nectar , 
lose footing slide inside , unable climb escape eaten digested plant .

search icon Search Function Cooperate Within Species species group 
organisms capable breeding produce fertile offspring .

individuals within 
species undertake activities benefit one another , cooperation benefits 
individuals , also local wider populations species .

Collaborating 
activities finding food , controlling parasite s , protecting predators 
enhances overall survival .

cooperate , must enough benefit individual , 
especially population , justify risk taken individuals .

cooperation , 
risk distributed among individuals benefits community greater sum 
benefits individuals .

example birds gather flocks , cooperative activity 
beneficial acting alone .

Despite potential short -term competition 
individual finds food , long -term , individual benefits othe rs find 
different food sources .

search icon Search Function Protect Dirt/solids 
dirt small solids adhere living systems , slow , create blockages , 
reduce ability carry vital functions , cause surface wear tear .

Due 
electrostatic forces , ’ easy dirt sol ids adhere surfaces , living 
systems must overcome forces .

earthworm , example , uses small electric 
current keep soil particles adhering body moves soil .

search icon Search Function Adapt Behaviors 
environment co nstantly changing , living systems ’ adapt changes , ’ 
survive .

changes require flexibility behavioral responses match specif ic 

Whales dolphins Dolphins Bottlenose dolphin Mamma ls Class Mammalia ( “ 
breast ” ) : Bats , cats , whales , horses , humans Mammals make less 1 % 

Anot her critical shared feature set highly -

Living S ystem Contents Introduction Strategy Potential Video Related 
Content References New generations bottlenose dolphins adapt changing 

may seem surprising , recently , type 
learning scientists observed dolphins parent -child learning —the “ mother 
” strategy .

, seems young dolphins found new way capturing food , ’ 
spreading like online trend —from friend friend , without ( many ) moms 
involved .

Image : M. Herko / OAR/National Undersea Research Program ( 
NURP ) / Public Domain - restrictions toggle icon Bottlenose dolphin 
juveniles learn skills mothers .

dolphins , however , observed learning 
shelling behavior peers non -parent adults .

Image : Sonja Wild / Dolphin 
Innovation Project / Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon `` 
Shelling '' refers dolphin chases fish large shell , takes shell water 's 
surface lifts fish inside falls dolphin's mo uth .

However , dolphins observed learning shelling 
behavior peers non -parent adults .

Shelling '' refers dolphin chas es fish large shell , takes shell water 's 
surface lifts fish inside falls dolphin's mouth .

Strategy hip new foraging technique called “ shelling.

” dolphin chases 
fish large shell ( sea snail ) , carries shell surface water using snout 
, rostrum , dumps water shell way fish falls right dolphin ’ open mouth .

technique , called “ sponging 
, ” dolphin carries sea sponge tip rostrum uses sift rocks broken coral 
seafloor .

poking prodding stir s fish normally hide amongst sediments 
debris , sponge , worn like protective glove , prevents dolphins ’ rostra 
scraped process .

Interestingly , knowledge sponging technique tends 
passed consistently mother child .

Statistical analysis shelling , hand , 
indicated estimated 57 % dolphins learned technique “ social transmission 
, ” peers older non -parent individuals .

environmental conditions stable 
, animals rely wisdom parents elders group .

rapid environmental change , 
however , may carry advantage becom e experimental .

Biologists theorized 
environmental conditions stable , animals rely wisdom parents elders 
group .

safe bet , since older generations experience , time test various 
behaviors .

rapid environmental change , however , may carry advantage 
become experimental , since elders ’ techniques may outdated given new 
circumstances .

shelling behavior social learning bottlenose dolphins 
provides support theory .

2011 severe marine heatwave caused catastrophic 
ecological damage Shark Bay , home bottlenose  dolphins , scientists saw 
marked increase shelling behavior years .

Potential dispersed approach 
information sharing could many applications human activity .

Encouraging 
students ’ ability help teach could create dynamic efficient educational 
systems espe cially communities fewer adult teachers available .

approach 
also implications designing faster , resilient , responsive computer 
systems networks .

animation show shelling works , footage dolphins 
exhibiting shelling behavior Related Content Innovation : Industry 
Underwater Acoustic Communication Inspired Dolphins EvoLogics S2C 
technology EvoLogics helps detect tsunamis earlier maximizing 
transmission underwater signals turbulent water conditions .

Strategy Juvenile Friendships Help Throughout L ife Bottlenose dolphin 

Passes Complex Lessons Chimpanzee Chimpanzees maintain culture complex 
tool use proactive reactive teaching young .

Last Updated January 9 , 
2021 References individual average group size ( individual ’ average 
number group members averaged across population ) , estimated 15.6 ( 95 % 
confidence interval [ CI ] 2.06 –145 ) , indicating 15.6 -fold increase 
social learning rate per unit connection informed individuals relative 
baseline level asocial learning .

corresponds estimated 57 % ( 95 % CI 41 
% –74 % ) dolphins learning shelling social transmission .

estimated 
strength social transmission staye d even environmental and/or genetic 
networks added best model .

Journal article Integrating Genetic , 
Foraging Innovation Current Biology | Wild , S. , Hoppitt , W. J. E. , 
Allen , S. J. , & Krützen , M. embedly preview toggle icon Reference 
toggle icon loading highly specific tool use implications cognition brain 
evolution among cetaceans could even considered case problem solving , 
phenomenon difficult document wild , well established st udies captive 
bottlenose dolphins [ 48 ] .

study demonstrates bottlenose dolphins might 
use skills natural environment provides insight ecological evolutionary 
pressures promote higher -level cognition .

Spongers may solved problem 
detecting extracting swim bladderless prey sharp rough substrate probing 
seafloor soft sponge tool .

Journal article Ecological Conditions Favor 
Tool Use Innovation Wild Bottlenose Dolphins ( Tursiops sp . )

PLoS One | 
Patterson , E. M. , & Mann , J. embedly preview toggle icon Ref erence 
toggle icon loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Body 
Resists Soil Adhesion Body dung beetle reduces soil ahesion via non -
smooth surface morphology .

Biological Strategy Fangs Combine Copper 
Melanin Tough Material Bloodworm single prote in found bloodworms performs 

Biological Strategy Nests Dynamic Rock ant Temnothorax ants adjust colony 
growth diminution shedding reconstructing nests .

Mussel Mant le Lures Larval Hosts Plain pocketbook mussel shellfish 
structure looks like meal attracts erstwhile predators , become unwitting 
nannies bus drivers sedentary animal ’ offspring .

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Business Pl anning Biomimicry Toolbox Select Page Home » Methods » Emulate 
Nature ’ Lessons Emulate Nature 's Lessons SECTION 
  Overview 
  Tips 
Suggestions 
  Resources found number biological strategies analyzed 
design strategies extract , ready begin creative part —dreaming nature -
inspired solutions .

Emulation heart biomi micry ; learning living things applying 
insights challenges humans want solve .

rote copying nature ’ strategies 
, emulation exploratory process strives capture “ recipe ” “ blueprint ” 
nature ’ example modeled designs .

part process must reconcile learned  
last four steps Design Spiral coherent , life -friendly design concept .

’ 
important remain open -minded stage let go preconceived notions solution 
might .

Organize bio -inspired 
design strategies visual format char t .

Create categories sort strategies 
shared features , context , constraints , key mechanisms .

“ Uncover 
Patterns ” activity Resources section offers techniques .

Consider abstracted design strategies relation original 
design question problem identified Define step .

Biomimicry Brainstorming 
Activity Resources section provides one way .

Use techniques like brainstorming , mind -mapping ,  sketching help trigger 
new ideas .

variety helpful tools exist , many developed practitioners 
human-centered design design thinking .

Think strategies 
design concepts working relate nature unifying patterns .

use systems view get deeper level emulation life -friendly 
solution ?

Resources 
  Biomimicry Brainstorming Activity Use acti vity 
help team brainstorm ways apply bio -inspired design strategies .

Uncover Patterns look ways apply bio -inspired design strategies , try 
techniques help uncover potentially valuable patterns insights .

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Burrowing Robot Inspired Earthworms — Innovation — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Innovation Burrowing Robot Inspired Earthworms Istituto 
Italiano di Tecnologia Image : jlmcloughlin / iStock Getty Images / 
rights reserved toggle icon Contents Innovation Profile Challenge 
Innovation Details Biological Model References soft robot Istituto 
Italiano di Tecnologia mimics motion created worms ’ longitud inal 

Benefits Improves performance Autonomous Applications 
Underground exploration Construction Challenge soft robots previously 
created imitate earthworms ’ movement based wave circular lengthwise 
muscle contractions ( called peristalti c motion ) , designs used 
components switched two configurations .

Furthermore , previous designs generated force 
actuation passive times .

Innovation Details soft robot incorporates 
multiple , bi -directional peristaltic soft actuators ( PSA ) link 
together form network segments .

segment filled incompressible fluid , 
positive pressure , causes PSA elongate compressing radially ( segment 
stretches becoming thinner ) .

negative pressure , PSA contracts 
longitudinally , pushing fluid radially outward ( segment grows fatter 
becoming shorter ) .

Adding friction pads bottom segment increases grip , 
alternating pressure within segments coordinated manner causes robot move 
forward speeds 1.35 mm/s .

peristalti c soft actuator expands contracts : 
Connected together , PSA ’ move similar earthworm : Biological Model

common earthworm hundreds segments circular longitudinal muscles work 
independently .

Inside segment , incompressible fluid holds segment ’ 
shape preve nts damage worm burrows high -pressure environments .

earthworm 
wriggles forward , contracting circular muscles make segments thinner 
longer , allowing worm reach forward .

Contracting longitudinal muscles 
make segments shorter fatter , pulls back body forw ard .

Coordinating 
movements throughout worm ’ segments using setae —short stiff hairs 
provide anchors —creates wave -like , peristaltic motion propels 
invertebrate forward .

See Related Strategy See Related Strategy toggle 
icon Biological Strategy Flexible B ody Allows Earthworm Burrow Soil 
Earthworm soft , fluid -filled flexible body earthworm enables burrow soil 
using unique set muscles internal fluid maintain shape .

Journal article earthworm ‐like modular soft robot locomotion multi ‐terrain 
environments Scientific Reports | 2023 | Riddhi Das , Saravana Prashanth 
Murali Babu , Francesco Visentin , Stefano Palagi , Barbara Mazzolai 
embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading AskNature 
Contact Us instagram icon Monthly Newsletter Collect ions Biological 

Service & Privacy Policy bui lt Civilization right arrow right arrow 

updates ever-growing library biological strategies innovations .

Nurse Logs Provide New Habitat — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
AskNature AskNatur e logo Collections Biological Strategies Innovations 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Nurse Logs Provide New 
Habitat Western hemlock AskNature Team Image : Luca Bravo / Unsplash / 
Free non -commercial use toggle icon Functions Performed toggle ic on 
Living System toggle icon Cycle Nutrients ecosystems , thing waste .

Instead , one organism ’ waste considered another organism ’ resource , 
cycling nutrients may important form recycling living systems .

sometimes 
nutrients transformed one organism for m ’ readily used organisms .

search icon Search Function Generate Soil/Renew Fertility ecosystem ’ 
survive long without building soils preventing depleted fertilit y .

Organic matter , minerals , nutrients soil support organisms , 
microorganisms largest mammals .

organisms need minerals survive , minerals alone poor storing 
water needed organisms .

Therefore , soil orga nic matter support 
ecosystem organisms , turn , contribute organic matter , make nutrients 
accessible , hold water .

beetle gathers transports animal dung , feeds , buries soil , lays eggs .

time , adds nutrients organic matter 
soil , benefitting ecosystem whole .

Conifers Others Western hemlock Conifers Others ( Pines , Spruce , Gingko 
) Clade Gymnosperms ( “ naked seeds “ ) : Conifers , cycad s , Gingko , 

search i con 
Search Living System Tall , wide trees forests Pacific Northwest serve 
nurse logs seedlings fall , providing decades water nutrients slowly 
decay .

Image : Jim / toggle icon Image : J Brew / toggle icon Image : 
Torrey Ritter / CC NC - Creative Commons Attribution + Noncommercial 
toggle icon photo taken old forest .

Image : 
Torrey Ritter / toggle icon trees growing old stumps mature forest along 
northern Oregon coast .

right arrow righ t arrow “ coniferous forests north -west coast America , 
trees – Sitka spruce , hemlock Douglas fir – may grow two hundred feet 
high cut light .

enough , however , sustain ferns shade -loving plants , 
soil rich form dense ground -cover wade waste high .

Seedlings , even able germinate , would able gather 
enough light photosynthesise .

girth adult tree upper side fallen trunk remains ferns [ upright 
stump ] .

seed neighbouring  tree lands thus get sufficient light 
germinate .

perched brings another advantage : bark prostrate tree 
fibrous holds moisture like sponge young plant lack water .

Slowly rots begins 
crumble away providing sustenance young trees .

young seedlings still hold position high 
ferns roots become thick , support like stilts.

” ( Attenborough 1995:180 
) Last Updated October 16 , 2016 References Book Private Life Plants 
toggle icon loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Microbes 
Strip Plant Fibers C lean Bacteria Bacteria fungi break soft plant tissue 
leave tough stuff intact .

Biological Strategy Mucus Traps Carbon 
Seawater Giant Larvacean mucus “ houses ” giant larvacean enable filter 
seawater sequester carbon ocean efficiently zooplankton .

Strategy Mounds Maximize Ecosystem Productivity Termites below -ground 
mounds Odontotermes termites strongly influence savanna productivity via 
ordered spatial distribution modification soil composition .

Strategy Nurse Shrubs Promote Ecosyst em Regeneration Mediterranean 
montane ecosystem Pioneering nurse shrubs Mediterranean montane forests 
promote ecosystem regeneration increasing shade ground potassium ground .

Biological Strategy Natural 
Ecosystem Demonstrates Sustainability Prairie ecosystem Diversity life -
span plants help prairie ecosystems use water nutrients efficiently .

PrizeLaunchpad Systems Change P ilot ProjectsIndustry Reports Institute Us 
Mission Donate Select Page Impact ’ mission help solve humanity ’ biggest 
challenges adopt ion biomimicry ( nature -inspired innovation ) education , 
culture , industry .

’ put donations work 2022 : 's Inside Naturalizing 
Biomimicry around World AskNature.org : Inspiring Nature ’ Wisdom 
Transforming Educational Experiences Biomimicry Innovation :  Advancing 
Nature-Inspired Solutions Systems Change : Tackling Fashion Waste 
Biomimicry Museums Coast Coast New Faces Biomimicry Institute 's Inside 
Naturalizing Biomimicry around World AskNature.org : Inspiring Nature ’ 
Wisdom Transforming Educational Exp eriences Biomimicry Innovation :

Advancing Nature -Inspired Solutions Systems Change : Tackling Fashion 
Waste 's Inside Naturalizing Biomimicry around World AskNature.org : 
Inspiring Nature ’ Wisdom Transforming Educational Experiences Biomimicry 
Innovation  : Advancing Nature -Inspired Solutions Systems Change : 
Tackling Fashion Waste New Faces Biomimicry Institute 's Inside 
Wisdom Transforming Educational Experiences Biomimicry Innovatio n : 
Waste New Faces Biomimicry Institute January – March Naturalizing 
Biomimicry around World New Global Network Map launched new Global 
Network map 34 teams based 23 different countries  .

anyone connect 
nature-inspired innovators across world working practice , teach , spread 
biomimicry region challenge area passionate helping solve .

View Map 
  
GreenBiz featured Executive Director Beth Rattner article expectations 
circular economy begin  recognize failures recycling .

Communications 
Director , Lex Amore , shared promise biomimicry practice delivers hope 
strategies recent episode Changing Climate podcast .

LinkedIn quickly becoming favorite among 
professionals educators seeking latest biomimicry information .

AskNature.org : Inspiring Nature ’ Wisdom Introducing New AskNature 
Newsletter !

receive new biological strategies biomimetic innovations 
straight inbox .

Sign new AskNature newsletter receive late st ever-
growing library adaptations , discoveries , diverse perspectives nature 
cultures around world .

Sign Performance Partnerships 188K+Visitors 
Reached New Indigenous knowledge content partnership formed Polynesian 
Voyaging Society .

760KPage Views Bio mimicry World Expo Dubai Collection 
created tie Biomimicry 3.8 ’ exhibit .

30+ MoreFreshly Updated Biological 
Strategies Tune conversation SustainabiliME podcast featuring Brand 
Marketing Director Megan Dwyer .

Transforming Educational Experiences 
Biomimic ry Biomimicry Biographies January , launched Biomimicry Biography 
series .

series features leaders biomimicry movement providing sound 
advice young learners seeking make difference .

View 
  January , Youth 
Education launched Biomimicry Cadre Grades 4 5 .

b iomimicry practitioners 
, NGSS leads , classroom teachers created student survey standards -based 
, engaging phenomena used drive biomimicry instruction .

Listen Green 
Teacher Podcast featuring Youth Education Director , Rosanna Ayers , 
shares intricacies  biomimetic design educators open students ’ eyes 
wisdom nature .

Rosanna Ayers spoke alongside panel educators March 
Central CREEC California Environmental Literacy Project ( CELP ) Virtual 
Conference , working improve environmental literacy across regi on .

Innovation : Advancing Nature -Inspired Solutions 9 Incredible Startups 
Completed 2021 Biomimicry Launchpad incubator program designed help 
innovators take work lab marketplace .

Learn addressing environmental 
social issues nature -inspired innovations .

View Launchpad Portfolio 
Program Participant Updates Director Innovation Jared Yarnall -Schane 
presented 20 cabinet -level Ministers Science Technology .

spotLESS 
Materials closes $ 1.3M venture capital funding expands industrial 
partnerships .

Ray Hope Pr ize participant Biohm featured Guardian ( fungi 
getting attention deserve ) !

Systems Change : Tackling Fashion Waste 
Design Decomposition Coming new Systems Change initiative , Design 
Decomposition launched milestone announcement microsite .

Hear scientis t 
biomimetic design expert Ellie Banwell ’ bringing decomposition systems 
change conversation .

Watch Video 
  Fireside Chat : Watch short video 
encapsulating longer chat .

Field : 
partnership Foundation , recently completed wa ste characterization study 
market textiles Accra first phase beach waste study .

Biomimicry Museums 
Coast Coast Wild Creativity OMSI Oregon Museum Science Industry ( OMSI ) 
progressing phenomenal new exhibition provides hands -on experiences

Introducing Bio mimicry , Nature ’ Ingenuity , Biomimicry Action , 
Engineering Design Challenges , Biomimicry Community .

Learn 
  “ 
Biomimicry Action ” component OMSI exhibit : Nexloop , Nucleario , H2U , 
youth teams Reflective Roof Stillae .

“ Biomimicry Community ” vide os 
individuals Bryosoil , Aquacycle , Methanolite MyOak .

Cape Cod Museum 
Natural History : confirmed film partnership CCMNH , securing placement 
Promise Biomimicry video museum lobby shown 50,000 annual visitors .

New 
Faces Biomimicry Institute ’ growin g mighty team order meet growing 
demand biomimicry nature -inspired solutions .

Brian Oliva ( he/him ) , 
Youth Education Program Assistant Bay Area , CaliforniaBefore joining 
Institute , Brian served Alameda County Area Manager company ran LEGO® 
STEM afters chool enrichment programs , oversaw group instructors managed 

constantly looking build things , whether LEGO® , woodworking model kits 
.

Sarah McInerney ( she/her ) , Ray Hope Prize Program Manager Cleveland 
, OhioTraditionally trained zoologist educator , Sarah completed PhD 
integrated bioscience focusing potential biomimicry advance corporate 
sustainability design behavior .

work , provided professional biomimicry 
education innovation servi ces variety audiences Fortune 500 companies K -
12 institutions .

Dave Hutchins ( he/him ) , Launchpad Program Manager 
Butte , MontanaDave brings background environmental engineering PhD 
materials science , research focused remediating mining impacted waters  .

served research associate Center Advanced Materials Processing professor 
Montana Technological University .

April – June Naturalizing Biomimicry around World 
View Interview Janine Benyus 25th Anni versary Biomimicry : Innovation 
Inspired Nature May , celebrated 25 years since publishing Janine Benyus 
’ book Biomimicry : Innovation Inspired Nature virtual discussion 
connected biomimicry learners practitioners around world .

Janine shared 
journey biom imicry started meme turned global movement .

celebrate 
biomimicry movement , 52 collaborators around world recently contributed 
videos sharing biomimicry meant personal professional lives .

want latest  biomimicry hear 
practitioners around world , subscribe today !

Watch Video : Biomimicry 
Belonging Watch Video : Putting Nature Back Human Nature AskNature.org : 
Inspiring Nature ’ Wisdom New Biological Strategy Diagrams Make Learning 
Easier AskNature user s beginning see new wave custom diagrams updated 
biological strategy pages .

illustrations synthesize information diverse 
sources quickly accurately convey information relevant practice 

clear , consistent style designed increase engagement 
understanding platform users ––and especially young learners .

View 
Strategy Diagrams Performance Partnerships 198K+Visitors Reached Learn “ 
Rise Reign Mammals ” New Collection Essay Steve Brusatte .

705KPage Views 
Collaborating Wonderspace 40 Episodes : Hear Chief EditorAndrew Howley 
Latest Episode .

3New Biological Strategy Collections Explore Collection 
celebrating innovations past 25 years biomimicry .

AskNature Inbox 
continue grow number recipients mo nthly AskNature newsletter , brings 
latest biological st rategies , stories , innovations straight inbox .

Sign Transforming Educational Experiences Biomimicry Youth Design 
Challenge Winners Announced !

Every year , Youth Design Challenge engages 
thousands students around world biomimicry curriculum challenge us ing 
nature-inspired ideas solve environmental social issues important 
students .

Meet Winners 
  12,000 
students exposed Biomimicry Youth Design Challenge curriculum 2021 -2022 
school year .

484 educators coaches signe d curriculum introduce middle 
high school students .

12 countries represented 95 national 
submissions 30 international submissions .

Urban Floodwater Reduction 
System High School First Place Fire Forewarner Middle School First Place

Youth Education Dir ector Rosanna Ayers presented science educators across 
California 2022 Central California Regional Environmental Education 
Community ( CREEC ) Network ’ California Environmental Literacy Project 
Conference .

Innovation : Advancing Nature -Inspired Solutions  Ray Hope 
Prize applications !

order discover promising nature -inspired startups 
world , recently worked 50 pipeline partners global biomimicry community 
.

’ snapshot year ’ results : 212 applications 
54 different countries .

16 % applications founding team least 40 % identify members 
racial ethnic group historically underrepresented tech entrepreneurship 
Represent regenerative future agriculture , sanitation , construction , 
remediation advanced materials , colorants , textiles , energy , 10 
finalists selected , participate Ray Hope Prize program , 10 -week program 
delivers sustainable business training , communications support , 
opportunities non -dilutive funding —the top $ 100,000  equity-free prize .

Read Ray Hope Prize Program Participant Updates Read “ Three Companies 
Solving Problems Using Biomimicry ” GreenBiz learn Ray Hope Prize 
finalists ECOncrete , Impossible Materials , Biohm .

Check article “ 
Plants : Nature ’ Original In novators ” BBC Earth features solutions 
designed 2020 Ray Hope Prize Finalist , Change : Water Labs featured .

Innovation team returned in -person Circularity event speak stage 
biomimicry startup space , well Living Future virtual conference .

Systems Chang e : Tackling Fashion Waste Design Decomposition new Systems 
Change initiative , Design Decomposition , continues lead new standard 
industrial symbiosis .

Beginning fashion sector , engaging two -year , 
multi-million dollar project demonstrate scalable new p athways ~92 
million tons fashion waste discarded annually embracing true 
decomposition —the way leaves break soil —that builds healthy ecosystems .

Since April , : Selected Rotterdam Berlin two well -resourced cities 
conduct textile waste pilots .

pilots seek  commercially ready 
decomposition technologies convert wasted clothes textiles bio -compatible 
raw materials — jibe nature , eventually , decompose .

Completed 
technology map 135 biomimetic approaches decomposition Conducted water ( 
soil ) testing dumpsite Accra , Ghana —an effort led Foundation , 
supported researchers University Ghana .

learning nature , proving ’ 
possible turn neglected carbon molecules back something useful biosphere 
.

Learn Design Decomposition New Faces Biomimicry Institute ’ growing 
mighty team order meet growing demand biomimicry nature -inspired 

Kelli Young ( she/her ) , Administrative Assistant – Human 
Resources Bozeman Area , MontanaKelli brings 15 years Human Resources 
experience Biomimicry Institute .

earned BA Psycholog y Roanoke College , 
VA Masters Professional Studies Human Resources Employment Relations Penn 

Kelli husband enjoy outdoors together 
visited roughly half nation al parks United States .

Recent transplants 
Montana , look forward introducing young son great outdoors .

Jen 
Fredette ( she/her ) , Visual Design Manager Western MontanaJen Visual 
Design Manager Biomimicry Institute initiatives .

dedicated CrossFit athlete coach loves spending time 
rafting amazing rivers Western Montana family .

Jen graduated University 
Montana degree Communications continuously ins pired nature lend positive 

July – September Naturalizing Biomimicry around World 
Disappearing Freaks Nature Could obsessed death indifferent extinction ?

Writer , biomimicry graduate student , Director Fragile Earth , Kate 
Losey , addre sses question hugely popular article captured need protect 
even scariest organisms secrets hold .

learning killer worms plastic 
pollution sloth spines future infrastructure energy , piece brought piece

Read Blog Post Kate  Losey Social Ever 
bringing biomimicry , blast process .

last months , ’ upped production 
sharing Instagram , LinkedIn , YouTube , Medium , answering call nature -
inspiration innovative solutions .

LinkedIn Instagram 
YouTube Medium AskNature.org : Inspiring Nature ’ Wisdom New Printable 
Strategy Pages always working make AskNature educational inspirational 
platform .

make in -class at -home sharing easier , ’ created set popular  
biological strategies print -friendly format .

Get Printable Strategies 
Performance Partnerships 170K+Visitors Reached Mechanoreceptors Increase 
Fingertip Sensitivity 476KPage Views Bird ’ Respiratory System 
Facilitates Efficient Gas Exchange 3New Biologic al Strategy Collections 
Butterflies Hack Light Waves Produce Brilliant Color AskNature Inbox 
continue grow number recipients monthly AskNature newsletter , brings 
latest biological strategies , stories , innovations straight inbox .

Sign Transforming Educa tional Experiences Biomimicry August September , 
joined PocketLab ’ Science Cool webinar series introduce Youth Design 
Challenge thousands youth educators shared ways 6 –12-grade educators 
begin introduce biomimicry pathway sustainable design .

Meet New Youth Design Challenge excited 
introduce new improved Youth Design Challenge .

educators find simplified 
streamlined process lesson planning , ’ find flow MIMIC curriculum 
enhanced –all based educator feedback last year ’ Challenge .

’ also find 
clearer alignment 5E instructional model , updated worksheets , 
activities guide along way .

See NEW Youth Design Challenge Curriculum 
Innovation : Advancing Nature -Inspired Solutions Meet 2022 Ray Hope Prize 
Finalists Every year , scour world find promising nature -inspired 
startups .

year , blown away found nature -inspired solutions bringing 
marketplace .

participating startups potential reduce eliminate many 
current extractive industries practices , revitalizing degraded 
ecosystems—a prize celebrate .

Meet Startups Bringing Nature -Inspired 
Startup Leaders Nature September , brought 2022 Ray Hope Prize Finalists 
Redwoods Northern California week -long expedition reconnect nature .

years , ’ found researchers nature -inspired inn ovators deep experiences 
nature .

importantly , ’ lacked experiences nature like -minded nature -
inspired leaders face similar challenges .

improve learning connections , 
invited past Ray Hope Pr ize participants share experience , venture 
capital leaders give perspective 2022 finalists face growth journey .

Thankfully 
company amazing founders inspire captivate imagination .

Grateful 
Biomimicry Institute hosting Ray Hope finalists immersive retreat !

” ~Joanne Rodriguez , 
Myocycle Alumni News Impossible Materials ’ natural alternative titanium 
dioxide featured FI Global Insights .

Aquammodate w ater purification 
technology makes Norrsken ’ Impact100 list .

Better Ventures backs Cypris 
Materials pursuit safe , high -performance colors .

Innovation Inbox Sign 
receive quarterly news Innovation initiative .

’ get latest nature -
inspired innovation incl uding industry news best practices , cutting edge 
research , updates participants .

Sign Systems Change : Tackling Fashion 
Waste Rotterdam Accra Opportunity Assessments : Complete !

last three 
months , on -ground partners completed Opportunity Assessments f irst pilot 
cities , Rotterdam Accra .

assessments enabled us : Gain holistic 
understanding natural , social , industrial ecosystem needs 
vulnerabilities pilot city surrounding region .

Leverage existing data ( 
gather , case Accra ) , stakeholder knowledge map material flows post -
consumer textiles ( quantity composition ) pilot city , factors involved 
decision making distribution different material cycling destinations ;

Utilize Design Decomposition Theory Change order connect long term 
desired outcomes oppo rtunity areas implementing decomposition pathways .

Together , work inform decomposition technologies select pilots .

huge 
step two -year , multi -million-dollar project demonstrate scalable new 
pathways ~92 million tons fashion waste discarded annually .

embracing 

Learn Design Decomposition October – December Naturalizing 
Biomimicry around World Biomimicry Philosophy biomimicry movement highly 
practical orientation .

yet , underl ying motivating practices biomimicry 
, lies distinctive philosophy –a profound way understanding relating 
nature challenges many core assumptions contemporary thought .

central 
philosophical claim biomimicry epistemological ; claim knowledge .

Traditional e pistemology holds knowledge humans possess generated either 
, senses , reason , introspection , memory , humans , pass , generally 
form testimony ( Audi 1998 ) .

Nature , perspective , ever object human 
knowledge , something learn .

Read Blog Post Henry Di cks Social Ever 

YouTube Medium AskNature.org : Inspiring Nature ’ Wisdom Custom 
Illustrations Enhance AskNature improve learning AskNature , continuing 
add custom illustrations site , including Sea Otter Fur , Polar Bear Fur 
, Camel Fur .

also 
adding custom animations created Ray Hope Prize finalist videos .

quick 
animations demonstrate ‘ ’ behind biological strategies .

Check examples : Morpho | White Beetle  | Pitcher Plant | 
Mantis Shrimp Performance Partnerships 180K+Visitors Reached 570KPage 
Views 35New Innovations University Labs Educators : New Printable 
Biological Strategies Popular Post : Clownfish Sea Anemone Help AskNature 
Inbox continue grow number recipients monthly AskNature newsletter , 
brings latest biological strategies , stories , innovations straight 
inbox .

Sign Transforming Educational Experiences Biomimicry Meet New 
Youth Design Challenge 2022 -2023 Youth Design Challenge officially 
launched  October 3rd !

newly designed 
Youth Design Challenge easier follow educators , aligned biomimicry 
process teach design spiral , clearer alignment 5E instructional model .

Advice Biomimicry Professional s committed showing 
students learning practicing biomimicry much school lesson .

Biomimicry Biographies , 
students hear scientists , researchers , innovators , entrepreneurs , 
biomimicry shaped lives .

Watch Video Innovation : Advancing Nature -
Inspired Solutions Meet 2022 Ray Hope Prize Winner October , thrilled 
announce GreenPod Labs 2022 ’ Ray Hope Prize winner .

agricultural 
biotechnology startup based India , GreenPod Labs focused tackling food 
loss problems developing countries .

learning fruits vegetables naturally 
resist pest fungal pathogens , Greenpod Labs showcases learning nature 
solve climate societal problems .

Inspired nature ’ surface textures , deve loped novel laser technology 
capable integrating functional micro - nanostructures replace today ’ 
ecologically harmful surface finishing manufacturing technologies .

GreenPod Labs Fusion Bionic GmbH chosen field 212 companies 54 countries 
.

tackle sustaina ble development goal , disrupt extractive industries , 
create life -friendly future .

Alumni 
News Mussel Polymers featured Composite World new product launch .

Biome 
Renewables featured Sustainable Markets Initiative ’ Re -TV.org Fusion 
Bionic selected EU -funded project advance functional , bio -inspired 
surfaces made lasers .

’ get latest nature -inspired innovation including 
industry news best practices , c utting edge research , updates 
participants .

Sign Systems Change : Tackling Fashion Waste collaboration 
partners , ’ completed number milestones : Foundation , partner Ghana , 
completed Waste Landscape Analysis , exploring waste Global North comes 
end Accra ( 15 million garments week ) .

also documented many pathways 
textiles take off -loaded containers , including happens textiles deemed “ 
waste ” secondhand clothing sellers , often store textiles sell fast 
enough .

Metabolic Institute , identified 160 dec omposition technologies 
could used break textiles , including identifying specific inputs outputs 
.

technologies matched specific geographical location turned system map 
order identify missing connections .

found several opportunities D4D 
thinking might co mbine technologies improve efficiency existing textile 
recycling infrastructure .

Center Green Chemistry & Green Engineering 
Yale , completed review existing biodegradation standard protocols .

work 
used add recommend alternatives existing flawed standardi zed tests 
biodegradation .

Learn Design Decomposition New Faces Biomimicry 
Institute ’ growing mighty team order meet growing demand biomimicry 
nature-inspired solutions .

Katia Hargrave ( she/her ) , Design 
Decomposition Project Assistance Orange County ,  CaliforniaKatia driven 
passion meaningfully sustainably address social justice issues .

brings 
unique mix experiences living working across North America , South 
America , South/Southeast Asia .

Katia draws roles impact startup , 
early-stage impact VC , i mpact-focused investment bank , impact advisory 
firm .

applies experiences international development background support 
systems change work Biomimicry Institute .

Donate Biomimicry Institute 
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, : Help bring biomimicry education students Accelerate growth nature -
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Mission D onate Select Page K -5 Biomimicry EducationTeaching lens 
biomimicry offers opportunities reconnect students wonders natural world 
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encourage deep connections nature , process developing comprehensive 
nature-inspired curriculum elementary students , partner ship Green 
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Civilization — Design Practice CIVILIZATION Settings icon Work Studio 
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DutchEnglishFrenchGermanItalianPortugueseRussianSpanish Motion Events 
Vocal Type exhibition view March 2023 Branch Museum Architecture + Design 
Richmond , Virginia Work Aids Memorial Pathway Permanent Public Art

Installation Work Recompose Recompose first world offer natural organic 
reduction , process gently converts human remains soil Work Smithsonian + 
USA Today ‘ Y esterday , Today ’ activity guide celebrates unexpected 
connections past present found within Smithsonian ’ collections Work Ask 
Nature Identity , Web Design Development largest Biomimicry encyclopedia 
internet .

Work Shout Abortion # ShoutYourAbortion dec entralized network 
individuals creating space talk abortion terms Studio National Design 
Award Recipient Civilization received prestigious Cooper Hewitt , 
Smithsonian Design Museum National Design Award Communication Design 
Events Design Lecture Series Mai ling List Instagram Twitter Lectures 
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content page .

Kenya Hara Designing Design 
culture (  whoever ) important culture ( whoever ) .

Milton Glaser goal design elevate 
expectations make something artful .

Emory Douglas Minister Culture Black Panther Party Graphic 
design luxury , necessity .

Impermeable Coating Material Inspired Nacre — Innovation — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Innovation : Academia Impermeable Coating 
Material Inspired Nacre U niversity Connecticut 2017 Image : Phil Shirley 
/ Flickr / rights reserved toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon 
Protect Fire Depending location , fire either predictable unpredictable .

fire  cyclic , 
living systems must able survive fire , quickly recover following .

example , pine trees live areas periodic fires thick bark provides 
insulation , thereby protecting tree ’ living tissue .

Function Manage Impact impact high fo rce mechanical shock happens short 
period time , hammer hitting nail rather hand pushing slowly wall .

speed 
force , impacts ’ allow materials slowly adjust force , lead cracks , 
ruptures , complete breakage .

absorb ,  dissipate , otherwise survive force without need add large 

withstand impacts ’ made composite material rigid foam inside layers hard 

search icon Search Fu nction Manage 
sitting .

Innovation Profile Challenge Innovation Details Biomimicr y Story 
References Coating UConn made nanosheets polymer matrix makes nearly 
impermeable air gases .

Benefits Stronger Eco -friendly Scalable 
Applications Electronics Packaging Consumer goods UN Sustainable 
Development Goals Addressed Goal 9 : Industry Inno vation & Infrastructure 
Goal 12 : Responsible Production & Consumption Challenge Many electronics 
susceptible permanent damage moisture .

example , small components within 
cellphones require waterproof barrier protection .

make coating , 
nanosheets pre -arranged series polymer flows sheets lock place .

shown 60 percent strong er stainless steel 
used variety materials protect fire water .

Biomimicry Story Nacre , 
mother pearl , forms iridescent inner layer shells molluscs .

natural 
composite plates aragonite ( form calcium carbonate ) natural polymers 
coil around plates .

polyme r holds plates together allowing slip side 
side stress , enabling nacre strong flexible .

See Related Content See 
Related Content toggle icon Biological Strategy Protein Complex Guides 
Nacre Formation Black -lip pearl shell protein , Pif , secreted pearl 
oysters contributes strength shape shell due key amino acids guide 
mineral crystal growth .

Biological Strategy Interlocking Increases 
Material ’ Toughness Mollusks ( Snails , Octopuses ) Plates nacre 
increase toughness interlocking Biological Strategy Weak Interfaces Make 
Material Tough Black -lip pearl shell Layers weak stretchy organic 
material brittle mineral layers nacre make whole composite tough managing 
cracks .

References Journal article Biomimetic nanocoatings exceptional 
mechanical , barrier , flame -retardant properties large -scale one -step 
coassembly Science Advances embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle 
icon loading Innovations Innovation : Industry High -Performance 

Innovation : Acade mia 
University California San Diego Display technology University California 
, San Diego uses light -diffracting microstructures display vibrant , 
iridescent colors .

Innovation : Academia  Modular Solar Cell Inspired 

Innovation : Academia Programmable Stretchable Surfaces Inspired 
Octopuses Cornell U niversity Stretchable surfaces Cornell made extensible 
silicone inextensible mesh instantly transform flat sheet 3D shape .

Deakin University Membrane Deakin University made aramid na nofibers boron 

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Edison , Inventor designing solutions , ’ import ant test ideas learn ’ 
work order make designs better .

EVALUATE 
Assess design concept ( ) well meet criteria constraints design challenge 
fit Earth ’ systems .

team examine design concepts developed Emulate step well 
solve design challenge life -friendly way feasible .

Although  Evaluate 
shown “ last ” step Design Spiral , Evaluation occur multiple times 
throughout design process increasing rigor .

Early process , may simple 
pausing generate number ideas identify concepts potential seem like dead 
ends .

team hones concept , evalu ation may involve complex activities , 
creating models , testing technologies , sharing prototypes users 
stakeholders solicit feedback .

Consider 
potential barriers limitations design concept migh t face ( e.g .

technology , cost , materials , regulations , culture ) solution could 
deployed real world ( e.g .

design concept incorporate embody principles successful life -friendly 
design ?

Make simple prototypes visualizations ( 
drawings , storyboards , etc . )

help recognize problems 
opportunities might missed makes easier share ideas others feedback .

Even low -resolution , non -functional prototypes useful first testing 
concepts .

Rapid Prototyping Methods IDEO.org ’ Design Kit great 
resource learning methods rapidly prototyping testing ideas .

student 
German University Cairo interviews stakeholder Fayoum , Egypt .

University ’ team , Egy -Osmo , dev eloped camel -inspired irrigation pest -
control strategy grand prize 2012 -13 Biomimicry Student Design Challenge 
.

Interview prospective users stakeholders understand 
reactions idea .

best 
design outcomes often arise design team cycles steps Design Spiral many 
times , improving design concepts rapid iteration .

Expect revisit ear lier steps revise work new insights 
emerge force revisit past assumptions .

Final thoughts popular inspiring biomimicry case studies seem almost

obvious elegance simplicity , given elegance evident many nature ’ 

Yet many biomimetic concepts require years iteration become 
commercially successful .

reality , developing successful biomimetic 
solution complex challenging journey .

Biomimicry also practice , 
practice various steps biomimicry design process , natural ’  become 
quickly ’ able iterate .

Resources h Nature 's Patterns Checklist Use 
checklist assess design nature ’ unifying patterns .

Generation ( 2010 ) book Alexander Osterwalder & Yves Pigneur introduces 
Business Model Canvas , tool mappin g market strategies especially useful 
disruptive innovations .

Rapid Prototyping IDEO.org ’ Design Kit great 
resource learning various methods rapidly prototyping testing ideas .

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Storyboarding 
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order view 
preferences  .

Check video IDEO.org ’ Design Kit overview using 
storyboarding help visualize design concept interact users .

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offer thousands real -
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Visit AskNature.org AskNature.org AskNature field guide natural wo rld , 
designed draw eye learn nature ––not .

free open tool helping nature -
inspired design become standard practice .

Value Asking Nature human -
constructed world ripe deep redesign , time , needs good life .

Fortunately , surrounded experts life -enhancing d esign—the organisms 
living systems developing epic give take billions years .

One barrier 
learning lack tools transfer knowledge nature human design .

, created 
Rosetta Stone “ biological blueprints ” modern design products , 
processes , systems .

Visitors AskNature Access : 
Biological Strategies Crafted expert team science communicators , pages 
use jargon -free language clear visuals reveal adaptations living 
organisms human innovators translate design solve sustainability 

Inspi red Innovations pages contain examples biomimicry 

AskNature place fi nd consolidated list bio -inspired 
products processes established companies , entrepreneurs , academic 
researchers .

offer lesson plans materials training practice biomimicry grade -
appropriate projects throughout years formal education .

Organized 
Collections Biological Strategies , Innovations , Educational Resources 
curated draw attention important inspiring themes .

Reflect big ideas 
biomimicry essays thought -leaders , researchers , artists , others across

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place ’ awestruck daily .

” – Janine Benyus  , 
Co-Founder , Biomi micry Institute Funders & Partners  
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Youth Design Challenge DONATE Introducción Introducción ¿Qué es diseño ?

Videos introductorios Conceptos medulare s Función estrategia La visión 
sistémica El sistema operativo de la Tierra Patrones unificadores de la 
naturaleza Métodos El proceso biomimético Definir el reto Biologizar la 
función el contexto Descubrir las estrategias biológicas Abstraer las 
estrategias  de diseño Emular las lecciones de la naturaleza Evalúa la 
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de lectura Glosario de términos Estudios de caso Investigación en 
biología Leer un artículo científico Colaboración interdi sciplinaria 
Planeación empresarial para la biomímesis Acerca del Manual Seleccionar 
página Home Manual de Biomímesis Tu guía para aplicar las lecciones de la 
naturaleza los retos de diseño .

Al aplicar las lecciones de diseño de la 
naturaleza , podemos cre ar soluciones que ayuden mantener un planeta 
saludable .

Este sitio de recursos digitales del Biomimicry Institute 
proporciona una guía de inicio rápido para la biomímesis , introduciendo 
los conceptos métodos básicos que son esenciales para incorporar con  
éxito las ideas de la naturaleza en el diseño .

Empiece aprender ahora 

Structure Distributes Stress — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Structure Distributes Stress Scots pine 
AskNature Team Functions Performed toggle icon Living System toggle icon 
Manage Tension living system tension , means force pulling , like person 
pulling rope tied horse .

applied living system , unless system 
completely rigid , result gets stretched .

stretching exceeds strength 
living system ’ material , damage .

Living systems  manage tension using 
materials flexible stretchable enough survive tension occurs environment 
.

waves incoming outgoing 
tides put tension soft -bodied organisms .

Mussels resist tension flexible 
threads hold on to rocks ; contrast , large algae stretchy fronds .

search 
icon Search Function Manage Compression living system compression , force 

applied t wo sides , results 

Living sys tems strategies help prevent compression recover , 

Manage Shear effect shear stress living system parallel internal surfaces 

strength makes harder impossib le slide .

hairs interlock provide shear  
strength , two hair brushes put together would difficult slide past .

search icon Search Function Plants Conifers Others Pines Scots pine 
Conifers Others ( Pines , Spruce , Gingko ) Clade Gymnosperms ( “ naked 
seeds “ ) : Conifers , cycads , Gingko , gnet ophytes approximately 1,000 
known species Gymnosperms .

include well known needle -bearing plants like 
pines , firs , spruce , well broad leaves like Gingko gnetophytes .

Instead flowers , gymnosperms produce unenclosed ( “ naked ” ) seeds 
exposed surface c one scales .

Economically , conifers make 45 percent 
world ’ lumber production .

first gymnosperms evolved 390 million years 
ago Paleozoic Era dominated landscapes quarter billion years evolution 

search icon Search Living  System 

Trees bones achieve even distribution mechanical tension efficient use 
material adaptive structural design , optimizing strength , resilience , 
material wide variety load cond itions .

example , distribute stress 
uniformly , trees add wood points greatest mechanical load , bones go 
step , removing material needed , lightweighting structure dynamic 
workloads .

scale cell , trees arrange fibers direction flow force , 
principal str ess trajectories , minimize shear stress .

Engineers 
incorporated lessons learned trees bones software design programs 
optimize weight performance fiber -composite materials .

example , car 
parts entire cars designed principles resulted new vehicle designs crash-
safe conventional cars , 30 % lighter .

Image : Tuohirulla / Wikimedia 
Commons / toggle icon Image : Ronja Addams -Moring / Wikimedia Commons / 
toggle icon Image : Biomimicry Institute / toggle icon Collage images 
relating lightweighting Image : Sherr y Ritter / toggle icon tree larger 
rings downwind side tree response high winds area ( Waterton Lake , 
Alberta , CA ) .

Related Content Biological Strategy Helical Wound Fibres Increase 
Toughness Plant s Cellulose fibers plant stems increase toughness winding 
around tubes angle Last Updated August 21 , 2019 References “ analogy [ 
Claus ] Mattheck wants pursue , though , trees organisms , trees 
engineered artefacts .

trees achieve longevity structural sta bility , ’ 
qualities reliability integrity engineers want design products ?

“ key 
Mattheck ’ contention structural optimisation trees apparent natural 
structures animal bones making external internal stresses uniform across 
whole structure possible .

Matth eck calls ‘ axiom uniform stress ’ adds , 
though cite plenty examples , prove exists…Mattheck ’ contention trees 
constantly readjusting balance adding material points high stress adding 
material points low stress .

( Bones , contends , go one stage actuall y 
shrinking points low stress . )

“ trees , junctions main trunks branches 
, instance , places concentrated stresses .

” ( Pullin 1998:17 -18 ) Journal article author 
's reply discussion “ survey X -rays engineering industry ” Journal 
Institution Electrical Engineers - Part : General | 11/04/2014 | V.E .

Pullin embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Book 
Design Nature : Learning Trees 27/02/2004 | Claus Mattheck embedly 
preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Journal article Teacher 
tree : evolution notch shape optimization complex simple Engineering 
Fracture Mechanics | 05/04/2006 | C. Mattheck embedly preview toggle icon 
Reference toggle icon loading Journal article Talking trees Pullin , John

Caterpillars Reshape Leave s Silk Cherry leaf roller Caterpillars use 
Fungi create strong lightweight material producing random network tiny  
threads .

Strategy Shell Geometry Materials Resist Cra cking Tortoises shell 

Birds , Reptiles ) combina tion mineral crystals collagen fibers protects 

NetworkI nvite SpeakerBlog Initiatives Education K -5 EducationYouth Design 
MissionJanine BenyusStaff , Board , AdvisorsCa reers 
Mission Donate Select Page Featured News Nature Help Us Prepare Next 
Pandemic Biomimicry : Using Nature ’ Perfect Innovation Systems Design 
Future Cutting -Edge Engineering Borrows  Nature ’ Innovations Sustainable 
Brands Features Ray Hope Prize Finalists News Institute Meet Newest Young 
Innovators Biomimicry Biomimicry Institute Begins Search Top Nature -
Inspired Startup World Launchpad Program Reborn Help Innovators 
Commercialize Wo rk Biomimicry Ray Hope Prize Awarded GreenPod Labs 
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Addressing Environmental Social Issues Biomimicry Institute Partners ScIC 
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Ray Hope Prize « Older Entries Biomimicry Press Biomimicry Finding 
Success Deep Tech Innovative Approaches Tackle Self -Cleaning Solar Panels 
Wilful ’ 5 Minute Masterclass Biomi micry Jared Yarnall -Schane Biomimicry 
, Operating Manual Earthlings « Older Entries Institute Newsletter Read 
latest edition Biomimicry Institute newsletter , well archived topics 
previous newsletters .

Unfortunately small staff accommodate high volume image requests receive 
.

recommend AskNature great tool finding information photos relevant 
specific topic .

Inspiration InboxJoin thousands nature -inspired 

Accelerate growth nature -inspired startups entrepreneurs Increase num ber 
.

Functional Surface Finishing Inspired Plants Insects — Innovation — 
Innovations Ed ucators Donate Search Innovation : Industry Functional 
Surface Finishing Inspired Plants Insects Fusion Bionic Image : Claire

Houck / toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Modify Light/Color 
Color living systems comes pigments interaction light surfa ces .

create effects needed purpose , living 

example , brightly colored feather patches throats ; coloring comes 

However , needs mute colors reduce conspicuousness , 

Material Characteristics materials found livin g systems variable , yet 
often made basic building blocks .

material resources limited , material within 
used given living system must frequently serve multiple purposes .

Therefore , living sy stems strategies modify materials ’ softness , 
flexibility , characteristics .

ensure survival , benefits modifications 
must outweigh living system ’ energy material expenditure generate .

example , spiders store liquid components spider silk gland , conve rting 
silk thread needed .

threads different characteristics , elasticity UV 
reflectance , others .

search icon Search Function Protect Microbes 
living systems , microbes play important roles , breaking organic matter 

surfaces , reducing effectiveness –for example , inhibiting leaf ’ ability 

cause diseas e become numerous create imbalance system .

example , pea seedlings e xude chemical 

oxygen , promote excessive bacterial  fungal growth , strip away soil 

liquid away  .

search icon Search Function Protect Chemicals 
Chemicals everywhere bodies living organisms external en vironments .

chemicals valuable benign , toxic , including used defense ( mucus 
protects clownfish anemone ’ stinging tentacles ) .

Even naturally -
occurring chemicals , arsenic , must managed reduce impact .

living 
systems strategies break harmful chemical s , alter less toxic forms , 
physically prevent chemicals harming sensitive tissues , .

example , 
herbivorous mammals digest toxic compounds plants particular enzyme helps 
process poisonous plant compounds .

Innovation Profile Challenge Innovation Details Video Biological Model 
Ray Hope Prize® Fusion Bionic uses laser interference patterns 

Benefits 
Reduced material consumption Produce color without paints d yes Reduce 
glare without toxins Smooth roughen surface without sandblasting Protect 
water without coatings Sanitize without toxins Applications Solar panels 
Architecture Vehicles Furniture UN Sustainable Development Goals 
Addressed Goal 6 : Clean Water & S anitation Goal 7 : Affordable & Clean 
Energy Goal 9 : Industry Innovation & Infrastructure Goal 11 :

Consumption Challenge Zoom lotus leaf , butterfly ’ wing , moth ’ eye ’ 
see intricate a rrays extremely tiny bumps , precisely positioned repel 
water , dirt , bacteria ––or even provide color better absorb light ––
without organism expend additional energy .

Humans often achieve 
qualities use toxic chemicals large amounts water resources .

Laser  
etching machining techniques allowed humans create similar nano textures 
impart function directly onto surfaces , slow energy -intensive , 
difficult use scale .

Innovation Details Scientists Fusion Bionic found 
extremely efficient way nano -texturing surfac es harnessing properties 
light .

Instead using laser beam like knife etch surface line line , 
control interference pattern multiple sub -beams use like stamp produce 
complete texture .

technique effic iently produce functional textures , mimicking nature ’ 
surfaces , replace costly traditional methods finishing surfaces .

DLIP , 
laser beams combined controlled manner create defined interference 
pattern within processing area .

pattern produced much smal ler laser beam 
typical resolutions range 300 nm 30 μm .

Due interference effect , areas 
high intensity ( interference maxima ) zero intensity ( interference 
minimums ) present within laser beam .

machining , material surface 
modified intensity maximums , r emaining areas remain unaffected .

patterns created Fusion Bionic ’ DLIP technology transferred almost 
materials , metals polymers ceramics , coatings , glass .

Model Zoom lotus leaf , butterfly ’ wing , moth ’ eye ’ see intricate 
arrays extreme ly tiny bumps —precisely positioned repel water , dirt , 
bacteria —or even better absorb light ––without organism expend additional 
energy .

Lotus leaves covered rows rows nanoscale pillars —each 400 times 
thinner strand human hair .

Instead , molecules stick one another , forming droplets slide , 
flushing along dirt particles contaminants .

organisms use similar 
texturing opposite effect : light hits eyes moths , ’ bounce intricate 
nanopillared surfaces .

Inste ad , waves get trapped absorbed gradually 
narrowing spaces nanopillars , creating naturally anti -reflective surface 
.

See Related Strategies See Related Strategies toggle icon Biological 
Strategy Surface Allows Self -Cleaning Sacred lotus Leaves sacred lotu s 
self-cleaning thanks hydrophobic microscale bumps .

Eyes Anti -Reflective Moths Eyes nocturnal moths anti -reflective due 
nanoscale protrusions .

inspired solutions addressing world ’ big gest environmental 

amplifying stories providin g equity -free funding .

See Ray 
Hope Prize Finalists See Ray Hope Prize Finalists toggle icon Collectio n 
Ray Hope Prize Gallery AskNature Team Ray Hope Prize celebrates nature -
inspired solutions addressing world 's biggest environmental 

Innovations Innovation : Industry Natural 
Produce Preservative Packets Inspired Plants GreenPo d Labs GreenPod Labs 

springtails coloring butterfl ies produce easy -to-recycle performance 
clothing .

Industry Con struction Decomposition Inspired Forests Mycocycle Mycocycle

Powered Cleaners Inspired Enzymes Sudoc Sudoc uses enzyme -inspired 
catalysts rapidly break toxins complex chemicals environment , break well 
.

Sunblock Inspired Compounds Eyes — Innovation — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Innovation : Industry Sunblock Inspired Compounds Eyes 
Sóliome Image : Michele M.F .

/ Flickr / CC SA - Creative Commons 

cause damage living tis sues .

example , plants live areas exposed long periods 
light .

search icon Search Function Contents Innovation Profile Challe nge 
Innovation Details Video Biological Model Ray Hope Prize® Sóliome 

Benefits Non -toxic Biocompatible UV protection 
Applications Skin protection Cosmetics UN Sustainable Development Goals 
Addressed Goal 3 : Good Health & Wellbeing Goal 6 : Clean Water & 
Sanitation Goal 12 : Responsible Production & Consumption Goal 14 : Life 
Water Challenge Humans cultures long known sun ’ rays damage skin .

prevent sunburn ’ u sed many techniques , past hundred years , synthetic 
chemical sunscreen grown , worldwide .

, chemicals helpful protect human skin 
ultraviolet light wrought havoc marine life .

compounds persist lo ng time 
environment bodies , may much harmful impact surface skin .

Details Inspired natural process , researchers Sóliome producing 
kynurenine -based sunscreens .

keep sunscreen molecules protective ––
resting skin , instead absorbed bodies ––researchers attach additional 
bio-inspired compounds kynurenines build molecules large penetrate skin .

Even kynurenines absorbed , natural products ’ pose risks synthetic 
alternatives , biodegrade quickly .

Biological Model protect sensitive 
retinas UV damage , animals make use suite chemicals called kynurenines 
concentrate lenses eyes .

incoming photons UV light hit kynurenine 
molecules , spark changes cause different parts molecule swell negative 
electrical charge .

causes positively -charged protons ricochet like 
billiard balls kynurenine ’ spindly molecular structure .

dissipates 
potentially harmful UV radiation safe vibrational energy hit damage DNA .

Ray Hope Prize Finalists toggle icon Collection Ray Hope Prize Gallery  

Plants Insects Fusion Bionic Fusion Bionic use s laser interference 

Innovation : Industry Colorful , Waterproof Textiles Inspired Arthropods

butterflies produce e asy-to-recycle performance clothing .

Industry Wind Turbine Tech Inspired Owl Feathers Maple Seeds Biome 
Renewables Biome Renewables adjusts aeroacoustics existing turbine blades 
decrease turbulence increase efficiency .

Innovation : Industry Modular 
Building Material Inspired Sponges Metavoxel Metavoxel creates high -
performance materials mimicking open cellular architecture bone , wood , 
sponges .

- Biomimicry Toolbox Biomimicry 
?

Introductory Videos Core Concepts Function Strategy Systems 
View Earth ’ Operating System Nature ’  Unifying Patterns Methods 
Glossary Term s Case Studies Biology Research Reading Scientific Paper 
Select Page Home » Introduction » Design ?

“ Everyone designs 
devises courses action aimed changing existing situations p referred ones.

” – Herbert A. Simon , social scientist products design around us .

Every 
human-made thing use service system interact designed someone – whether 
considered designer .

Objects graphics obvious examples design , design 
decisions play importan t role less tangible outcomes , services systems 
plans policies affect community life .

many ways “ invisible ” designs 
even bigger impact live experience world .

Every object – 
stove , table , refrigerator , right forks silverware drawer – designed .

Design describe wide 
variety human creative practices , : Architecture Automotive design 
Biomedical design Business model d esign Chemical engineering City 
regional planning Communication design Electrical engineering Fashion 
design Game design Graphic design Industrial design Interaction design 
Interior design Landscape architecture Lighting design Mechanical 
engineering Multi media design Product design Process design Service 
design Software design Sound design Systems design Urban design Web 
design design decisions wide reaching impacts , recent decades use design 
methods tools ( sometimes called “ design thinking ” ) spread b eyond 
confines “ traditional ” design disciplines used process innovative 
thinking among business people , educators , scientists , social workers 
, communities , many others .

Dozens domain - discipline -specific design 
approaches exist today help practitio ners describe organize design 
process .

Engineering Design , Human -Centered Design , User -Centered 
Design , Design Thinking may familiar .

Common phases design Despite 
diversity among , key phases activity common virtually design creative 
problem-solving a ctivities .

potential solutions , proceed test ideas refine arriving final product .

Different disciplines design methodologies may use alternative term s 

Core Concepts Methods 
sections toolbox provide orientation perspective offer practical 
framework — Biomimicry Design Spiral — describes  essential steps design 

learning journey , suggest exploring Core Concepts biomimicry next 
section Toolbox .

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Begin 
search , explo re featured content learn species ' successful strategies 

search icon Begin Search Collections toggle icon Explore 

strategies , innovations , educational resources leadi ng thinkers , 
scientists , artists , others reflect unifying themes biomimicry .

make us comforted comf ortable .

Traditional Indigenous building methods Colombia reveal construction 

animals hu sband Barbara Natterson -Horowitz , Cardiologist Evolutionary 
Biologist Applying biomimicry female health wellness , researchers 

AskNature tools help educators bring biomimicry classroom single day 

concept biomimicry , along instruction su pport student use resources 
AskNature website apply biomimicry design challenge .

Model , Measur e , Mentor Cloud Institute Sustainability Education three -
part lesson students explore nature teach us principles sustainable 

View 
Resource Keeping Clean Biomimicry Institute Explore resources  teaching 

View Reso urce right arrow right arrow 
Biological Strategies toggle icon Explore Biological Strategies 've 
.

Bio logical Strategy Hoverflies ’ Remarkable Roll Hoverflies use 

flexible , due interlocking vertebral spines along spin al column .

Biological Strategy Embryo Development Pauses Time Delivery Ideal 

Pressure Giraffe Genes giraffes maint ain cardiac health despite high 

Bio logical Strategy Marmots ’ Bones ’ Waste Away Hibernation 
Yellow-bellied marmot Marmots maintain strong bones hibernation building 

dung beetle reduces soil ahesion via non -smooth surfac e morphology .

Increase Grip Polar bear Taller bumps comp ensate loss friction due polar 

Biological Strategy Fangs Combine 
's jaw .

Biological Strategy Nest Structurally Reinforced Jet ant carton 
nests jet ants reinforced hyphae resident fungi .

Biological St rategy Holey Leaf 
Pattern Captures Light Monstera Leaves full holes help Swiss cheese plant 
harmful ultraviolet r adiation reaches plant ’ cells .

ants adjust colony growth diminution shedding reconstructing n ests .

Moths use changes speed altitude maint ain trajectory despite changes 

Pelicans p elican wings glide close water , use “ ground effect ” maximize 

defense , tissue boosts air flow passes single vocal co rd create initial 

Biological Strategy Flying Squirrels Control Glide Flying 

Wetland Plants Get Air Waterl ogged Roots Common reed Common reeds wetland 

Innovation : Industry Functional Surface  Finishing Inspired 
Plants Insects Fusion Bionic Fusion Bionic uses laser interference 

uses enzyme -inspired c atalysts rapidly break toxins complex chemicals 

Innovation : Industry Wind Turbine Tech 

Industry Self -Degrading Plastics Inspired Cellu lar Processes Intropic 

mimics natural chemica l signaling whole plants keep harvested produce 

springtails coloring butterflies produce easy -to-recycle performance

Industry Construction Decomposition Inspired Forests My cocycle Mycocycle 

UV-protection provided kynu renine molecules .

Innovation Burrowing Robot 
Inspired Earthworms Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia soft robot Istituto 

National Institute Standards Technology fits onto commercial detectors 

Academia Optimized Structural Materials Inspired Cuttl efish Mantis Shrimp 
strength .

Arizona Univer sity Actuator Northern Arizona University coiled , helical 
structure enables generate power .

uses slow , steady osmosis sugar cube continuously pump liquid  .

Academia Humidity -Sensitive Hydraulic Actuator  Inspired Pine Cones 

University Bristol Vis ion screening device University Bristol uses 
thresholds polarized light assess presence ( lack ) macular pigments 

regulating light -emitting genes create real -time visual flow meter .

University Connecticut Coating UConn made nanosheets po lymer matrix makes 

Innovation : Academia Printable Electronic 
recycled end usa ble lives .

Disc Inspired Remora Fish Harvard & Beihang University Adhesive disc 

Innovation : Academia Lo ad-Bearing 
Material Inspired Cartilage University Leeds Imperial College London 

right 
arrow right arrow Keyword : Trees In novation : Industry Ventilating Shade 
Structure Inspired Trees FootstepFloor Fractal Shade FootstepFloor uses 

trees protected eaten large animals contain poisonous compounds called

Biological Strategy Fluorophores Enh ance Photosynthesis 

Dispersion Japanese maple leadi ng edge tornado -like spinning maple seed 
provides constant lift force , allowing seeds disperse greater area .

cloud forest Trees cloud forests cope dry season absorbing water clouds 
directly leaves .

stems increase toughness winding around tubes angle Biological Strategy 

Stabilize Trees Wind L ongleaf pine Roots longleaf pine protect strong 
winds forming large anchoring taproots widespread lateral root system .

apostlebird sturdy home high trees , built using jiggled -mud construct ion 

Biological Strategy Spiral Fibers Stren gthen Tree Trunk Pines trunks pine 
trees withstands wind snow via spiral growth .

Deciduous trees allow water reach soil seep streams seasonally shedding 

Damage Pines Resin produced conifer trees protects mechanical  insect 

Biological Strategy Nurse Logs 

Biological St rategy Bark Keeps Surface Cool Sun 
Plants Bark trees keeps surface cool minimizing absorption solar light 

Organic Matter Plugs Carbon Leaks Riparian habitat Trees along rivers 

Biological Strategy Sharp Claws Increase Vertical Agi lity Squirrels Sharp 
claws squirrel feet increase vertical agility giving strategic points 

thousands years harsh  environments shutting non -essential processes .

Biological Strategy Burning Stimulates Flowering Grass tree Flowering 
burn .

broad-based trees stiff trunks resist uprooting compressive buttressing .

Throughout Life Bottlenose dolphin Bo ttlenose dolphins develop lifelong 
friendships early benefit shared information , cooperation , means .

distorted u nderwater .

Innovations Rapidly Bottlenose dolphin New generations bottlenose 

Strategy Bubbles Corral Prey Humpback whale Humpback whal es control 

surrounded secreted enzymatic gel de natures proteins carbohydrates .

Biological Strategy Tail Fluke Powers Swimming Humpback whale tail fluke 

Strategy Blood Vessel Network Prevents Heat Loss Body Surface Gray whale 

Biological Stra tegy Body Shape 
Reduces Friction Bottlenose dolphin body dolphin low friction water 

manage heat different confi gurations counter -current heat exchangers .

Biological Strategy Blubber Absorbs Heat Bottlenose dolphin blubber 
bumps .

Biological Strategy Chirps Carry Water Chi rps dolphins carry water multi -

Biological Strategy Noise Stuns Prey 

Biological Strategy Biosonar Gives Accurate Imaging 

Biological Strategy Lun gs Efficiently 
Expel Air Lungs whales efficiently expel air via powerful exhalations .

employ shapes , materials , and/or smooth transitions decrease potent ial 
fatigue .

ultimately reducing structural fatigue  .

Pressure Giraffe G enes giraffes maintain cardiac health despite high 

Structural material MIT nanofibrous hydrogel arranged bouligand st ructure 

Champaign made crystals increase stretcha bility .

Snouts Bend B rink ’ Break Acorn weevil complex arrangement materials 
weevils ' slender snouts make strong flexible .

Bones Thin Strong Birds Bird bones aid attaining flight thin dense ,

Biological Strategy Wings Fold Multiple Tim es Without Wear 
Beetles Wings beetles fold multiple times without wear fatigue resilin 

deformation may resist imp act loading incorporating collagen -swathed 
sutures .

Biological Strategy Plants Survive Repeated Drying Rehydration 
repeated dehydration via small vacuoles filled mechanical mixtures c alled 
colloids .

Biological Strategy Scales Minimize Abrasive Damage Egyptian 

2023 toggle icon 1700 biological stra tegies cultivated AskNature , dozens 

Biolo gical Strategy Air Sacs Power Lungs Birds ’ Respiratory 
System Birds respiratory system birds facilitates efficient exchange 

Biological Strategy Eyes Squirt Blood Pygmy  short-horned 

allowing plants regulate amount  water solutes within .

Strategy Fur Keeps Heat Cold Water Otters Long scales underhair otters 

build space-efficient strong nests using hexagonal cells .

Strategy Leaves Fold Response Touch Sensitive plant Leaves sensitive 

Biological Strategy Photosynthesis Converts Solar  Energy Chemical Energy 

humidity triggers pine cones  curl scales prevent ineffective seed 

Biological Strategy Glass Skeleton Tough Yet 

Body Resists Soil Adhesion — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Body Resists Soil Adhesion AskNature 
Team Image : Craig / toggle icon Functions Perfo rmed toggle icon Protect 
Dirt/solids dirt small solids adhere living systems , slow , create 
blockages , reduce ability carry vital functions , cause surface wear 
tear .

Due electrostatic forces , ’ easy dirt solids adhere surfaces , 
living systems must ov ercome forces .

earthworm , example , uses small 
electric current keep soil particles adhering body moves soil .

Introduction Strategy Potential AI AskNature References Body dung  beetle 
reduces soil ahesion via non -smooth surface morphology .

many creatures make homes soil ––moles gophers , earthworms ants ––but none 
quite like dung beetle .

insects famously roll bury vast quantities feces 
herbivores , feed upon .

Dung 
beetles also able move subterranean environment ease , thanks special 
non-stick surface .

Image : Houston Marsh / toggle icon Image : Craig / 
toggle icon right arrow right arrow Strategy dung beetle ’ body covered 
multitude small bumps indentations .

irregularities help break surface 
area beetle ’ body , reducing amount contact makes soil .

addition , 
beetle ’ outer surface also covered tiny hairs called setae .

boundary 
layer acts lubricant , reducing amount friction beetle soil .

combined 
effect bumps , indentations , setae , reduce amount adhesion dung beetle 
soil .

allows beetle move soil ease , helps prevent soil sticking beetle 
’ body .

Potent ial dung beetle ’ ability reduce amount adhesion body soil 
could used improve performance variety machines vehicles operate soil , 
bulldozers , excavators , earthmovers .

reducing amount friction machine 
soil , dung beetle ’ strategy could help increase po wer output machines , 
improve efficiency .

AI AskNature page produced part assistance AI , 
allowing us greatly expand volume content available AskNature .

Last Updated January 17 , 2023 References 
“ adhesion forces soil , exist soil contact solid interface , often make 
troubles soil engaging components vehicles machines , earthmovers , 
excavator -buckets bulldozers , result fall power output .

Howev er , 
phenomena soil adhesion disappear soil -burrowing animals move soil .

Soil 
animals ’ excellent ability anti -adhesion partly resulted non -smoothness 
surface morphologies [ 5 ] , example , morphological body surface dung 
beetle non -smoothness roughness m icro scales , shown Figure 1.

” ( 
Collins 2004:218 ) Book Design Nature II : Comparing Design Nature 
Science Engineering ( Design Nature ) ( Design Nature , 6 ) 09/06/2004 | 
M. W. Collins embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading 
Journal ar ticle Design principles non -smooth surface bionic plow 
moldboard Journal Bionic Engineering | 26/02/2021 | Ren , L ; Deng , ; 
Wang , J ; Han , Z embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon 
loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Beaver Dams  Cleanse 
Streams Slowing Water American beaver Obstacles placed path sediment -
laden water reduce speed flow , allowing debris wildfires settle 
improving water quality downstream .

Biological Strategy Cicada Wings 
Repel Water , Dirt , Bacteria , Light Cicad a Cicada wings ’ intricate 
nanostructure helps shed water , dirt , bacteria reflects light avoid 
detection predators .

protective crevices c alm waters allow larvae attach thrive .

Biological Strategy Surface Allows Self -Cleaning 
Sacred lotus Leaves sacred lotus self -cleaning thanks hydrophobic 
microscale bumps .

Navigation Underwater — Biological Strategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Navigation Underwater Whales dolphins 
AskNature Team Image : NOAA Photo Library / Flick r / rights reserved 
Sense Electricity/Magnetism Environment living systems use electric 
magnetic signals way receive information environment .

Magnetic electric 
fields help living system s determine direction , altitude , location , 
electric fields also help living systems find living systems .

Detecting 
interpreting electrical magnetic signals requires specialized techniques 
.

example , mud -dwelling bacteria use crystals composed magnetit e sense 
geomagnetism , helps orient bacteria burrow deeper mud .

Search Function Navigate Liquid Living systems move liquids must navigate 
around physical obstacles find way place place locate resources suitable 
climates .

Many liquids denser a ir , means ’ thicker medium signals must 
pass .

Liquid 
dwellers must use strategies enable detect follow signals dense medium .

example , electricity transmits well water several organisms , Amazon 
electric eels , organs detect use electric signals navigate .

Search Function Animals Vertebrates Mammals Whales dolphins Mammals Class 
make less 1 % animals earth , include  well-known species .

teeth generally s ize shape , mammals differently shaped teeth different 

Living System Whales navigate incredible accuracy underwater using Earth 
's magnetic fields .

“ Whales use Earth ’ magnetic fie lds accomplish 
feats astonishingly accurate underwater navigation travel oceans world.

” 
( Shuker 2001:50 ) Last Updated August 18 , 2016 References Book Hidden 
Powers Animals : Uncovering Secrets Nature 26/02/2021 | Dr. Karl P. N. 
Shuker embedly preview t oggle icon Reference toggle icon loading 
Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Bacteria Ride Magnetic Field 
Lines Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense Biologically produced crystals 
help bacteria detect Earth 's magnetic field simplify navigation .

Biological Strategy Sea Creatures Sense Electricity Sharks marine animals 
sense bioelectric fields using gel -filled pores electrically connect 
external fields internal nerve cells .

Biological Strategy Spiders Fly 
Riding Electric Currents Spiders Spiders travel t housands miles air using 
silk ride electrostatic repulsion instead wind .

Biological Strategy Fin 
Movements Aid Swimming Backward Forward African knifefish undulating fin 
knifefish enables swim forward backward , well keep afloat , creating 
propulsive wate r jets .

Biological Strategy Seal Whiskers Track Prey 
Underwater Harbor seal Harbor seal whiskers sense wake left swimming prey 
cancelling signals seal ’ movement .

Biological Strategy Individuals 
Avoid Contact Mosquitofish Fish move synchronously shoal re acting 
dynamically nearest neighbor fish .

Reading List - Biomimicry Toolbox Reading List - Biomimicry Toolbox 

Introductory Videos Core Concepts Function Strate gy 
Evaluate Fit & Function Pathways  Biomimicry References Reading List 
Select Page Home » References » Reading List Reading List favorite 
selections rec ommended reading new biomimicry .

Bioinspired Design 
  
Natural Inspiration 
  Connecting Nature 
  Subject keyword list list 
provides starting points exploration biomimicry .

Biomimicry broad interdisciplinary field , ’ find many re levant texts 
variety disciplines .

idea particular interest area , utilize local 
library online resources find .

Featured Title Biomimicry : Innovation Inspired 
Nature Janine Benyus , Biomimicry Institute co -founder First published 
1997 , book brought biomimicry public eye , detailing science studying 

Bioinspired 
Design Biomimetics : Biologically Inspired Technologies Ed .

Yoseph Bar -
Cohen,2005 Explores biological models useful engineering challenges 
awaiting future research .

Biomimicry Architecture Michael Pawlyn , 2011 
Explores application biomimicry architecture ; rich examples 
possibilities bio -inspired future architecture .

Bionics Ac tion : Design 
Work Franco Lodato , Motorola Jens Bernsen , 2004 Franco Ladato , 
designer whose career includes work DuPont , Gillette , Motorola ,

Bulletproof Feathers : Science 
Uses Nature ’ Secrets Design Cutting -Edge Technology Robert Allen , 2010 
Overview research biomimetics ; includes materials , robotics , 
architecture .

Cat ’ Paws Catapults : Mechanical Worlds Nature People 
Steven Vogel , 1 998 Investigates whether nature human design superior two 
technologies diverged much .

Green Chemistry : Theory Practice Paul T. 
Anastas John Charles Warner , 2000 Overview design , development , 
evaluation process central green chemistry .

Explores altern ative 
solvents catalysts , benign syntheses biomimetic principles , among many 
topics .

Inspired Nature : Animals : Building/ Biology Connection 
Alejandro Bahamon , 2009 Focuses specific analogies , comparing 
contrasting techniques materials used animal co nstructions examples human 

Gecko ’ Foot : Bio -inspiration , Engineering New Materials 
Devices Nature .

Peter Forbes , 2005 Presents technologists ’ pure 
research nano -anatomy , followed applied , many entrepreneurs hope , 
commercial mimicry nature ’ ingenuity .

Nature Design : Inspiration 
Innovation Angeli Sachs , 2007 Almost completely filled photographs , 
book explores discovery nature Art Nouveau period 1930s 1970s .

Nature 
Got First : Inventions Inspired Nature Phil Gates , 2010 Nature fu ll 
amazing designs ‘ mechanisms ’ appear inspired engineering technology use 
today .

Shark ’ Paintbrush : Biomimicry Nature Inspiring Innovation Jay 
Harman , 2013 Shark ’ Paintbrush , Harman introduces us pioneering 
engineers wide array businesses uncoveri ng copying nature ’ hidden 
marvels .

Sand Dollar Slide Rule : Drawing Blueprints Nature Delta Willis 
.

1995 Exploring relationship natural forms human design , Delta Willis ’ 
book examines topics wings flight , economy motion divine math .

Secret 
Design Ru les Nature ( Optimum Shapes Without Computers ) Claus Mattheck , 
2007 Looks rules implicit nature ’ solutions design problems .

Aimed 
craftsman much builder engineer , demonstrates using simple graphical 
methods rules underlying appropriate shape form natu ral world applied 
man-made designs .

Natural Inspiration Animal Architects : Building 
Evolution Intelligence James R. Gould & Carol Grant Gould , 2007 delving 
animals birds beavers build , book also links animal architecture 
associated behavioral data .

Ex ploring Way Life Works : Science Biology 
Mahlon B. Hoagland et .

, 2001 Comprehensive illustrated overview 
natural world patterns life energy evolution .

Life ’ Devices : Physical 
World Animals Plants Steven Vogel , Rosemary Calvert , 1988 entertaining  
informative book describes living things bump non -biological reality .

Extended Organism : Physiology Animal -Built Structures J. Scott Turner , 
2000 structures called “ living ” ?

structures , , many functions capture 
channel energy creatures .

book , Tur ner explores animal architecture 
functions external organs inhabitants .

Extreme Nature ( Smithsonian 
Institution ) Mark Carwardine , 2005 Interesting facts figures 
interesting natural phenomena earth .

“ devious plant ” “ strangest 
nesting material ” , bo ok packed full interesting information common 
uncommon organisms .

Shuker , 2001 
fascinating look astonishing behavior super -human abilities animals , 
kings jungle household pets .

book reveals incredible truths animals 
remarkable sensitivities , skills strengths .

Jill 
Bailey , 1992 Drawing series questions children might ask , team 
scientists proposes answers manual adult readers .

address large issues 
atmospheric phenomena , ecosystem relationships , animal communication 
brief essays , well illustrated charts , diagrams , photographs .

Firefly Books , 2002 fantastic behaviors real 
animals explored beautifully illustrated companion volume BBC/ Discovery 
Channel series .

Connec ting Nature Listening Nature : Deepen Awareness 
Nature Joseph Cornell , 1987 gem contains photos nature , inspirational

Practical Naturalist : Explore 
Wonders Natural World Chris Packham , 2010 beautifully illustrated  book 
gets outside gives tips experiencing wonders natural world .

Reconnecting 
Nature : Finding Wellness Restoring Bond Earth Michael J. Cohen , 2001 
Comprehensive overview natural world patterns life energy evolution .

Subjects keywords exploration 
Agriculture : polyculture , permaculture , perennial agriculture , 
restoration , biodiversity Biology & Natural Sciences : adaptation , 
biosphere , ecosystems , food web , symbiosis Chemistry : green chemistry 
, water-based chemistry , biochemistry , supramolecular chemistry 
Computer Science & Mathematics : patterns , fractal theory , systems 
theory , emergence , natural algorithms , feedback loops , self 
organizing systems , golden ratio , Fibonacci , spiral Design & 
Architecture : adaptable , multifunctional , sustainable design , “ 
cradle-to-cradle ” design , living buildings , biophilic design , life -
cycle design , systems thinking , integrated chain management , modular 
nested design , biofacade Economics/Business : natur al capitalism , 
systems , industrial symbiosis , industrial ecology , cooperation , 
ecosystem , resilience , systems thinking , feedback loops Engineering & 
Mechanics : sustainable engineering , biomechanics , fluid mechanics , 
bioengineering , multi -functional Materials Science : biomaterials , 
biomineralization , nanotechnology , self -assembly , green chemistry , 
biopolymer , self -healing , self -repairing , recycle , upcycle Terms 

Educators — AskNature AskNature AskNature logo Collections Biological 

concept biomimicry , AskNature tools students .

Biomimicry Stories AskNature Ac tivities 
?

Introducing biomimicry classroom bridges boundaries school real world 
students .

Biomimicry inherent ly interdisciplinary way encouraging 

Rather 
learn living things , biomimicry requires us learn natural world .

including biomi micry way focus instruction STEM .

relevant – design thinking inspired nature empowers students solve 
problems .

teaching biomimicry , check publication , Sharing Biom imicry 

find curated collections student - educator -facing resources teaching 

engineering d esign solutions inspired nature , also cataloged site 

biological strategies inspired real innovations !

Velcro classic example design solution inspired natural stru cture 

Institute Explore resources introducing biomi micry young learners using

super water ‐repellent lotus leaves inspired self ‐cleaning surface coatings 
.

) | Biomimicry Institute Explore resources teaching engineering concepts 
practices using story flexible robotic arm inspired m uscles elephants ’ 
trunks .

View 
Resource right arrow right ar row Get Students Started Using AskNature Try 

Hunt Activity/Lesson | Grades 6 -University ( Ages 11 –18+ ) | Biomimicry 

Vi ew 

Ages 5–8 ) | Biomimicry Institute collection activities provides hands -on 
observations th ink natural designed phenomena new ways .

Grades Pre -K–5 ( Ages 3 –11 ) | Biomimicry Institute & Amy Martin award -
winning album accompanying teaching guides help kids connec t nature 

Outdoor Education Council downloadable booklet provides greatest hits 
compendium schoolyard activities u sed experienced environmental 

u sed kids adults alike promote thinking analogy 

Introducing Biomimicry Grades 3 -5 Resource Bundle | Grades 3 –5 ( Ages 8 –
11 ) | Biomimicry Institute collection acti vities grades 3 -5 provides 

Activity/Lesson + Article | Grades 3 –5 ( Ages 8 –
outlines se ries 4th grade lessons structure function students observe 

Scientific Sketching Activity/Lesson | Grades 3 –12 ( Ages 8 –18 ) | 
California Academy Science 60 minute lesson introduces stud ents 

View 
Ages 5–14 ) | Association Fish Wildlife Agencies free curriculum provides 

Bridges : Architecture Inspired Nature Activity/Lesson + Book | Grades 3 –
examples natu re 's influence design buildings bridges around world 

engaging book written readers aged 7 -10 presents 40 examples biomim icry

Ages 5–18 ) | Samuel Cord Stier book introduces youth educators 
biomimicry guides engage students topic wa ys transform outlook world 
creativity .

design ideas  .

Middle School Resource Bundle | Grades 6 –8 ( Ages 11 –14 ) | Biomimicry 
Institute collection activities help begin incorporate bio mimicry 

Biomimicry Institute Bring biomimicry chemistry class nature -inspired lab 
activity students build workin g solar cell inspired leaves .

Activity/Lesson | Grades 6 –8 ( Ages 11 –14 ) | National Geographic 
engineer underwa ter vehicle withstand heat cold .

perform , helping students see humans alone need solve challe nges .

View 
Teaching Association article describes 5 -lesson biomimicry engineering 

Activity/Lesson | Grades 6 –8 ( Ages 11 –14 ) | Cloud Institute 
us principle s sustainable design reflect applications problem home , 

school camp programs , eight -hour unit takes students e ngineering design 

14–18 ) | Biomimic ry Institute collection activities provides high school 
use resources AskNature website apply biomimicry design challenge .

View 
temperatures using abundant , readily available raw materials .

View 
Resource Biomimicry Youth Desi gn Challenge Curriculum | Grades 6 –12 ( 
learning experience competition students work teams explore wonders 

View Res ource Biomimicry Science : Applying Nature ’ Strategies 
22-lesson high school science curriculum uses biological phenomena 
biomimicry teach core concepts biology , chemistry , physics  .

View 
biomimicry discipline 's place design culture .

View Resource Biomimicry : Copying 
Way Conservation Video | Grades 6 -University ( Ages 11 –18+ ) |

HabitatSe ven & ConservationBridge.org 9 -minute video introduces concept 

View Resource  
Extra Egg Cells Maintain Fertility — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
AskNature AskNature logo Collections B iological Strategies Innovations 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Extra Egg Cells Maintain 
Fertility Naked mole rat Sam Stier Image : Neil Bromhall / Shutterstock / 
rights reserved toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon Living System 
toggle icon Regulate Reproduction Growth Reproduction growth two 
physiological processes occur living systems .

situations conditions 
right , situations continuing either harms living system high energy cost 
.

Reproduction growth unique stop conditions improve ,  although stopping 
either extended time cause problems .

example regulating reproduction 
process called delayed implantation embryonic diapause found mammals , 
otters .

otter ’ embryos sometimes temporarily cease developing ’ develop 
female senses conditio ns suitable .

Vertebrates Mammals Rodents Blesmoles mole rats Naked mole rat Mammals 
Mammals make less 1 % animals earth , include well -known species  .

teeth generally size shape , mammals  differently shaped teeth different 

Living System Contents Introduction Strategy Potential References Naked 
mole rat queens stay reproductive long lives maintaining health large 
number egg cells .

Introduction Somewhere hard , red soil arid scrubland Horn Africa , small 
hole ground suddenly opens , soil begins flinging aperture .

work naked 
mole rat ( Heterocephalus glaber ) , found ac ross parts Somalia , Kenya 
Ethiopia .

Small hairless , unique , toothy mammal neither mole rat busy 
expanding underground warren .

series tunnels extend two miles , naked 
mole rat colonies house dozens , even hundreds individuals , born single 
female .

Rem arkably , foot -long queen live two decades , similarly -sized 
mammal would expected live fifth long .

Moreover , naked mole rat queen 
bear children throughout entire protracted lifetime , death .

comparison 
, human female ’ reproductive capacity dwindles ag es finally ends , lived 
half expected lifespan .

Strategy Reproductive lifespan female mammals 
largely depends size ovarian reserve ––the number healthy , immature egg 
cells sexual maturity .

, oocytes ) theoretically 
available fertilization throughout female ’ lifespan .

naked mole rat , 
ovarian reserve queen 20 times number eggs expected size body .

alone may 
explain naked mole rat ’ long , fertile life , alth ough factors , 
reduction rate germ cell attrition , maintenance oocyte quality , highly 
efficient use germ cells , factor , may also contribute .

Recent evidence 
also emerged naked mole rats keep producing new egg cells ( oogenesis ) 
lifetime , adding rese rves , unprecedented finding .

addition , non -
breeding females become breeding queens , reproductive systems activated 
queen removed colony .

Potential Worldwide , mean age human women giving 
birth first time steadily increased .

Meanwhile , older women 
reproductive activities , lower chance giving birth healthy offspring , 
undergoing pregnancy without health complications , giving birth .

Species naked mole rat , whose reproductive potential remains high 
throughout entire lifetime , provide potential model s reproductive 
studies could benefit human pregnancy outcomes , especially given trends 
human maternal age .

Last Updated February 9 , 2023 References “ Across 
tree life , female animals share biological characteristics place risk

Greater awareness shared vulnerabilities 
accelerate insight innovation women ’ health .

present broadly 
comparative approach female health inform issues ranging mammary , 
ovarian , endometrial cancer preeclampsia , osteoporosis , infertility .

focus fe male health highlights interdependence human , animal , 

Female Health Across Tree Life : Insights Intersection Women 's Health , 
One Health Planetary Health PNAS Nexus | May 2022 | Natt erson-Horowitz B. 
icon loading “ unusually large NMR ovarian reserve provides one mechanism 
account species ’ protracted fertility.

2021 : 89 ) “ … 
elucidating means [ naked mole rat ] females escape aging -associated 
declines fertility fecundity might lead development interventions could 
preserve fertility women age.

2021 : 96 ) Journal 
article Germ cell nests adult ovaries unusually large ovarian reser ve 
naked mole -rat .

Reproduction | 2021 | Place , N.J. , Prado , A.M. , 
Faykoo-Martinez , M. , Brieño -Enriquez , M.A.

embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading “ …we 
found germ cell ovarian development NMR s [ Naked Mole Rats ] humans much 
common , notably germ cell development highly asynchronous… However , 
stark contrast mouse human , entire process oogenesis occurs postnatally 
NMRs… results demonstrate NMRs establish maintain exceptionally large 
ovarian r eserve relative small body size , supports protracted fertility 
, postnatal oogenesis one extraordinary adaptations species ’ remarkable 
longevity.

” Journal article Postnatal oogenesis leads exceptionally 
large ovarian reserve naked mole -rats Nature Commu nications | February 21 
, 2023 | M. A. Brieño -Enríquez , M. Faykoo -Martinez , M. Goben , J. K. 
Grenier , A. McGrath , A. M. Prado , J. Sinopoli , K. Wagner , P. T. 
Walsh , S. H. Lopa , D. J. Laird , P. E. Cohen , M. D. Wilson , M. M. 
Holmes , N. J .

Place embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon 
loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Stress Response 
Suppressed Prioritize Reproduction Birds face environmental stress , 
birds fewer chances breed suppress stress response , keeping focus 
reproduction instead survival .

Biological Strategy Stem Grows Tall Stem 
papaya grows tall turgor pressure cells high Biological Strategy 
Corbomycin Stops Bacteria Breaking Cell Walls Streptomyces Corbomycin 
soil bacteria binds cell walls prevent bacteria divi ding .

Strategy Plant Fragments Prevent Infections Eurasian blue tit Blue tit 
females protect chicks pathogenic bacteria selectively placing fragments 
certain aromatic plants nests .

Biological Strategy Stigmas Ensure 
Pollination stigmas floweri ng plants selectively recognize pollen species 
part biochemical interactions .

Biological Strategy Timed Mating 
Optimizes Reproduction Mayfly Swarms mayflies maximize reproductive 
chances timing emergence full moon .

Vibration Firms Mud Nest — Biological S trategy — AskNature AskNature 
Donate Search Biological Strategy Vibration Firms Mud Nest Apostlebird 
AskNature Team Image : Benjamint444 / Wikimedia commons / toggle icon 
Functions Perf ormed toggle icon Living System toggle icon Physically 

al so 

example , we aver birds use two types 

cross-supports tub ular outer surface filled air minimize weight .

search 
icon Search Function Animals Vertebrates Birds Apostlebird Birds Class 
Aves ( “ bird ” ) : Eagles , hawks , sparrows , parrots Birds 
evolutionary engineering marvels .

specific adaptions set apart , notable flight —although 
mammals fly , birds take prize abundance skies .

Many birds hollow , 
lightweight skeletons specially -designed wings help stay aloft .

also 
feathers made keratin help stay warm , attract mates , improve navigation 
aerodynamics flight .

contrast dinosaur ancestors , lack true teeth 
replaced specialized beaks bills .

Contents Introduction Strategy Potential Search References mud nest 
apostlebird sturd y home high trees , built using jiggled -mud construction 

Introduction Apostlebirds , native woodlands Australia , 
build large nests walls 2.54 cm ( 1 . )

nests communally ass embled mud 
strengthened grass , small sticks , fur , feathers .

Image : Benjamint444 
/ Wikimedia commons / toggle icon Apostlebird ( Struthidea cinerea ) 
taken central Australia .

Image : Benjamint444 / Wikimedia commons / 
toggle icon Apostlebird nest.jpg Apostlebird ( Struthidea cinerea ) nest 
, taken central Australia right arrow right arrow Strategy nest must able 
resist sudden intense movements caused wind forces , birds enhance 
security vibration -construction technique .

Apostlebirds vibrate 
supportive  materials assemble nest , liquefies mud forge close bond 

birds also create solid base nest wrapping mud around 
supporting branch .

Potential Tamping soil mud already construction 
technique utilized humans , traditional tapia pisada buildings .

mimicking techniques apostlebird , practitioners could bring new enhanced 
properties materials .

strategy co -contributed EcoRise Youth Innovations 
Search Search Learn Nature Last Updated March 16 , 2018 References “ 
Closely related magpie lark two Austral ian birds open forest , apostle 
bird white -winged chough .

build substantially larger nests , weighing 
five pounds , located much fifty feet ground .

even scaled -up versions 
adobe cup inch -thick walls manufactured jiggled -mud strategy seems 
universal among  birds build wet earth .

vibration key feature insertion 
twigs grasses conventional nests , may bit behavioral recycling.

” ( 
Gould Gould 2007:185 ) Book Animal Architects : Building Evolution 
Intelligence 06/03/2012 | Gould JL , Gould CG embedly preview t oggle icon 
Reference toggle icon loading Journal article use mud nest -building -- 
review incidence taxonomic importance Ostrich , Journal African 
Ornithology , 40 ( supp 1 ) : 139 -148 | 01/01/1969 | Rowley embedly 
preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading Book Bird nests 
construction behavior Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press | 
01/01/2000 | Hansell embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon 
loading Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Nest Structurally 
Reinforced Jet ant carton  nests jet ants reinforced hyphae resident fungi 
.

Biological Strategy Fibers Reinforce Nests Wasps Nests wasps sturdy 
incorporate fibers parallel pattern .

Reshape Leaves Silk Cherry leaf roller Caterpillars use stitches m ade 
Strategy Diatoms Build Glass Houses St able Strong Diatoms Diatoms build 

Strategy Salt Squeezing Turn Liquid Spider Silk Spiders Spiders turn 
molecules connec t .

EducationYouth Design Challenge Inspiration AskNatureBi omimicry Toolbox 
Mission Donate Select Page Biomimicry Fireside Chats : Reconnecting 
withNature Together Next Fireside Chat : Stay tuned !

Join us virtual 
meetups special guests explore topics relevant biomimicry .

Together ’ 
talk finding place nature , learning nature ’ wisdom , designing 
regenerative economy .

look forward connecting virtual field guide bringing nature -inspired 
innovators together worldwide .

Meme Movement:25 Years Biomimicry Friday 
, May 20 , 2022 Listen conversation Janine Beny us Lex Amore celebrate 25 
years since seminal book Biomimicry : Innovation Inspired Nature 
published .

looked Nature Model , Nature Measure , Nature Mentor , 
hearing stories Janine cultural commentator field witnessing last 25 
years biomimicry evolution .

Tune hear origins forecast future hope see 
next quarter century nature -inspired innovation .

Nature Fashion : Design 
Decomposition Wednesday , December 15 , 2021 Listen conversation 
designing decomposit ion ambitious initiative aiming avert worst effects 
global fashion industry produces 100 billion garments year population 7.5 
billion .

’ learn laws nature discover fix leaky loops , must design 
decomposition .

guest experts include Karan Kumar , Programme  Officer 
Materials Laudes Foundation , Savanna Browne -Wilkinson , Researcher 
Metabolic Institute , Branson Skinner , Co -Founder Producer Foundation , 
Beth Rattner , Executive Director Biomimicry Institute .

Envisioning New 
Path Forward : Healing Biomimicry  Thursday , December 17 , 2020 Watch 
final Biomimicry Fireside Chat year special guests Janine Benyus Azita 
Ardakani .

kicked series May navigate challenging times offer genuine 
conversations biomimicry ’ promise hope solutions .

two visionary women 
helped set stage would engaging series looking nature ’ wisdom reconnect 
place , purpose , pursuit regenerative living .

honored close year us 
together discuss move forward way heals shared home Earth .

Full ( Eco ) 
System Approach : Integrating Biomimicry Soil Regeneration Thursday , 
November 19 , 2020 Watch candid conversation amazing complexities soil 
ecosystems restore Earth ’ natural balance using biomimicry lens every 
design table .

Explore nature ’ wisdom possibilities regeneration Smith , 
Healthy Soil Adv ocate Kiss Ground , Lex Amore Biomimicry Institute .

Nature Fashion : Moving Towards Regenerative Model Thursday , October 22 
, 2020 future fashion petroleum .

fashion industry learn nature ’ 
circularity industry switch regenerative model builds soil , boo sts 
biodiversity , supports community , cleans existing pollution process ?

Watch conversation regenerative agriculture natural fibers ( “ 
performance naturals ” ) adapt scale meet current market need .

guest 
experts include Rebecca Burgess , Executive Dir ector , Fibershed ; 
Ricardo Garay , Agraloop Project Coordinator , Circular Systems ; Chris 
Kerston , Chief Commercial Officer , Land Market Program , Savory 
Institute ; Beth Rattner , Executive Director , Biomimicry Institute .

Founding Funding : Bringing  Biomimetic Startup Market Thursday , 
September 17 , 2020 September ’ Biomimicry Fireside Chat , joined special 
guests candid conversation nature -inspired companies learn , measure 
success , address roadblocks becoming startup .

guest panel includes Dr. 
Shimrit Perkol -Finkel , CEO Co -Founder ECOncrete — year ’ Ray Hope Prize® 
recipient ; Hannah Davis , Techstars Sustainability Accelerator , 
partnership Nature Conservancy ; Jared Yarnall -Schane , Entrepreneurship

Transforming Education : Fostering 
Students ’ Reconnection Nature Thursday , August 27 , 2020 Nature -
inspired design revolutionize education , offering teachers dynamic new 
way teach environmental sustainability issues , STEM , creative problem -
solving , systems thinki ng .

biomimicry curricula help teachers achieve 
standards educational requirements , physical virtual classrooms , also 
emphasizes students learn outside classroom .

Learn make nature -inspired 
science education fun rewarding K -12 students biomimicry educat ion headed 
future .

special guest panel includes elementary teacher author Karen 
Ansberry , Biomimicry Professional Wildlife TV Host Billy Almon , Co -
founder Xploration Centre Sukhi Bal , Biomimicry Professional educator 
Daniel Kinzer .

Start : Conversatio n Uprooting Racism Creating Systemic 
Change STEM Thursday , July 16 , 2020 Listen honest interdisciplinary 
conversation racism , Black sciences , removing blindspots essential work 
ahead .

discussion features Black professionals working sciences 
sustainabi lity movement , advocating diversity , inclusion , making 
nature safe space .

Biomimicry Professional Wildlife TV Host Billy Almon 
leads us candid conversation lessons moment world -renowned Carnivore 
Ecologist Dr. Rae Wynn -Grant , # Blackbirdersweek Co -organizer Corina 
Newsome , Engineer Entrepreneur Aaron Shepard , acclaimed Wildlife 
Photographer Tsalani Lassiter .

Getting Unstuck : Tapping Nature Problem 
Solving Thursday , June 18 , 2020 second Biomimicry Fireside Chat , ’ 
joined special guests Prof. Rese archer , Jeffrey Karp Institute ’ Science 
Director , Alexandra Ralevski .

Watch us explore use biomimicry solve 
problems , address challenges experienced looking nature solutions , 
overcome .

’ take examples specifically medical industry , focus 
biomimicry  process transcends industries .

Inaugural Fireside Chat Janine 
Azita Thursday , May 21 , 2020 many know , Janine Benyus biologist , 
author , innovation consultant , world -class nature nerd , co -founder 

Biomimicry : Innovation Inspir ed Nature , named 
emerging discipline emulates nature ’ designs processes ( e.g.

, solar 
cells mimic leaves ) create healthier , sustainable planet .

Since book ’ 
1997 release , Janine evolved practice biomimicry , speaking around world 
learn genius surrou nds us .

Azita Ardakani Iranian immigrant raised 
Vancouver , BC resides NYC .

serial entrepreneur lifelong curiosity mend 
fragmentations caused modern society .

Azita started award -winning 
creative advocacy agency age 21 called Lovesocial served across man y 
environmental social causes .

deepening understanding field loves : 
biomimicry , quiet intelligence nature better integrated anything touches 
moving forward .

Donate 
Janine Benyus – Biomimicry Institute .

OpportunitiesContactFAQs Impact Annual ReportNewsroomNewsletterSupport

Mission Donate Select Page “ ’ awake , question stay awake living world ?

make act asking nature ’ advice normal pa rt everyday inventing ?

” – 
Janine Benyus Janine Benyus Co -founder , Biomimicry Institute Janine 
biologist , author , innovation consultant , self proclaimed “ nature 
nerd.

” may coined term biomimicry , certainly popularized 1997 book 
Biomimicry : Innovat ion Inspired Nature .

Biomimicry , names emerging 
discipline emulates nature ’ designs processes ( e.g.

, solar cells mimic 
leaves ) create healthier , sustainable planet .

Since book ’ release , 
Janine evolved practice biomimicry , speaking around world l earn genius 
surrounds us .

1998 , Janine co -founded world ’ first bio -inspired 
consultancy , Biomimicry 3.8 ( formerly Biomimicry Guild ) , bringing 
nature ’ sustainable designs 250+ clients including Boeing , Colgate -
Palmolive , Nike , General Electric , Herman Miller , HOK architects , 
IDEO , Interface , Natura , Procter Gamble , Levi ’ , Kohler , General 
Mills .

2006 , Bryony Schwan co -founded Biomimicry Institute , non -profit 
dedicated making biology natural part design process .

Institute hosts 
annual global biomimicry design challenges massive sustainability 
problems , mobilizing tens thousands students practitioners Global 
Biomimicry Network solve challenges , providing practitioners world ’ 
comprehensive biomimicry inspiration database , AskNature , use starting 
place .

Janine personally introduced millions meme biomimicry two TED 
talks , hundreds conference keynotes , dozen documentaries 11th Hour , 
Harmony , Second Nature : Biomimicry Evolution , Nature Things David 
Suzuki , aired 71 countries .

rec eived several awards including 
Gothenburg Award Sustainable Development 2013 , Heinz Award 2011 , TIME 
magazine ’ Hero Environment award 2008 , United Nations Environment 
Programme ’ Champion Earth Science Technology 2009 , Rachel Carson 
Environmental Ethi cs Award , Lud Browman Award Science Writing Society , 
Barrows Heinz Distinguished Lectureships .

2022 , Janine awarded annual 
RSA Bicentenary Medal remarkable contribution regenerative design .

work 
biomimicry featured Fortune , Forbes , Newsweek , Esquir e , Economist , 
Time , Wired , New York Times , Wall Street Journal , Nature , .

2010 , 
BusinessWeek named Janine one World ’ Influential Designers .

2012 , 
received Smithsonian Institution ’ Cooper -Hewitt National Design Mind 
Award , given recognition vis ionary profound impact design theory , 
practice , public awareness .

educator heart , Janine believes people 
learn nature ’ mentors , ’ want protect .

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Biomimicry ToolboxB iomimicry SolutionsEducational 
Reports Inst itute Us MissionJanine BenyusStaff , Board , AdvisorsCareers 
Mission Donate Select Page Building sustainable futureby learning nature 
.

discover , accelerate , amplify nature -inspired s tartups solving world 
’ pressing problems .

Funders & Partners Ray Hope Prize Ray Hope Prize® identifies top nature -
inspired startups world fosters growth providing 10 -week program focused 
sustainable busi ness training , communications support , opportunities 
non-dilutive funding .

Winning team receive $ 100,000 prize , additional 
$ 50,000 distributed amongst remaining cohort .

Armed nature ’ billions 
years research development , startups uniquely suited ad dress critical 

Key Program Details Dates Applicants 
startup nature -inspired product , service , technology inherent social 
environmental benefits may apply .

particularly interested solutions 
address carbon sequestration  , climate change adaptation mitigation , 
critical sustainability challenges , U.N .

Competitive applicants typically secured $ 250,000 funding ( grants , 
equity , etc . )

course 10 -week Ray Hope Prize program , 
help startups : Scale quickly order compete multi -billion dollar , 
extractive industries Avoid common push produce products cheaply , 
leading unintentional harm ( use toxic chemic als ) Effectively 
communicate science biomimicry order create brand advantage Since 2020 , 
Ray Hope Prize : Startups % Female Founders Countries Represented Ray 
Hope Prize Participants Benefit Expert Mentorship Participants engage 
expert mentors advisors t hroughout program .

Sustainable Business 
Training Introduction sustainability tools processes like life -cycle 
assessments , green chemistry , ethical supply chains .

Amplified 
Exposure multitude opportunities high profile exposure media content 
partners .

Nature Expeditions Nature immersions bring startups remarkable 
locations , deepening connection nature strengthening relationships .

Access Funding Ray Hope Prize startups receive access vast network 
business investment contacts .

Philanthropic Capital top -rated startup 
awarded $ 100,000 grand prize , runner -up receives $ 25,000 , additional 
$ 25,000 prizes distributed .

Program Designed Impact Following Ray Hope 
Prize program , Ray Hope finalists : Secure investment thanks network 
introductions Gain inboun d leads global media Gain paid proof -of-concept 
pilot contracts major corporations Increase sales attributed messaging 
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minded leaders Judging Panel andSelection Committee Ray Hope Pri ze 
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provides teams valuable feedback , advice , lasting 
connection .

Foundation andCorporate Sponsorship take us 

company foundatio n would like support 
startups journeys , bring biomimicry innovations work , ’ love hear .

Supporters Ray Hope Prize key initiative Biomimicry 

late Ray 
Anderson Founder Chairman Interfa ce , Inc. sustainable business pioneer .

Biomimicry important part Ray ’ Interface ’ early success creating 

technologies new s .

Subscribe 
  Support Next Generationof Nature -Inspired 
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Modular Building Material Inspired Sponges — Innovation — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Innovation : Industry Modular Building Materia l 
Inspired Sponges Metavoxel Image : Arctium Lappa / Shutterstock / rights 
reserved toggle icon Contents Innovation Profile Challenge Innovation 
Details Video Biological Model Ray Hope Prize® Metavoxel creates high -
performance materials mimicking open cell ular architecture bone , wood ,

Benefits Improved physical properties materials Reduced use 
material resources Widened range potential physical characteristics 
material Increased usefulness sustainable materials Applications 
Architecture Infrastr ucture Vehicle design Challenge Humans use 100 
billion tons material per year make everything built environment .

produces 25 percent global greenhouse gas emissions , third material ends 
waste .

find way build materials achieve physical properties using f ar 
fewer resources ?

Innovation Details Engineers Metavoxel Technologies 
designed simple building elements size credit card mass produced 
assembled high -speed robotics 3 -D cellular building blocks .

connected 
together form “ metamaterials ” exhibit propert ies raw materials possess 
.

Different initial shapes impart different properties metamaterial .

Add accordion bend side , 
slight amount give multiplied many times create squishy material made 
much rigid matte r .

revolutionary approach , novel metamaterials designed 
unique , customizable properties determined cellular geometries .

produced range materials , including wood biocomposites —to make strong 
ultra lightweight construction materials buildings , bridges , furniture 
, vehicles , .

Metamaterials also need fewer raw materials , sharply 
reduce amount resources extracted Earth .

Copyright © - rights reserved toggle icon Different initial shapes impart 
different properties metamat erial .

Add accordion bend side , slight amount give multiplied many 
times create squishy material made much rigid matter .

billions years , evolution hones architecture large -scale structure s 
within organisms , also microscopic building blocks structures .

Take , 
example , deep sea sponge called Venus ’ flower -basket .

skeleton tube 
made glass , instead solid , ’ built threadlike vertical , horizontal , 
diagonal struts .

skeleton ’ open cellu lar architecture allows compress , 
bend , stretch ––in ways solid glass never could .

structural system enables organisms use minimal amount material achieve 
maximum performance .

inspired so lutions addressing world ’ biggest environmental 

Prize helps startups cross critical threshold becoming viable business es 

Prize Finalists See Ray Hope Prize Final ists toggle icon Collection Ray 

Surface Finishing Inspi red Plants Insects Fusion Bionic Fusion Bionic 

Inspired Enzymes Sudoc Sudoc uses enzyme -inspired catalysts rapidly  break 

I nnovation : Industry Self -Degrading 

Packets Inspire d Plants GreenPod Labs GreenPod Labs mimics natural 

Systems View - Biomimicry Toolbox Systems View - Biomimicry Toolbox 

Evaluate  Fit & Function Pathways Biomimicry References Reading List 
Select Page Home » Core Concepts » Systems View Systems V iew SECTION 
  
system ?

Properties systems 
  Everything connected 
  Resources “ try 
pick anything , find hitched everything else Universe.

” – John Muir , 
naturalist wilderness advocate world composed systems —from ecosystems 
nature organizations technolog ies human society .

Learning see , 
understand , think systems important many biggest challenges facing world 
today product system failures require systems view solve .

Buckminster Fuller famously observed , system greater sum parts .

Systems thinking educator 
Linda Booth Sweeney provides helpful framework thinking , making 
distinction “ system ” —where whole properties parts ’ t — “ heap , ” 
collection things higher function .

house 
system , made many parts interact together provide shelter services like 
electricity plumbing .

materials parts may still , relationships parts broken lie 
purposeless heap .

Systems may physically tangible ( like house ) abstract 
, governmental system computer network .

makes system 
system composed “ interconnected set elements [ ] coherently organi zed 
way achieves something ( function purpose ) .

” ( Meadows ) Properties 
systems Systems diverse share properties help us identify understand .

Every system one boundaries may separated components sub -systems .

Every 
system also contained within multiple  higher level super -systems .

function door allow things enter 
exit building keeping things crossing boundary .

door typically consists 
two sub-systems : closure means control closure , take diverse forms .

door might made wood hinges latch , example , might curtain hook hold 
aside .

door turn embedded higher -level super -systems ( wall , building , 
city , local habitat ) .

Adjacent systems may exist system levels 
influence system interest may serve similar functions .

Adjacent systems 
level door might include windows , also mediate boundary .

biology , transmembrane protein cell 
wall performs function  similar door .

allows certain molecules signals 
cell passes molecules signals external system .

cell turn may part organ 
( super-system ) , connected served adjacent circulatory system knits 
together many systems keep organism ( another super -system ) ali ve .

Everything connected Please enable cookies view embedded content !

functionality/content marked “ Google Youtube ” uses cookies chose keep 
disabled .

video demonstrates connectivity , showing whales play 
surprising role reducing carbon dioxide levels atmosphere .

organism survive 
completely isolation  living things —human beings included .

living things 
depend resources ecosystem services made available interconnected webs 
relationships compose living system Earth .

interwoven complex ; problem design solution exists isolatio n .

inextricably part systems material energy flows , relationships , 

Since world full complex systems , taking systems view 
effective means understand design challenge deeper level identify 
appropriate points intervention .

biomimetic design er , knowledgeable 
aware system interconnections help optimize design outcomes considering 
well design fits within Earth ’ context .

Resources 
  Thinking Systems ( 
2008 ) book systems thinking pioneer Donella Meadows wonderful primer 
properties systems fac tors govern behavior time .

h Systems Explorer 
Worksheet Systems Explorer tool diagramming system .

Download resource 
additional information tool use , including blank version use diagram 
system ( ) .

Applying systems view Learn applying systems view des ign 
challenge first step Biomimicry Design Spiral : Define .

Image Credits 
City landscape : public domain Pixabay House : Eric Allix Rogers CC -BY-
NC-SA via Flickr Tornado damage : Public domain , NOAA Door : Public 
domain clipart Membrane transport diagram  : Public domain via Wikimedia 
Bibliography Baldwin , C. Y. , & Clark , K. B .

Retrieved http : 
//www.screendoorconsulting.com/resources/Biomimicry+Beyond+Organisms+for+
2013+Biomimicry+Proceedings.pdf Fuller , R. B .

//dilab.cc.ga tech.edu/dane/ Hoagland , M. B. , Dodson , B. , & Hauck , J 
.

http : 
//issuu.com/eggermont/docs/zq_issue_05 # Hawken , P. , Lovins , .

Zygo te 
Quarterly Issue 6 Retrieved http : 
//issuu.com/eggermont/docs/zq_issue_06_final/104 ?

//biomimicry.net/educating/university -education/webinar/ Meadows , D. ( 
2008 ) .

Retrieved http : //systems.open.ac.uk/materials/T552/ d.school , Stanford 

//dschool.s tanford.edu/wp -content/uploads/2013/10/METHODCARDS -v3-slim.pdf 
Vincent , J. F. , Bogatyreva , .

A. , Bogatyrev , N. R. , Bowyer , A. , & 
Pahl , A. K. ( 2006 ) .

Retrieved http : //www.okala.net/ Wiltgen , B. , 
Vattam , S. , Hel ms , M. , Goel , A. K. , & Yen , J .

Learning Functional Models Biological Systems Biologically Inspired 
Design .

Advanced Learning Technologies ( ICALT ) , 2011 11th IEEE 
International Conference ( pp .

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Teachers may find useful complete scavenger hunt first , 
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Biomimicry5 min readBiomimicry5 
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HelpStatusWritersBlogCareersPrivacyTermsAbout Text speechTeams  
Tornado-like Spinning Increases Seed Dispersion — Biological Strategy — 
Innovations Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Tornado -like 
Spinning Increases Seed Dispe rsion Japanese maple AskNature Team Image : 
Photo courtesy David Lentink / CC NC ND - Creative Commons Attribution + 
Noncommercial + NoDerivatives toggle icon Functions Performed toggle icon 
Living System toggle icon Disperse Seeds Plants disperse seeds us ing 
variety mechanisms , including wind , rain , attachment animals .

Seed 
dispersal important plants growing close together compete resources , 
nutrients sunlight .

Since plants literally rooted place , seed dispersal 
also important mechanism expanding ra nge reaching new environments .

search icon Search Function Move in/Through Gases Living systems must 

Mo ving efficiently light medium presents unique challenges 

spores , leaves , l iving systems must sometimes move accomplish various 
activities pollinating , feeding young , building shelters .

types solids media exist ( air , water , another medium )  .

Transform Mechanical Energy Mechan ical energy made kinetic energy ( 
energy object motion ) potential energy ( stored energy ) .

Organisms use 
mechanical energy variety ways , including capturing prey , transporting 
seeds , moving around .

Plants Japanese maple Flowering Plants Clade Angiosperms ( “ receptacle 
seed ” ) : Dandelions , oaks , grasses , cacti , apples 416 families 

characte rized seeds grow 
enclosed ovaries , enclosed flowers .

floral organs develop fruits myriad 

appeared Jurassic Period 130  million years ago .

Related Content References leading edge tornado -like spinning maple s eed 

Introduction Scattering seeds prominent mechanism plants , often assisted 
birds gusts wind .

birds eat seeds trees , transport defecate , creating 
randomized scatter new trees grow .

caught gust wind , seeds fall end 
growing close vicinity one another .

increase reach seeds planted , maple 
tree seeds twirl tornado -like vortex , creating lift non -twirling 
counterparts .

Image : Liz West / CC NC - Creative Commons Attribution + 
Noncomme rcial toggle icon Japanese maple seeds gearing twist ground using 
sustained lift vortex prolong flight .

Image : Photo courtesy David 
Lentink / CC NC ND - Creative Commons Attribution + Noncommercial + 
NoDerivatives toggle icon image shows free -flight sequ ence auto -rotating 
seed falls ground .

( Photo provided permission David Lentink California 
Institute Technology ) Image : Photo courtesy David Lentink / CC NC ND - 
Creative Commons Attribution + Noncommercial + NoDerivatives toggle icon 
maple seed wind tu nnel generates prominent leading edge vortex near base 
.

( Photo provided permission David Lentink California Institute 
Technology ) right arrow right arrow Strategy leading edge seed lowers 
air pressure top seed , sucking wind seed upwards , giving extra lift , 
extra travel time .

lift mechanism similar insects hovering hummingbirds use wings develop 
continuous air vortex , sustaining flight .

spinning motion created maple 
seed structure sustains lift vortex prolongs flight .

’ also important 
note dead ( brown -colored ) seeds scatter altered center gravity alive ( 
green-colored ) seeds .

center gravity seed closer center lift , similar 
paper airplane able fly opponents .

Falling Maple Seed : Watch video  
tornado-like vortex free -flying maple seed ( Movie courtesy David Lentink 
) : Potential careful study maple seed spirals air , scientists designed 
smallest known monocopter .

mechanics falling seeds better understood , 
monocopter flight unstable .

Investi gating maple seeds deal turbulent air 
could also help develop efficient wind turbines , increasing amount 
renewable energy extracted breeze .

Related Innovation Innovation : 
Industry Retrofit Wind Turbines Inspired Kingfisher Maple Seeds Biome 
Renewables P owerCone Biome Renewables channels incoming wind onto turbine 
blades address root leakage save energy .

Strategy Seedpod Spirals Stay Aloft Sycamore maple Seed shape 
distribution mass ensure self -orientation autorotation .

Bio logical 
Strategy Spinning Makes Safe Dive Northern gannet body diving gannet 
enters water safely high speeds spinning .

Give Seeds Soaring Advantage Javan cucumber thin plate centered 
configuration help Javan cucumber seeds f loat long distances wind .

Last 
Updated July 2 , 2020 References “ Detailed performance studies revealed 
autorotating seeds able generate unexpectedly high lift forces despite 
small size slow velocity .

Like autorotating seeds , insect wings 
generate high lift despite operating angles attack well stall 
conventional aircraft wings helicopter blades ” ( Lentink et al.

, 
2009:1440 ) Journal article Leading -Edge Vortices Elevate Lift 
Autorotating Plant Seeds Science , Vol .

1438 -
1440 | 1 1/06/2009 | D. Lentink , W. B. Dickson , J. L. van Leeuwen , M. 
H. Dickinson embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon loading 
Biological Strategies Biological Strategy Hoverflies ’ Remarkable Roll 
Hoverflies use rolling maneuver right taking upsid e .

lined sensors help insect navigate using information airflow wing strain 
.

Moths use chan ges speed altitude maintain trajectory despite changes 

Biological Strategy Birds Surf Air Pelicans pelican 
wings glide close water , use “ ground effect ” maximize lift , minimize 
drag , conserve energy .

Biological Strategy Flying Sq uirrels Control 
Glide Flying squirrels Flying squirrels membranes cartilage help change 
lift drag forces , enabling glide 100 times body length .

Microscopic scales provide lift na ture ’ “ flying flowers.

”  
Helical Wound Fibres Increase Toughness — Biological Strategy — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Biological Strategy Helical Wound Fibres Increase 
Toughness Plants Eleanor Banwell Image : Daniel Toh / Shutterstock / 
toggle icon Manage Impact impact high force mechanical shock happens 
short period time , hammer hitting nail rather hand pu shing slowly wall .

, ruptures , complete breakage .

exam ple , Toco toucan ’ large beak lightweight , yet 

living system tension , means force pulling , like person pul ling rope 

applied living system , unless system completely rigid , 

flexible stretchable enough survive tensio n occurs environment .

Search Fun ction Manage Compression living system compression , force 

Manage Shear effect shear stress living system parallel internal su rfaces 

Living systems must incr ease shear strength overcome types forces 
.

search icon Search Function Physically Assemble Structure Living systems 
use physical materials create structures serve protection , insulation , 
purposes .

structures internal ( within attached system ) , cell 

also external ( detac hed ) , nests , burrows , 

bone comprised mineral 

search icon Search Function Plants Phylum 
Plantae ( “ plants ” ) : Angiosperms , gymnosperms , green algae , Plants 
evolved using special structures within cells harness energy directly 
sunlight .

currently 350,000 known specie s plants include angiosperms ( 
flowering trees plants ) , gymnosperms ( conifers , Gingkos , others ) , 
ferns , hornworts , liverworts , mosses , green algae .

get energy 
process photosynthesis , partially carnivores , feeding bodies insects , 
others plant  parasites , feeding entirely plants .

evolved around 500 million 
years ago found every continent worldwide .

System Cellulose fibers plant stems increase toughness windi ng around 
tubes angle Materials strong stiff brittle useful .

However , resistance 
fracture linked flexibility , meaning two properties conflict : stiff 
hard materials prone cracking , ’ crack tend weaker prone bending .

Composite materials achieve improve d performance , usually embedding 
strong stiff material matrix softer flexible one combine best properties 
.

Wood composite 
cellulose fibers embedded matrix , performance better models suggest 
based composition alone : arrangement fibers matters .

trees , hollow 
tubes ( double transport vessels ) reinforced spiral -wrapped bundles 
cellulose fibers .

Wood hierarchical bundles vessels form concentric 
layers contribute strength stiffness .

fibers helically  wound , easily 
snap pull matrix —the two main ways fiber composites commonly fail .

Instead , fibers must unwind pulled broken , increasing energy required 
fracture wood .

Bamboo woody grass material properties comparable steel , 
often used place .

Like wo od , bamboo cellulose composite helically -wound 
fibers wrapped around hollow vessel bundles .

bamboo , vessels wrapped series concentric layers 
cellulose fibers alternate thick layers fibers wound one direction ( 
angle 45° vertical ) thin layers wound opposite direction ( angle around 
5° vertical ) .

plant bends , one side stem , vascular bundle , 
compressed , opposite side stretches .

cellulose fibers compressed bulge 
buckle , leading failure material .

inclusio n thin , oppositely -coiled 
cellulose layers restrain main load -bearing thick layers , preventing 
bulging giving bamboo impressive performance .

break , wood bamboo absorb 
lot energy broken stems often remain attached , meaning failure safer 

Ima ge : Ioan Sameli / CC SA - Creative Commons Attribution + 
ShareAlike toggle icon Image : Dick Rowan / Public Domain - restrictions 
toggle icon Image : Ellie Banwell / Public Domain - restrictions toggle 
icon Thick layers helically wound fibres strengthened  thin layers 
oppositely wound fibres .

Image : Jay Mantri / Public Domain - 
restrictions toggle icon right arrow right arrow Related Content

Biological Strategy Lignified Parenchyma Cells Provide Strength Plants 
Parenchyma cells plants provide mechanical s upport become lignified 
thick-walled .

Biological Strategy Structure Distributes Stress Scots 
pine Trunks branches trees withstand external stresses load -adaptive 
growth .

trunks pine trees with stands wind snow via spiral growth .

March 25 , 2020 References Journal article Biomimicry ’ bamboo bast fiber 
engineering composite materials Mater .

C | 01/01/1995 | Li 
SH , Zeng QY , Xiao YL , Fu SY , Zhou BL embedly preview tog gle icon 
Reference toggle icon loading Journal article Composites High Work 
Fracture Phil .

| 01/01/1980 | Gordon JE , Jeronimidis G 
, Richardson MOW embedly preview toggle icon Reference toggle icon 
loading Biological Strategies Biologica l Strategy Hero Shrew ’ Remarkable 
Spine Hero shrew spine hero shrews remarkably strong yet flexible , due 

Nest Structurally Reinforced Jet ant carton nests jet ants reinforced 
hyphae resident fungi .

Biological Strategy Fibers Reinforce Nests Wasps 
Nests wasps sturdy incorporate fibers parallel pattern .

Strategy Beak Prevents Water Uptake Dives Gannets closable gap beak 
gannet , instead open nostrils , prevents water rushin g high-speed dives 
.

Biological Strategy Caterpillars Reshape Leaves Silk Cherry leaf roller 
Caterpillars use stitches made contracting silk threads roll leaves tube -
shaped shelter Biological Strategy Proteins Help Corals Build Rock -Hard 
Reefs Corals lay p roteins organized way create scaffold minerals produce 
rock-hard reefs  
Ventilating Shade Structure Inspired Trees — Innovation — AskNature 
Educators Donate Search Innovation : Industry Ventilating Shade Structure 
Inspired Trees FootstepFloor Image : Viktor Talashuk / Unsplash / CC SA - 
Creative Commons Attribution + ShareAlike toggle icon Functions Performed 
toggle icon Documents toggle icon Protect Light Access sunlight crucial 
living s ystems ’ primary energy source life .

However , much sunlight 
form ultraviolet radiation ( UV ) cause damage living tissues .

example , plants live 
areas exposed long periods direct sunlight refle ctive surfaces ( white 
hairs powder ) reflect UV light .

Temperature Many living systems function best within specific temperature 
ranges .

Temperatures higher lower range negatively impact living system 
’ physiological chemical processes , damage exterior interior .

, 
living systems use variety strategies , avoiding high low  temperatures , 

search icon Search Function Fractal 
Shade Information Flyer 132.

7 KB JPG Patents JP2012097557A 318.4 KB PDF 
JP2010169883A 1.2 MB PDF JP2008196254A 316.7 KB PDF Contents Innovation 
Fractal Shade FootstepFloor uses fractal patterns create well -ventilated 
sunshade prevent radiant heat .

Benefits Reduced energy consumption 
Reduced air pollution Applications Urban planning Building design UN 
Infrastructure Goal 11 : Sustainable Cities & Communities Challenge ‘ 
urban heat island effect ’ phenomena cities experience much warmer 
temperatures nearby rural areas .

high temperatures cause elevated energy 
consumption , increased air pollution , side effects harmful humans .

Innovation Details Fractal Shade® structure uses Sierpinski Tetrahedrons 
, fractal pattern based equilateral triangle , mimic shade provided

result dappled sunlight 
continuous air movement , helping cool surrounding area .

Model Staying cool , especially subtropical regions , essential .

Shade 
trees provide cooling effect blocking sunlight increasing air moisture .

Tree species rough , dense foliage light colored leaves provide greatest 
cooling benefits surroundings .

Se e Related Strategy See Related Strategy 
toggle icon Biological Strategy Leaf Color Shape Enhance Cooling Effect 

Innovation : Industry High -Performance Biocomp osites Inspired Trees 

Innovation : Industry High -Powered 
Cleaners Inspired Enzymes Sudoc Sudoc uses enzyme -inspired catalysts 
rapidly break toxi ns complex chemicals environment , break well .

Innovation : Industry Natural Produce Preservative Packets Inspired 
Plants GreenPod Labs GreenPod Labs mimics natural chemical signaling 
whole plants keep harvested produce fresher longer .

SolutionsEducational ResourcesGlobal N etworkInvite SpeakerBlog 
BenyusStaff , Board , Adv isorsCareers OpportunitiesContactFAQs Impact 
Annual ReportNewsroomNewsletterSupport Mission Donate Select Page Back 
Newsroom Meet Newest Young Innovators Biomimicry year , Biomimicry 
Institute ’ Youth Design Challenge supported thousands middle high school  

May 3 , 2022 — urban 
flooding stormwater management increasing access clean drinking water 
drought-prone areas , Biomimicry Institute ’ 2021 -22 Youth Design 
Challenge ( YDC ) winners offered unique , na ture-inspired ideas solve 
local design challenges .

YDC , fifth year , serves bridge core concepts 
advanced project -focused STEM learning middle high school students across 
world .

Youth Design Challenge open access experience leads middle high 
school educ ators students project -based curriculum immerses practice 
biomimicry —looking nature inspiration solve design problems regenerative 
way .

Students , along teachers coaches , engage design -focused project -
based learning solve problem ’ identified .

Solutions  created iterative 
design process students engage nature new perspective .

“ grateful 
teachers , students , communities showing us want engage deep 
explorations nature using practice biomimicry , ” said Rosanna Ayers , 
Director Youth Education Biomimicry I nstitute .

“ projects submitted year 
exceptional uses biomimetic design creatively approach solutions local 
problems affecting communities.

” YDC U.S. -based competition , also 
supports international submissions .

year , YDC received 125 submissions 
12 countries addressed wide array Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ) 
.

focus SDGs new 2021 -22 program introduce students global goals , well 
empower choose goal best resonated attempting solve local design problem 
.

Participants year also introduced updated a pproach MIMIC lesson plans ,

offered smoother transition step designed better help educators 
incorporate biomimicry classrooms .

“ lot brilliant ideas really tough 
choice select best , ” said Nermina Lamadema , judge year ’ Challenge .

“ 
inspiring joy go s tudents ’ portfolios understand rationalized important 
SDG issues.

” Biomimicry Institute excited announce year ’ Biomimicry 
Youth Design Challenge winners are… MIDDLE SCHOOL First Place : Fire 
Forewarner Team Design Concept recent years , problem wildfire s 
California increased residents witnessed thousands wildfires millions 
acres burned .

Fire Forewarner , developed Aaryan & Kovid ’ Team , device 
aims help bring numbers .

design concept solar -powered box contains 
protected circuit board flame retardant ca psule high temperature glue lid 
.

temperatures reach high enough melt glue lid , box opens immediately 
sends signal nearest fire department warning fire , capsules used contain 
fire meantime .

Fire Forwarner includes inspirations Banksia seed pods , 
release seeds cones heated certain temperature , Crossopteryx bark , used 
insulation materials inside box .

Second Place : Ice Resistant Surfaces 
Team Design Concept Montana similar winter -stricken cold environments , 
planes need de -iced .

Chemicals used deicing  hazardous environment 
eventually flow rivers , lakes , groundwater .

BioSurfaces team aimed reduce need harmful 
chemicals used came idea Ice Resistant Surfaces .

looked inspiration mint 
leaf surfaces ta ll peaks valleys angles in -between stop ice formation .

Going even , bumpy surface design emulated hydrophobic Cicada wings helps 
prevent frost , well bacteria , building .

team also found inspiration 
pine needles , thick covered waxy substance called cuti n .

design 
incorporated three make BioSurface model , stop frost developing surfaces 
work various surfaces .

design recognized design principles demonstrating 
deep emulation various organisms inventive prototyping testing offered 3D 
printed model scaled .

Third Place : CactiShirt Team Design Concept 
Climate change leading rising temperatures ; places heat already 
uncomfortable point humans , get worse .

Interrobang San Jose came 
CactiShirt : design passively cool person shirt incorporates microscopic 
folds , like desert cacti , increase surface area allow heat radiate .

CactiShirt designed also lighter color ’ absorb much heat darker colors , 
chameleons change lighter color get hot .

material CactiShirt would 
euphorbias , plants waxy surface help protect hea t .

judges impressed 
team ’ iterative process learning put project together .

design locally 
attuned address problem affecting community fashionable approach appeal 
many people .

International Honorable Mention : Floodulator Team Design 
Concept London sign ificant number properties occupied basements 
problematic dwellers heavy rainfall flash flood occurs .

Taking local 
urban flooding issue , team Biomimicking Bosses Association London , 
England looked nature project .

Floodulator system includes locally 
designed pipe ground level store rainwater underground boxfish -shaped 
tank ( water control rigidity ) distribute water areas city .

specifically , help distribute excess water areas flooding drainage 
system overwhelmed London ’ greener areas .

tank would made material 
inspired Arapaima fish scales , consist two layers , covered dense layer 
hair similar reindeer guard hairs .

long , water -repellent hairs create 
impermeable layer around tank .

project selected team ’ thoughtful 
approach solving local problem offe red creativity , imagination , great 
example learning nature .

HIGH SCHOOL First Place : Urban Floodwater 
Reduction System Team Design Concept take local urban flooding issue , 
team Garage School Scholars Edmonds , Washington looked mangroves beavers 
help people community living near Shellabarger Creek .

Urban Floodwater 
Reduction System slows water splitting flow creating tortuous paths ; 
creates blockages flood -designated areas upstream ; negates amount energy 
water carries flows downstream towards house affected creek ’ flooding .

design awarded first place high school category local scale life -friendly 
materials integrated local community .

team offered well -researched , 
tested , prototyped project aligned well SDG 11 ( Sustainable Cities 
Communities ) d emonstrated thorough mimicry biological organisms chosen .

Second Place : Syntrichia HydroTrap Team Design Concept clean water 
becoming less accessible throughout planet bottled water consumption 
increasing plastic pollution , FA Biomimicry Challengers , g roup students 
Maine , developed water harvesting device help .

Syntrichia Hydrotrap 
portable , attaches reusable water bottle , uses unique structure capture 
moisture air .

mimicking awns desert moss ( Syntrichia caninervis ) , 
design concept uses water pu mps collect water droplets barbs grooves .

water channeled along hydrophobic surface material inspired textures used 
Texas horned lizard Cicada wings .

Syntrichia HydroTrap used across 
climates , offering solution areas experiencing droughts reusable 
alternatives aid plastic pollution problem .

project exceeded 
expectations judging committee providing full system perspective plastic 
pollution , clean water , responsible production , going far considering 
cleanliness antibacterial transfer properties .

Third  Place : River Reef 
Team Design Concept local stormwater runoff issue Johns Creek , Georgia 
inspired Aquanauts come River Reef project way mitigate problem community 
.

Stormwater runoff erodes riverbanks , causing natural plants/trees 
slowly submerge ; dra gs sediment along path causing several biodiversity 
issues .

River Reef cluster banana leaf -like structures rough surface 
made RPET , bio -friendly plastic , adjusted placed bottom waterway .

design uses strategies inspired seagrass rough cactus coral help slow 
currents trap sediments carried water .

selection committee particularly 
impressed team interviewed city council better understand community ’ 
design problem looked local problem riverbed degrading eroding foundation 
backyard .

research commenced incl uded prototyping ideas directly 

International Honorable Mention : Greenification Team Design 
Concept Grass needs decay biologically order new , healthy grass grow .

solution typically burn fields 
expedite decaying process , however , cause excess carbon methane 
released atmosphere .

Green Waves team Anseong , Korea came 
environmentally -friendly concept solve desertification problem .

created 
land trampling structure mimic movement herds grassland .

Herd  movement 
grasslands healthy alternative burning fields , herd passes , 
redistribute nutrients across field break soil .

team ’ solution also 
accounts balance needed overgrazing also result desertification .

structure conceived flexible sturdy , like banan a leaves , lined surface 
hundreds hollow , rigid spines inspired tongue cat .

design used create 
shape add agricultural tools help process revitalizing fresh , healthy 
grass .

unique solution recognized interconnectedness plants ’ animals ’ 
reliance one an other , team ’ respect observation full ecosystem approach 
.

prototyping offered creative application ideas encouraged judging 
committee continue exploration concept .

“ loved reviewing amazing 
students work , ” said Dillon Behling , judge year ’ Challenge  .

” learn Youth Design 
Challenge , get involved , visit biomimicry.org/youthdesignchallenge .

information Biomimicry Institute ’ Youth Education initiative 
professional learning opportunities , vi sit biomimicry.org/education .

# 
# # # Biomimicry Institute Biomimicry Institute 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) not -for-
profit organization founded 2006 empowers people seek nature -inspired 

org , free online tool contains strategies found nature 

also hosts Biomimicry Global Design Challenge 
Youth Design Challenge support project -based education ; Biomimicry 
Launchpad startup accelerator program ; Ray Hope Prize® de veloping

companies bring designs market ; Biomimicry Global Network connects 
innovators across world .

Media Contact Lex Amore , Director Partnerships 
Advocacy [ email protected ] 415 -800-1407 Inspiration InboxJoin thousands 
nature-inspired innovators keep  up-to-date latest biomimicry news , 

Function Strategy - Biomimicry Toolbox Function Strategy - Biomimicry 
Toolbox Biomimicry Institute AskNature Youth  Design Challenge DONATE 

Context Discov er Biological Strategies Abstract Design Strategies Emulate 
Biomimicry Toolbox Select Page Home » Core Concepts » Function Strategy 
Function Strategy Fundamental links biology design .

Identifying functions 
  Biomimicry Taxonomy 
  Recognizing 
context order practice biomim icry , ’ important first understand concept 
function .

Function essential underpinning biomimicry one element 
distinguishes biomimetic design biophilic biomorphic design .

Instead 
looking simply visual aesthetic qualities biological world , biomimicry 
focuses learning living things meet specific functions .

context 
biomimicry , function refers role played organism ’ adaptations behaviors 
enable survive .

Importantly , function also refer som ething need design 
solution .

biological strategy characteristic , mechanism , process performs 
function organism .

Stated technical way , 
function bear ’ fur insulate conserve heat .

, polar bear ’ fur strategy 
insulation , , specifically , characteristics polar bear ’ fur make 
especially good insulation .

Studying polar bear fur works could lead 
developmen t better insulation human needs , outerwear , buildings , 

Fur absorbs infrared radiation Learn polar bear ’ 
fascinating strategy designs inspired AskNature .

Understanding concepts function strategy help find biologic al information 
relevant design challenge .

beginning design challenge , important thing 
consider first “ function want solve ?

Phrasing goal second way op ens mind new approaches 
challenge also possibility design may look nothing like current helmet .

Biologists name id entify organisms , grouping categorizing nested 
hierarchy taxonomic ranks ( domains , kingdoms , etc.

Today word “ taxonomy ” also starting 
used describe system classification , .

Biomimicry Taxonomy 
classification system Biomimicry Institute developed organize biological 
strategies functions serve .

also underlying structure Ask Nature , world 
’ comprehensive library ( database form ) biological solutions applicable 
human design challenges .

identifying function ( ) design needs serve , 
Taxonomy helpful reference .

help better navigate content Ask Nature also 
provide keywords may help understand challenge differently search 
effectively biological information .

h Biomimicry Taxonomy Explained 
Recognizing C ontext N Definition Check Context biology encompasses 
surrounding environment factors affecting survival organism .

Strategies vary depending context , condi tions strategy 
used .

example , slow growing tree may use different sizes leaves 
optimize capture sunlight photosynthesis , vine may leaves size use rapid 
growth best position leaves photosynthesis .

Context determines organism 
ecosystem successfully meets  functional needs .

biology design , strategy 
works well meet function one context , might work different setting .

, contexts complex , organisms human designs often perform multiple  
functions employ multiple strategies simultaneously .

Different contexts 
may may require different strategies function Leaves maple tree show 
different forms depending found tree .

Varying leaf forms strategy helps  tree efficiently capture solar 
energy .

leaves climbing vine relatively uniform since vine position 
needed capture solar energy .

snail 
’ protection also needs lightweight able increase volume snail grows .

spiral shape shell minimizes materials needed create ever -expanding 
container also helps strengthen structure .

addition protecting 
rider ’ head crash , brightly colored helmet also alerts cars presence 
rider making visible .

Function Self Quiz Test understanding function 
related biomimicry concepts  taking self quiz checking work answer key 
provided .

Thinking terms context important allows recognize biological 
strategies could relevant human design .

understanding want design , 
conditions , “ ask nature ” living things .

observe 
natural world around , try identify functions , strategies , contexts 
play .

see think similar functions contexts human world ways apply 
natural strategies observe .

important thing honing skills observation , l ooking nature differently , 
starting think like biomimic .

Image Credits Polar Bear : modified Jill 
Clardy CC -BY-NC-SA via Flickr Maple leaves : Sherry Ritter , used 
permission Vines : modified Chris Ford CC -BY-NC via Flickr Snail : Sid 
Mosdell CC -BY via F lickr Cyclists : reway2007 CC -BY-NC-SA via Flickr .

Innovation Ra y Hope PrizeLaunchpad Systems Change Pilot ProjectsIndustry 

Mission Donate Select Page Read Report Nature Fashio n June 30 , 2020 new 
report reveals emulating nature ’ lessons fashion industry enhance 
ecosystems boost biodiversity , build soil , support communities , clean 
existing pollution .

circular economy seeks replicate nature ’ cycling , 
one premises infinitel y reusing industrial materials make commerce 
compatible nature .

everything , industry economic activity , still 
exists within natural system .

laws physics drive natural material cycles 
make impossible isolate technical ones .

realigning occurs nature , design next -generation textile 
production model recognizes connections biosphere .

report explores 
material flows underpin natural systems sho ws first thing must learn 
nature design decomposition dispersal .

also shows fashion industry , 
relying advances regenerative agriculture , cellulosic fibers , 
fermentation , gasification , work existing technology nature jump -start 
transition bio -compatib le fibers right .

Key Takeaways Visuals Inspiration InboxJoin thousands 

Support Next Gene rationof Nature -
.

entrepreneurs Increase number biologi cal strategies resources 

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Undergraduate Research Experience ( SURE ) DEI Newsletter Archive 
Research Faculty Research Interests Robert J .

Full 
Professor Email : rjfull @ berkeley.edu Phone : ( 510 ) 642 -9896 Lab 
Webpage : http : //polypedal.berkeley.edu Full Contact Information > 
Research DescriptionMy primary interests reside area comparative 
biomechanics physiology .

re search program quantifies whole animal 
performance general locomotion particular relates animal 's structure , 
physiology , behavior .

use biomechanical , computer simulation ( dynamic 
musculo-skeletal modeling ) , physical modeling ( robot artificial musc le 
construction ) , isolated muscle , biochemical , whole -animal exercise 
physiology field -tracking techniques seek general design principles 
species evolved different solutions problems locomotion activity general 
.

study arthropod , amphibian reptilian l ocomotion continues offer 
excellent opportunity comparison .

Animals crabs , cockroaches , ants , 
beetles , scorpions , centipedes , geckos salamanders show tremendous 
variation body shape , gas transport system , leg number , 
musculoskeletal arrangement m ode movement .

use `` novel '' biological designs natural experiments probe basic themes 
concerning relationship morphology , body size , energetics , dynamics , 
control , stability , maneuverability , maximum speed endurance .

understanding diverse biological solutions problems locomotion 
contributes development general theory energetics , neuro -mechanics 
behavior .

collaborate closely engineers , mathematicians computer 
scientists providing biological principles inspire desig n multi-legged 
robots , artificial limbs muscles , novel control algorithms , self -
cleaning , dry adhesives.Selected PublicationsLibby , T. , T. Moore , E. 
Chang-Siu , D. Li , D. Cohen , A. Jusufi R. J .

single muscle 's multifunctional control potential 
body dynamics postural control running .

Liang , A.M. Pe attie , W.R. Hansen , S. Sponberg 
, T. Kenny , R. Fearing , J.N .

Full , R.J. , T. Kubow , J. Schmitt , P. Holmes 
, D. Kodi tschek .

Quantifying dynamic stability maneuverability 
legged locomotion .

Altendorfer , A. 
, N. Moore , H. Komsuoglu , M. Buehler , H.B .

Electro Active 
Polymers ( EAP ) Artificial Muscles , Reality Potential Challenges , ed .

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Michael Pawlyn - Wikipedia Jump content Main menu Main menu move sidebar 
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version Wikipedia , free encyclopedia British architect confused Michael 
Pollan .

Michael PawlynBorn ( 1967 -09-30 ) 30 September 1967 ( age 55 ) 
NationalityBritishEducationBSc ( Hons ) Architecture , BArchAlma 
materUniversity College LondonUniversity 
BathOccupationArchitectPartnerKelly HillChildren2Websitehttps : 
//exploration -architecture.com Michael Pawlyn ( born 30 September 1967 ) 
British architect noted work field biomimetic architecture innovation , 
well jointly initiating 'Architects Declare ' movement UK .

part 
principal team architects conceived designed Eden Project regular keynote 
speaker events innovation environmental sustainab ility .

best selling 
RIBA book Biomimicry Architecture published 2011 revised second edition , 
foreword Ellen MacArthur , published 2016 .

one three founders Sahara 
Forest Project - way supplying fresh water , food renewable energy arid 
conditions - remains actively involved Founding Partner Design Manager .

Career [ edit ] Eden Project Sahara Forest pilot facility Qatar 
graduating Architecture Bartlett , University College London , Pawlyn 
worked London Japan returning complete studies University Bath .

wor ked 
briefly researcher television documentaries joining Haworth Tompkins 
Architects .

1997 Michael Pawlyn became part Grimshaw Architects ' team 
work Eden Project .

innovative scheme , conceived Tim Smit , radically 
transformed Kaolinite pit complex adjoin ing Biomes created sustainable

2007 established 
Exploration Architecture develop work employs biomimicry guiding 
principal brings together three lifelong passions - biology , design 

TED Sa lon London , November 2010 , Michael Pawlyn became 
one small number architects talk posted TED .

presentation , describes 
biomimicry could help transform architecture society , viewed 2.1 million 
times .

Exploration Architecture 's work exhibited solo exhi bition , 
Architecture Foundation 2014 ; featured Future Knowledge exhibition 
Modern Art Oxford 2018 ; Learning Nature : Future Design exhibition 
Atlanta , Georgia 2019 .

2018 Michael Pawlyn invited join International 
Panel Experts advising Singapore Govern ment future development plans , 
best practice global trends planning urban design .

publication 2018 IPCC 
Report , concluded limiting global warming would require “ rapid far -
reaching ” transitions land , energy , industry , buildings , transport , 
cities , '' Pawlyn jointly initiated Architects Declare Climate & 
Biodiversity Emergency .

movement inspired 6,000 companies 26 countries 
sign declaration action commitment address `` needs society without 
breaching earth ’ ecological boundaries demand paradigm s hift behaviour 
'' .

Selected projects [ edit ] Boat Plastiki Expedition : project , 
designed client David de Rothschild , explored Cradle Cradle ideas 
highlight solutions plastic pollution ocean .

Sahara Forest Project : 
demonstrates biomimicry help addres s range challenges employing three 
components - saltwater cooled greenhouses , concentrated solar power ( 
CSP ) desert revegetation technologies .

Collectively elements provide 
fresh water , land regeneration , sequestering carbon soils , closing 
nutrient cycle provides employment deprived areas .

Biomimetic Office : 
sustainable office building designed Yaniv Peer Exploration , Arup 
Research & Development , Mace Cost Consultants Professor Julian Vincent 
Mountain Data Centre : concept ultra -low energy data c entre based 
principles efficient branching systems biology referred Murray 's law .

Personal [ edit ] Michael lives London partner , photographer Kelly Hill 
, two children .

Bibliography [ edit ] Books : · Michael Pawlyn ( 2011 ) 
Biomimicry Architecture ( first edition ) foreword Jonathon Porritt , 
London , RIBA Publications · Michael Pawlyn ( 2016 ) Biomimicry 
Architecture ( second edition ) foreword Dame Ellen MacArthur , London , 
RIBA Publications · Sarah Ichioka Michael Pawlyn ( 2022 ) Flourish : 
Design Paradigms Planetary Emergency , Triarchy Press Ltd Chapter multi -
authored book : · Michael Pawlyn ( 2016 ) Ecosystems unifying model 
cities industry , Ellen MacArthur Foundation ( ed . )

New Dynamic 2 : 
Effective systems circular economy , Cowes , Ellen M acArthur Foundation 
Publishing , pp 63 –85 References [ edit ] ^ Thornhill , John ( 28 January 
2016 ) .

{ { cite web } } : CS1 maint 
: url-status ( link ) ^ Glickfield , Elizabeth ( 4 March 2014 ) .

^ Museum 
Modern Art Oxford ( 22 September – 28 October 2018 ) .

^ 
Urban Redevelopment Authority , Singapore Government ( 2019 ) .

{ { cite web } } : CS1 maint : url -status ( 
link ) ^ IPCC ( October 2018 ) .

`` Summary policymakers IPCC special 
report global warming 1 -5c approved Governments '' .

{ { cite web } } : CS 1 maint : url -status 
( link ) ^ UK Architects Declare , Us ( May 2019 ) .

{ { cite web } } : |first= generic name 
( help ) CS1 maint : url -status ( link ) ^ Architects Declare ( May 2019 
) .

{ { cite web } } : CS1 
maint : url -status ( link ) ^ `` Plastiki expedition boat exploration 
architecture adventure ecology '' .

External links [ edit ] 
Official website Michael Pa wlyn TED Michael Pawlyn @ TEDSalon London 2010 
: Using nature 's genius architecture , TED talk Exploration Architecture 
Sahara Forest Project Architects Declare Authority control International 
ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Uni ted States 
Czech Republic Netherlands IdRef Retrieved `` https : 
//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php ?

title=Michael_Pawlyn & oldid=1141002961 
'' Categories : 20th -century English architects21st -century English 
architects1967 birthsLiving peopleAlumni Universit y BathAlumni 
BartlettHidden categories : CS1 maint : url -statusCS1 errors : generic 
nameArticles short descriptionShort description different WikidataUse dmy 
dates April 2022Articles hCardsOfficial website WikidataTED talk template 
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Robert J .

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Former Leadership News Breadcrumb Home Faculty Expertise Robert J .

Full Profe ssor Dept Integrative Biology Faculty URL http : 
//ib.berkeley.edu/faculty/fullr.html Research Group URL http : 
//polypedal.berkeley.edu/ Contact rjfull @ berkeley.edu ( 510 ) 642 -9896 
( 510 ) 643 -6264 Search UC Berkeley Directory ORCID https : 
//orcid.org /0000-0001-8435-5279 Update profile Research Expertise 
Interest energetics , comparative biomechanics , arthropod , adhesion , 
comparative physiology , locomotion , neuromechanics , biomimicry , 
biological inspiration , reptile , gecko , amphibian , robots  , 
artificial muscles Research Description Robert Full's primary interests 
reside area comparative biomechanics physiology .

research program 
quantifies whole animal performance general locomotion particular relates 
animal 's structure , physiology , behav ior .

research group uses 
biomechanical , computer simulation ( dynamic musculo -skeletal modeling ) 
, physical modeling ( robot artificial muscle construction ) , isolated 
muscle , biochemical , whole -animal exercise physiology field -tracking 
techniques se ek general design principles species evolved different 
solutions problems locomotion activity general .

study arthropod , 
amphibian reptilian locomotion continues offer excellent opportunity 
comparison .

Animals crabs , cockroaches , ants , beetles , scorp ions , 
centipedes , geckos salamanders show tremendous variation body shape , 
gas transport system , leg number , musculoskeletal arrangement mode 
movement .

use `` novel '' biological 
designs natural experiments probe basic t hemes concerning relationship 
morphology , body size , energetics , dynamics , control , stability , 
maneuverability , maximum speed endurance .

understanding diverse 
biological solutions problems locomotion contributes development general 
theory energetic s , neuro -mechanics behavior .

collaborate closely 
engineers , mathematicians computer scientists providing biological 
principles inspire design multi -legged robots , artificial limbs muscles 
, novel control algorithms , self -cleaning , dry adhesives .

New sFeatured 
MediaTeachingPublications News Berkeley Talks : Learning Nature Design 
Better Robots Berkeley Talks episode 148 , Robert Full , professor 
integrative biology founder Center Interdisciplinary Biological 
Inspiration Education Research UC Berkeley ,  discusses nature creatures — 
cockroaches , crabs , centipedes , geckos — inspire innovative design 
sorts useful things , bomb -detecting , stair -climbing robots prosthetics 
medical equipment .

geckos crash -land trees ’ fall , thanks tails gecko ’ 
tail wond rous versatile thing .

Parkour one many 
feats agility Videos squirrels leaping bendy branches across impossibly 
large gaps , parkouring walls , scrambling recover tricky landings 
YouTube content documenting antics squirrels .

Researcher s UC Berkeley 
capturing video squirrels part research understand split -second decisions 
squirrels make elude deadly predators , research could help development 
robots better agility control .

surface Geckos renowned acrob atic feats land air , new discovery also run 
water puts superhero category , says University California , Berkeley , 
biologist .

American Academy Arts Sciences elects nine Berkeley faculty 
members American Academy Arts Sciences today announced election 213  new 
members , including nine UC Berkeley faculty members .

Cockroach inspires 
robot squeezes cracks fear disgust cockroaches quickly squeeze tiniest 
cracks well -justified , say UC Berkeley scientists .

Stealth behavior 
allows cockroaches seemingly vanish Cockroaches , known stealth behavior 
, strategy sleeve recently discovered UC Berkeley biologists .

able 
quickly disappear ledges flinging full speed , grabbing edge hook -like 
claws hind legs , swinging like pendulum land upside -down underneath .

Leaping l izards dinosaurs inspire robot design Undergraduate graduate 
students teamed biologist Robert Full study lizards use tails leaping .

found help design robots stable uneven terrain unexpected falls , 
critical successful search rescue operations .

Featured M edia Please note 
: views opinions expressed articles authors necessarily reflect official 
policy positions UC Berkeley .

August 6 , 2021Squirrels Use Gymnastics 
Navigate Treetop CanopiesScientific AmericanTess JoosseOutside stadiums 
Tokyo 2020 Olympic Game s , different kind acrobatic feat performed every 
day .

closer Olympics , forests Japan , treetops around world , squirrels 
leap meters air get branch branch .

stakes different natural arena : 
squirrels scurry around find morsels food , trying evade occasi onal 
airborne predators hawks .

speed ease navigate challenging unpredictable 
canopy environment `` spectacular , '' says University California , 
Berkeley , biomechanics researcher Robert Full .

well -executed moves could 
influence design smarter robots , incorporating squirrels ' best physical 
traits : flexible spine , grippy paws grabby claws .

Stories topic appeared numerous media outlets.FullStory 
December 7 , 2018Here 's geckos able run waterSan Francisco Chronicle 
OnlineCharles Q. Choi , Inside ScienceGeckos use four separate strategies 
skitter water , new study lab integrative biology profes sor Robert Full 
details mechanics involved .

Describing phenomenal acrobatic skills flat -
tailed Asian house geckos , Professor Full says : `` run wall meter per 
second , glide , right midair twist tail rapidly invert leaf running full 
speed .

Jasmine Nirody Judy Jinn , worked project doctoral students , 
discovered geckos accomplish feat harnessing surface tension ; slapping 
paddling water create air pockets help keep afloat ; using smooth ,  
water-repellent skin plane ; swishing tail alligator , propels , lifts 
stabilizes well .

`` important extent , geckos unique combining , '' 
Professor Full says .

st ories topic appeared dozens 
sources , including UPI , Nature , Popular Science , Inside Science , 
Tech Times , Geek , PBS Newshour YouTube channel -- link video .

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D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson - Wikipedia Jump content Main menu Main menu 
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1Life Toggle Life subsection 1.1Early life 1.2Career 1.3Family 2Major 
works Toggle Major works subsection 2.1History Animals 2.2On Growth Form 
3Honours 4Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 4.1Interdisciplinary influence 
4.2150th anniversary 4.3Museum archives 5Selected publications 6See also 
7Notes 8References 9Further reading 10External links Toggle table 
contents Toggle table contents D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson 16 languages 
 العربيةتۆرکجه CatalàDeutschEestiEspañol  فارسیFrançaisItaliano مصرىNederlands
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free encyclopedia Scottish biologist , mathematician , classics scholar 
English scholar , see D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson ( Galway ) .

D'Arcy 
Wentworth ThompsonBorn (  1860-05-02 ) 2 May 1860Edinburgh , 
ScotlandDied21 June 1948 ( 1948 -06-21 ) ( aged 88 ) St 
AndrewsOccupationMathematical biologistKnown forOn Growth FormSpouse 
Maureen Drury  ( m. 1901 ) Children3 daughtersAwardsLinnean Medal ( 1938 
) Darwin Medal ( 1946  ) Scientific careerFieldsBiology , Natural history 
, MathematicsInstitutionsTertiary education : University Edinburgh 
Medical School ( medicine ) Trinity College , Cambridge ( BA )

Professional institution : University College , Dundee , University St 
Andrews Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson CB FRS FRSE ( 2 May 1860 – 21 June 
1948 ) Scottish biologist , mathematician classics scholar .

pioneer 
mathematical theoretical biology , travelled expeditions Bering Strait 
held position Professor Natural History Univer sity College , Dundee 32 
years , St Andrews 31 years .

elected Fellow Royal Society , knighted , 
received Darwin Medal Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal .

Thompson remembered 
author 1917 book Growth Form , led way scientific explanation 
morphogenesis , process pa tterns body structures formed plants animals .

Thompson 's description mathematical beauty nature , mathematical basis 
forms animals plants , stimulated thinkers diverse Julian Huxley , C. H. 
Waddington , Alan Turing , René Thom , Claude Lévi -Strauss , Edu ardo 
Paolozzi , Le Corbusier , Christopher Alexander Mies van der Rohe .

Life 
[ edit ] Early life [ edit ] Thompson born 3 Brandon Street Edinburgh 
Fanny Gamgee ( sister Sampson Gamgee ) D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson ( 1829 –
1902 ) , Classics Master Edinburgh A cademy later Professor Greek Queen 's 
College , Galway .

mother , Fanny Gamgee ( 1840 –1860 ) died 9 days birth 
result complications brought maternal grandfather Joseph Gamgee ( 1801 –
1895 ) , veterinary surgeon .

lived grandfather uncle , John Gamgee , 12 
Castle Terrace , facing north onto Edinburgh Castle .

1870 1877 attended 
Edinburgh Academy 1st Edinburgh Academical Club Prize 1877 .

Two years later , 
moved Trinity College , Cambridge study zoology  .

student Cambridge , 
D'Arcy Thompson first sizar , received scholarship .

earn money support 
education translated Hermann Müller 's work fertilisation flowers , topic 
appealed .

translation published 1883 , included introduction Charles 
Darwin .

speculat ed later , chosen translate Wilhelm Olbers Focke 's 
hybridisation flowers , `` might anticipated discovery Mendel twenty 
years '' .

Career [ 
edit ] D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson Trinity College , Cambridge , ca .

1883 
1883 1884 , Thompson stayed Cambridge Junior Demonstrator physiology , 
teaching students .

1884 , appointed Professor Biology ( later Natural 
History ) University College , Dundee , post held 32 years .

One first 
tasks create Zoology Museum tea ching research , named .

proposers Patrick Geddes , Frank W. 
Young , William Evans Hoyle Daniel John Cunningham .

D'Arcy Wentworth 
Thompson , 1886 1 896 1897 , went expeditions Bering Straits , 
representing British Government international inquiry fur seal industry 
assess fur seal 's declining numbers .

`` Thompson 's diplomacy avoided 
international incident '' Russia United States hunting interests ar ea .

final report government drew attention also near extinction sea otter 
whale populations .

became one first press conservation agreements , 
recommendations contributed issuing species protection orders .

subsequently appointed Scientific Adviser Fisher ies Board Scotland later 
, representative International Council Exploration Sea .

took opportunity 
collect many valuable specimens museum , one largest country time , 
specialising Arctic zoology , links Dundee whalers .

D'Arcy Thompson 
Zoology Museum still  ( 2012 ) Japanese spider crab collected , rare 
skeleton Steller 's Sea Cow .

Whilst Dundee , Thompson sat committee management Dundee Private Hospital 
Women .

founder member Dundee Social Union pressed `` buy four s lum 
properties town '' , renovated `` poorest families Dundee could live . ''

encouraged supported social reformer Mary Lily Walker work social union .

1906 1917 , aged 57 , Thompson appointed 
Chair Natural History Universi ty St Andrews , remained last 31 years life 
.

German 
British mathematician Walter Ledermann described memoir , assistant

Mathematics , met biology Professor Thompson St Andrews mid 1930s 
Thompson `` fond exercising skills amateur mathematics '' , `` used quite 
sophisticated mathematical methods elucidate shapes occur living world '' 
`` [ ... ] differential equations , subject evidently lay outside d'Arcy 
Thompson 's fields knowledge time . ''

Led ermann wrote one occasion 
helped , working writing answer question .

Country Life magazine October 
1923 , wrote : `` little town , lives somewhat narrow dwell therein ; 
traditions lost , lessons long history thrown away .... stones cry us 
pass .... last we ek went little ancient church Saint -Julien-le-Pauvre 
Paris , passed stand moment ( often ) deserted garden whence one looks 
across river gets finest view Notre Dame .... civilization , religion 
learning short centuries longer St Andrews .... yet two spots like 
influence mind rejoice heart train shadowy memories .

Family [ edit ] 4 July 
1901 Thompson married Maureen , elder daughter William Drury , Dublin .

died home S t Andrews flying home India 
1948 , age 87 , attended Science Congress Delhi , staying India months .

Upon returning , `` suffered breakdown health , never fully recovered . 
''

buried maternal grandparents , Gamgees , half -sisters Dean Cemetery 
western Edin burgh .

Major works [ edit ] History Animals [ edit ] 1910 , 
Thompson published translation Aristotle 's History Animals .

first translation book English 
, earlier attempts Thomas Taylor ( 1809 ) Richard Cre sswell ( 1862 ) 
inaccurate , criticised time showing `` inadequate knowledge Greek , 
extremely imperfect acquaintance zoology '' .

Thompson 's version 
benefited excellent Greek , expertise zoology , `` full '' knowledge 
Aristotle 's biology , command Engli sh language , resulting fine 
translation , `` correct , free .. idiomatic '' .

recently , evolutionary 
biologist Armand Leroi admired Thompson 's translation : Thompson 's 
hands , Aristotle 's worried prose acquires subdued grandeur .

'All 
viviparous quadr upeds , , furnished oesophagus windpipe , situated man ; 
statement applicable oviparous quadrupeds birds , latter present 
diversities shapes organs . '

Growth Form [ edit ] Thompson illustrated 
transformation Argyropelecus olfersi Sternoptyx diaphana apply ing 20° 
shear mapping .

Thompson 's famous work , Growth Form led way scientific 
explanation morphogenesis , process patterns body structures formed 
plants animals .

written Dundee , mostly 1915 , though wartime shortages 
many last -minute alterations delay ed publication 1917 .

central theme 
book biologists author 's day overemphasized evolution fundamental 
determinant form structure living organisms , underemphasized roles 
physical laws mechanics .

previously criticized Darwinism paper 
Difficulties Darwinis m 1884 meeting British Association Advancement 
Science .

Growth Form explained detail believed Darwinism inadequate 
explanation origin new species .

openly reject natural selection , 
regarded secondary origin biological form .

Instead , advocated 
structura lism alternative natural selection governing form species , hint 
vitalism unseen driving force .

concept allometry , study relationship 
body size shape , Thompson wrote : organism complex thing , growth 
complex phenomenon , growth uniform constant parts ke ep whole shape 
unchanged would indeed unlikely unusual circumstance .

Rates vary , 
proportions change , whole configuration alters accordingly .

Using mass 
examples , Thompson pointed correlations biological forms mechanical 
phenomena .

showed similarity f orms jellyfish forms drops liquid falling 
viscous fluid , internal supporting structures hollow bones birds well -
known engineering truss designs .

described phyllotaxis ( numerical 
relationships spiral structures plants ) relationship Fibonacci sequence 
.

Perhaps famous part work chapter XVII , `` Comparison Related Forms , 
'' Thompson explored degree differences forms related animals could

described means relatively simple mathematical transformations .

book 
work `` descriptive '' tradition ; Thompson arti culate insights form 
experimental hypotheses tested .

aware , saying `` book mine little need 
preface , indeed 'all preface ' beginning end . ''

Honours [ edit ] 
Elected Fellow Royal Society 1916 , elected International honorary member 
American Academy Art s Sciences 1928 , knighted 1937 received Gold Medal 
Linnean Society 1938 .

revised Growth Form , awarded Daniel Giraud 
Elliot Medal United States National Academy Sciences 1942 .

e lected 
Fellow Royal Society Edinburgh 1885 , active Society many years , serving 
president 1934 1939 .

Legacy [ edit ] Interdisciplinary influence [ edit 
] Growth Form inspired thinkers including biologists Julian Huxley , 
Conrad Hal Waddington Stephen Jay  Gould , mathematicians Alan Turing René 
Thom , anthropologist Claude Lévi -Strauss artists including Richard 
Hamilton , Eduardo Paolozzi , Ben Nicholson ideas mathematical basis 
forms animals , perhaps especially morphogenesis .

Waddington developmental biologists struck particularly chapter 
Thompson 's `` Theory Transformations '' , showed various shapes related 
species ( fish ) could presented geometric transformations , anticipating 
evolutionary developmental biology century later .

book led Turing write 
famous paper `` Chemical Basis Morphogenesis '' patterns seen skins 
animals emerge simple chemical system .

Lévi -Strauss cites Thompson 1963 
book Structural Anthropology .

Growth Form seen classic text architecture 
admired arc hitects `` exploration natural geometries dynamics growth 
physical processes . ''

architects designers Le Corbusier , László 
Moholy-Nagy Mies van der Rohe inspired book .

Peter Medawar , 1960 Nobel 
Laureate Medicine , called `` finest work literature annal s science 
recorded English tongue '' .

150th anniversary [ edit ] 2010 , 150th 
anniversary birth celebrated events exhibitions Universities Dundee St 
Andrews ; main lecture theatre University Dundee 's Tower Building 
renamed honour , publication exploring work Dundee history Zoology Museum 
published University Dundee Museum Services , exhibition work held city .

Museum archives [ edit ] original Zoology Museum Dundee became neglected 
move St Andrews .

1956 building , housed , scheduled demolition museum 
collection dispersed , parts going British Museum .

teaching collection 
retained forms core University Dundee 's current D'Arcy Thompson Zoology 
Museum .

2011 , University Dundee awarded £100,000 grant Art Fund build 
collection art inspired ideas collections , much displayed Museum .

Special Collections University St Andrews hold Thompson 's personal 
papers include 30,000 items .

Archive Services University Dundee hold 
records time Dundee , collection papers relating Thompson collected 
Professor Alexander Davi d Peacock , later holder chair Natural History 
University College , Dundee .

1892 D'Arcy Thompson donated Davis Straits 
specimens crustaceans , pycnogonids , invertebrates Cambridge University 
Museum Zoology .

Selected publications [ edit ] D'Arcy Wentwort h Thompson 
published around 300 articles books career .

bibliography Protozoa 
, sponges , Coelenterata , worms , including also Polyzoa , Brachiopoda , 
Tunicata , years 1861 –1883 .

`` Report Professor D'Arcy 
Thompson mission Behring Sea 1896 . ''

Aristotle 's History Animals Archived 15 February 2017 Wayback 
Machine ( translation ) .

Herbert Spencer lecture delivered 
University Oxford , 14 February 1913 .

See 
also [ edit ] Biophysics Evolutionary developmental biology Raoul 
Heinrich Francé ( Die Pflanze als Erfinder , 1920 ) Notes [ edit ]

References [ edit ] ^ Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1860 –1 ^ `` 
Thompson , D'Arcy Wentwor th ( THM880DW ) '' .

^ grave Fanny Gamgee , Dean Cemetery ^ J J 
O'Connor E F Robertson D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson Biography Archived 11 
March 2016 Wayback Machine School Mathematics Statistics , University St 
Andrews , Scotland , October 2003 , retrieved 30 March 2016 ^ David Raitt 
Robertson Burt Obituary James B Salmond ( ed . )

, Veterum Laudes ( 
Oliver Boyd , Edinburgh , 1950 ) , 108 –119 ^ Edinburgh Post Office 
Directory 1861 –2 ^ Edinburgh Academy Registe r 1824–1914 , printed & 
Constable Edinburgh Academical Club , 1914 .

^ PROF SIR D'ARCY 
THOMPSON DEAD Archived 11 December 2008 Wayback Machine , Scotman , 22 
June 1948 ^ Müller H. 1883 .

^ Biographical Index Former Fellows Royal Soc iety 
Edinburgh 1783 –2002 ( PDF ) .

^ Lecture Theatre renamed honour D'arcy Thompson 
University Dundee , External Relations , Pr ess Office , 14 March 2006 ^ 
`` D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum – Highlights Collections '' .

`` D'Arcy 
W. Thompson 's mathematical transformation analysis growth '' .

^ `` Man Found Physics Shells , Seeds Bees , Series 5 , 
Science Stories – BBC Radio 4 '' .

`` D'Arcy W. 
Thompson 's mathematical transformation analysis growth '' .

Biographical Index Former Fellows Royal Society Edinburgh 
1783–2002 .

^ `` Sketching Universe : 
Artists ' Responses D'Arcy Thompson '' .

^ `` Days 
Celebration Mark 150th Anniversary D'Arcy Thompson '' .

^ `` D'Arcy Wentworth 
Thompson ( 1860 –1948 ) ( ms9013 -29950 ; ms 37781  ; ms40500 -50161 ) '' .

^ `` 
Material relating D 'Arcy Wentworth Thompson Dundee University Archives '' 
.

ISBN 0 -486-67135-
6 Original 1945 reprint available online Internet Archive -- -- -- -- , 
1992 .

Ruth D'Arcy Thompson , Remarkable Gamgees ( Edinburgh , 
1974 ) .

Ruth D'Arcy Thompson , D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson : sc holar-
naturalist , 1860 –1948 ( London , 1958 ) .

Pluto 's Republic : Incorporating Art Soluble Induction Intuition 
Scientific Thought .

368 pages , Oxford University Press ( 11 November 
1982 ) , ISBN 0192177265 correspondence pap ers Sir D'Arcy Wentworth 
Thompson ( 1860 –1948 ) , St Andrews : University Library ( 1987 ) .

`` Wagner Darwin , Hanslick D'Arcy : 
whirlpools becoming mathematical beauty '' .

Kemp , Spirals life : D'Arcy Thompson 
Theodore Cook , Leonardo Durer retrospect , Physis Riv .

`` Problematic `` 
Idiosyncrasies '' : Rediscovering Historical Context D'Arcy Wentworth 
Thompson 's Science Form '' .

Ext ernal links [ edit ] 
Wikisource original works : D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson Works D'Arcy 
Wentworth Thompson Project Gutenberg Works D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson 
LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum 
Dundee University Using comput er visualise change organisms School 
Mathematics Statistics , University St Andrews , Scotland John Milnor , 
Geometry Growth Form : Commentary D'Arcy Thompson lecture , Video ( 55min 
) , Institute Mathematical Sciences , Stony Brook University , 24 
September 2010 D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson Biography , Authors JOC/EFR © 
October 2003 , School Mathematics Statistics , University St Andrews , 
Scotland `` Thompson , Professor D'Arcy Wentworth '' .

Dublin : Alexander Thom Son Ltd. 1923. p. 246 – via Wikisource .

vtePatterns naturePatterns Crack Dune Foam Meander Phyllotaxis Soap 
bubble Symmetry crystals Quasicrystals flowers biology Tessellation 
Vortex street Wave Widmanstätten pattern Causes Pattern formation Biology 
Natural selection Camouflage  Mimicry Sexual selection Mathematics Chaos 
theory Fractal Logarithmic spiral Physics Crystal Fluid dynamics Plateau 
's laws Self -organization People Plato Pythagoras Empedocles Fibonacci 
Liber Abaci Adolf Zeising Ernst Haeckel Joseph Plateau Wilson Bentle y 
D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson Growth Form Alan Turing Chemical Basis 
Morphogenesis Aristid Lindenmayer Benoît Mandelbrot Long Coast Britain ?

Statistical Self -Similarity Fractional Dimension Related Pattern 
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Cookie statement Toggle limited content widthJanine Benyus – Biomimicry 

SpeakerBlog Initiatives Education K -5 Educatio nYouth Design Challenge 
OpportunitiesContactFAQs Impact Annual ReportN ewsroomNewsletterSupport 

make act asking nature ’ advice normal part everyday inventing ?

Biomimicry : Innovation Inspired Nature .

, solar cell s mimic 

Janine evolved practice biomimicry , speaking around world learn genius 

consultancy , Biomimicry 3.8 ( former ly Biomimicry Guild ) , bringing 
Mills .

2006  , Bryony Schwan co -founded Biomimicry Institute , non -profit 

problems , mobilizing tens thousands students practitione rs Global 
place .

talks , hundreds conference keyno tes , dozen documentaries 11th Hour , 

received several awards including 
magazine ’ He ro Environment award 2008 , United Nations Environment 
Environmental Ethics Award , Lud Browman Award Science Writing Society , 

2022 , Janine awar ded annual 

work 
biomimicry featured Fortune , Forbes , Newsweek , Esquire , Economist , 

2010 , 
BusinessWeek named Janine on e World ’ Influential Designers .

2012 , 
Award , given recognition visionary profound impact design theory , 

events , .

Innovators Imagine world ev erything make inspired natural world .

AskNature.org across entire  organization .

Janine Benyus - Wikipedia Jump content Main menu Main menu move sidebar 
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editors learn ContributionsTalk Contents move sidebar hide ( Top ) 1Life 
2Biomimicry 3Authored works 4Awards honors 5 See also 6References 
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Download PDFPrintable version Wikipedia , free encyclopedia American 
writer Janine M. BenyusBorn1958 ( age 64 –65 ) New JerseyAlma mate rRutgers 
UniversityKnown forBiomimicry External video “ Promise Biomimicry ” , 
Janine Benyus , January 23 , 2020 Biomimicry , Tree Media , September 11 
, 2015 Janine Benyus , Innovator Field Biomimicry - Heinz Award , 
November 19 , 2021 Biomimicry Cooperat ive Inquiry - Bioneers , Janine 
Benyus introduction Paul Hawken , 2016 Janine M. Benyus ( born 1958 ) 
American natural sciences writer , innovation consultant , author .

writing books wildlife animal behavior , coined term Biomimicry describe 
intentional p roblem-solving design inspired nature .

book Biomimicry ( 
1997 ) attracted widespread attention businesspeople design , 
architecture , engineering well scientists .

Benyus argues following 
biomimetic approaches , designers develop products perform better ,  less 
expansive , use less energy , leave companies less open legal risk .

Life 
[ edit ] Born New Jersey , Benyus graduated summa cum laude Rutgers 
University degrees natural resource management English literature/writing 
.

Benyus taught interpretive writi ng lectured University Montana , worked 
towards restoring protecting wild lands .

serves number land use 
committees rural county , president Living Education , nonprofit 
dedicated place -based living learning .

Biomimic ry [ edit ] Benyus written number books animals 
behavior , best known Biomimicry : Innovation Inspired Nature ( 1997 ) .

book develops basic thesis human beings consciously emulate nature 's 
genius designs .

look natural 
forms , processes , ecosystems nature see works lasts .

go world attitude 
deep reverent observation , n't go pre -formed hypothesis .

much excited 
staying open absorb something could never imagined .... deep observation 
different kind scientific inq uiry .

may allow find something new someone 
prejudging , someone hypothesis , see affirms hypothesis .

Benyus articulates approach strongly emphasizes 
sustainability within biomimicry practice .

Benyus described development sustainable 
solutions terms `` Life ’ Principles '' , emphasizing organisms nature 
evolved methods working destructive environment .

“ Nature runs sunlight 
, uses energy needs , fits form function ,  recycles everything , rewards 
cooperation , banks diversity , demands local expertise , curbs excess 
within taps power limits ” .

1998 , Benyus Dayna Baumeister co -founded 
Biomimicry Guild innovation consultancy .

goal help innovators learn 
emulate natura l models order design sustainable products , processes , 
policies create conditions conducive life .

2006 , Benyus co -founded 
Biomimicry Institute Dayna Baumeister Bryony Schwan .

Benyus President 
non-profit organization , whose mission naturalize biomimic ry culture

promoting transfer ideas , designs , strategies biology sustainable human 

2008 Biomimicry Institute launched AskNature.org , `` 
encyclopedia nature 's solutions common design problems '' .

Institute become key communi cator field biomimetics , connecting 12,576 
member practitioners organizations 36 regional networks 21 countries 
Biomimicry Global Network 2020 .

2010 , Benyus , Dayna Baumeister , 
Bryony Schwan , Chris Allen formed Biomimicry 3.8 , connecting for -profit 
nonprofit work creating benefit corporation .

Biomimicry 3.8 , achieved 
B-corp certification , offers consultancy , professional training , 
development educators , `` inspirational speaking '' .

2013 , 100 universities 
joined Biomimicry Educator ’ Network , offering training biomimetics .

2014 , profit non -profit aspects became separate entities , Biomimicry 
3.8 engaging for -profit consultancy Biomimicry Institute non -profit 
organization .

Ben yus served various boards , including Board Directors 
U.S. Green Building Council advisory boards Ray C. Anderson Foundation 
Project Drawdown .

Benyus affiliate faculty member Biomimicry Center 

Beynus ' work used basis films incl uding two -
part film Biomimicry : Learning Nature ( 2002 ) , directed Paul Lang 
David Springbett CBC 's Nature Things presented David Suzuki .

Benyus , 
Janine M. ; Buech , Richard R. ; Nelson , Mark D. ( 1 992 ) .

Agriculture , Forest Service , North Central 
Forest Experiment Station .

Agriculture , Forest Service , N orth Central Forest 
Experiment Station .

Fellow , American 
Society Interior Designers ( ASID ) 2015 , Edward O. Wilson Biodiversity 
Technology Pioneer Award 2013 , Gothenburg Award Sustainable Development 
2012 , Design Mind Aw ard .

Smithsonian ’ Cooper -Hewitt National Design 
Museum 2011 , Heinz Award .

special focus environment 2009 , Champion 
Earth Science Technology , United Nations Environment Programme .

2007 , 
Hero Environment , Time International 2006 , Women Discovery Aw ard , 
WINGS WorldQuest 2004 , Rachel Carson Lecture Environmental Ethics 2003 , 
Lud Browman Award Science Writing , Friends Mansfield Library , 
University Montana See also [ edit ] Biomimicry References [ edit ] ^ 
Bernstein , Amy ( August 28 , 2006 ) .

^ 
MacKinnon , Rebecca Barbara ; Oomen , Jeroen ; Pedersen Zari , Maibritt ( 
September 2020 ) .

`` Focus 
Leadership : talk Janine Benyus , founder b iomimicry movement '' .

^ `` Janine Benyus | Ikeda Center Peace , Learning & 
Dialogue | Cambridge , '' .

`` Beyond 
Structure -Function : Getting Sustainability within Biomimicry Pedagogy '' 
.

`` nature LEED : natur al laws inspire inform green building | U.S. 
Green Building Council '' .

`` Janine 
Benyus 3.8 billion -year-old solutions today 's design challenges '' .

`` One -on-One Janine Benyus Championing nature source 
sustainable design solutions '' .

^ `` Biomimicry Institute empowers people  create nature -inspired 
solutions healthy planet '' .

`` Biomimicry : Using 
Nature 's Perfect Innovation Systems Design Future '' .

^ ``  Biomimicry 3.8 
- Certified B Corporation - B Lab Global '' .

^ Zari , Maibritt Pedersen ; Connolly , Peter ; Southcombe , 
Mark ( July 7 , 2020 ) .

Ecologies Design : Transforming Architecture , 
Landscape , Urbanism .

^ `` Pioneers technology , biodiversity receive Stibitz , Wilson awards 
Oct. 2 '' .

^ `` Janine Benyus , winner Gothenburg Award 
Sustainable Development 2013 | Chalmers '' .

^ `` 2012 National Design Award 
Winners | Cooper Hewitt , Smithsonian Design Museum '' .

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