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+,topic,discription,keyword,Links,level
+0,Java,"Java is a general-purpose computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers ""write once, run anywhere"" (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. As of 2016, Java is one of the most popular programming languages in use, particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers. Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since been acquired by Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them. The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License. Others have also developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java (bytecode compiler), GNU Classpath (standard libraries), and IcedTea-Web (browser plugin for applets). The latest version is Java 9, released on September 21, 2017, and is one of the two versions currently supported for free by Oracle. Versions earlier than Java 8 are supported by companies on a commercial basis; e.g. by Oracle back to Java 6 as of October 2017 (while they still ""highly recommend that you uninstall"" pre-Java 8 from at least Windows computers).","Java, James Gosling, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://oracle.com/java/, documentation: https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1,JavaScript,"JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a high-level, dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based, multi-paradigm, and interpreted programming language. Alongside HTML and CSS, JavaScript is one of the three core technologies of World Wide Web content production. It is used to make webpages interactive and provide online programs, including video games. The majority of websites employ it, and all modern web browsers support it without the need for plug-ins by means of a built-in JavaScript engine. Each of the many JavaScript engines represent a different implementation of JavaScript, all based on the ECMAScript specification, with some engines not supporting the spec fully, and with many engines supporting additional features beyond ECMA. As a multi-paradigm language, JavaScript supports event-driven, functional, and imperative (including object-oriented and prototype-based) programming styles. It has an API for working with text, arrays, dates, regular expressions, and basic manipulation of the DOM, but the language itself does not include any I/O, such as networking, storage, or graphics facilities, relying for these upon the host environment in which it is embedded. Initially only implemented client-side in web browsers, JavaScript engines are now embedded in many other types of host software, including server-side in web servers and databases, and in non-web programs such as word processors and PDF software, and in runtime environments that make JavaScript available for writing mobile and desktop applications, including desktop widgets. Although there are strong outward similarities between JavaScript and Java, including language name, syntax, and respective standard libraries, the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design; JavaScript was influenced by programming languages such as Self and Scheme.","JavaScript, Brendan Eich, reference, wikipedia, document, United States","reference: https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_reserved.asp, documentation: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript",beginner to advance
+2,C,"C (, as in the letter c) is a general-purpose, imperative computer programming language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations. By design, C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions, and therefore it has found lasting use in applications that had formerly been coded in assembly language, including operating systems, as well as various application software for computers ranging from supercomputers to embedded systems. C was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at Bell Labs, and used to re-implement the Unix operating system. It has since become one of the most widely used programming languages of all time, with C compilers from various vendors available for the majority of existing computer architectures and operating systems. C has been standardized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) since 1989 (see ANSI C) and subsequently by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). C is an imperative procedural language. It was designed to be compiled using a relatively straightforward compiler, to provide low-level access to memory, to provide language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions, and to require minimal run-time support. Despite its low-level capabilities, the language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming. A standards-compliant and portably written C program can be compiled for a very wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code. The language has become available on a very wide range of platforms, from embedded microcontrollers to supercomputers.","C, Dennis Ritchie, reference, wikipedia, document, United States","reference: http://www.c4learn.com/c-programming/c-keywords/, documentation: https://devdocs.io/c/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+3,Python,"Python is a widely used high-level programming language for general-purpose programming, created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991. An interpreted language, Python has a design philosophy that emphasizes code readability (notably using whitespace indentation to delimit code blocks rather than curly brackets or keywords), and a syntax that allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than might be used in languages such as C++ or Java. It provides constructs that enable clear programming on both small and large scales. Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library. Python interpreters are available for many operating systems. CPython, the reference implementation of Python, is open source software and has a community-based development model, as do nearly all of its variant implementations. CPython is managed by the non-profit Python Software Foundation.","Python, Guido van Rossum, website, reference, wikipedia, document, Netherlands","website: https://www.python.org/, reference: https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/keyword-list, documentation: https://docs.python.org/3/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+4,SQL,"SQL ( ( listen) ESS-kew-EL or  ( listen) SEE-kwəl or  SKWEEL, Structured Query Language) is a domain-specific language used in programming and designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system (RDSMS). In comparison to older read/write APIs like ISAM or VSAM, SQL offers two main advantages: first, it introduced the concept of accessing many records with one single command; and second, it eliminates the need to specify how to reach a record, e.g. with or without an index. Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of a data definition language, data manipulation language, and data control language. The scope of SQL includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, and data access control. Although SQL is often described as, and to a great extent is, a declarative language (4GL), it also includes procedural elements. SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. Codd's relational model, as described in his influential 1970 paper, ""A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks"". Despite not entirely adhering to the relational model as described by Codd, it became the most widely used database language. SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987. Since then, the standard has been revised to include a larger set of features. Despite the existence of such standards, most SQL code is not completely portable among different database systems without adjustments.","SQL, Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce, wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://docs.data.world/documentation/sql/concepts/basic/intro.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL",beginner to advance
+5,C++,"C++ ( pronounced cee plus plus) is a general-purpose programming language. It has imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features, while also providing facilities for low-level memory manipulation. It was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded, resource-constrained and large systems, with performance, efficiency and flexibility of use as its design highlights. C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts, with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications, including desktop applications, servers (e.g. e-commerce, web search or SQL servers), and performance-critical applications (e.g. telephone switches or space probes). C++ is a compiled language, with implementations of it available on many platforms. Many vendors provide C++ compilers, including the Free Software Foundation, Microsoft, Intel, and IBM. C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2014 as ISO/IEC 14882:2014 (informally known as C++14). The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998, which was then amended by the C++03, ISO/IEC 14882:2003, standard. The current C++14 standard supersedes these and C++11, with new features and an enlarged standard library. Before the initial standardization in 1998, C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979, as an extension of the C language as he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C, which also provided high-level features for program organization. The C++17 standard is due in July 2017, with the draft largely implemented by some compilers already, and C++20 is the next planned standard thereafter. Many other programming languages have been influenced by C++, including C#, D, Java, and newer versions of C.","C++, Bjarne Stroustrup, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://isocpp.org/, documentation: https://devdocs.io/cpp/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++",beginner to advance
+6,HTML,"Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for creating web pages and web applications. With Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript it forms a triad of cornerstone technologies for the World Wide Web. Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render them into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance of the document. HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and other objects, such as interactive forms, may be embedded into the rendered page. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags, written using angle brackets. Tags such as <img /> and <input /> introduce content into the page directly. Others such as <p>...</p> surround and provide information about document text and may include other tags as sub-elements. Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to interpret the content of the page. HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript which affect the behavior and content of web pages. Inclusion of CSS defines the look and layout of content. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997.","HTML, Tim Berners-Lee, wikipedia, document, Switzerland","documentation: https://devdocs.io/html/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML",beginner to advance
+7,Linux,"Linux ( ( listen) LIN-əks) is a family of free and open-source software operating systems built around the Linux kernel. Typically, Linux is packaged in a form known as a Linux distribution (or distro for short) for both desktop and server use. The defining component of a Linux distribution is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Many Linux distributions use the word ""Linux"" in their name. The Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to refer to the operating system family, as well as specific distributions, to emphasize that most Linux distributions are not just the Linux kernel, and that they have in common not only the kernel, but also numerous utilities and libraries, a large proportion of which are from the GNU project. This has led to some controversy.Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture, but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system.  Because of the dominance of the Linux kernel-based Android OS on smartphones, Linux has the largest installed base of all general-purpose operating systems. Linux is also the leading operating system on servers and other  big iron systems such as mainframe computers, and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers (since November 2017, having before gradually eliminated all competitors). It is used by around 2.3% of desktop computers. The Chromebook, which runs the Linux kernel-based Chrome OS, dominates the US K–12 education market and represents nearly 20% of the sub-$300 notebook sales in the US. Linux also runs on embedded systems, i.e. devices whose operating system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system. This includes TiVo and similar DVR devices, network routers, facility automation controls, televisions, video game consoles and smartwatches. Many smartphones and tablet computers run Android and other Linux derivatives.The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration. The underlying source code may be used, modified and distributed—commercially or non-commercially—by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License.  Some of the most popular and mainstream Linux distributions are Arch Linux, CentOS, Debian, Raspbian, Fedora, Gentoo Linux, Linux Mint, Mageia, openSUSE and Ubuntu, together with commercial distributions such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. Distributions include the Linux kernel, supporting utilities and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project, and usually a large amount of application software to fulfil the distribution's intended use. Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system, such as X11, Mir or a Wayland implementation, and an accompanying desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma; some distributions may also include a less resource-intensive desktop, such as LXDE or Xfce. Distributions intended to run on servers may omit all graphical environments from the standard install, and instead include other software to set up and operate a solution stack such as LAMP. Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any intended use.","Linux, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux,beginner to advance
+8,XML,"In computing, Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The W3C's XML 1.0 Specification and several other related specifications—all of them free open standards—define XML. The design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability across the Internet. It is a textual data format with strong support via Unicode for different human languages. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, the language is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures such as those used in web services. Several schema systems exist to aid in the definition of XML-based languages, while programmers have developed many application programming interfaces (APIs) to aid the processing of XML data.",,"documentation: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/XML/XML_introduction, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML",beginner to advance
+9,PHP,"PHP is a server-side scripting language designed primarily for web development but also used as a general-purpose programming language. Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994, the PHP reference implementation is now produced by The PHP Development Team. PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page, but it now stands for the recursive acronym PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP code may be embedded into HTML or HTML5 markup, or it can be used in combination with various web template systems, web content management systems and web frameworks. PHP code is usually processed by a PHP interpreter implemented as a module in the web server or as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executable. The web server software combines the results of the interpreted and executed PHP code, which may be any type of data, including images, with the generated web page. PHP code may also be executed with a command-line interface (CLI) and can be used to implement standalone graphical applications. The standard PHP interpreter, powered by the Zend Engine, is free software released under the PHP License. PHP has been widely ported and can be deployed on most web servers on almost every operating system and platform, free of charge. The PHP language evolved without a written formal specification or standard until 2014, leaving the canonical PHP interpreter as a de facto standard. Since 2014 work has gone on to create a formal PHP specification.","PHP, Rasmus Lerdorf, website, reference, wikipedia, document, Canada","website: https://php.net, reference: http://php.net/manual/en/reserved.keywords.php, documentation: https://www.php.net/docs.php., wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP",beginner to advance
+10,Perl,"Perl is a family of high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages. The languages in this family include Perl 5 and Perl 6. Though Perl is not officially an acronym, there are various backronyms in use, including ""Practical Extraction and Reporting Language"". Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions. Perl 6, which began as a redesign of Perl 5 in 2000, eventually evolved into a separate language. Both languages continue to be developed independently by different development teams and liberally borrow ideas from one another. The Perl languages borrow features from other programming languages including C, shell script (sh), AWK, and sed. They provide powerful text processing facilities without the arbitrary data-length limits of many contemporary Unix commandline tools, facilitating easy manipulation of text files. Perl 5 gained widespread popularity in the late 1990s as a CGI scripting language, in part due to its then unsurpassed regular expression and string parsing abilities. In addition to CGI, Perl 5 is used for system administration, network programming, finance, bioinformatics, and other applications, such as for GUIs. It has been nicknamed ""the Swiss Army chainsaw of scripting languages"" because of its flexibility and power, and also its ugliness. In 1998, it was also referred to as the ""duct tape that holds the Internet together"", in reference to both its ubiquitous use as a glue language and its perceived inelegance.","Perl, Larry Wall, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://www.perl.org, documentation: https://perldoc.perl.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl",beginner to advance
+11,MATLAB,"MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment. A proprietary programming language developed by MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, C#, Java, Fortran and Python. Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic computing abilities. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and model-based design for dynamic and embedded systems. As of 2017, MATLAB has over 2 million users across industry and academia. MATLAB users come from various backgrounds of engineering, science, and economics.","MATLAB, Cleve Moler, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://mathworks.com/products/matlab, documentation: https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATLAB",beginner to advance
+12,Ruby,"Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, object-oriented, general-purpose programming language. It was designed and developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro ""Matz"" Matsumoto in Japan. According to its creator, Ruby was influenced by Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada, and Lisp. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including functional, object-oriented, and imperative. It also has a dynamic type system and automatic memory management.","Ruby, Yukihiro Matsumoto, website, reference, wikipedia, document, Japan","website: https://www.ruby-lang.org, reference: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9446150/where-are-keywords-defined-in-ruby, documentation: https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+13,C#,"C# (pronounced as see sharp) is a multi-paradigm programming language encompassing strong typing, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines. It was developed by Microsoft within its .NET initiative and later approved as a standard by Ecma (ECMA-334) and ISO (ISO/IEC 23270:2006). C# is one of the programming languages designed for the Common Language Infrastructure. C# is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language. Its development team is led by Anders Hejlsberg. The most recent version is C# 11, which was released in 2022 along with .NET 7. The language is being actively developed with a new version being released yearly along with the latest .NET version. The Unity game engine uses C# as its primary scripting language.","C#, Anders Hejlsberg, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/, documentation: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+14,Android,"Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Wear OS for wrist watches, each with a specialized user interface. Variants of Android are also used on game consoles, digital cameras, PCs and other electronics. Initially developed by Android Inc., which Google bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007, with the first commercial Android device launched in September 2008. The operating system has since gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 9.0 ""Pie"", released in August 2018. The core Android source code is known as Android Open Source Project (AOSP), and is primarily licensed under the Apache License.  Android is also associated with a suite of proprietary software developed by Google, called Google Mobile Services (GMS) that very frequently comes pre-installed in devices, which usually includes the Google Chrome web browser and Google Search and always includes core apps for services such as Gmail, as well as the application store and digital distribution platform Google Play, and associated development platform. These apps are licensed by manufacturers of Android devices certified under standards imposed by Google, but AOSP has been used as the basis of competing Android ecosystems, such as Amazon.com's Fire OS, which use their own equivalents to GMS. Android has been the best-selling OS worldwide on smartphones since 2011 and on tablets since 2013. As of  May 2017, it has over two billion monthly active users, the largest installed base of any operating system, and as of June 2018, the Google Play store features over 3.3 million apps.","Android, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://android.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)",beginner to advance
+15,MySQL,"MySQL (officially pronounced as  ""My S-Q-L"",) is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS). Its name is a combination of ""My"", the name of co-founder Michael Widenius's daughter, and ""SQL"", the abbreviation for Structured Query Language. The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation. For proprietary use, several paid editions are available, and offer additional functionality. MySQL is a central component of the LAMP open-source web application software stack (and other ""AMP"" stacks). LAMP is an acronym for ""Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python"". Applications that use the MySQL database include: TYPO3, MODx, Joomla, WordPress, phpBB, MyBB, and Drupal. MySQL is also used in many high-profile, large-scale websites, including Google (though not for searches), Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, and YouTube.",,"website: http://www.mysql.com/, documentation: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL",beginner to advance
+16,Fortran,"Fortran (; formerly FORTRAN, derived from Formula Translation) is a general-purpose, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. Originally developed by IBM in the 1950s for scientific and engineering applications, Fortran came to dominate this area of programming early on and has been in continuous use for over half a century in computationally intensive areas such as numerical weather prediction, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics, computational physics, crystallography and computational chemistry. It is a popular language for high-performance computing and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers. Fortran encompasses a lineage of versions, each of which evolved to add extensions to the language while usually retaining compatibility with prior versions. Successive versions have added support for structured programming and processing of character-based data (FORTRAN 77), array programming, modular programming and generic programming (Fortran 90), high performance Fortran (Fortran 95), object-oriented programming (Fortran 2003) and concurrent programming (Fortran 2008).","Fortran, John Backus, reference, wikipedia, document, United States","reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran_95_language_features, documentation: https://people.ucsc.edu/~dlee79/2019/fall/am129_209/chapters/chapt02/ch02_fortran_basic.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran",beginner to advance
+17,CSS,"Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language. Although most often used to set the visual style of web pages and user interfaces written in HTML and XHTML, the language can be applied to any XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL, and is applicable to rendering in speech, or on other media. Along with HTML and JavaScript, CSS is a cornerstone technology used by most websites to create visually engaging webpages, user interfaces for web applications, and user interfaces for many mobile applications. CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of presentation and content, including aspects such as the layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple HTML pages to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .css file, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content. Separation of formatting and content makes it possible to present the same markup page in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (via speech-based browser or screen reader), and on Braille-based tactile devices. It can also display the web page differently depending on the screen size or viewing device. Readers can also specify a different style sheet, such as a CSS file stored on their own computer, to override the one the author specified. Changes to the graphic design of a document (or hundreds of documents) can be applied quickly and easily, by editing a few lines in the CSS file they use, rather than by changing markup in the documents. The CSS specification describes a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than one rule matches against a particular element. In this so-called cascade, priorities (or weights) are calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable. The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Internet media type (MIME type) text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 (March 1998). The W3C operates a free CSS validation service for CSS documents.","CSS, Håkon Wium Lie, reference, wikipedia, document, Switzerland","reference: https://examples.p6c.dev/categories/parsers/CSSGrammar.html, documentation: https://devdocs.io/css/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets",beginner to advance
+18,R,"R is an open source programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics that is supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. The R language is widely used among statisticians and data miners for developing statistical software and data analysis. Polls, surveys of data miners, and studies of scholarly literature databases show that R's popularity has increased substantially in recent years. R is a GNU package. The source code for the R software environment is written primarily in C, Fortran, and R. R is freely available under the GNU General Public License, and pre-compiled binary versions are provided for various operating systems. While R has a command line interface, there are several graphical front-ends available.","R, Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://www.r-project.org, documentation: https://devdocs.io/r/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+19,JSON,"In computing, JavaScript Object Notation or JSON ( JAY-sən), is an open-standard file format that uses human-readable text to transmit data objects consisting of attribute–value pairs and array data types (or any other serializable value). It is a very common data format used for asynchronous browser–server communication, including as a replacement for XML in some AJAX-style systems. JSON is a language-independent data format. It was derived from JavaScript, but as of 2017 many programming languages include code to generate and parse JSON-format data. The official Internet media type for JSON is application/json. JSON filenames use the extension .json. Douglas Crockford originally specified the JSON format in the early 2000s; two competing standards, RFC 7159 and ECMA-404, defined it in 2013. The ECMA standard describes only the allowed syntax, whereas the RFC covers some security and interoperability considerations. A restricted profile of JSON, known as I-JSON (short for ""Internet JSON""), seeks to overcome some of the interoperability problems with JSON. It is defined in RFC 7493..","JSON, Douglas Crockford, website, reference, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://www.json.org/, reference: https://twobithistory.org/2017/09/21/the-rise-and-rise-of-json.html, documentation: https://www.json.org/json-en.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON",beginner to advance
+20,iOS,"iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It is the operating system that presently powers many of the company's mobile devices, including the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. It is the second most popular mobile operating system globally after Android. Originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone, iOS has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch (September 2007) and the iPad (January 2010). As of  March 2018, Apple's App Store contains more than 2.1 million iOS applications, 1 million of which are native for iPads. These mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times. The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures. Interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch, all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface. Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching between portrait and landscape mode). Apple has been significantly praised for incorporating thorough accessibility functions into iOS, enabling users with vision and hearing disabilities to properly use its products. Major versions of iOS are released annually. The current version, iOS 12, was released on September 17, 2018. It is available for all iOS devices with 64-bit processors; the iPhone 5S and later iPhone models, the iPad (2017), the iPad Air and later iPad Air models, all iPad Pro models, the iPad Mini 2 and later iPad Mini models, and the sixth-generation iPod Touch. On all recent iOS devices, the iOS regularly checks on the availability of an update, and if one is available, will prompt the user to permit its automatic installation.","iOS, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.apple.com/ios/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS",beginner to advance
+21,Go,"Go (often referred to as golang) is a programming language created at Google in 2009 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson. It is a compiled, statically typed language in the tradition of Algol and C, with garbage collection, limited structural typing, memory safety features and CSP-style concurrent programming features added. The compiler and other language tools originally developed by Google are all free and open source.",,"website: https://go.dev/, documentation: https://devdocs.io/go/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+22,Scala,"Scala ( SKAH-lah) is a general-purpose programming language providing support for functional programming and a strong static type system. Designed to be concise, many of Scala's design decisions aimed to address criticisms of Java. Scala source code is intended to be compiled to Java bytecode, so that the resulting executable code runs on a Java virtual machine. Scala provides language interoperability with Java, so that libraries written in both languages may be referenced directly in Scala or Java code. Like Java, Scala is object-oriented, and uses a curly-brace syntax reminiscent of the C programming language. Unlike Java, Scala has many features of functional programming languages like Scheme, Standard ML and Haskell, including currying, type inference, immutability, lazy evaluation, and pattern matching. It also has an advanced type system supporting algebraic data types, covariance and contravariance, higher-order types (but not higher-rank types), and anonymous types. Other features of Scala not present in Java include operator overloading, optional parameters, named parameters, and raw strings. Conversely, a feature of Java not in Scala is checked exceptions, which have proved controversial. The name Scala is a portmanteau of scalable and language, signifying that it is designed to grow with the demands of its users.","Scala, Martin Odersky, website, wikipedia, document, Switzerland","website: http://www.scala-lang.org, documentation: https://docs.scala-lang.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+23,Swift,"Swift is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language developed by Apple Inc. for iOS, macOS, watchOS, tvOS, and Linux. Swift is designed to work with Apple's Cocoa and Cocoa Touch frameworks and the large body of existing Objective-C (ObjC) code written for Apple products. It is built with the open source LLVM compiler framework and has been included in Xcode since version 6. On platforms other than Linux, it uses the Objective-C runtime library which allows C, Objective-C, C++ and Swift code to run within one program. Apple intended Swift to support many core concepts associated with Objective-C, notably dynamic dispatch, widespread late binding, extensible programming and similar features, but ""safer"" (easier to catch software bugs); Swift has features addressing some common programming errors like null pointers and provides syntactic sugar to help avoid the pyramid of doom. Swift supports the concept of protocol extensibility, an extensibility system that can be applied to types, structs and classes, which Apple promotes as a real change in programming paradigms they term ""protocol-oriented programming"" (similar to traits). Swift was introduced at Apple's 2014 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC). It underwent an upgrade to version 1.2 during 2014 and a more major upgrade to Swift 2 at WWDC 2015. Initially a proprietary language, version 2.2 was made open-source software under the Apache License 2.0 on December 3, 2015, for Apple's platforms and Linux. In March 2017, Swift made the top 10 in the monthly TIOBE index ranking of popular programming languages, while since then it slipped down the list to 20.",,"website: https://swift.org, documentation: https://www.swift.org/documentation/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+24,Ada,"Ada is a structured, statically typed, imperative, wide-spectrum, and object-oriented high-level computer programming language, extended from Pascal and other languages. It has built-in language support for design-by-contract, extremely strong typing, explicit concurrency, offering tasks, synchronous message passing, protected objects, and non-determinism. Ada improves code safety and maintainability by using the compiler to find errors in favor of runtime errors. Ada is an international standard; the current version (known as Ada 2012) is defined by ISO/IEC 8652:2012. Ada was originally designed by a team led by Jean Ichbiah of CII Honeywell Bull under contract to the United States Department of Defense (DoD) from 1977 to 1983 to supersede over 450 programming languages used by the DoD at that time. Ada was named after Ada Lovelace (1815–1852), who has been credited with being the first computer programmer.","Ada, Jean Ichbiah, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://www.adaic.org, documentation: https://pyjarrett.github.io/programming-with-ada/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+25,COBOL,"COBOL (, an acronym for common business-oriented language) is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented. COBOL is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments. COBOL is still widely used in legacy applications deployed on mainframe computers, such as large-scale batch and transaction processing jobs. But due to its declining popularity and the retirement of experienced COBOL programmers, programs are being migrated to new platforms, rewritten in modern languages or replaced with software packages. Most programming in COBOL is now purely to maintain existing applications. COBOL was designed in 1959 by CODASYL and was partly based on previous programming language design work by Grace Hopper, commonly referred to as ""the (grand)mother of COBOL"". It was created as part of a US Department of Defense effort to create a portable programming language for data processing. Intended as a stopgap, the Department of Defense promptly forced computer manufacturers to provide it, resulting in its widespread adoption. It was standardized in 1968 and has since been revised four times. Expansions include support for structured and object-oriented programming. The current standard is ISO/IEC 1989:2014. COBOL has an English-like syntax, which was designed to be self-documenting and highly readable. However, it is verbose and uses over 300 reserved words. In contrast with modern, succinct syntax like y = x;, COBOL has a more English-like syntax (in this case, MOVE x TO y). COBOL code is split into four divisions (identification, environment, data and procedure) containing a rigid hierarchy of sections, paragraphs and sentences. Lacking a large standard library, the standard specifies 43 statements, 87 functions and just one class. Academic computer scientists were generally uninterested in business applications when COBOL was created and were not involved in its design; it was (effectively) designed from the ground up as a computer language for business, with an emphasis on inputs and outputs, whose only data types were numbers and strings of text. COBOL has been criticized throughout its life, however, for its verbosity, design process and poor support for structured programming, which resulted in monolithic and incomprehensible programs.","COBOL, Howard Bromberg and Norman Discount and Vernon Reeves and Jean E. Sammet and William Selden and Gertrude Tierney and Grace Hopper, wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://openbase.com/js/cobol/documentation, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL",beginner to advance
+26,Rust,"Rust is a systems programming language sponsored by Mozilla Research, which describes it as a ""safe, concurrent, practical language,"" supporting functional and imperative-procedural paradigms. Rust is syntactically similar to C++, but its designers intend it to provide better memory safety while maintaining performance. Rust is an open source programming language. Its designers have refined the language through the experiences of writing the Servo web browser layout engine and the Rust compiler. A large portion of current commits to the project are from community members. Rust won first place for ""most loved programming language"" in the Stack Overflow Developer Survey in 2016 and 2017; it is referenced in The Book of Mozilla as ""oxidised metal"".",,"website: https://www.rust-lang.org, reference: https://blog.rust-lang.org/2018/11/27/Rust-survey-2018.html, documentation: https://devdocs.io/rust/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+27,PostgreSQL,"PostgreSQL, often simply Postgres, is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) with an emphasis on extensibility and standards compliance. As a database server, its primary functions are to store data securely and return that data in response to requests from other software applications. It can handle workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications (or for data warehousing) with many concurrent users; on macOS Server, PostgreSQL is the default database; and it is also available for Microsoft Windows and Linux (supplied in most distributions). PostgreSQL is ACID-compliant and transactional. PostgreSQL has updatable views and materialized views, triggers, foreign keys; supports functions and stored procedures, and other expandability. PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group, a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors. It is free and open-source, released under the terms of the PostgreSQL License, a permissive software license.","PostgreSQL, Marc G. Fournier, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://www.postgresql.org/, documentation: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQL",beginner to advance
+28,Kotlin,"Kotlin is a statically-typed programming language that runs on the Java virtual machine and also can be compiled to JavaScript source code or use the LLVM compiler infrastructure. Its primary development is from a team of JetBrains programmers based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. While the syntax is not compatible with Java, Kotlin is designed to interoperate with Java code and is reliant on Java code from the existing Java Class Library, such as the collections framework. As of Android Studio 3.0 (Beta version) Kotlin is a fully supported programming language on Android and lets the user choose between targeting Java 6- or Java 8-compatible bytecode.",,"website: https://kotlinlang.org, reference: https://engineering.fb.com/2022/10/24/android/android-java-kotlin-migration/, documentation: https://devdocs.io/kotlin/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+29,Arduino Programming Language,"Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical and digital world. Its products are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits. Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project. The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and motion detectors. The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the project used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.","Arduino Programming Language, , website, wikipedia, document, Italy","website: https://www.arduino.cc, documentation: https://docs.arduino.cc/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino",beginner to advance
+30,PowerShell,"PowerShell is a task automation and configuration management framework from Microsoft, consisting of a command-line shell and associated scripting language. Initially a Windows component only, known as Windows PowerShell, it was made open-source and cross-platform on 18 August 2016 with the introduction of PowerShell Core. The former is built on .NET Framework while the latter on .NET Core. In PowerShell, administrative tasks are generally performed by cmdlets (pronounced command-lets), which are specialized .NET classes implementing a particular operation. These work by accessing data in different data stores, like the file system or registry, which are made available to PowerShell via providers. Third-party developers can develop their own cmdlets and add them to PowerShell. Sets of cmdlets may be combined into scripts. PowerShell provides full access to COM and WMI, enabling administrators to perform administrative tasks on both local and remote Windows systems as well as WS-Management and CIM enabling management of remote Linux systems and network devices. PowerShell also provides a hosting API with which the PowerShell runtime can be embedded inside other applications. These applications can then use PowerShell functionality to implement certain operations, including those exposed via the graphical interface. This capability has been used by Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 to expose its management functionality as PowerShell cmdlets and providers and implement the graphical management tools as PowerShell hosts which invoke the necessary cmdlets. Other Microsoft applications including Microsoft SQL Server 2008 also expose their management interface via PowerShell cmdlets. PowerShell includes its own extensive, console-based help (similar to man pages in Unix shells) accessible via the Get-Help cmdlet. Local help contents can be retrieved from the Internet via Update-Help cmdlet. Alternatively, help from the web can be acquired on a case-by-case basis via the -online switch to Get-Help.",,"website: http://microsoft.com/powershell, documentation: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerShell",beginner to advance
+31,Pascal,"Pascal is an imperative and procedural programming language, which Niklaus Wirth designed in 1968–69 and published in 1970, as a small, efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. It is named in honor of the French mathematician, philosopher and physicist Blaise Pascal. Pascal was developed on the pattern of the ALGOL 60 language. Wirth had already developed several improvements to this language as part of the ALGOL X proposals, but these were not accepted and Pascal was developed separately and released in 1970. A derivative known as Object Pascal designed for object-oriented programming was developed in 1985; this was used by Apple Computer and Borland in the late 1980s and later developed into Delphi on the Microsoft Windows platform. Extensions to the Pascal concepts led to the Pascal-like languages Modula-2 and Oberon.","Pascal, Niklaus Wirth, wikipedia, document, Switzerland","documentation: https://www.freepascal.org/docs.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+32,Haskell,"Haskell  is a standardized, general-purpose purely functional programming language, with non-strict semantics and strong static typing. It is named after logician Haskell Curry. The latest standard of Haskell is Haskell 2010. As of May 2016, a group is working on the next version, Haskell 2020. Haskell features a type system with type inference and lazy evaluation. Type classes first appeared in the Haskell programming language. Its main implementation is the Glasgow Haskell Compiler. Haskell is based on the semantics, but not the syntax, of the language Miranda, which served to focus the efforts of the initial Haskell working group. Haskell is used widely in academia and industry.","Haskell, Paul Hudak and John Hughes, website, wikipedia, document, United States and United Kingdom","website: https://www.haskell.org, documentation: https://devdocs.io/haskell/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+33,TypeScript,"TypeScript is a free and open-source programming language developed and maintained by Microsoft. It is a strict syntactical superset of JavaScript, and adds optional static typing to the language. Anders Hejlsberg, lead architect of C# and creator of Delphi and Turbo Pascal, has worked on the development of TypeScript. TypeScript may be used to develop JavaScript applications for client-side or server-side (Node.js) execution. TypeScript is designed for development of large applications and compiles to JavaScript. As TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript, existing JavaScript programs are also valid TypeScript programs. TypeScript supports definition files that can contain type information of existing JavaScript libraries, much like C++ header files can describe the structure of existing object files. This enables other programs to use the values defined in the files as if they were statically typed TypeScript entities. There are third-party header files for popular libraries such as jQuery, MongoDB, and D3.js. TypeScript headers for the Node.js basic modules are also available, allowing development of Node.js programs within TypeScript. The TypeScript compiler is itself written in TypeScript and compiled to JavaScript. It is licensed under the Apache 2 License. TypeScript is included as a first-class programming language in Microsoft Visual Studio 2013 Update 2 and later, beside C# and other Microsoft languages. An official extension allows Visual Studio 2012 to support TypeScript as well.",,"website: http://www.typescriptlang.org/, documentation: https://devdocs.io/typescript/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript",beginner to advance
+34,SAS,"The SAS language is a computer programming language used for statistical analysis, created by Anthony James Barr at North Carolina State University. It can read in data from common spreadsheets and databases and output the results of statistical analyses in tables, graphs, and as RTF, HTML and PDF documents. The SAS language runs under compilers that can be used on Microsoft Windows, Linux, and various other UNIX and  mainframe computers. The SAS System and World Programming System (WPS) are SAS language compilers.","SAS, Anthony James Barr, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://www.sas.com, documentation: https://support.sas.com/en/documentation.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_language",beginner to advance
+35,ARM,"ARM, originally Acorn RISC Machine, later Advanced RISC Machine, is a family of reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architectures for computer processors, configured for various environments. British company ARM Holdings develops the architecture and licenses it to other companies, who design their own products that implement one of those architectures‍—‌including systems-on-chips (SoC) and systems-on-modules (SoM) that incorporate memory, interfaces, radios, etc. It also designs cores that implement this instruction set and licenses these designs to a number of companies that incorporate those core designs into their own products. Processors that have a RISC architecture typically require fewer transistors than those with a complex instruction set computing (CISC) architecture (such as the x86 processors found in most personal computers), which improves cost, power consumption, and heat dissipation. These characteristics are desirable for light, portable, battery-powered devices‍—‌including smartphones, laptops and tablet computers, and other embedded systems. For supercomputers, which consume large amounts of electricity, ARM could also be a power-efficient solution. ARM Holdings periodically releases updates to architectures and core designs. All of them support a 32-bit address space (only pre-ARMv3 chips, made before ARM Holdings was formed, as in original Acorn Archimedes, had smaller) and 32-bit arithmetic; instructions for ARM Holdings' cores have 32-bit fixed-length instructions, but later versions of the architecture also support a variable-length instruction set that provides both 32- and 16-bit instructions for improved code density. Some older cores can also provide hardware execution of Java bytecodes. The ARMv8-A architecture, announced in October 2011, adds support for a 64-bit address space and 64-bit arithmetic with its new 32-bit fixed-length instruction set. With over 100 billion ARM processors produced as of 2017, ARM is the most widely used instruction set architecture in terms of quantity produced. Currently, the widely used Cortex cores, older ""classic"" cores, and specialized SecurCore cores variants are available for each of these to include or exclude optional capabilities.","ARM, Sophie Wilson and Steve Furber and Acorn Computers, wikipedia, document, United Kingdom","documentation: https://developer.arm.com/documentation/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture",beginner to advance
+36,Lisp,"Lisp (historically, LISP) is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized prefix notation. Originally specified in 1958, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today. Only Fortran is older, by one year. Lisp has changed since its early days, and many dialects have existed over its history. Today, the best known general-purpose Lisp dialects are Common Lisp and Scheme. Lisp was originally created as a practical mathematical notation for computer programs, influenced by the notation of Alonzo Church's lambda calculus. It quickly became the favored programming language for artificial intelligence (AI) research. As one of the earliest programming languages, Lisp pioneered many ideas in computer science, including tree data structures, automatic storage management, dynamic typing, conditionals, higher-order functions, recursion, the self-hosting compiler, and the read–eval–print loop. The name LISP derives from ""LISt Processor"". Linked lists are one of Lisp's major data structures, and Lisp source code is made of lists. Thus, Lisp programs can manipulate source code as a data structure, giving rise to the macro systems that allow programmers to create new syntax or new domain-specific languages embedded in Lisp. The interchangeability of code and data gives Lisp its instantly recognizable syntax. All program code is written as s-expressions, or parenthesized lists. A function call or syntactic form is written as a list with the function or operator's name first, and the arguments following; for instance, a function f that takes three arguments would be called as (f arg1 arg2 arg3).","Lisp, John McCarthy, wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://common-lisp.net/documentation, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+37,Lua,"Lua ( LOO-ə, from Portuguese: lua [ˈlu.(w)ɐ] meaning moon) is a lightweight, multi-paradigm programming language designed primarily for embedded systems and clients. Lua is cross-platform, since the interpreter is written in ANSI C, and has a relatively simple C API. Lua was originally designed in 1993 as a language for extending software applications to meet the increasing demand for customization at the time. It provided the basic facilities of most procedural programming languages, but more complicated or domain-specific features were not included; rather, it included mechanisms for extending the language, allowing programmers to implement such features. As Lua was intended to be a general embeddable extension language, the designers of Lua focused on improving its speed, portability, extensibility, and ease-of-use in development.","Lua, Roberto Ierusalimschy, website, reference, wikipedia, document, Brazil","website: https://www.lua.org/, reference: http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html#2.1, documentation: https://devdocs.io/lua/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+38,Julia,"Julia is a high-level dynamic programming language designed to address the needs of high-performance numerical analysis and computational science, without the typical need of separate compilation to be fast, while also being effective for general-purpose programming, web use or as a specification language. Distinctive aspects of Julia's design include a type system with parametric polymorphism and types in a fully dynamic programming language and multiple dispatch as its core programming paradigm. It allows concurrent, parallel and distributed computing, and direct calling of C and Fortran libraries without glue code. Julia is garbage-collected, uses eager evaluation and includes efficient libraries for floating-point calculations, linear algebra, random number generation, fast Fourier transforms and regular expression matching.","Julia, Jeff Bezanson and Alan Edelman and Stefan Karpinski and Viral B. Shah, website, wikipedia, document, Various","website: http://julialang.org/, documentation: https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+39,Prolog,"Prolog is a general-purpose logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. Prolog has its roots in first-order logic, a formal logic, and unlike many other programming languages, Prolog is intended as primarily a declarative programming language: the program logic is expressed in terms of relations, represented as facts and rules. A computation is initiated by running a query over these relations. The language was first conceived by a group around Alain Colmerauer in Marseille, France, in the early 1970s and the first Prolog system was developed in 1972 by Colmerauer with Philippe Roussel. Prolog was one of the first logic programming languages, and remains the most popular among such languages today, with several free and commercial implementations available. The language has been used for theorem proving, expert systems, term rewriting, type inference, and automated planning, as well as its original intended field of use, natural language processing. Modern Prolog environments support the creation of graphical user interfaces, as well as administrative and networked applications. Prolog is well-suited for specific tasks that benefit from rule-based logical queries such as searching databases, voice control systems, and filling templates.","Prolog, Alain Colmerauer, wikipedia, document, United Kingdom and France","documentation: https://www.swi-prolog.org/pldoc/index.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog",beginner to advance
+40,Node.js,"Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform JavaScript run-time environment that executes JavaScript code outside of a browser. Typically, JavaScript is used primarily for client-side scripting, in which scripts written in JavaScript are embedded in a webpage's HTML and run client-side by a JavaScript engine in the user's web browser. Node.js lets developers use JavaScript to write Command Line tools and for server-side scripting—running scripts server-side to produce dynamic web page content before the page is sent to the user's web browser. Consequently, Node.js represents a ""JavaScript everywhere"" paradigm, unifying web application development around a single programming language, rather than different languages for server side and client side scripts. Though .js is the conventional filename extension for JavaScript code, the name ""Node.js"" does not refer to a particular file in this context and is merely the name of the product. Node.js has an event-driven architecture capable of asynchronous I/O. These design choices aim to optimize throughput and scalability in web applications with many input/output operations, as well as for real-time Web applications (e.g., real-time communication programs and browser games).The Node.js distributed development project, governed by the Node.js Foundation, is facilitated by the Linux Foundation's Collaborative Projects program.Corporate users of Node.js software include GoDaddy, Groupon, IBM, LinkedIn, Microsoft, Netflix, PayPal, Rakuten, SAP, Voxer, Walmart, and Yahoo!.","Node.js, Ryan Dahl, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://nodejs.org, documentation: https://devdocs.io/node/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nodejs",beginner to advance
+41,HTTP,"The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, and hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links (hyperlinks) between nodes containing text. HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext. Development of HTTP was initiated by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989. Standards development of HTTP was coordinated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), culminating in the publication of a series of Requests for Comments (RFCs). The first definition of HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use, occurred in RFC 2068 in 1997, although this was obsoleted by RFC 2616 in 1999 and then again by the RFC 7230 family of RFCs in 2014. A later version, the successor HTTP/2, was standardized in 2015, and is now supported by major web servers and browsers over TLS using ALPN extension where TLS 1.2 or newer is required.","HTTP, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol",beginner to advance
+42,Objective-C,"Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. It was the main programming language used by Apple for the OS X and iOS operating systems, and their respective application programming interfaces (APIs) Cocoa and Cocoa Touch prior to the introduction of Swift. The programming language Objective-C was originally developed in the early 1980s. It was selected as the main language used by NeXT for its NeXTSTEP operating system, from which OS X and iOS are derived. Portable Objective-C programs that do not use the Cocoa or Cocoa Touch libraries, or those using parts that may be ported or reimplemented for other systems, can also be compiled for any system supported by GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) or Clang. Objective-C source code 'implementation' program files usually have .m filename extensions, while Objective-C 'header/interface' files have .h extensions, the same as C header files. Objective-C++ files are denoted with a .mm file extension.","Objective-C, Brad Cox, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ProgrammingWithObjectiveC/Introduction/Introduction.html, documentation: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/objectivec, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective-C",beginner to advance
+43,Clojure,"Clojure ( , like ""closure"") is a dialect of the Lisp programming language. Clojure is a general-purpose programming language with an emphasis on functional programming. It runs on the Java virtual machine and the Common Language Runtime. Like other Lisps, Clojure treats code as data and has a macro system. The current development process is community-driven, overseen by Rich Hickey as its benevolent dictator for life (BDFL). Clojure encourages immutability and immutable data structures. While its type system is entirely dynamic, recent efforts have also sought the implementation of gradual typing. Clojure encourages programmers to be explicit about managing state and identity. This focus on programming with immutable values and explicit progression-of-time constructs is intended to facilitate developing more robust programs, especially multithreaded ones. Clojure is used in industry by firms such as Funding Circle, Walmart, Puppet, and other large software firms. Commercial support for Clojure is provided by Cognitect. Annual Clojure conferences are organised every year across the globe, the most famous of them being Clojure/conj (US east coast), Clojure/West (US west coast), and EuroClojure (Europe). The latest stable version of Clojure is 1.8, released on January 19, 2016. The first stable release was version 1.0, released on May 4, 2009. Clojure is free software released under the Eclipse Public License.","Clojure, Rich Hickey, website, reference, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://clojure.org, reference: https://download.clojure.org/papers/clojure-hopl-iv-final.pdf, documentation: https://clojure-doc.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clojure",beginner to advance
+44,Scheme,"Scheme is a functional programming language and one of the two main dialects of the programming language Lisp. Unlike Common Lisp, the other main dialect, Scheme follows a minimalist design philosophy specifying a small standard core with powerful tools for language extension. Scheme was created during the 1970s at the MIT AI Lab and released by its developers, Guy L. Steele and Gerald Jay Sussman, via a series of memos now known as the Lambda Papers. It was the first dialect of Lisp to choose lexical scope and the first to require implementations to perform tail-call optimization, giving stronger support for functional programming and associated techniques such as recursive algorithms. It was also one of the first programming languages to support first-class continuations. It had a significant influence on the effort that led to the development of Common Lisp. The Scheme language is standardized in the official IEEE standard and a de facto standard called the Revisedn Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme (RnRS). The most widely implemented standard is R5RS (1998); a new standard, R6RS, was ratified in 2007. Scheme has a diverse user base due to its compactness and elegance, but its minimalist philosophy has also caused wide divergence between practical implementations, so much that the Scheme Steering Committee calls it ""the world's most unportable programming language"" and ""a family of dialects"" rather than a single language.","Scheme, Guy Steele and Gerald Jay Sussman, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://www.scheme-reports.org/, documentation: https://docs.scheme.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+45,Assembly language,"An assembly (or assembler) language, often abbreviated asm, is any low-level programming language in which there is a very strong correspondence between the program's statements and the architecture's machine code instructions.Each assembly language is specific to a particular computer architecture and operating system. In contrast, most high-level programming languages are generally portable across multiple architectures but require interpreting or compiling. Assembly language may also be called symbolic machine code.Assembly language usually has one statement per machine instruction, but assembler directives, macros and symbolic labels of program and memory locations are often also supported. Assembly code is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler. The conversion process is referred to as assembly, or assembling the source code.",,"documentation: https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19253-01/817-5477/817-5477.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language",beginner to advance
+46,Erlang,"Erlang ( ER-lang) is a general-purpose, concurrent, functional programming language, as well as a garbage-collected runtime system. The term Erlang is used interchangeably with Erlang/OTP, or OTP, which consists of the Erlang runtime system, a number of ready-to-use components mainly written in Erlang, and a set of design principles for Erlang programs. The Erlang runtime system is known for its designs that are well suited for systems with the following characteristics: Distributed Fault-tolerant Soft real-time, Highly available, non-stop applications Hot swapping, where code can be changed without stopping a system. The Erlang programming language is known for the following properties: Immutable data Pattern matching Functional programming The sequential subset of the Erlang language supports eager evaluation, single assignment, and dynamic typing. It was originally a proprietary language within Ericsson, developed by Joe Armstrong, Robert Virding and Mike Williams in 1986, but was released as open source in 1998. Erlang/OTP is supported and maintained by the OTP product unit at Ericsson.","Erlang, Joe Armstrong and Robert Virding and Mike Williams, website, wikipedia, document, Sweden","website: https://www.erlang.org, documentation: https://www.erlang.org/docs, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+47,Bash,"Bash is a Unix shell and command language written by Brian Fox for the GNU Project as a free software replacement for the Bourne shell. First released in 1989, it has been distributed widely as the default login shell for most Linux distributions and Apple's macOS (formerly OS X). A version is also available for Windows 10. Bash is a command processor that typically runs in a text window, where the user types commands that cause actions. Bash can also read and execute commands from a file, called a script. Like all Unix shells, it supports filename globbing (wildcard matching), piping, here documents, command substitution, variables, and control structures for condition-testing and iteration. The keywords, syntax and other basic features of the language are all copied from sh. Other features, e.g., history, are copied from csh and ksh. Bash is a POSIX-compliant shell, but with a number of extensions. The shell's name is an acronym for Bourne-again shell, punning on the name of the Bourne shell that it replaces and on the term ""born again"" that denotes spiritual rebirth in contemporary American Christianity. A security hole in Bash dating from version 1.03 (August 1989), dubbed Shellshock, was discovered in early September 2014 and quickly led to a range of attacks across the Internet. Patches to fix the bugs were made available soon after the bugs were identified, but not all computers have been updated.","Bash, Brian Fox, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/, documentation: https://devdocs.io/bash/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)",beginner to advance
+48,JQuery,"jQuery is a cross-platform JavaScript library designed to simplify the client-side scripting of HTML. It is free, open-source software using the permissive MIT License. Web analysis indicates that it is the most widely deployed JavaScript library by a large margin. jQuery's syntax is designed to make it easier to navigate a document, select DOM elements, create animations, handle events, and develop Ajax applications. jQuery also provides capabilities for developers to create plug-ins on top of the JavaScript library. This enables developers to create abstractions for low-level interaction and animation, advanced effects and high-level, themeable widgets. The modular approach to the jQuery library allows the creation of powerful dynamic web pages and Web applications. The set of jQuery core features—DOM element selections, traversal and manipulation—enabled by its selector engine (named ""Sizzle"" from v1.3), created a new ""programming style"", fusing algorithms and DOM data structures. This style influenced the architecture of other JavaScript frameworks like YUI v3 and Dojo, later stimulating the creation of the standard Selectors API. Microsoft and Nokia bundle jQuery on their platforms. Microsoft includes it with Visual Studio for use within Microsoft's ASP.NET AJAX and ASP.NET MVC frameworks while Nokia has integrated it into the Web Run-Time widget development platform.","JQuery, , website, wikipedia, Various","website: https://jquery.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JQuery",beginner to advance
+49,Mathematica,"Wolfram Mathematica (usually termed Mathematica) is a modern technical computing system spanning most areas of technical computing — including neural networks, machine learning, image processing, geometry, data science, visualizations, and others. The system is used in many technical, scientific, engineering, mathematical, and computing fields. It was conceived by Stephen Wolfram and is developed by Wolfram Research of Champaign, Illinois. The Wolfram Language is the programming language used in Mathematica.","Mathematica, Stephen Wolfram, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://www.wolfram.com/mathematica, documentation: https://reference.wolfram.com/language/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematica",beginner to advance
+50,ISBN,,"ISBN, , wikipedia, document, United Kingdom","documentation: https://isbndb.com/apidocs/v2, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number",beginner to advance
+51,Elixir,"Elixir is a functional, concurrent, general-purpose programming language that runs on the Erlang virtual machine (BEAM). Elixir builds on top of Erlang and shares the same abstractions for building distributed, fault-tolerant applications. Elixir also provides a productive tooling and an extensible design. The latter is supported by compile-time metaprogramming with macros and polymorphism via protocols. Elixir is used by companies such as E-MetroTel, Pinterest and Moz. Elixir is also used for web development, by companies such as Bleacher Report, Discord, and Inverse, and for building embedded systems. The community organizes yearly events in United States, Europe and Japan as well as minor local events and conferences.","Elixir, José Valim, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://elixir-lang.org, documentation: https://devdocs.io/elixir~1.5/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixir_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+52,CUDA,"CUDA is a parallel computing platform and application programming interface (API) model created by Nvidia. It allows software developers and software engineers to use a CUDA-enabled graphics processing unit (GPU) for general purpose processing – an approach termed GPGPU (General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units). The CUDA platform is a software layer that gives direct access to the GPU's virtual instruction set and parallel computational elements, for the execution of compute kernels. The CUDA platform is designed to work with programming languages such as C, C++, and Fortran. This accessibility makes it easier for specialists in parallel programming to use GPU resources, in contrast to prior APIs like Direct3D and OpenGL, which required advanced skills in graphics programming. Also, CUDA supports programming frameworks such as OpenACC and OpenCL. When it was first introduced by Nvidia, the name CUDA was an acronym for Compute Unified Device Architecture, but Nvidia subsequently dropped the use of the acronym.",,"website: https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-zone, documentation: https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUDA",beginner to advance
+53,Dart,"Dart is a general-purpose programming language originally developed by Google and later approved as a standard by Ecma (ECMA-408). It is used to build web, server and mobile applications, and for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. It is open-source software under a permissive free software license (modified BSD license). Dart is an object-oriented, class defined, single inheritance language using a C-style syntax that transcompiles optionally into JavaScript. It supports interfaces, mixins, abstract classes, reified generics, optional typing, and a sound type system.",,"website: http://www.dartlang.org, documentation: https://dart.dev/guides, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+54,Emacs,"Emacs  is a family of text editors that are characterized by their extensibility. The manual for the most widely used variant, GNU Emacs, describes it as ""the extensible, customizable, self-documenting, real-time display editor"".  Development of the first Emacs began in the mid-1970s, and work on its direct descendant, GNU Emacs, continues actively as of  2018. Emacs has over 10,000 built-in commands (many of which are macros themselves) and its user interface allows the user to combine these commands into macros to automate work. Implementations of Emacs typically feature a dialect of the Lisp programming language that provides a deep extension capability, allowing users and developers to write new commands and applications for the editor. Extensions have been written to manage email, files, outlines, and RSS feeds, as well as clones of ELIZA, Pong, Conway's Life, Snake and Tetris.The original EMACS was written in 1976 by Carl Mikkelsen, David A. Moon and Guy L. Steele Jr. as a set of Editor MACroS for the TECO editor. It was inspired by the ideas of the TECO-macro editors TECMAC and TMACS.The most popular, and most ported, version of Emacs is GNU Emacs, which was created by Richard Stallman for the GNU Project. XEmacs is a variant that branched from GNU Emacs in 1991. GNU Emacs and XEmacs use similar Lisp dialects and are for the most part compatible with each other. Emacs is, along with vi, one of the two main contenders in the traditional editor wars of Unix culture. Emacs is among the oldest free & open source projects still under development.","Emacs, , wikipedia, Various",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs,beginner to advance
+55,Modula-2,"Modula-2 is a computer programming language designed and developed between 1977 and 1985 by Niklaus Wirth at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich) as a revision of Pascal to serve as the sole programming language for the operating system and application software for the personal workstation Lilith. The principal concepts were: The module as a compilation unit for separate compilation The coroutine as the basic building block for concurrent processes Types and procedures that allow access to machine-specific data. Modula-2 was viewed by Niklaus Wirth as a successor to his earlier programming languages Pascal and Modula. The language design was also influenced by the Mesa language and the new programming possibilities of the early personal computer Xerox Alto, both from Xerox, that Wirth saw during his 1976 sabbatical year at Xerox PARC. The computer magazine BYTE devoted the August 1984 issue to the language and its surrounding environment.","Modula-2, Niklaus Wirth, wikipedia, document, Switzerland","documentation: https://www.modula2.org/tutor/introduction.php, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2",beginner to advance
+56,MongoDB,"MongoDB (from humongous) is a free and open-source cross-platform document-oriented database program. Classified as a NoSQL database program, MongoDB uses JSON-like documents with schemas. MongoDB is developed by MongoDB Inc., and is published under a combination of the GNU Affero General Public License and the Apache License.",,"website: https://www.mongodb.com/, documentation: https://www.mongodb.com/docs/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MongoDB",beginner to advance
+57,Visual Basic,"Visual Basic is a third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its Component Object Model (COM) programming model first released in 1991 and declared legacy during 2008. Microsoft intended Visual Basic to be relatively easy to learn and use. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. A programmer can create an application using the components provided by the Visual Basic program itself. Over time the community of programmers developed third-party components. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, which requires external function declarations. The final release was version 6 in 1998 (now known simply as Visual Basic). On  April 8, 2008, Microsoft stopped supporting Visual Basic 6.0 IDE. The Microsoft Visual Basic team still maintains compatibility for Visual Basic 6.0 applications on Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 including R2, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012, Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016 through its ""It Just Works"" program. In 2014, some software developers still preferred Visual Basic 6.0 over its successor, Visual Basic .NET.  In 2014 some developers lobbied for a new version of the VB6 programming environment. In 2016, Visual Basic 6.0 won the technical impact award at The 19th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards. A dialect of Visual Basic, Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), is used as a macro or scripting language within several Microsoft applications, including Microsoft Office.","Visual Basic, , website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms788229.aspx, documentation: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/visual-basic/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic",beginner to advance
+58,Tcl,"Tcl (pronounced ""tickle"" or tee cee ell, ) is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. It was designed with the goal of being very simple but powerful. Tcl casts everything into the mold of a command, even programming constructs like variable assignment and procedure definition. Tcl supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative and functional programming or procedural styles. It is commonly used embedded into C applications, for rapid prototyping, scripted applications, GUIs, and testing. Tcl interpreters are available for many operating systems, allowing Tcl code to run on a wide variety of systems. Because Tcl is a very compact language, it is used on embedded systems platforms, both in its full form and in several other small-footprint versions. The popular combination of Tcl with the Tk extension is referred to as Tcl/Tk, and enables building a graphical user interface (GUI) natively in Tcl. Tcl/Tk is included in the standard Python installation in the form of Tkinter.",,"website: http://www.tcl.tk, documentation: https://devdocs.io/tcl_tk/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl",beginner to advance
+59,ActionScript,"438 184 ActionScript is an object-oriented programming language originally developed by Macromedia Inc. (later acquired by Adobe Systems). It is a derivation of HyperTalk, the scripting language for HyperCard. It is now a dialect of ECMAScript (meaning it is a superset of the syntax and semantics of the language more widely known as JavaScript), though it originally arose as a sibling, both being influenced by HyperTalk. ActionScript is used primarily for the development of websites and software targeting the Adobe Flash Player platform, used on Web pages in the form of embedded SWF files. ActionScript 3 is also used with Adobe AIR system for the development of desktop and mobile applications. The language itself is open-source in that its specification is offered free of charge and both an open source compiler (as part of Apache Flex) and open source virtual machine (Mozilla Tamarin) are available. ActionScript is also used with Scaleform GFx for the development of 3D video game user interfaces and HUDs.",,"documentation: https://help.adobe.com/en_US/FlashPlatform/reference/actionscript/3/index.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActionScript",beginner to advance
+60,VBA,"Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is an implementation of Microsoft's event-driven programming language Visual Basic 6, which was discontinued in 2008, and its associated integrated development environment (IDE). Although Visual Basic is no longer supported or updated by Microsoft, VBA itself got upgraded in 2010 with the introduction of Visual Basic for Applications 7 in Microsoft Office applications. Visual Basic for Applications enables building user-defined functions (UDFs), automating processes and accessing Windows API and other low-level functionality through dynamic-link libraries (DLLs). It supersedes and expands on the abilities of earlier application-specific macro programming languages such as Word's WordBasic. It can be used to control many aspects of the host application, including manipulating user interface features, such as menus and toolbars, and working with custom user forms or dialog boxes. As its name suggests, VBA is closely related to Visual Basic and uses the Visual Basic Runtime Library. However, VBA code normally can only run within a host application, rather than as a standalone program. VBA can, however, control one application from another using OLE Automation. For example, VBA can automatically create a Microsoft Word report from Microsoft Excel data that Excel collects automatically from polled sensors. VBA can use, but not create, ActiveX/COM DLLs, and later versions add support for class modules. VBA is built into most Microsoft Office applications, including Office for Mac OS X (except version 2008), and other Microsoft applications, including Microsoft MapPoint and Microsoft Visio. VBA is also implemented, at least partially, in applications published by companies other than Microsoft, including ArcGIS, AutoCAD, CorelDraw, LibreOffice, Reflection, SolidWorks, and WordPerfect.",,"documentation: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/api/overview/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications",beginner to advance
+61,Vim,"Vim (; a contraction of Vi IMproved) is a clone, with additions, of Bill Joy's vi text editor program for Unix. It was written by Bram Moolenaar based on source for a port of the Stevie editor to the Amiga and first released publicly in 1991. Vim is designed for use both from a command-line interface and as a standalone application in a graphical user interface. Vim is free and open-source software and is released under a license that includes some charityware clauses, encouraging users who enjoy the software to consider donating to children in Uganda. The license is compatible with the GNU General Public License through a special clause allowing distribution of modified copies ""under the GNU GPL version 2 or any later version"".Although it was originally released for the Amiga, Vim has since been developed to be cross-platform, supporting many other platforms. In 2006, it was voted the most popular editor amongst Linux Journal readers; in 2015 the Stack Overflow developer survey found it to be the third most popular text editor; and in 2016 the Stack Overflow developer survey found it to be the fourth most popular development environment.",,"website: https://www.vim.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)",beginner to advance
+62,Ruby on Rails,"Ruby on Rails, or Rails, is a server-side web application framework written in Ruby under the MIT License. Rails is a model–view–controller (MVC) framework, providing default structures for a database, a web service, and web pages. It encourages and facilitates the use of web standards such as JSON or XML for data transfer, and HTML, CSS and JavaScript for display and user interfacing. In addition to MVC, Rails emphasizes the use of other well-known software engineering patterns and paradigms, including convention over configuration (CoC), don't repeat yourself (DRY), and the active record pattern.","Ruby on Rails, , website, wikipedia, Denmark","website: http://rubyonrails.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails",beginner to advance
+63,WordPress,"WordPress is a free and open-source content management system (CMS) based on PHP and MySQL. To function, WordPress has to be installed on a web server, which would either be part of an Internet hosting service or a network host in its own right. An example of the first scenario may be a service like WordPress.com, for example, and the second case could be a computer running the software package WordPress.org. A local computer may be used for single-user testing and learning purposes. Features include a plugin architecture and a template system. WordPress was used by more than 27.5% of the top 10 million websites as of February 2017. WordPress is reportedly the most popular website management or blogging system in use on the Web, supporting more than 60 million websites. WordPress has also been used for other application domains such as pervasive display systems (PDS). WordPress was released on May 27, 2003, by its founders, Matt Mullenweg and Mike Little, as a fork of b2/cafelog. WordPress is released under the GPLv2 (or later) license.",,"website: https://wordpress.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPress",beginner to advance
+64,BASIC,"BASIC (an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use. In 1964, John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz designed the original BASIC language at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire, United States. They wanted to enable students in fields other than science and mathematics to use computers. At the time, nearly all use of computers required writing custom software, which was something only scientists and mathematicians tended to learn. Versions of BASIC became widespread on microcomputers in the mid-1970s and 1980s. Microcomputers usually shipped with BASIC, often in the machine's firmware. Having an easy-to-learn language on these early personal computers allowed small business owners, professionals, hobbyists, and consultants to develop custom software on computers they could afford. In the 2010s, BASIC was popular in many computing dialects and in new languages influenced by BASIC, such as Microsoft's Visual Basic.","BASIC, John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz, wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/BASIC_Programming, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC",beginner to advance
+65,Verilog,"Verilog, standardized as IEEE 1364, is a hardware description language (HDL) used to model electronic systems. It is most commonly used in the design and verification of digital circuits at the register-transfer level of abstraction. It is also used in the verification of analog circuits and mixed-signal circuits, as well as in the design of genetic circuits.","Verilog, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://verilogguide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verilog",beginner to advance
+66,awk,"AWK is a programming language designed for text processing and typically used as a data extraction and reporting tool. It is a standard feature of most Unix-like operating systems. The AWK language is a data-driven scripting language consisting of a set of actions to be taken against streams of textual data – either run directly on files or used as part of a pipeline – for purposes of extracting or transforming text, such as producing formatted reports. The language extensively uses the string datatype, associative arrays (that is, arrays indexed by key strings), and regular expressions. While AWK has a limited intended application domain and was especially designed to support one-liner programs, the language is Turing-complete, and even the early Bell Labs users of AWK often wrote well-structured large AWK programs. AWK was created at Bell Labs in the 1970s, and its name is derived from the surnames of its authors—Alfred Aho, Peter Weinberger, and Brian Kernighan. The acronym is pronounced the same as the name of the bird auk (which acts as an emblem of the language such as on The AWK Programming Language book cover – the book is often referred to by the abbreviation TAPL). When written in all lowercase letters, as awk, it refers to the Unix or Plan 9 program that runs scripts written in the AWK programming language.","awk, Alfred Aho and Peter J. Weinberger and Brian Kernighan, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~bwk/btl.mirror/, documentation: https://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/manual/gawk.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK",beginner to advance
+67,Delphi,"Embarcadero Delphi is an integrated development environment (IDE) for desktop, mobile, web, and console applications. It's also an event driven language. Delphi's compilers use their own Object Pascal dialect of Pascal and generate native code for several platforms: Windows (x86 and x64), OS X (32-bit only), iOS (32 and 64-bit), Android and Linux (64-bit Intel). Delphi, part of RAD Studio, includes a code editor with Code Insight (code completion), Error Insight (real-time error-checking), and other features; refactoring; a visual forms designer for both VCL (native Windows) and FMX (cross-platform, partially native per platform); an integrated debugger for all platforms including mobile; source control (SVN, git, and Mercurial); and support for third-party plugins. It has strong database support. It is not unusual for a Delphi project of a million lines to compile in a few seconds – one benchmark gave 170,000 lines per second. It is under active development, with (in 2016) releases every six months, with new platforms being added approximately every second release. Delphi was originally developed by Borland as a rapid application development tool for Windows as the successor of Turbo Pascal. Delphi added full object-orientation to the existing language, and since then the language has grown and supports many other modern language features, including generics and anonymous methods, as well as unusual features such as inbuilt string types and native COM support. Delphi and its C++ counterpart, C++Builder, share many core components, notably the IDE, the Visual Component Library (VCL), and much of the RTL, and are compatible with each other: C++Builder 6 and onwards can consume Delphi-language files and C++ in the one project, and packages compiled with C++Builder written in C++ can be used from within Delphi. In 2007, the products were released jointly as RAD Studio. RAD Studio is a shared host for Delphi and C++Builder, and can be purchased with either or both. In 2006, Borland’s developer tools section was transferred from Borland to a wholly owned subsidiary known as CodeGear, which was sold to Embarcadero Technologies in 2008. In 2015, Embarcadero was purchased by Idera Software, but the Embarcadero mark was retained for the developer tools division.","Delphi, , website, reference, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://www.embarcadero.com/products/delphi, reference: http://delphi.wikia.com/wiki/Delphi_File_Extensions, documentation: https://ml4ai.github.io/delphi/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+68,Solidity,"Solidity is a contract-oriented programming language for writing smart contracts. It is used for implementing smart contracts on various blockchain platforms. It was developed by Gavin Wood, Christian Reitwiessner, Alex Beregszaszi, Liana Husikyan, Yoichi Hirai and several former Ethereum core contributors to enable writing smart contracts on blockchain platforms such as Ethereum.",,"website: http://github.com/ethereum/solidity, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity",beginner to advance
+69,ASCII,"ASCII ( ( listen) ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, although they support many additional characters. ASCII is the traditional name for the encoding system; the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) prefers the updated name US-ASCII, which clarifies that this system was developed in the US and based on the typographical symbols predominantly in use there.","ASCII, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII,beginner to advance
+70,AWS,"Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon.com that provides on-demand cloud computing platforms to individuals, companies and governments, on a paid subscription basis with a free-tier option available for 12 months. The technology allows subscribers to have at their disposal a full-fledged virtual cluster of computers, available all the time, through the Internet. AWS's version of virtual computers have most of the attributes of a real computer including hardware (CPU(s) & GPU(s) for processing, local/RAM memory, hard-disk/SSD storage); a choice of operating systems; networking; and pre-loaded application software such as web servers, databases, CRM, etc. Each AWS system also virtualizes its console I/O (keyboard, display, and mouse), allowing AWS subscribers to connect to their AWS system using a modern browser. The browser acts as a window into the virtual computer, letting subscribers log-in, configure and use their virtual systems just as they would a real physical computer. They can choose to deploy their AWS systems to provide internet-based services for their own and their customers' benefit. The AWS technology is implemented at server farms throughout the world, and maintained by the Amazon subsidiary. Fees are based on a combination of usage, the hardware/OS/software/networking features chosen by the subscriber, required availability, redundancy, security, and service options. Based on what the subscriber needs and pays for, they can reserve a single virtual AWS computer, a cluster of virtual computers, a physical (real) computer dedicated for their exclusive use, or even a cluster of dedicated physical computers. As part of the subscription agreement, Amazon manages, upgrades, and provides industry-standard security to each subscriber's system. AWS operates from many global geographical regions including 6 in North America. In 2017, AWS comprised more than 90 services spanning a wide range including computing, storage, networking, database, analytics, application services, deployment, management, mobile, developer tools, and tools for the Internet of Things. The most popular include Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3). Most services are not exposed directly to end users, but instead offer functionality through APIs for developers to use in their applications. Amazon Web Services’ offerings are accessed over HTTP, using the REST architectural style and SOAP protocol. Amazon markets AWS to subscribers as a way of obtaining large scale computing capacity more quickly and cheaply than building an actual physical server farm. All services are billed based on usage, but each service measures usage in varying ways.","AWS, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://aws.amazon.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services",beginner to advance
+71,F#,"F# (pronounced F sharp) is a strongly typed, multi-paradigm programming language that encompasses functional, imperative, and object-oriented programming methods. F# is most often used as a cross-platform Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) language, but it can also generate JavaScript and graphics processing unit (GPU) code. F# is developed by the F# Software Foundation, Microsoft and open contributors. An open source, cross-platform compiler for F# is available from the F# Software Foundation. F# is also a fully supported language in Visual Studio and Xamarin Studio. Other tools supporting F# development include Mono, MonoDevelop, SharpDevelop, MBrace and WebSharper. Plug-ins supporting F# exist for many widely used editors, most notably the Ionide extension for Atom and Visual Studio Code, and integrations for other editors such as Vim, Emacs, and Sublime Text. F# is member of the ML language family and originated as a .NET Framework implementation of a core of the programming language OCaml, It has also been influenced by C#, Python, Haskell, Scala, and Erlang.","F#, Don Syme, website, reference, wikipedia, document, United Kingdom","website: http://fsharp.org, reference: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/fsharp/language-reference/index, documentation: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/fsharp/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+72,Regular Expressions,"A regular expression, regex or regexp (sometimes called a rational expression) is, in theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a sequence of characters that define a search pattern. Usually this pattern is then used by string searching algorithms for ""find"" or ""find and replace"" operations on strings. The concept arose in the 1950s when the American mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene formalized the description of a regular language. The concept came into common use with Unix text-processing utilities. Since the 1980s, different syntaxes for writing regular expressions exist, one being the POSIX standard and another, widely used, being the Perl syntax. Regular expressions are used in search engines, search and replace dialogs of word processors and text editors, in text processing utilities such as sed and AWK and in lexical analysis. Many programming languages provide regex capabilities, built-in, or via libraries.","Regular Expressions, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression,beginner to advance
+73,OCaml,"OCaml ( oh-KAM-əl), originally named Objective Caml, is the main implementation of the programming language Caml, created by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, Didier Rémy, Ascánder Suárez and others in 1996. A member of the ML language family, OCaml extends the core Caml language with object-oriented programming constructs. OCaml's toolset includes an interactive top-level interpreter, a bytecode compiler, a reversible debugger, a package manager (OPAM), and an optimizing native code compiler. It has a large standard library, making it useful for many of the same applications as Python or Perl, and has robust modular and object-oriented programming constructs that make it applicable for large-scale software engineering. OCaml is the successor to Caml Light. The acronym CAML originally stood for Categorical Abstract Machine Language, although OCaml omits this abstract machine. OCaml is a free and open-source software project managed and principally maintained by French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA). In the early 2000s, many new languages adopted elements from OCaml, most notably F# and Scala.","OCaml, Xavier Leroy, website, wikipedia, document, France","website: http://ocaml.org, documentation: https://devdocs.io/ocaml/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml",beginner to advance
+74,ASP,"Active Server Pages (ASP), later known as Classic ASP or ASP Classic, is Microsoft's first server-side script engine for dynamically generated web pages. ASP.NET, first released in January 2002, has superseded ASP.","ASP, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/iis/6.0-sdk/ms526064(v=vs.90), wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Server_Pages",beginner to advance
+75,Eiffel,"Eiffel is an object-oriented programming language designed by Bertrand Meyer (an object-orientation proponent and author of Object-Oriented Software Construction) and Eiffel Software. Meyer conceived the language in 1985 with the goal of increasing the reliability of commercial software development; the first version becoming available in 1986. In 2005, Eiffel became an ISO-standardized language. The design of the language is closely connected with the Eiffel programming method. Both are based on a set of principles, including design by contract, command–query separation, the uniform-access principle, the single-choice principle, the open–closed principle, and option–operand separation. Many concepts initially introduced by Eiffel later found their way into Java, C#, and other languages. New language design ideas, particularly through the Ecma/ISO standardization process, continue to be incorporated into the Eiffel language.","Eiffel, Bertrand Meyer, website, reference, wikipedia, document, Various","website: https://dev.eiffel.com/Main_Page, reference: https://www.eiffel.org/doc/eiffel/Eiffel_programming_language_syntax, documentation: https://www.eiffel.org/documentation, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+76,Crystal,"In computer software programming languages, Crystal is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language, designed and developed by Ary Borenszweig and Juan Wajnerman and more than 200 contributors. With syntax inspired by the language Ruby, it is a compiled language with static type-checking, but specifying the types of variables or method arguments is generally unneeded. Types are resolved by an advanced global type inference algorithm. Crystal is in active development. It is released as free and open-source software under the Apache License version 2.0","Crystal, Ary Borenszweig and Juan Wajnerman and Brian Cardiff, website, wikipedia, document, Argentina and Germany and Turkey","website: https://crystal-lang.org, documentation: https://devdocs.io/crystal/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+77,Smalltalk,"Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language. Smalltalk was created as the language to underpin the ""new world"" of computing exemplified by ""human–computer symbiosis."" It was designed and created in part for educational use, more so for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg, Ted Kaehler, Scott Wallace, and others during the 1970s. The language was first generally released as Smalltalk-80. Smalltalk-like languages are in continuing active development and have gathered loyal communities of users around them. ANSI Smalltalk was ratified in 1998 and represents the standard version of Smalltalk. Smalltalk took second place for ""most loved programming language"" in the Stack Overflow Developer Survey in 2017.","Smalltalk, Alan Kay and Dan Ingalls and Adele Goldberg, wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://www.gnu.org/software/smalltalk/manual/html_node/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk",beginner to advance
+78,Yacc,"Yacc (Yet Another Compiler-Compiler) is a computer program for the Unix operating system. It is a Look Ahead Left-to-Right (LALR) parser generator, generating a parser, the part of a compiler that tries to make syntactic sense of the source code, specifically a LALR parser, based on an analytic grammar written in a notation similar to Backus–Naur Form (BNF). Yacc itself used to be available as the default parser generator on most Unix systems, though it has since been supplanted as the default by more recent, largely compatible, programs.","Yacc, , reference, wikipedia, document, United States","reference: https://github.com/babyraging/yash, documentation: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009604599/utilities/yacc.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc",beginner to advance
+79,Git,"Git () is a version control system for tracking changes in computer files and coordinating work on those files among multiple people. It is primarily used for source code management in software development, but it can be used to keep track of changes in any set of files. As a distributed revision control system it is aimed at speed, data integrity, and support for distributed, non-linear workflows. Git was created by Linus Torvalds in 2005 for development of the Linux kernel, with other kernel developers contributing to its initial development. Its current maintainer since 2005 is Junio Hamano. As with most other distributed version control systems, and unlike most client–server systems, every Git directory on every computer is a full-fledged repository with complete history and full version tracking abilities, independent of network access or a central server. Git is free software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2.","Git, Linus Torvalds, website, wikipedia, document, Various","website: https://git-scm.com, documentation: https://git-scm.com/doc, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git",beginner to advance
+80,Modula-3,"Modula-3 is a programming language conceived as a successor to an upgraded version of Modula-2 known as Modula-2+. While it has been influential in research circles (influencing the designs of languages such as Java, C#, and Python) it has not been adopted widely in industry. It was designed by Luca Cardelli, James Donahue, Lucille Glassman, Mick Jordan (before at the Olivetti Software Technology Laboratory), Bill Kalsow and Greg Nelson at the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) Systems Research Center (SRC) and the Olivetti Research Center (ORC) in the late 1980s. Modula-3's main features are simplicity and safety while preserving the power of a systems-programming language. Modula-3 aimed to continue the Pascal tradition of type safety, while introducing new constructs for practical real-world programming. In particular Modula-3 added support for generic programming (similar to templates), multithreading, exception handling, garbage collection, object-oriented programming, partial revelation and explicit mark of unsafe code. The design goal of Modula-3 was a language that implements the most important features of modern imperative languages in quite basic forms. Thus allegedly dangerous and complicating features such as multiple inheritance and operator overloading were omitted.","Modula-3, , website, reference, wikipedia, document, United States and Germany","website: http://www.modula3.org, reference: https://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/hosking/m3/reference/syntax.html, documentation: https://modula3.elegosoft.com/cm3/doc/tutorial/m3/m3_toc.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-3",beginner to advance
+81,Elm,"Elm is a domain-specific programming language for declaratively creating web browser-based graphical user interfaces. Elm is purely functional, and is developed with emphasis on usability, performance, and robustness. It advertises ""no runtime exceptions in practice,"" made possible by the Elm compiler's static type checking.","Elm, Evan Czaplicki, website, wikipedia, document, United States and France","website: http://elm-lang.org, documentation: https://elm-lang.org/docs, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+82,Racket,"Racket is a general purpose, multi-paradigm programming language in the Lisp-Scheme family. One of its design goals is to serve as a platform for language creation, design, and implementation. The language is used in a variety of contexts such as scripting, general-purpose programming, computer science education, and research. The platform provides an implementation of the Racket language (including a sophisticated run-time system, various libraries, JIT compiler, and more) along with a development environment called DrRacket (formerly named DrScheme) written in Racket itself. The IDE and an accompanying programming curriculum is used in the ProgramByDesign outreach program, an attempt to turn computing and programming into ""an indispensable part of the liberal arts curriculum"". The core language is known for its extensive macro system which enables the creation of embedded and domain-specific languages, language constructs such as classes or modules, and separate dialects of Racket with different semantics. The platform distribution is free and open-source software distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) license. Extensions and packages written by the community are uploaded to Racket's centralized package catalog. While the Racket distribution continues to support Scheme variants, the new Racket language was launched on 7 June 2010, Racket was launched. https://racket-lang.org/new-name.html",,"website: http://racket-lang.org, documentation: https://docs.racket-lang.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+83,Groovy,"Apache Groovy is an object-oriented programming language for the Java platform. It is a dynamic language with features similar to those of Python, Ruby, Perl, and Smalltalk. It can be used as a scripting language for the Java Platform, is dynamically compiled to Java virtual machine (JVM) bytecode, and interoperates with other Java code and libraries. Groovy uses a Java-like curly-bracket syntax. Most Java code is also syntactically valid Groovy, although semantics may be different. Groovy 1.0 was released on January 2, 2007, and Groovy 2.0 in July, 2012. Since version 2, Groovy can also be compiled statically, offering type inference, and performance near that of Java. Groovy 2.4 was the last major release under Pivotal Software's sponsorship which ended in March 2015. Groovy has since changed its governance structure to a Project Management Committee (PMC) in the Apache Software Foundation.","Groovy, James Strachan, website, wikipedia, document, United States and Spain and France","website: http://groovy-lang.org/, documentation: https://devdocs.io/groovy~3.0/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+85,D,"The D programming language is an object-oriented, imperative, multi-paradigm system programming language created by Walter Bright of Digital Mars and released in 2001. Bright was joined in the design and development effort in 2007 by Andrei Alexandrescu. Though it originated as a re-engineering of C++, D is a distinct language, having redesigned some core C++ features while also taking inspiration from other languages, notably Java, Python, Ruby, C#, and Eiffel. D's design goals attempt to combine the performance and safety of compiled languages with the expressive power of modern dynamic languages. Idiomatic D code is commonly as fast as equivalent C++ code, while being shorter and memory-safe. Type inference, automatic memory management and syntactic sugar for common types allow faster development, while bounds checking, design by contract features and a concurrency-aware type system help reduce the occurrence of bugs.","D, Walter Bright and Andrei Alexandrescu, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://dlang.org, documentation: https://dlang.org/documentation.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+86,Common Lisp,"Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (R2004) (formerly X3.226-1994 (R1999)). The Common Lisp HyperSpec, a hyperlinked HTML version, has been derived from the ANSI Common Lisp standard. The Common Lisp language was developed as a standardized and improved successor of Maclisp. By the early 1980s several groups were already at work on diverse successors to MacLisp: Lisp Machine Lisp (aka ZetaLisp), Spice Lisp, NIL and S-1 Lisp. Common Lisp sought to unify, standardise, and extend the features of these MacLisp dialects. Common Lisp is not an implementation, but rather a language specification. Several implementations of the Common Lisp standard are available, including free and open-source software and proprietary products. Common Lisp is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language. It supports a combination of procedural, functional, and object-oriented programming paradigms. As a dynamic programming language, it facilitates evolutionary and incremental software development, with iterative compilation into efficient run-time programs. This incremental development is often done interactively without interrupting the running application. It also supports optional type annotation and casting, which can be added as necessary at the later profiling and optimization stages, to permit the compiler to generate more efficient code. For instance, fixnum can hold an unboxed integer in a range supported by the hardware and implementation, permitting more efficient arithmetic than on big integers or arbitrary precision types. Similarly, the compiler can be told on a per-module or per-function basis which type safety level is wanted, using optimize declarations. Common Lisp includes CLOS, an object system that supports multimethods and method combinations. It is often implemented with a Metaobject Protocol. Common Lisp is extensible through standard features such as Lisp macros (code transformations) and reader macros (input parsers for characters). Common Lisp provides some backwards compatibility to Maclisp and to John McCarthy's original Lisp. This allows older Lisp software to be ported to Common Lisp.","Common Lisp, Scott Fahlman and Richard P. Gabriel and David A. Moon and Kent Pitman and Guy Steele and Dan Weinreb, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://common-lisp.net/, documentation: https://common-lisp.net/documentation, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Lisp",beginner to advance
+88,UML,"The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a general-purpose, developmental, modeling language in the field of software engineering, that is intended to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system. UML was originally motivated by the desire to standardize the disparate notational systems and approaches to software design developed by Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson and James Rumbaugh at Rational Software in 1994–1995, with further development led by them through 1996. In 1997 UML was adopted as a standard by the Object Management Group (OMG), and has been managed by this organization ever since. In 2005 UML was also published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as an approved ISO standard. Since then the standard has been periodically revised to cover the latest revision of UML.",,"documentation: https://www.uml-diagrams.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language",beginner to advance
+89,Sage,"SageMath (previously Sage or SAGE, ""System for Algebra and Geometry Experimentation"") is a mathematical software with features covering many aspects of mathematics, including algebra, combinatorics, numerical mathematics, number theory, and calculus. The first version of SageMath was released on 24 February 2005 as free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2, with the initial goals of creating an ""open source alternative to Magma, Maple, Mathematica, and MATLAB"". The originator and leader of the SageMath project, William Stein, is a mathematician at the University of Washington. SageMath uses a syntax resembling Python's supporting procedural, functional and object-oriented constructs.",,"website: http://www.sagemath.org/, documentation: https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/index.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SageMath",beginner to advance
+90,Maple,"Maple is a symbolic and numeric computing environment, and is also a multi-paradigm programming language. Developed by Maplesoft, Maple also covers other aspects of technical computing, including visualization, data analysis, matrix computation, and connectivity. A toolbox, MapleSim, adds functionality for multidomain physical modeling and code generation.","Maple, , website, wikipedia, document, Canada","website: http://www.maplesoft.com/products/maple/, documentation: https://www.maplesoft.com/documentation_center/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_(software)",beginner to advance
+91,Unicode,"Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. The latest version contains a repertoire of 136,755 characters covering 139 modern and historic scripts, as well as multiple symbol sets. The Unicode Standard is maintained in conjunction with ISO/IEC 10646, and both are code-for-code identical. The Unicode Standard consists of a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding method and set of standard character encodings, a set of reference data files, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for normalization, decomposition, collation, rendering, and bidirectional display order (for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic and Hebrew, and left-to-right scripts). As of June 2017, the most recent version is Unicode 10.0. The standard is maintained by the Unicode Consortium. Unicode's success at unifying character sets has led to its widespread and predominant use in the internationalization and localization of computer software. The standard has been implemented in many recent technologies, including modern operating systems, XML, Java (and other programming languages), and the .NET Framework. Unicode can be implemented by different character encodings. The Unicode standard defines UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32, and several other encodings are in use. The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8, UTF-16 and UCS-2, a precursor of UTF-16. UTF-8, dominantly used by websites (over 90%), uses one byte for the first 128 code points, and up to 4 bytes for other characters. The first 128 Unicode code points are the ASCII characters; so an ASCII text is a UTF-8 text. UCS-2 simply uses two bytes (16 bits) for each character but can only encode the first 65,536 code points, the so-called Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). With 1,114,112 code points on 17 planes being possible, and with over 120,000 code points defined so far, many Unicode characters are beyond the reach of UCS-2. Therefore, UCS-2 is obsolete, though still widely used in software. UTF-16 extends UCS-2, by using the same 16-bit encoding as UCS-2 for the Basic Multilingual Plane, and a 4-byte encoding for the other planes. As long as it contains no code points in the reserved range U+0D800-U+0DFFF, a UCS-2 text is a valid UTF-16 text. UTF-32 (also referred to as UCS-4) uses four bytes for each character. Like UCS-2, the number of bytes per character is fixed, facilitating character indexing; but unlike UCS-2, UTF-32 is able to encode all Unicode code points. However, because each character uses four bytes, UTF-32 takes significantly more space than other encodings, and is not widely used.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode,beginner to advance
+92,CoffeeScript,"CoffeeScript is a programming language that transcompiles to JavaScript. It adds syntactic sugar inspired by Ruby, Python and Haskell in an effort to enhance JavaScript's brevity and readability. Specific additional features include list comprehension and pattern matching. CoffeeScript support is included in Ruby on Rails version 3.1 and Play Framework. In 2011, Brendan Eich referenced CoffeeScript as an influence on his thoughts about the future of JavaScript.","CoffeeScript, Jeremy Ashkenas, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://coffeescript.org, documentation: https://devdocs.io/coffeescript~1/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoffeeScript",beginner to advance
+93,VHDL,VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) is a hardware description language used in electronic design automation to describe digital and mixed-signal systems such as field-programmable gate arrays and integrated circuits. VHDL can also be used as a general purpose parallel programming language.,"VHDL, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://vhdlguide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHDL",beginner to advance
+94,APL,"APL (named after the book A Programming Language) is a programming language developed in the 1960s by Kenneth E. Iverson. Its central datatype is the multidimensional array. It uses a large range of special graphic symbols to represent most functions and operators, leading to very concise code. It has been an important influence on the development of concept modeling, spreadsheets, functional programming, and computer math packages. It has also inspired several other programming languages. It is still used today for certain applications.","APL, Kenneth E. Iverson, wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://xosnitc.github.io/apl-spec.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+95,OpenCL,"Open Computing Language (OpenCL) is a framework for writing programs that execute across heterogeneous platforms consisting of central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and other processors or hardware accelerators. OpenCL specifies programming languages (based on C99 and C++11) for programming these devices and application programming interfaces (APIs) to control the platform and execute programs on the compute devices. OpenCL provides a standard interface for parallel computing using task- and data-based parallelism. OpenCL is an open standard maintained by the non-profit technology consortium Khronos Group. Conformant implementations are available from Altera, AMD, Apple, ARM, Creative, IBM, Imagination, Intel, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung, Vivante, Xilinx, and ZiiLABS.",,"website: https://www.khronos.org/opencl, documentation: https://www.khronos.org/opencl/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL",beginner to advance
+96,MediaWiki,"MediaWiki is a free and open-source wiki software. Originally developed by Magnus Manske and improved by Lee Daniel Crocker, it runs on many websites, including Wikipedia, Wiktionary and Wikimedia Commons. It is written in the PHP programming language and stores the contents into a database. Like WordPress, which is based on a similar licensing and architecture, it has become the dominant software in its category. The first version of the software was deployed to serve the needs of the Wikipedia encyclopedia in 2002. Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Foundation projects continue to define a large part of the requirement set for MediaWiki. The software is optimized to efficiently handle large projects, which can have terabytes of content and hundreds of thousands of hits per second. Because Wikipedia is one of the world's largest websites, achieving scalability through multiple layers of caching and database replication has been a major concern for developers. The software has more than 900 configuration settings and more than 1,900 extensions available for enabling various features to be added or changed. On Wikipedia alone, more than 1000 automated and semi-automated bots and other tools have been developed to assist in editing. It has also been deployed by some companies as an internal knowledge management system, and some educators have assigned students to use MediaWiki for collaborative group projects.","MediaWiki, , website, reference, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki#Markup, reference: https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/php/classParser.html, documentation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki",beginner to advance
+97,Microsoft Azure,"Microsoft Azure (formerly Windows Azure)  is a cloud computing service created by Microsoft for building, testing, deploying, and managing applications and services through a global network of Microsoft-managed data centers. It provides software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service and infrastructure as a service and supports many different programming languages, tools and frameworks, including both Microsoft-specific and third-party software and systems. Azure was announced in October 2008 and released on February 1, 2010 as ""Windows Azure"" before being renamed ""Microsoft Azure"" on March 25, 2014.","Microsoft Azure, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://azure.microsoft.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Azure",beginner to advance
+98,YAML,"YAML (YAML Ain't Markup Language) is a human-readable data serialization language. It is commonly used for configuration files, but could be used in many applications where data is being stored (e.g. debugging output) or transmitted (e.g. document headers). YAML targets many of the same communications applications as XML, but has taken a more minimal approach which intentionally breaks compatibility with SGML. YAML 1.2 is a superset of JSON, another minimalist data serialization format where braces and brackets are used instead of indentation. Custom data types are allowed, but YAML natively encodes scalars (such as strings, integers, and floats), lists, and associative arrays (also known as hashes or dictionaries). These data types are based on the Perl programming language, though all commonly used high-level programming languages share very similar concepts. YAML supports both Python-style indentation to indicate nesting, and a more compact format that uses [] for lists and {} for hashes. The colon-centered syntax used to express key-value pairs is inspired by electronic mail headers as defined in RFC 0822, and the document separator ""---"" is borrowed from MIME (RFC 2045). Escape sequences are reused from C, and whitespace wrapping for multi-line strings is inspired from HTML. Lists and hashes can contain nested lists and hashes, forming a tree structure; arbitrary graphs can be represented using YAML aliases (similar to XML in SOAP). YAML is intended to be read and written in streams, a feature inspired by SAX. Support for reading and writing YAML is available for several programming languages. Some source code editors such as Emacs and various integrated development environments have features that make editing YAML easier, such as folding up nested structures or automatically highlighting syntax errors.",,"website: http://www.yaml.org/spec/1.2/spec.html#Introduction, documentation: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/reference_appendices/YAMLSyntax.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAML",beginner to advance
+99,DOI,,"DOI, , website, wikipedia, document, Switzerland","website: https://www.doi.org/, documentation: https://www.doi.org/factsheets/DOIProxy.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier",beginner to advance
+100,REST,"Representational state transfer (REST) or RESTful web services are a way of providing interoperability between computer systems on the Internet. REST-compliant Web services allow requesting systems to access and manipulate textual representations of Web resources using a uniform and predefined set of stateless operations. Other forms of Web services exist, which expose their own arbitrary sets of operations such as WSDL and SOAP. ""Web resources"" were first defined on the World Wide Web as documents or files identified by their URLs, but today they have a much more generic and abstract definition encompassing every thing or entity that can be identified, named, addressed or handled, in any way whatsoever, on the Web. In a RESTful Web service, requests made to a resource's URI will elicit a response that may be in XML, HTML, JSON or some other defined format. The response may confirm that some alteration has been made to the stored resource, and it may provide hypertext links to other related resources or collections of resources. Using HTTP, as is most common, the kind of operations available include those predefined by the HTTP methods GET, POST, PUT, DELETE and so on. By using a stateless protocol and standard operations, REST systems aim for fast performance, reliability, and the ability to grow, by re-using components that can be managed and updated without affecting the system as a whole, even while it is running. The term representational state transfer was introduced and defined in 2000 by Roy Fielding in his doctoral dissertation. Fielding's dissertation explained the REST principles were known as the ""HTTP object model"" beginning in 1994, and were used in designing the HTTP 1.1 and Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) standards. The term is intended to evoke an image of how a well-designed Web application behaves: it is a network of Web resources (a virtual state-machine) where the user progresses through the application by selecting links, such as /user/tom, and operations such as GET or DELETE (state transitions), resulting in the next resource (representing the next state of the application) being transferred to the user for their use.","REST, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://docs.github.com/en/rest, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer",beginner to advance
+101,UTF-8,"UTF-8 is a variable width character encoding capable of encoding all 1,112,064 valid code points in Unicode using one to four 8-bit bytes. The encoding is defined by the Unicode standard, and was originally designed by Ken Thompson and Rob Pike. The name is derived from Unicode (or Universal Coded Character Set) Transformation Format –  8-bit. It was designed for backward compatibility with ASCII. Code points with lower numerical values, which tend to occur more frequently, are encoded using fewer bytes. The first 128 characters of Unicode, which correspond one-to-one with ASCII, are encoded using a single octet with the same binary value as ASCII, so that valid ASCII text is valid UTF-8-encoded Unicode as well. Since ASCII bytes do not occur when encoding non-ASCII code points into UTF-8, UTF-8 is safe to use within most programming and document languages that interpret certain ASCII characters in a special way, such as ""/"" in filenames, ""\"" in escape sequences, and ""%"" in printf.  UTF-8 has been the dominant character encoding for the World Wide Web since 2009, and as of November 2017 accounts for 90.1% of all Web pages. (The next-most popular multibyte encodings, Shift JIS and GB 2312, have 0.8% and 0.6% respectively). The Internet Mail Consortium (IMC) recommended that all e-mail programs be able to display and create mail using UTF-8, and the W3C recommends UTF-8 as the default encoding in XML and HTML.",,"reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=21212445, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8",beginner to advance
+102,Microsoft Excel,"Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office.","Microsoft Excel, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel",beginner to advance
+103,XQuery,"XQuery (XML Query) is a query and functional programming language that queries and transforms collections of structured and unstructured data, usually in the form of XML, text and with vendor-specific extensions for other data formats (JSON, binary, etc.). The language is developed by the XML Query working group of the W3C. The work is closely coordinated with the development of XSLT by the XSL Working Group; the two groups share responsibility for XPath, which is a subset of XQuery. XQuery 1.0 became a W3C Recommendation on January 23, 2007. XQuery 3.0 became a W3C Recommendation on April 8, 2014. XQuery 3.1 became a W3C Recommendation on March 21, 2017.  ""The mission of the XML Query project is to provide flexible query facilities to extract data from real and virtual documents on the World Wide Web, therefore finally providing the needed interaction between the Web world and the database world. Ultimately, collections of XML files will be accessed like databases"".",,"website: http://www.w3.org/XML/Query/, documentation: https://www.w3.org/TR/xquery-31/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XQuery",beginner to advance
+104,PostScript,"PostScript (PS) is a page description language in the electronic publishing and desktop publishing business. It is a dynamically typed, concatenative programming language and was created at Adobe Systems by John Warnock, Charles Geschke, Doug Brotz, Ed Taft and Bill Paxton from 1982 to 1984.","PostScript, John Warnock and Chuck Geschke and Doug Brotz and Ed Taft and Bill Paxton, wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://www.pdfa.org/norm-refs/PLRM.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript",beginner to advance
+105,Nginx,"Nginx (  EN-jin-EKS) (stylized as NGINX, NGiИX or nginx) is a web server which can also be used as a reverse proxy, load balancer, mail proxy and HTTP cache.  The software was created by Igor Sysoev and first publicly released in 2004. A company of the same name was founded in 2011 to provide support and Nginx plus paid software.Nginx is free and open-source software, released under the terms of a BSD-like license. A large fraction of web servers use NGINX, often as a load balancer.","Nginx, , wikipedia, document, Russia","documentation: https://devdocs.io/nginx/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nginx",beginner to advance
+106,GraphQL,"GraphQL is a data query language developed internally by Facebook in 2012 before being publicly released in 2015. It provides an alternative to REST and ad-hoc webservice architectures.. It allows clients to define the structure of the data required, and exactly the same structure of the data is returned from the server. It is a strongly typed runtime which allows clients to dictate what data is needed. This avoids both the problems of over-fetching as well as under-fetching of data. Major GraphQL clients include Apollo Client and Relay. GraphQL servers are available for multiple languages, including JavaScript, Python, Ruby, Java, C#, Scala, Go, Elixir, Erlang, PHP, and Clojure.",,"website: http://graphql.org/, documentation: https://graphql.org/learn/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GraphQL",beginner to advance
+107,SPSS,"SPSS Statistics is a software package used for logical batched and non-batched statistical analysis. Long produced by SPSS Inc., it was acquired by IBM in 2009. The current versions (2015) are officially named IBM SPSS Statistics. Companion products in the same family are used for survey authoring and deployment (IBM SPSS Data Collection, now divested under UNICOM Intelligence), data mining (IBM SPSS Modeler), text analytics, and collaboration and deployment (batch and automated scoring services). The software name originally stood for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), reflecting the original market, although the software is now popular in other fields as well, including the health sciences and marketing.","SPSS, , website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://www.ibm.com/us-en/marketplace/spss-statistics, documentation: https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/ibm-spss-statistics-28-documentation, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPSS",beginner to advance
+108,PowerPC,"PowerPC (a backronym for Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC – Performance Computing, sometimes abbreviated as PPC) is a reduced instruction set computer instruction set architecture created by the 1991 Apple–IBM–Motorola alliance, known as AIM. PowerPC, as an evolving instruction set, has since 2006 been named Power ISA, while the old name lives on as a trademark for some implementations of Power Architecture-based processors. PowerPC was the cornerstone of AIM's PReP and Common Hardware Reference Platform initiatives in the 1990s. Originally intended for personal computers, the architecture is well known for being used by Apple's Power Macintosh, PowerBook, iMac, iBook, and Xserve lines from 1994 until 2006, when Apple migrated to Intel's x86. It has since become niche in personal computers, but remain popular as embedded and high-performance processors. Its use in video game consoles and embedded applications provided an array of uses. In addition, PowerPC CPUs are still used in AmigaOne and third party AmigaOS 4 personal computers. PowerPC is largely based on IBM's earlier POWER instruction set architecture, and retains a high level of compatibility with it; the architectures have remained close enough that the same programs and operating systems will run on both if some care is taken in preparation; newer chips in the POWER series use the Power ISA.",,"documentation: https://developer.ibm.com/articles/l-ppc/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC",beginner to advance
+109,Eclipse,"Eclipse is an integrated development environment (IDE) used in computer programming, and is the most widely used Java IDE. It contains a base workspace and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment. Eclipse is written mostly in Java and its primary use is for developing Java applications, but it may also be used to develop applications in other programming languages via plug-ins, including Ada, ABAP, C, C++, C#, COBOL, D, Fortran, Haskell, JavaScript, Julia, Lasso, Lua,  NATURAL, Perl, PHP, Prolog, Python, R, Ruby (including Ruby on Rails framework), Rust, Scala, Clojure, Groovy, Scheme, and Erlang. It can also be used to develop documents with LaTeX (via a TeXlipse plug-in) and packages for the software Mathematica. Development environments include the Eclipse Java development tools (JDT) for Java and Scala, Eclipse CDT for C/C++, and Eclipse PDT for PHP, among others. The initial codebase originated from IBM VisualAge. The Eclipse software development kit (SDK), which includes the Java development tools, is meant for Java developers. Users can extend its abilities by installing plug-ins written for the Eclipse Platform, such as development toolkits for other programming languages, and can write and contribute their own plug-in modules. Since the introduction of the OSGi implementation (Equinox) in version 3 of Eclipse, plug-ins can be plugged-stopped dynamically and are termed (OSGI) bundlesEclipse software development kit (SDK) is free and open-source software, released under the terms of the Eclipse Public License, although it is incompatible with the GNU General Public License. It was one of the first IDEs to run under GNU Classpath and it runs without problems under IcedTea.","Eclipse, , wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software),beginner to advance
+110,TLS,"Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide communications security over a computer network. Several versions of the protocols find widespread use in applications such as web browsing, email, Internet faxing, instant messaging, and Voice over IP (VoIP). Websites are able to use TLS to secure all communications between their servers and web browsers. The Transport Layer Security protocol aims primarily to provide privacy and data integrity between two communicating computer applications. When secured by TLS, connections between a client (e.g., a web browser) and a server (e.g., wikipedia.org) have one or more of the following properties: The connection is private (or secure) because symmetric cryptography is used to encrypt the data transmitted. The keys for this symmetric encryption are generated uniquely for each connection and are based on a shared secret negotiated at the start of the session (see § TLS handshake). The server and client negotiate the details of which encryption algorithm and cryptographic keys to use before the first byte of data is transmitted (see § Algorithm below). The negotiation of a shared secret is both secure (the negotiated secret is unavailable to eavesdroppers and cannot be obtained, even by an attacker who places themselves in the middle of the connection) and reliable (no attacker can modify the communications during the negotiation without being detected). The identity of the communicating parties can be authenticated using public-key cryptography. This authentication can be made optional, but is generally required for at least one of the parties (typically the server). The connection ensures integrity because each message transmitted includes a message integrity check using a message authentication code to prevent undetected loss or alteration of the data during transmission. In addition to the properties above, careful configuration of TLS can provide additional privacy-related properties such as forward secrecy, ensuring that any future disclosure of encryption keys cannot be used to decrypt any TLS communications recorded in the past. TLS supports many different methods for exchanging keys, encrypting data, and authenticating message integrity (see § Algorithm below). As a result, secure configuration of TLS involves many configurable parameters, and not all choices provide all of the privacy-related properties described in the list above (see the § Key exchange (authentication), § Cipher security, and § Data integrity tables). Attempts have been made to subvert aspects of the communications security that TLS seeks to provide and the protocol has been revised several times to address these security threats (see § Security). Developers of web browsers have also revised their products to defend against potential security weaknesses after these were discovered (see TLS/SSL support history of web browsers). The TLS protocol comprises two layers: the TLS record and the TLS handshake protocols. TLS is a proposed Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard, first defined in 1999 and updated in RFC 5246 (August 2008) and RFC 6176 (March 2011). It builds on the earlier SSL specifications (1994, 1995, 1996) developed by Netscape Communications for adding the HTTPS protocol to their Navigator web browser.",,"documentation: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5246, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security",beginner to advance
+111,FTP,"The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard network protocol used for the transfer of computer files between a client and server on a computer network. FTP is built on a client-server model architecture and uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server. FTP users may authenticate themselves with a clear-text sign-in protocol, normally in the form of a username and password, but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it. For secure transmission that protects the username and password, and encrypts the content, FTP is often secured with SSL/TLS (FTPS). SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) is sometimes also used instead; it is technologically different. The first FTP client applications were command-line programs developed before operating systems had graphical user interfaces, and are still shipped with most Windows, Unix, and Linux operating systems. Many FTP clients and automation utilities have since been developed for desktops, servers, mobile devices, and hardware, and FTP has been incorporated into productivity applications, such as web page editors.","FTP, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc959, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol",beginner to advance
+112,Visual Studio,"Microsoft Visual Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft. It is used to develop computer programs, as well as websites, web apps, web services and mobile apps. Visual Studio uses Microsoft software development platforms such as Windows API, Windows Forms, Windows Presentation Foundation, Windows Store and Microsoft Silverlight. It can produce both native code and managed code. Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense (the code completion component) as well as code refactoring. The integrated debugger works both as a source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger. Other built-in tools include a code profiler, forms designer for building GUI applications, web designer, class designer, and database schema designer. It accepts plug-ins that enhance the functionality at almost every level—including adding support for source control systems (like Subversion and Git) and adding new toolsets like editors and visual designers for domain-specific languages or toolsets for other aspects of the software development lifecycle (like the Team Foundation Server client: Team Explorer). Visual Studio supports 36 different programming languages and allows the code editor and debugger to support (to varying degrees) nearly any programming language, provided a language-specific service exists. Built-in languages include C, C++, C++/CLI, Visual Basic .NET, C#, F#, JavaScript, TypeScript, XML, XSLT, HTML, and CSS. Support for other languages such as Python, Ruby, Node.js, and M among others is available via plug-ins. Java (and J#) were supported in the past. The most basic edition of Visual Studio, the Community edition, is available free of charge. The currently supported Visual Studio version is 2017. Microsoft announced 2019 on June 6, 2018, with its release timing to be shared ""in the coming months,"" promising ""to deliver ... quickly and iteratively.""",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio,beginner to advance
+113,SOAP,"SOAP (originally Simple Object Access Protocol) is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of web services in computer networks. Its purpose is to induce extensibility, neutrality and independence. It uses XML Information Set for its message format, and relies on application layer protocols, most often Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), for message negotiation and transmission. SOAP allows processes running on disparate operating systems (such as Windows and Linux) to communicate using Extensible Markup Language (XML). Since Web protocols like HTTP are installed and running on all operating systems, SOAP allows clients to invoke web services and receive responses independent of language and platforms.",,"documentation: https://knowledge.channeladvisor.com/kc?id=kb_article&sysparm_article=KB0018150&sys_kb_id=b02d13c91bd5d1d42d9eea40604bcb2e&spa=1, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAP",beginner to advance
+114,Matplotlib,"matplotlib is a plotting library for the Python programming language and its numerical mathematics extension NumPy. It provides an object-oriented API for embedding plots into applications using general-purpose GUI toolkits like Tkinter, wxPython, Qt, or GTK+. There is also a procedural ""pylab"" interface based on a state machine (like OpenGL), designed to closely resemble that of MATLAB, though its use is discouraged. SciPy makes use of matplotlib. matplotlib was originally written by John D. Hunter, has an active development community, and is distributed under a BSD-style license. Michael Droettboom was nominated as matplotlib's lead developer shortly before John Hunter's death in 2012. As of 23 June 2017, matplotlib 2.0.x supports Python versions 2.7 through 3.6. Matplotlib 1.2 is the first version of matplotlib to support Python 3.x. Matplotlib 1.4 is the last version of matplotlib to support Python 2.6.","Matplotlib, John D. Hunter, website, wikipedia, Various","website: http://matplotlib.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matplotlib",beginner to advance
+115,Vue,"Vue.js (commonly referred to as Vue; pronounced , like view) is an open-source JavaScript framework for building user interfaces. Integration into projects that use other JavaScript libraries is simplified with Vue because it is designed to be incrementally adoptable. Vue can also function as a web application framework capable of powering advanced single-page applications.",,"website: https://vuejs.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vue.js",beginner to advance
+116,Literate CoffeeScript,,"Literate CoffeeScript, Jeremy Ashkenas, website, reference, United States","website: https://coffeescript.org/#literate, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=5277916",beginner to advance
+117,Rexx,"Rexx (Restructured Extended Executor) is an interpreted programming language developed at IBM by Mike Cowlishaw. It is a structured, high-level programming language designed for ease of learning and reading. Proprietary and open source REXX interpreters exist for a wide range of computing platforms; compilers exist for IBM mainframe computers. Rexx is used as a scripting and macro language, and is often used for processing data and text and generating reports; these similarities with Perl mean that Rexx works well in Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programming and it is indeed used for this purpose. Rexx is the primary scripting language in some operating systems, e.g. OS/2, MVS, VM, AmigaOS, and is also used as an internal macro language in some other software, such as KEDIT, THE and the ZOC terminal emulator. Additionally, the Rexx language can be used for scripting and macros in any program that uses Windows Scripting Host ActiveX scripting engines languages (e.g. VBScript and JScript) if one of the Rexx engines is installed. Rexx is supplied with VM/SP on up, TSO/E Version 2 on up, OS/2 (1.3 and later, where it is officially named Procedures Language/2), AmigaOS Version 2 on up, PC DOS (7.0 or 2000), and Windows NT 4.0 (Resource Kit: Regina). REXX scripts for OS/2 share the filename extension .cmd with other scripting languages, and the first line of the script specifies the interpreter to be used. REXX macros for REXX-aware applications use extensions determined by the application. In the late 1980s Rexx became the common scripting language for IBM Systems Application Architecture, where it was renamed ""SAA Procedure Language REXX."" A Rexx script or command is sometimes referred to as an EXEC in a nod to Rexx's role as a replacement for the older EXEC command language on CP/CMS and VM/370 and EXEC 2 command language on VM/SP.","Rexx, Mike Cowlishaw, wikipedia, document, United Kingdom","documentation: https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/zos/2.1.0?topic=guide-learning-rexx-language, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REXX",beginner to advance
+118,X86,"x86 is a family of backward-compatible instruction set architectures based on the Intel 8086 CPU and its Intel 8088 variant. The 8086 was introduced in 1978 as a fully 16-bit extension of Intel's 8-bit-based 8080 microprocessor, with memory segmentation as a solution for addressing more memory than can be covered by a plain 16-bit address. The term ""x86"" came into being because the names of several successors to Intel's 8086 processor end in ""86"", including the 80186, 80286, 80386 and 80486 processors. Many additions and extensions have been added to the x86 instruction set over the years, almost consistently with full backward compatibility. The architecture has been implemented in processors from Intel, Cyrix, AMD, VIA and many other companies; there are also open implementations, such as the Zet SoC platform. Nevertheless, of those, only Intel, AMD, and VIA hold x86 architectural licenses, and are producing modern 64-bit designs.The term is not synonymous with IBM PC compatibility, as this implies a multitude of other computer hardware; embedded systems, as well as general-purpose computers, used x86 chips before the PC-compatible market started, some of them before the IBM PC (1981) itself. As of 2018, the majority of personal computers and laptops sold are based on the x86 architecture, while other categories—especially high-volume mobile categories such as smartphones or tablets—are dominated by ARM; at the high end, x86 continues to dominate compute-intensive workstation and cloud computing segments.",,"documentation: https://docs.kernel.org/x86/index.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86",beginner to advance
+119,TCP,"The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented the Internet Protocol (IP). Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. TCP provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of octets between applications running on hosts communicating by an IP network. Major Internet applications such as the World Wide Web, email, remote administration, and file transfer rely on TCP. Applications that do not require reliable data stream service may use the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which provides a connectionless datagram service that emphasizes reduced latency over reliability.",,"documentation: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc793, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol",beginner to advance
+120,Nim,"Nim (formerly named Nimrod) is an imperative, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language designed and developed by Andreas Rumpf. It is designed to be ""efficient, expressive, and elegant"", supporting metaprogramming, functional, message passing, procedural, and object-oriented programming styles by providing several features such as compile time code generation, algebraic data types, a foreign function interface (FFI) with C and compiling to JavaScript, C and C++.","Nim, Andreas Rumpf, website, reference, wikipedia, document, Various","website: https://nim-lang.org/, reference: https://irclogs.nim-lang.org/01-07-2012.html, documentation: https://nim-lang.org/documentation.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+121,ANTLR,"In computer-based language recognition, ANTLR (pronounced Antler), or Another Tool For Language Recognition, is a parser generator that uses LL(*) for parsing. ANTLR is the successor to the Purdue Compiler Construction Tool Set (PCCTS), first developed in 1989, and is under active development. Its maintainer is Professor Terence Parr of the University of San Francisco.","ANTLR, , website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://www.antlr.org, documentation: https://theantlrguy.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/ANTLR3/pages/2687234/ANTLR+v3+documentation, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANTLR",beginner to advance
+122,SciPy,"SciPy (pronounced ""Sigh Pie"") is an open source Python library used for scientific computing and technical computing. SciPy contains modules for optimization, linear algebra, integration, interpolation, special functions, FFT, signal and image processing, ODE solvers and other tasks common in science and engineering. SciPy builds on the NumPy array object and is part of the NumPy stack which includes tools like Matplotlib, pandas and SymPy, and an expanding set of scientific computing libraries. This NumPy stack has similar users to other applications such as MATLAB, GNU Octave, and Scilab. The NumPy stack is also sometimes referred to as the SciPy stack. SciPy is also a family of conferences for users and developers of these tools: SciPy (in the United States), EuroSciPy (in Europe) and SciPy.in (in India). Enthought originated the SciPy conference in the United States and continues to sponsor many of the international conferences as well as host the SciPy website. The SciPy library is currently distributed under the BSD license, and its development is sponsored and supported by an open community of developers. It is also supported by Numfocus which is a community foundation for supporting reproducible and accessible science.",,"website: https://www.scipy.org/scipylib/index.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciPy",beginner to advance
+123,Scratch,"Scratch is a free visual programming language developed by the MIT Media Lab. Scratch was created to help young people learn to think creatively, reason systematically and work collaboratively. It is used by students, teachers and parents to easily create interactive stories, animations, games, etc. It provides a stepping stone to the world of computer programming. It can also be used for a range of educational and entertainment constructionist purposes from math and science projects, including simulations and visualizations of experiments, recording lectures with animated presentations, to social sciences animated stories, and interactive art.",,"website: https://scratch.mit.edu/, documentation: https://scratch.mit.edu/developers, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+124,Pug,,"Pug, Tj Holowaychuk, website, document, Various","website: https://pugjs.org, documentation: https://pugjs.org/api/getting-started.html",beginner to advance
+125,LFE,"Lisp Flavored Erlang (LFE) is a functional, concurrent, general-purpose programming language and Lisp dialect built on top of Core Erlang and the Erlang Virtual Machine (BEAM). LFE builds on top of Erlang in order to provide a Lisp syntax for writing distributed, fault-tolerant, soft real-time, non-stop applications. LFE also extends Erlang to support meta-programming with Lisp macros and an improved developer experience with a feature-rich REPL. LFE is actively supported on all recent releases of Erlang; the oldest version of Erlang supported is R14.","LFE, Robert Virding, reference, wikipedia, document, United States","reference: https://lfe.io/, documentation: http://docs.lfe.io/current/index.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFE_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+127,LaTeX,"LaTeX (IPA: , LAH-tekh, also pronounced as , LAY-tekh, a shortening of Lamport TeX) is a document preparation system. When writing, the writer uses plain text as opposed to the formatted text found in WYSIWYG word processors like Microsoft Word, LibreOffice Writer and Apple Pages. The writer uses markup tagging conventions to define the general structure of a document (such as article, book, and letter), to stylise text throughout a document (such as bold and italics), and to add citations and cross-references. A TeX distribution such as TeX Live or MikTeX is used to produce an output file (such as PDF or DVI) suitable for printing or digital distribution. Within the typesetting system, its name is stylised as LaTeX. LaTeX is widely used in academia for the communication and publication of scientific documents in many fields, including mathematics, statistics, computer science, engineering, chemistry, physics, economics, linguistics, quantitative psychology, philosophy, and political science. It also has a prominent role in the preparation and publication of books and articles that contain complex multilingual materials, such as Tamil, Sanskrit and Greek. LaTeX uses the TeX typesetting program for formatting its output, and is itself written in the TeX macro language. LaTeX can be used as a standalone document preparation system or as an intermediate format. In the latter role, for example, it is sometimes used as part of a pipeline for translating DocBook and other XML-based formats to PDF. The typesetting system offers programmable desktop publishing features and extensive facilities for automating most aspects of typesetting and desktop publishing, including numbering and cross-referencing of tables and figures, chapter and section headings, the inclusion of graphics, page layout, indexing and bibliographies. Like TeX, LaTeX started as a writing tool for mathematicians and computer scientists, but from early in its development it has also been taken up by scholars who needed to write documents that include complex math expressions or non-Latin scripts, such as Arabic, Sanskrit and Chinese. LaTeX is intended to provide a high-level language that accesses the power of TeX in an easier way for writers. In short, TeX handles the layout side, while LaTeX handles the content side for document processing. LaTeX comprises a collection of TeX macros and a program to process LaTeX documents. Because the plain TeX formatting commands are elementary, it provides authors with ready-made commands for formatting and layout requirements such as chapter headings, footnotes, cross-references and bibliographies. LaTeX was originally written in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport at SRI International. The current version is LaTeX2e (stylised as LaTeX2ε). LaTeX is free software and is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL).","LaTeX, , website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://latex-project.org/, documentation: https://devdocs.io/latex/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX",beginner to advance
+128,Markdown,"Markdown is a lightweight markup language with plain text formatting syntax. It is designed so that it can be converted to HTML and many other formats using a tool by the same name. Markdown is often used to format readme files, for writing messages in online discussion forums, and to create rich text using a plain text editor. As the initial description of Markdown contained ambiguities and unanswered questions, many implementations and extensions of Markdown appeared over the years to answer these issues.","Markdown, John Gruber and Aaron Swartz, wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://www.markdownguide.org/basic-syntax/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown",beginner to advance
+129,Visual Basic .NET,"Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET) is a multi-paradigm, object-oriented programming language, implemented on the .NET Framework. Microsoft launched VB.NET in 2002 as the successor to its original Visual Basic language. Although the "".NET"" portion of the name was dropped in 2005, this article uses ""Visual Basic [.NET]"" to refer to all Visual Basic languages released since 2002, in order to distinguish between them and the classic Visual Basic. Along with Visual C#, it is one of the two main languages targeting the .NET framework. Microsoft's integrated development environment (IDE) for developing in Visual Basic .NET language is Visual Studio. Most Visual Studio editions are commercial; the only exceptions are Visual Studio Express and Visual Studio Community, which are freeware. In addition, the .NET Framework SDK includes a freeware command-line compiler called vbc.exe. Mono also includes a command-line VB.NET compiler.",,"website: https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/visual-basic/, documentation: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/visual-basic/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET",beginner to advance
+130,Liquid,,"Liquid, Tobias Lütke, website, document, Canada","website: https://shopify.github.io/liquid/, documentation: https://shopify.dev/api/liquid",beginner to advance
+131,Forth,"Forth is an imperative stack-based computer programming language and environment originally designed by Charles ""Chuck"" Moore. Language features include structured programming, reflection (the ability to modify the program structure during program execution), concatenative programming (functions are composed with juxtaposition) and extensibility (the programmer can create new commands). Although not an acronym, the language's name is sometimes spelled with all capital letters as FORTH, following the customary usage during its earlier years. A procedural programming language without type checking, Forth features both interactive execution of commands (making it suitable as a shell for systems that lack a more formal operating system) and the ability to compile sequences of commands for later execution. Some Forth implementations (usually early versions or those written to be extremely portable) compile threaded code, but many implementations today generate optimized machine code like other language compilers. Forth is used in the Open Firmware boot loader, in space applications, such as the Philae spacecraft and other embedded systems which involve interaction with hardware. The bestselling 1986 DOS game Starflight, from Electronic Arts, was written with a custom Forth. The free software Gforth implementation is actively maintained, as are several commercially supported systems.","Forth, Charles H. Moore, wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://www.forth.com/starting-forth/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+132,SMTP,"Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard for electronic mail (email) transmission. First defined by RFC 821 in 1982, it was last updated in 2008 with Extended SMTP additions by RFC 5321, which is the protocol in widespread use today. Although electronic mail servers and other mail transfer agents use SMTP to send and receive mail messages, user-level client mail applications typically use SMTP only for sending messages to a mail server for relaying. For retrieving messages, client applications usually use either IMAP or POP3. SMTP communication between mail servers uses TCP port 25. Mail clients on the other hand, often submit the outgoing emails to a mail server on port 587. Despite being deprecated, mail providers sometimes still permit the use of nonstandard port 465 for this purpose. SMTP connections secured by TLS, known as SMTPS, can be made using STARTTLS. Although proprietary systems (such as Microsoft Exchange and IBM Notes) and webmail systems (such as Outlook.com, Gmail and Yahoo! Mail) use their own non-standard protocols to access mail box accounts on their own mail servers, all use SMTP when sending or receiving email from outside their own systems.",,"documentation: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5321, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol",beginner to advance
+133,PureBasic,"PureBasic is a commercially distributed procedural computer programming language and integrated development environment based on BASIC and developed by Fantaisie Software for Windows 32/64-bit, Linux 32/64-bit, and macOS. An Amiga version is available, although it has been discontinued and some parts of it are released as open source. The first public release of PureBasic for Windows was on December 17, 2000. It has been continually updated since. PureBasic has a ""lifetime license model"". As cited on the website, the very first PureBasic user (who registered in 1998) still has free access to new updates and this is not going to change.PureBasic compiles directly to x86, x86-64, PowerPC or 680x0  instruction sets, generating small standalone executables and DLLs which need no runtime libraries beyond the standard system libraries. Programs developed without using the platform-specific application programming interfaces (APIs) can be built easily from the same source file with little or no modification. PureBasic supports inline assembly, allowing the developer to include FASM assembler commands within PureBasic source code, while using the variables declared in PureBasic source code, enabling experienced programmers to improve the speed of speed-critical sections of code. PureBasic supports and has integrated the OGRE 3D Environment. Other 3D environments such as the Irrlicht Engine are unofficially supported.",,"website: http://www.purebasic.com, documentation: https://www.purebasic.com/documentation/index.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PureBasic",beginner to advance
+134,ML,"ML ('Meta Language') is a general-purpose functional programming language. It has roots in Lisp, and has been characterized as ""Lisp with types"". It is known for its use of the polymorphic Hindley–Milner type system, which automatically assigns the types of most expressions without requiring explicit type annotations, and ensures type safety – there is a formal proof that a well-typed ML program does not cause runtime type errors. ML provides pattern matching for function arguments, garbage collection, imperative programming, call-by-value and currying. It is used heavily in programming language research and is one of the few languages to be completely specified and verified using formal semantics. Its types and pattern matching make it well-suited and commonly used to operate on other formal languages, such as in compiler writing, automated theorem proving and formal verification.","ML, Robin Milner, wikipedia, document, United Kingdom","documentation: https://www.cs.nmsu.edu/~rth/cs/cs471/sml.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ML_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+136,Haxe,"Haxe is computer software, a high-level, cross-platform, multi-paradigm programming language and compiler that can produce applications and source code, for many different computing platforms, from one code-base. It is free and open-source software, distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) 2.0, and the standard library under an MIT License. Haxe includes a set of common functions that are supported across all platforms, such as numeric data types, text, arrays, binary and some common file formats. Haxe also includes platform-specific application programming interface (API) for Adobe Flash, C++, PHP and other languages. Code written in the Haxe language can be source-to-source compiled into ActionScript 3, JavaScript, Java, C++, C#, PHP, Python, Lua and Node.js. Haxe can also emit small web format SWF and Neko bytecode. Major users of Haxe include BBC, Coca-Cola, Disney, Hasbro, Mattel, Nickelodeon, Prezi, TiVo, Toyota, and Zynga. OpenFL, Kha and Flambe are popular Haxe frameworks that enable creating multi-platform content from one codebase.","Haxe, Nicolas Cannasse, website, wikipedia, document, Unknown","website: http://haxe.org, documentation: https://haxe.org/documentation/introduction/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haxe",beginner to advance
+137,VBScript,"VBScript (""Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting Edition"") is an Active Scripting language developed by Microsoft that is modeled on Visual Basic. It allows Microsoft Windows system administrators to generate powerful tools for managing computers with error handling, subroutines, and other advanced programming constructs. It can give the user complete control over many aspects of their computing environment. VBScript uses the Component Object Model to access elements of the environment within which it is running; for example, the FileSystemObject (FSO) is used to create, read, update and delete files. VBScript has been installed by default in every desktop release of Microsoft Windows since Windows 98; in Windows Server since Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack; and optionally with Windows CE (depending on the device it is installed on). A VBScript script must be executed within a host environment, of which there are several provided with Microsoft Windows, including: Windows Script Host (WSH), Internet Explorer (IE), and Internet Information Services (IIS). Additionally, the VBScript hosting environment is embeddable in other programs, through technologies such as the Microsoft Script Control (msscript.ocx).","VBScript, , website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/t0aew7h6.aspx, documentation: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/lwef/using-vbscript, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBScript",beginner to advance
+138,WebAssembly,"WebAssembly (Wasm, WA) is a web standard that defines a binary format and a corresponding assembly-like text format for executable code in Web pages. It is meant to enable executing code nearly as fast as running native machine code. It was envisioned to complement JavaScript to speed up performance-critical parts of web applications and later on to enable web development in languages other than JavaScript. WebAssembly does not attempt to replace JavaScript, but to complement it. It is developed at the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) with engineers from Mozilla, Microsoft, Google and Apple.It is executed in a sandbox in the web browser after a verification step. Programs can be compiled from high-level languages into Wasm modules and loaded as libraries from within JavaScript applets.",,"website: http://webassembly.org/, documentation: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/WebAssembly, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAssembly",beginner to advance
+139,CIL,"Common Intermediate Language (CIL, pronounced either sil or kil), formerly called Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL), is the lowest-level human-readable programming language defined by the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) specification and is used by the .NET Framework and Mono. Languages which target a CLI-compatible runtime environment compile to CIL, which is assembled into an object code that has a bytecode-style format. CIL is an object-oriented assembly language, and is entirely stack-based. Its bytecode is translated into native code or—most commonly—executed by a virtual machine. CIL was originally known as Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) during the beta releases of the .NET languages. Due to standardization of C# and the Common Language Infrastructure, the bytecode is now officially known as CIL.",,"documentation: http://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~necula/cil/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Language",beginner to advance
+140,Chapel,"Chapel, the Cascade High Productivity Language, is a parallel programming language developed by Cray. It is being developed as part of the Cray Cascade project, a participant in DARPA's High Productivity Computing Systems (HPCS) program, which had the goal of increasing supercomputer productivity by the year 2010. It is being developed as an open source project, under version 2 of the Apache license.","Chapel, David Callahan and Hans Zima and Brad Chamberlain and John Plevyak, website, reference, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://chapel-lang.org/, reference: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1299190, documentation: https://chapel-lang.org/docs/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+141,Oberon,"Oberon is a general-purpose programming language created in 1986 by Niklaus Wirth and the latest member of the Wirthian family of ALGOL-like languages (Euler, Algol-W, Pascal, Modula, and Modula-2). Oberon was the result of a concentrated effort to increase the power of Modula-2, the direct successor of Pascal, and simultaneously to reduce its complexity. Its principal new feature is the concept of type extension of record types: It permits the construction of new data types on the basis of existing ones and to relate them, deviating from the dogma of strictly static data typing. Type extension is Wirth's way of inheritance reflecting the viewpoint of the parent site. Oberon was developed as part of the implementation of the Oberon operating system at ETH Zurich in Switzerland. The name is from the moon of Uranus, Oberon. Oberon is still maintained by Wirth and the latest revision is dated May 3, 2016.","Oberon, Niklaus Wirth, website, wikipedia, document, Switzerland","website: http://www.projectoberon.com/, documentation: https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/Oberon07.Report.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberon_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+142,PDF,"The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format used to present documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, and other information needed to display it.","PDF, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/pdf/pdfs/PDF32000_2008.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format",beginner to advance
+143,LabVIEW G,"Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) is a system-design platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments. The graphical language is named ""G""; not to be confused with G-code. Originally released for the Apple Macintosh in 1986, LabVIEW is commonly used for data acquisition, instrument control, and industrial automation on a variety of operating systems (OSs), including Microsoft Windows, various versions of Unix, Linux, and macOS. The latest versions of LabVIEW are LabVIEW 2017 and LabVIEW NXG 1.0, released in May 2017.","LabVIEW G, , website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://www.ni.com/labview, documentation: https://www.ni.com/docs/en-US/bundle/labview/page/lvhelp/labview_help.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LabVIEW",beginner to advance
+144,Applescript,"AppleScript is a scripting language created by Apple Inc. and built into the Classic Mac OS since System 7 and into all versions of macOS. The term ""AppleScript"" may refer to the scripting system itself, to an individual script written in the AppleScript language, or to the language itself.","Applescript, , website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/AppleScript/Conceptual/AppleScriptX/AppleScriptX.html, documentation: https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/AppleScript/Conceptual/AppleScriptLangGuide/introduction/ASLR_intro.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleScript",beginner to advance
+145,Oz,"Oz is a multiparadigm programming language, developed in the Programming Systems Lab at Université catholique de Louvain, for programming language education. It has a canonical textbook: Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming. Oz was first designed by Gert Smolka and his students in 1991. In 1996, development of Oz continued in cooperation with the research group of Seif Haridi and Peter Van Roy at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science. Since 1999, Oz has been continually developed by an international group, the Mozart Consortium, which originally consisted of Saarland University, the Swedish Institute of Computer Science, and the Université catholique de Louvain. In 2005, the responsibility for managing Mozart development was transferred to a core group, the Mozart Board, with the express purpose of opening Mozart development to a larger community. The Mozart Programming System is the primary implementation of Oz. It is released with an open source license by the Mozart Consortium. Mozart has been ported to different flavors of Unix, FreeBSD, Linux, Windows, and macOS.","Oz, Gert Smolka, website, wikipedia, document, Germany","website: http://mozart.github.io, documentation: http://mozart2.org/mozart-v1/doc-1.4.0/tutorial/index.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+146,Lasso,"Lasso is an application server and server management interface used to develop internet applications and is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. Originally a web datasource connection tool, for Filemaker and later included in Apple Computer's FileMaker 4.0 and Claris Homepage as CDML, it has since evolved into a complex language used to develop and serve large-scale internet applications and web pages. Lasso includes a simple template system allowing code to control generation of HTML and other content types. Lasso is object-oriented and every value is an object. It also supports procedural programming through unbound methods. The language uses traits and multiple dispatch extensively. Lasso has a dynamic type system, where objects can be loaded and augmented at runtime, automatic memory management, a comprehensive standard library, and three compiling methodologies: dynamic (comparable to PHP-Python), just-in-time compilation (comparable to Java or .NET Framework), and pre-compiled (comparable to C). Lasso also supports Query Expressions, allowing elements within arrays and other types of sequences to be iterated, filtered, and manipulated using a natural language syntax similar to SQL. Lasso includes full Unicode character support in the standard string object, allowing it to serve and support multi-byte characters such as Japanese and Swedish, and supports transparent UTF-8 conversion when writing string data to the network or file system. Lasso is often used as a scripting language, and also used in a wide range of non-scripting contexts. Lasso code can be packaged into standalone executable programs called ""LassoApps"", in which folder structures are compiled into single files. The Lasso Server application server runs as a system service and receives requests from the web server through FastCGI. It then hands the request off to the appropriate Lasso Instance, which formulates the response. Multiple individual instances are supported, allowing one server to handle multiple sites, each as separate processes. The server uses a high performance IO-based green threading system designed for multi-core systems. Lasso can be compared to the server-side scripting languages PHP and Python, ColdFusion, Ruby, etc. Free for development, Lasso allows partial access to its source code, allowing developers to add or change major components of the language (for example, Ke Carlton's DS implementation of the Lasso Inline). Licensing comes in both SAS and stand-alone versions.","Lasso, Kyle Jessup, website, wikipedia, document, Canada","website: http://www.lassosoft.com, documentation: https://docs.lassox.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasso_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+147,fish,"The friendly interactive shell (fish) is a Unix shell that attempts to be more interactive and user-friendly than those with a longer history (i.e. most other Unix shells) or those formulated as function-compatible replacements for the aforementioned (e.g. zsh, the Falstad shell). The design goal of fish is to give the user a rich set of powerful features in a way that is easy to discover, remember, and use. fish is considered an ""exotic shell"", in that its syntax derives from neither the Bourne shell (ksh, bash, zsh) nor the C shell (csh, tcsh). Also unlike previous shells, which disable certain features by default to save system resources, fish enables all features by default.","fish, , website, wikipedia, document, Various","website: http://fishshell.com/, documentation: https://fishshell.com/docs/2.3/index.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_interactive_shell",beginner to advance
+148,LLVM IR,"The LLVM compiler infrastructure project is a ""collection of modular and reusable compiler and toolchain technologies"" used to develop compiler front ends and back ends. LLVM is written in C++ and is designed for compile-time, link-time, run-time, and ""idle-time"" optimization of programs written in arbitrary programming languages. Originally implemented for C and C++, the language-agnostic design of LLVM has since spawned a wide variety of front ends: languages with compilers that use LLVM include ActionScript, Ada, C#, Common Lisp, Crystal, D, Delphi, Fortran, OpenGL Shading Language, Halide, Haskell, Java bytecode, Julia, Lua, Objective-C, Pony, Python, R, Ruby, Rust, CUDA, Scala, Swift, and Xojo. The LLVM project started in 2000 at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, under the direction of Vikram Adve and Chris Lattner. LLVM was originally developed as a research infrastructure to investigate dynamic compilation techniques for static and dynamic programming languages. LLVM was released under the University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source License, a permissive free software licence. In 2005, Apple Inc. hired Lattner and formed a team to work on the LLVM system for various uses within Apple's development systems. LLVM is an integral part of Apple's latest development tools for macOS and iOS. Since 2013, Sony has been using LLVM's primary front end Clang compiler in the software development kit (SDK) of its PS4 console. The name LLVM was originally an initialism for Low Level Virtual Machine. This initialism has offically been removed to avoid confusion, as the LLVM has evolved into an umbrella project that has little relationship to what most current developers think of as virtual machines. Now, LLVM is a brand that applies to the LLVM umbrella project, the LLVM intermediate representation (IR), the LLVM debugger, the LLVM C++ Standard Library (with full support of C++11 and C++14), etc. LLVM is administered by the LLVM Foundation. Its president is compiler engineer Tanya Lattner. The Association for Computing Machinery presented Adve, Lattner, and Evan Cheng with the 2012 ACM Software System Award for LLVM.","LLVM IR, , website, wikipedia, document, Various","website: http://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html, documentation: https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLVM",beginner to advance
+149,ECMAScript,"ECMAScript (or ES) is a trademarked scripting-language specification standardized by Ecma International in ECMA-262 and ISO/IEC 16262. It was created to standardize JavaScript, so as to foster multiple independent implementations.  JavaScript has remained the best-known implementation of ECMAScript since the standard was first published, with other well-known implementations including JScript and ActionScript. ECMAScript is commonly used for client-side scripting on the World Wide Web, and it is increasingly being used for writing server applications and services using Node.js.","ECMAScript, Brendan Eich, wikipedia, document, Switzerland","documentation: https://262.ecma-international.org/5.1/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMAScript",beginner to advance
+150,Red,"Red is a computer programming language. Red was made to overcome the limitations of the programming language Rebol. Introduced in 2011 by Nenad Rakocevic, Red is both an imperative and functional programming language. Its syntax and general usage overlaps that of the interpreted Rebol language (which was introduced in 1997). The implementation choices of Red intend to create a full stack programming language: Red can be used for extremely high-level programming (DSLs and GUIs) as well as low-level programming (operating systems and device drivers). Key to the approach is that the language has two parts: Red/System and Red. Red/System is similar to C, but packaged into a Rebol lexical structure –  for example, one would write if x > y [print ""Hello""] instead of if (x > y) {printf(""Hello\n"");}. Red is a homoiconic language capable of meta-programming, with semantics similar to Rebol's. Red's runtime library is written in Red/System, and uses a hybrid approach: it compiles what it can deduce statically and uses an embedded interpreter otherwise. The project roadmap includes a just-in-time compiler for cases in between, but this has not yet been implemented. Red seeks to remain independent of any other toolchain; it does its own code generation. It is therefore possible to cross-compile Red programs from any platform it supports to any other, via a command-line switch. Both Red and Red/System are distributed as open-source software under the modified BSD license. The runtime library is distributed under the more permissive Boost Software License.","Red, Nenad Rakocevic, website, wikipedia, document, China","website: http://www.red-lang.org/, documentation: https://www.red-lang.org/p/documentation.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+151,Simula,"Simula is the name of two simulation programming languages, Simula I and Simula 67, developed in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard. Syntactically, it is a fairly faithful superset of ALGOL 60. Simula 67 introduced objects, classes, inheritance and subclasses, virtual procedures, coroutines, and discrete event simulation, and features garbage collection. Also other forms of subtyping (besides inheriting subclasses) were introduced in Simula derivatives. Simula is considered the first object-oriented programming language. As its name suggests, Simula was designed for doing simulations, and the needs of that domain provided the framework for many of the features of object-oriented languages today. Simula has been used in a wide range of applications such as simulating VLSI designs, process modeling, protocols, algorithms, and other applications such as typesetting, computer graphics, and education. The influence of Simula is often understated, and Simula-type objects are reimplemented in C++, Object Pascal, Java, C# and several other languages. Computer scientists such as Bjarne Stroustrup, creator of C++, and James Gosling, creator of Java, have acknowledged Simula as a major influence.","Simula, Ole-Johan Dahl, wikipedia, document, Norway","documentation: https://portablesimula.github.io/github.io/doc/SimulaTextBook.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simula",beginner to advance
+152,Protocol Buffers,"Protocol Buffers is a method of serializing structured data. It is useful in developing programs to communicate with each other over a wire or for storing data. The method involves an interface description language that describes the structure of some data and a program that generates source code from that description for generating or parsing a stream of bytes that represents the structured data. Google developed Protocol Buffers for use internally and has provided a code generator for multiple languages under an open source license (see below). The design goals for Protocol Buffers emphasized simplicity and performance. In particular, it was designed to be smaller and faster than XML. Protocol Buffers is widely used at Google for storing and interchanging all kinds of structured information. The method serves as a basis for a custom remote procedure call (RPC) system that is used for nearly all inter-machine communication at Google. Protocol Buffers are similar to the Apache Thrift (used by Facebook) or Microsoft Bond protocols, offering as well a concrete RPC protocol stack to use for defined services called gRPC. A software developer defines data structures (called messages) and services in a proto definition file (.proto) and compiles it with protoc. This compilation generates code that can be invoked by a sender or recipient of these data structures. For example, example.proto will produce example.pb.cc and example.pb.h, which will define C++ classes for each message and service that example.proto defines. Canonically, messages are serialized into a binary wire format which is compact, forward- and backward-compatible, but not self-describing (that is, there is no way to tell the names, meaning, or full datatypes of fields without an external specification). There is no defined way to include or refer to such an external specification (schema) within a Protocol Buffers file. The officially supported implementation includes an ASCII serialization format, but this format—though self-describing—loses the forward- and backward-compatibility behavior, and is thus not a good choice for applications other than debugging. Though the primary purpose of Protocol Buffers is to facilitate network communication, its simplicity and speed make Protocol Buffers an alternative to data-centric C++ classes and structs, especially where interoperability with other languages or systems might be needed in the future.",,"website: https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/, documentation: https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/overview, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_Buffers",beginner to advance
+153,Idris,"Idris is a general-purpose purely functional programming language with dependent types, strict or optional lazy evaluation and features such as a totality checker. Even before its possible usage for interactive theorem-proving, the focus of Idris is on general-purpose programming, like the purely functional Haskell, and with sufficient performance. The type system of Idris is similar to the one used by Agda and theorem-proving in it is similar to Coq, including tactics. In comparison, Idris has a priority on easy management of side-effects and support for implementing embedded domain specific languages. As of May 2017, Idris compiles to C (relying on a custom copying garbage collector using Cheney's algorithm) and JavaScript (both browser- and Node.js-based). There are also a number of third-party code generators for other platforms, including Java, JVM, CIL, OCaml, and a partial LLVM backend. The name Idris goes back to the character of the singing dragon in the 1970s UK kids' program Ivor the Engine.","Idris, Edwin Brady, website, wikipedia, document, United Kingdom","website: http://idris-lang.org, documentation: http://docs.idris-lang.org/en/latest/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+154,Logo,"Logo is an educational programming language, designed in 1967 by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert and Cynthia Solomon. ""Logo"" is not an acronym. It was derived from the Greek logos meaning word or ""thought"" by Feurzeig, to distinguish itself from other programming languages that were primarily numbers, not graphics or logic, oriented. A general-purpose language, Logo is widely known for its use of turtle graphics, in which commands for movement and drawing produced line graphics either on screen or with a small robot called a turtle. The language was conceived to teach concepts of programming related to Lisp and only later to enable what Papert called ""body-syntonic reasoning"", where students could understand, predict and reason about the turtle's motion by imagining what they would do if they were the turtle. There are substantial differences among the many dialects of Logo, and the situation is confused by the regular appearance of turtle-graphics programs that call themselves Logo. Logo is a multi-paradigm adaptation and dialect of Lisp, a functional programming language. There is no standard Logo, but UCBLogo has the best facilities for handling lists, files, I/O, and recursion in scripts, and can be used to teach all computer science concepts, as UC Berkeley lecturer Brian Harvey did in his Computer Science Logo Style trilogy. Logo is usually an interpreted language, although there have been developed compiled Logo dialects (such as Lhogho and Liogo). Logo is not case-sensitive but retains the case used for formatting.","Logo, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://el.media.mit.edu/logo-foundation/what_is_logo/logo_programming.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+155,SQLite,"SQLite ( or ) is a relational database management system contained in a C programming library. In contrast to many other database management systems, SQLite is not a client–server database engine. Rather, it is embedded into the end program. SQLite is ACID-compliant and implements most of the SQL standard, using a dynamically and weakly typed SQL syntax that does not guarantee the domain integrity. SQLite is a popular choice as embedded database software for local/client storage in application software such as web browsers. It is arguably the most widely deployed database engine, as it is used today by several widespread browsers, operating systems, and embedded systems (such as mobile phones), among others. SQLite has bindings to many programming languages.",,"website: https://sqlite.org, reference: https://www.vldb.org/pvldb/vol15/p3535-gaffney.pdf, documentation: https://www.sqlite.org/docs.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite",beginner to advance
+156,UDP,"In computer networking, the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet protocol suite. The protocol was designed by David P. Reed in 1980 and formally defined in RFC 768. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagrams, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. Prior communications are not required in order to set up communication channels or data paths. UDP uses a simple connectionless communication model with a minimum of protocol mechanism. UDP provides checksums for data integrity, and port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination of the datagram. It has no handshaking dialogues, and thus exposes the user's program to any unreliability of the underlying network; There is no guarantee of delivery, ordering, or duplicate protection. If error-correction facilities are needed at the network interface level, an application may use the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) which are designed for this purpose. UDP is suitable for purposes where error checking and correction are either not necessary or are performed in the application; UDP avoids the overhead of such processing in the protocol stack. Time-sensitive applications often use UDP because dropping packets is preferable to waiting for packets delayed due to retransmission, which may not be an option in a real-time system.",,"documentation: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc768.txt, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol",beginner to advance
+157,AMPL,"A Mathematical Programming Language (AMPL) is an algebraic modeling language to describe and solve high-complexity problems for large-scale mathematical computing (i.e., large-scale optimization and scheduling-type problems). It was developed by Robert Fourer, David Gay, and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories. AMPL supports dozens of solvers, both open source and commercial software, including CBC, CPLEX, FortMP, Gurobi, MINOS, IPOPT, SNOPT, KNITRO, and LGO. Problems are passed to solvers as nl files. AMPL is used by more than 100 corporate clients, and by government agencies and academic institutions. One advantage of AMPL is the similarity of its syntax to the mathematical notation of optimization problems. This allows for a very concise and readable definition of problems in the domain of optimization. Many modern solvers available on the NEOS Server (formerly hosted at the Argonne National Laboratory, currently hosted at the University of Wisconsin, Madison) accept AMPL input. According to the NEOS statistics AMPL is the most popular format for representing mathematical programming problems.","AMPL, Robert Fourer and David Gay and Brian Kernighan, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://ampl.com/, documentation: https://ampl.com/learn/docs/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPL",beginner to advance
+158,OpenGL,"Open Graphics Library (OpenGL) is a cross-language, cross-platform application programming interface (API) for rendering 2D and 3D vector graphics. The API is typically used to interact with a graphics processing unit (GPU), to achieve hardware-accelerated rendering. Silicon Graphics Inc., (SGI) started developing OpenGL in 1991 and released it in January 1992; applications use it extensively in the fields of computer-aided design (CAD), virtual reality, scientific visualization, information visualization, flight simulation, and video games. Since 2006 OpenGL has been managed by the non-profit technology consortium Khronos Group.",,"website: https://www.opengl.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL",beginner to advance
+159,sed,"sed (stream editor) is a Unix utility that parses and transforms text, using a simple, compact programming language. sed was developed from 1973 to 1974 by Lee E. McMahon of Bell Labs, and is available today for most operating systems. sed was based on the scripting features of the interactive editor ed (""editor"", 1971) and the earlier qed (""quick editor"", 1965–66). sed was one of the earliest tools to support regular expressions, and remains in use for text processing, most notably with the substitution command. Other options for doing ""stream editing"" include AWK and Perl.","sed, Lee E. McMahon, wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://www.gnu.org/software/sed/manual/sed.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed",beginner to advance
+160,PicoLisp,PicoLisp is an open source Lisp dialect. It runs on Linux and other POSIX-compliant systems.,"PicoLisp, Alexander Burger, website, wikipedia, document, Germany","website: https://picolisp.com/, documentation: https://picolisp.com/wiki/?Documentation, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PicoLisp",beginner to advance
+161,Visual Studio Code,"Visual Studio Code is a source code editor developed by Microsoft for Windows, Linux and macOS. It includes support for debugging, embedded Git control, syntax highlighting, intelligent code completion, snippets, and code refactoring. It is also customizable, so users can change the editor's theme, keyboard shortcuts, and preferences. It is free and open-source, although the official download is under a proprietary license.Visual Studio Code is based on Electron, a framework which is used to deploy Node.js applications for the desktop running on the Blink layout engine. Although it uses the Electron framework, the software does not use Atom and instead employs the same editor component (codenamed ""Monaco"") used in Visual Studio Team Services (formerly called Visual Studio Online).In the Stack Overflow 2018 Developer Survey, Visual Studio Code was ranked the most popular developer environment tool, with 34.9% of 75,398 respondents claiming to use it.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code,beginner to advance
+162,Drupal,"Drupal  is  a free and open source content-management framework written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License. Drupal provides a back-end framework for at least 2.3% of all web sites worldwide – ranging from personal blogs to corporate, political, and government sites. Systems also use Drupal for knowledge management and for business collaboration. As of November 2017, the Drupal community is composed of more than 1.3 million members, including 109,000 users actively contributing, resulting in more than 39,000 free modules that extend and customize Drupal functionality, over 2,500 free themes that change the look and feel of Drupal, and at least 1,180 free distributions that allow users to quickly and easily set up a complex, use-specific Drupal in fewer steps. The standard release of Drupal, known as Drupal core, contains basic features common to content-management systems. These include user account registration and maintenance, menu management, RSS feeds, taxonomy, page layout customization, and system administration. The Drupal core installation can serve as a simple Web site, a single- or multi-user blog, an Internet forum, or a community Web site providing for user-generated content. Drupal also describes itself as a Web application framework. When compared with notable frameworks Drupal meets most of the generally accepted feature requirements for such web frameworks. Although Drupal offers a sophisticated API for developers, basic Web-site installation and administration of the framework require no programming skills. Drupal runs on any computing platform that supports both a Web server capable of running PHP and a database to store content and configuration.","Drupal, , website, wikipedia, Various","website: https://www.drupal.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupal",beginner to advance
+163,FreeBSD,,"FreeBSD, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD,beginner to advance
+164,Tex,"TeX ( or , see below), stylized within the system as TeX, is a typesetting system (or ""formatting system"") designed and mostly written by Donald Knuth and released in 1978. Together with the Metafont language for font description and the Computer Modern family of typefaces, TeX was designed with two main goals in mind: to allow anybody to produce high-quality books using minimal effort, and to provide a system that would give exactly the same results on all computers, at any point in time. TeX is free software, which made it accessible to a wide range of users. TeX is a popular means by which to typeset complex mathematical formulae; it has been noted as one of the most sophisticated digital typographical systems. TeX is popular in academia, especially in mathematics, computer science, economics, engineering, physics, statistics, and quantitative psychology. It has largely displaced Unix troff, the other favored formatting system, in many Unix installations, which use both for different purposes. It is also used for many other typesetting tasks, especially in the form of LaTeX, ConTeXt, and other macro packages.","Tex, , website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://tug.org, documentation: https://tug.org/texlive/doc.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX",beginner to advance
+166,BCPL,"BCPL (""Basic Combined Programming Language""; or 'Before C Programming Language' (a common humorous backronym) ) is a procedural, imperative, and structured computer programming language. Originally intended for writing compilers for other languages, BCPL is no longer in common use. However, its influence is still felt because a stripped down and syntactically changed version of BCPL, called B, was the language on which the C programming language was based. BCPL introduced several features of modern programming languages, including using curly braces to delimit code blocks; compilation via virtual machine byte code; and the world's first 'hello world' demonstrator program.","BCPL, Martin Richards, wikipedia, document, United Kingdom","documentation: http://www.math.bas.bg/bantchev/place/bcpl.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCPL",beginner to advance
+167,PL/SQL,"PL/SQL (Procedural Language/Structured Query Language) is Oracle Corporation's procedural extension for SQL and the Oracle relational database. PL/SQL is available in Oracle Database (since version 6 - stored pl/sql procedures/functions/packages/triggers since version 7), TimesTen in-memory database (since version 11.2.1), and IBM DB2 (since version 9.7). Oracle Corporation usually extends PL/SQL functionality with each successive release of the Oracle Database. PL/SQL includes procedural language elements such as conditions and loops. It allows declaration of constants and variables, procedures and functions, types and variables of those types, and triggers. It can handle exceptions (runtime errors). Arrays are supported involving the use of PL/SQL collections. Implementations from version 8 of Oracle Database onwards have included features associated with object-orientation. One can create PL/SQL units such as procedures, functions, packages, types, and triggers, which are stored in the database for reuse by applications that use any of the Oracle Database programmatic interfaces.","PL/SQL, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/LNPLS/toc.htm, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/SQL",beginner to advance
+168,JVM,A Java virtual machine (JVM) is a virtual machine that enables a computer to run Java programs as well as programs written in other languages and compiled to Java bytecode.  The JVM is detailed by a specification that formally describes what is required of a JVM implementation.  Having a specification ensures interoperability of Java programs across different implementations so that program authors using the Java Development Kit (JDK) need not worry about idiosyncrasies of the underlying hardware platform. The JVM reference implementation is developed by the OpenJDK project as open source code and includes a JIT compiler called HotSpot.  The commercially supported Java releases available from Oracle Corporation are based on the OpenJDK runtime.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_virtual_machine,beginner to advance
+169,Standard ML,"Standard ML (SML; Standard Meta Language) is a general-purpose, modular, functional programming language with compile-time type checking and type inference. It is popular among compiler writers and programming language researchers, as well as in the development of theorem provers. SML is a modern dialect of ML, the programming language used in the Logic for Computable Functions (LCF) theorem-proving project. It is distinctive among widely used languages in that it has a formal specification, given as typing rules and operational semantics in The Definition of Standard ML (1990, revised and simplified as The Definition of Standard ML (Revised) in 1997).",,"website: http://sml-family.org, documentation: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rwh/isml/book.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_ML",beginner to advance
+170,Dylan,"Dylan  is a multi-paradigm programming language that includes support for functional and object-oriented programming, and is dynamic and reflective while providing a programming model designed to support efficient machine code generation, including fine-grained control over dynamic and static behaviors. It was created in the early 1990s by a group led by Apple Computer. A concise and thorough overview of the language may be found in the Dylan Reference Manual. Dylan derives from Scheme and Common Lisp and adds an integrated object system derived from the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS). In Dylan, all values (including numbers, characters, functions, and classes) are first-class objects. Dylan supports multiple inheritance, polymorphism, multiple dispatch, keyword arguments, object introspection, pattern-based syntax extension macros, and many other advanced features. Programs can express fine-grained control over dynamism, admitting programs that occupy a continuum between dynamic and static programming and supporting evolutionary development (allowing for rapid prototyping followed by incremental refinement and optimization). Dylan's main design goal is to be a dynamic language well-suited for developing commercial software. Dylan attempts to address potential performance issues by introducing ""natural"" limits to the full flexibility of Lisp systems, allowing the compiler to clearly understand compilable units (i.e., libraries). Although deriving much of its semantics from Scheme and other Lisps—some implementations were in fact initially built within existing Lisp systems—Dylan has an ALGOL-like syntax rather than a Lisp-like prefix syntax.","Dylan, , website, wikipedia, document, United Kingdom","website: http://opendylan.org, documentation: https://opendylan.org/documentation/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+171,REBOL,"Rebol ( REB-əl; historically REBOL) is a cross-platform data exchange language and a multi-paradigm dynamic programming language designed by Carl Sassenrath for network communications and distributed computing. It introduces the concept of dialecting: small, optimized, domain-specific languages for code and data, which is also the most notable property of the language according to its designer Carl Sassenrath:  Although it can be used for programming, writing functions, and performing processes, its greatest strength is the ability to easily create domain-specific languages or dialects  Douglas Crockford, known for his involvement in the development of JavaScript, has described Rebol as ""a more modern language, but with some very similar ideas to Lisp, in that it's all built upon a representation of data which is then executable as programs"" and as one of JSON's influences. Originally, the language and its official implementation were proprietary and closed source, developed by REBOL Technologies. Following discussion with Lawrence Rosen, the Rebol version 3 interpreter was released under the Apache 2.0 license on December 12, 2012. Older versions are only available in binary form, and no source release for them is planned. Rebol has been used to program Internet applications (both client- and server-side), database applications, utilities, and multimedia applications.",,"website: http://www.rebol.com, documentation: http://www.rebol.com/docs.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REBOL",beginner to advance
+172,Apache Maven,"Maven is a build automation tool used primarily for Java projects. Maven addresses two aspects of building software: first, it describes how software is built, and second, it describes its dependencies. Unlike earlier tools like Apache Ant, it uses conventions for the build procedure, and only exceptions need to be written down. An XML file describes the software project being built, its dependencies on other external modules and components, the build order, directories, and required plug-ins. It comes with pre-defined targets for performing certain well-defined tasks such as compilation of code and its packaging. Maven dynamically downloads Java libraries and Maven plug-ins from one or more repositories such as the Maven 2 Central Repository, and stores them in a local cache. This local cache of downloaded artifacts can also be updated with artifacts created by local projects. Public repositories can also be updated. Maven can also be used to build and manage projects written in C#, Ruby, Scala, and other languages. The Maven project is hosted by the Apache Software Foundation, where it was formerly part of the Jakarta Project. Maven is built using a plugin-based architecture that allows it to make use of any application controllable through standard input. Theoretically, this would allow anyone to write plugins to interface with build tools (compilers, unit test tools, etc.) for any other language. In reality, support and use for languages other than Java has been minimal. A plugin for the .NET framework exists and is maintained, and a C/C++ native plugin is maintained for Maven 2.Alternative technologies like Gradle and sbt as build tools do not rely on XML, but keep the key concepts Maven introduced. With Apache Ivy, a dedicated dependency manager was developed as well that also supports Maven repositories.Maven still does not support reproducible builds, but developers are progressing on this task.","Apache Maven, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://maven.apache.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Maven",beginner to advance
+173,Unity,"Unity is a cross-platform game engine developed by Unity Technologies, first announced and released in June 2005 at Apple Inc.'s Worldwide Developers Conference as an OS X-exclusive game engine. As of 2018, the engine has been extended to support 27 platforms. The engine can be used to create both three-dimensional and two-dimensional games as well as simulations for its many platforms. Several major versions of Unity have been released since its launch, with the latest stable version being Unity 2018.2.13, released on October 18, 2018.",,"website: https://unity3d.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(game_engine)",beginner to advance
+174,Processing,"Processing is an open source computer programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) built for the electronic arts, new media art, and visual design communities with the purpose of teaching the fundamentals of computer programming in a visual context, and to serve as the foundation for electronic sketchbooks. The project was initiated in 2001 by Casey Reas and Benjamin Fry, both formerly of the Aesthetics and Computation Group at the MIT Media Lab. In 2012, they started the Processing Foundation along with Daniel Shiffman, who joined as a third project lead. Johanna Hedva joined the Foundation in 2014 as Director of Advocacy. One of the aims of Processing is to allow non-programmers to start computer programming aided by visual feedback. The Processing language builds on the Java language, but uses a simplified syntax and a graphics user interface.","Processing, , website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://processing.org, documentation: https://processing.org/reference, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processing_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+175,Hack,"Hack is a programming language for the HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM), created by Facebook as a dialect of PHP. The language implementation is open-source, licensed under the BSD License. Hack allows programmers to use both dynamic typing and static typing. This kind of a type system is called gradual typing, which is also implemented in other programming languages such as ActionScript. Hack's type system allows types to be specified for function arguments, function return values, and class properties; however, types of local variables are always inferred and cannot be specified.",,"website: http://hacklang.org/, documentation: https://docs.hhvm.com/hack/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+176,MIPS architecture,"MIPS is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by MIPS Technologies (formerly MIPS Computer Systems). The early MIPS architectures were 32-bit, with 64-bit versions added later. There are multiple versions of MIPS: including MIPS I, II, III, IV, and V; as well as five releases of MIPS32/64 (for 32- and 64-bit implementations, respectively). As of April 2017, the current version is MIPS32/64 Release 6. MIPS32/64 primarily differs from MIPS I–V by defining the privileged kernel mode System Control Coprocessor in addition to the user mode architecture. Several optional extensions are also available, including MIPS-3D which is a simple set of floating-point SIMD instructions dedicated to common 3D tasks, MDMX (MaDMaX) which is a more extensive integer SIMD instruction set using the 64-bit floating-point registers, MIPS16e which adds compression to the instruction stream to make programs take up less room, and MIPS MT, which adds multithreading capability. Computer architecture courses in universities and technical schools often study the MIPS architecture. The architecture greatly influenced later RISC architectures such as Alpha. As of April 2017, MIPS processors are used in embedded systems such as residential gateways and routers. Originally, MIPS was designed for general-purpose computing, and during the 1980s and 1990s, MIPS processors for personal, workstation, and server computers were used by many companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation, MIPS Computer Systems, NEC, Pyramid Technology, SiCortex, Siemens Nixdorf, Silicon Graphics, and Tandem Computers. Historically, video game consoles such as the Nintendo 64, Sony PlayStation, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable use MIPS processors. MIPS processors also used to be popular in supercomputers during the 1990s, but all such systems have dropped off the TOP500 list. These uses were complemented by embedded applications at first, but during the 1990s, MIPS became a major presence in the embedded processor market, and by the 2000s, most MIPS processors were for these applications. In the mid- to late-1990s, it was estimated that one in three RISC microprocessors produced was a MIPS processor. MIPS is a modular architecture supporting up to four coprocessors (CP0/1/2/3). In MIPS terminology, CP0 is the System Control Coprocessor (an essential part of the processor that is implementation-defined in MIPS I–V), CP1 is an optional floating-point unit (FPU) and CP2/3 are optional implementation-defined coprocessors (MIPS III removed CP3 and reused its opcodes for other purposes). For example, in the PlayStation video game console, CP2 is the Geometry Transformation Engine (GTE), which accelerates the processing of geometry in 3D computer graphics.",,"documentation: https://www.mips.com/products/architectures/mips32-2/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture",beginner to advance
+177,Algol,"ALGOL (short for Algorithmic Language) is a family of imperative computer programming languages, originally developed in the mid-1950s, which greatly influenced many other languages and was the standard method for algorithm description used by the ACM in textbooks and academic sources for more than thirty years. In the sense that the syntax of most modern languages is ""Algol-like"", it was arguably the most influential of the four high-level programming languages among which it was roughly contemporary: FORTRAN, Lisp, and COBOL. It was designed to avoid some of the perceived problems with FORTRAN and eventually gave rise to many other programming languages, including PL/I, Simula, BCPL, B, Pascal, and C. ALGOL introduced code blocks and the begin…end pairs for delimiting them. It was also the first language implementing nested function definitions with lexical scope. Moreover, it was the first programming language which gave detailed attention to formal language definition and through the Algol 60 Report introduced Backus–Naur form, a principal formal grammar notation for language design. There were three major specifications, named after the year they were first published: ALGOL 58 – originally proposed to be called IAL, for International Algebraic Language. ALGOL 60 – first implemented as X1 ALGOL 60 in mid-1960. Revised 1963. ALGOL 68 – introduced new elements including flexible arrays, slices, parallelism, operator identification. Revised 1973. Niklaus Wirth based his own ALGOL W on ALGOL 60 before developing Pascal. ALGOL-W was based on the proposal for the next generation ALGOL, but the ALGOL 68 committee decided on a design that was more complex and advanced, rather than a cleaned, simplified ALGOL 60. ALGOL 68 is substantially different from ALGOL 60 and was not well received, so that in general ""Algol"" means ALGOL 60 and dialects thereof.",,"documentation: https://public.support.unisys.com/aseries/docs/clearpath-mcp-17.0/pdf/86000098-515.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL",beginner to advance
+178,OWL,"The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a family of knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies. Ontologies are a formal way to describe taxonomies and classification networks, essentially defining the structure of knowledge for various domains: the nouns representing classes of objects and the verbs representing relations between the objects. Ontologies resemble class hierarchies in object-oriented programming but there are several critical differences. Class hierarchies are meant to represent structures used in source code that evolve fairly slowly (typically monthly revisions) whereas ontologies are meant to represent information on the Internet and are expected to be evolving almost constantly. Similarly, ontologies are typically far more flexible as they are meant to represent information on the Internet coming from all sorts of heterogeneous data sources. Class hierarchies on the other hand are meant to be fairly static and rely on far less diverse and more structured sources of data such as corporate databases. The OWL languages are characterized by formal semantics. They are built upon the World Wide Web Consortium's (W3C) XML standard for objects called the Resource Description Framework (RDF). OWL and RDF have attracted significant academic, medical and commercial interest. In October 2007, a new W3C working group was started to extend OWL with several new features as proposed in the OWL 1.1 member submission. W3C announced the new version of OWL on 27 October 2009. This new version, called OWL 2, soon found its way into semantic editors such as Protégé and semantic reasoners such as Pellet, RacerPro, FaCT++ and HermiT. The OWL family contains many species, serializations, syntaxes and specifications with similar names. OWL and OWL2 are used to refer to the 2004 and 2009 specifications, respectively. Full species names will be used, including specification version (for example, OWL2 EL). When referring more generally, OWL Family will be used.","OWL, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language",beginner to advance
+179,URL,"A Uniform Resource Locator (URL), colloquially termed a web address, is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL is a specific type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), although many people use the two terms interchangeably. URLs occur most commonly to reference web pages (http), but are also used for file transfer (ftp), email (mailto), database access (JDBC), and many other applications. Most web browsers display the URL of a web page above the page in an address bar. A typical URL could have the form http://www.example.com/index.html, which indicates a protocol (http), a hostname (www.example.com), and a file name (index.html).",,"documentation: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/xcode/defining-a-custom-url-scheme-for-your-app, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL",beginner to advance
+180,Org,"Org-mode (also: Org mode; ) is a document editing, formatting, and organizing mode, designed for notes, planning, and authoring within the free software text editor Emacs. The name is used to encompass plain text files (""org files"") that include simple marks to indicate levels of a hierarchy (such as the outline of an essay, a topic list with subtopics, nested computer code, etc.), and an editor with functions that can read the markup and manipulate hierarchy elements (expand/hide elements, move blocks of elements, check off to-do list items, etc.). Org-mode was created by Carsten Dominik in 2003, originally to organize his own life and work, and since the first release numerous other users and developers have contributed to this free software package. Emacs includes Org-mode as a major mode by default. Bastien Guerry is the current maintainer, in cooperation with an active development community. Since its success in Emacs, some other systems have also begun providing functions to work with org files.","Org, Carsten Dominik, website, reference, wikipedia, document, The Netherlands and France","website: https://orgmode.org/, reference: https://orgmode.org/org.html#Document-structure, documentation: https://orgmode.org/manual/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org-mode",beginner to advance
+182,Brainfuck,"Brainfuck is an esoteric programming language created in 1993 by Urban Müller, and notable for its extreme minimalism. The language consists of only eight simple commands and an instruction pointer. While it is fully Turing-complete, it is not intended for practical use, but to challenge and amuse programmers. Brainfuck simply requires one to break commands into microscopic steps. The language's name is a reference to the slang term brainfuck, which refers to things so complicated or unusual that they exceed the limits of one's understanding.","Brainfuck, Urban Müller, wikipedia, document, Switzerland","documentation: https://gist.github.com/roachhd/dce54bec8ba55fb17d3a, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainfuck",beginner to advance
+183,SVG,"Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is an XML-based vector image format for two-dimensional graphics with support for interactivity and animation. The SVG specification is an open standard developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) since 1999. SVG images and their behaviors are defined in XML text files. This means that they can be searched, indexed, scripted, and compressed. As XML files, SVG images can be created and edited with any text editor, as well as with drawing software. All major modern web browsers—including Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Opera, Safari, and Microsoft Edge—have SVG rendering support.",,"documentation: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics",beginner to advance
+184,Monaco Editor,,"Monaco Editor, , website, United States",website: https://microsoft.github.io/monaco-editor/,beginner to advance
+185,FAT,"File Allocation Table (FAT) is a computer file system architecture and a family of industry-standard file systems utilizing it. The FAT file system is a continuing standard which borrows source code from the original, legacy file system and proves to be simple and robust. It offers useful performance even in lightweight implementations, but cannot deliver the same performance, reliability and scalability as some modern file systems. It is, however, supported for compatibility reasons by nearly all currently developed operating systems for personal computers and many mobile devices and embedded systems, and thus is a well-suited format for data exchange between computers and devices of almost any type and age from 1981 up to the present. Originally designed in 1977 for use on floppy disks, FAT was soon adapted and used almost universally on hard disks throughout the DOS and Windows 9x eras for two decades. As disk drives evolved, the capabilities of the file system have been extended accordingly, resulting in three major file system variants: FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32. The FAT standard has also been expanded in other ways while generally preserving backward compatibility with existing software. With the introduction of more powerful computers and operating systems, as well as the development of more complex file systems for them, FAT is no longer the default file system for usage on Microsoft Windows computers.FAT file systems are still commonly found on floppy disks, flash and other solid-state memory cards and modules (including USB flash drives), as well as many portable and embedded devices. FAT is the standard file system for digital cameras per the DCF specification.","FAT, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table,beginner to advance
+186,DOT,"DOT is a plain text graph description language. DOT graphs are typically files with the file extension gv or dot. The extension gv is preferred to avoid confusion with the extension dot used by early (pre-2007) versions of Microsoft Word. Various programs can process DOT files. Some, such as dot, neato, twopi, circo, fdp, and sfdp, can read a DOT file and render it in graphical form. Others, such as gvpr, gc, acyclic, ccomps, sccmap, and tred, read DOT files and perform calculations on the represented graph. Finally, others, such as lefty, dotty, and grappa, provide an interactive interface. The GVedit tool combines a text editor with noninteractive image viewer. Most programs are part of the Graphviz package or use it internally.","DOT, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://graphviz.org/doc/info/lang.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOT_(graph_description_language)",beginner to advance
+187,FLUX,,"FLUX, Paul O’Shannessy, website, document, United States","website: https://facebook.github.io/flux/, documentation: https://docs.influxdata.com/flux/v0.x/",beginner to advance
+188,Fantom,"Fantom is a general purpose object-oriented programming language created by Brian and Andy Frank that runs on the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), JavaScript, and the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) (.NET support is considered ""prototype"" status). Its primary design goal is to provide a standard library API that abstracts away the question of whether the code will ultimately run on the JRE or CLR. Like C# and Java, Fantom uses a curly brace syntax. The language supports functional programming through closures and concurrency through the Actor model. Fantom takes a ""middle of the road"" approach to its type system, blending together aspects of both static and dynamic typing.","Fantom, , website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://www.fantom.org, documentation: https://docs.fantom.foundation/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantom_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+189,Squirrel,"Squirrel is a high level imperative, object-oriented programming language, designed to be a light-weight scripting language that fits in the size, memory bandwidth, and real-time requirements of applications like video games and hardware such as Electric Imp. MirthKit, a simple toolkit for making and distributing open source, cross-platform 2D games, uses Squirrel for its platform. It is used extensively by Code::Blocks for scripting and was also used in Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: My Life as a King. It is also used in Left 4 Dead 2, Portal 2 and Thimbleweed Park for scripted events.",,"website: http://squirrel-lang.org/, documentation: http://squirrel-lang.org/squirreldoc/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+190,EuLisp,"EuLisp is a statically and dynamically scoped Lisp dialect developed by a loose formation of industrial and academic Lisp users and developers from around Europe. The standardizers intended to create a new Lisp ""less encumbered by the past"" (compared to Common Lisp), and not so minimalist as Scheme. Another objective was to integrate the object-oriented programming paradigm well. It is a third-generation programming language.","EuLisp, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://people.bath.ac.uk/masrjb/Sources/eunotes.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuLisp",beginner to advance
+191,Monkey,"Monkey X is a high-level programming language designed for video game development for many different platforms, including desktop and laptop computers, mobile phones, tablets, and video game consoles. The language itself is an object-oriented dialect of BASIC, which the compiler translates into native source code for several target platforms. The resulting code is then compiled normally. Currently the official target platforms include: Windows (Including the Windows 8 store), OS X, Linux, Xbox 360, Android, iOS, among others. Community-driven, user-made targets have also been created, some notable user-targets include: MonkeyMax (BlitzMax), Monkey-Python (Python), and a Nintendo DS target.Monkey X's main implementation (compiler), and a number of official modules are open source. Monkey X's main application/game framework, Mojo, is partially commercial. The compiler and most of the official modules can be found on GitHub. Monkey is also distributed in several compiled binary forms from its official website (registration required, to build the compiler). For details, see: Mojo (framework), and Game targets (technical).","Monkey, Anthony Diamond, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://web.archive.org/web/20171205070657/http://monkey-x.com/, documentation: https://regal-internet-brothers.github.io/monkey/docs/Tutorials_Getting%20started.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+192,FLEX,"Flex (fast lexical analyzer generator) is a free and open-source software alternative to lex. It is a computer program that generates lexical analyzers (also known as ""scanners"" or ""lexers""). It is frequently used as the lex implementation together with Berkeley Yacc parser generator on BSD-derived operating systems (as both lex and yacc are part of POSIX), or together with GNU bison (a version of yacc) in *BSD ports and in Linux distributions. Unlike Bison, flex is not part of the GNU Project and is not released under the GNU General Public License.","FLEX, Vern Paxson, website, reference, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://github.com/westes/flex, reference: https://github.com/babyraging/yash, documentation: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/flex-fast-lexical-analyzer-generator/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flex_(lexical_analyser_generator)",beginner to advance
+193,AUTOCAD,"AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application. Developed and marketed by Autodesk, AutoCAD was first released in December 1982 as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers. Before AutoCAD was introduced, most commercial CAD programs ran on mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user) working at a separate graphics terminal. Since 2010, AutoCAD was released as a mobile- and web app as well, marketed as AutoCAD 360. AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by architects, project managers, engineers, graphic designers, town planners and many other professionals. It was supported by 750 training centers worldwide in 1994.","AUTOCAD, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoCAD,beginner to advance
+194,Limbo,"Limbo is a programming language for writing distributed systems and is the language used to write applications for the Inferno operating system. It was designed at Bell Labs by Sean Dorward, Phil Winterbottom, and Rob Pike. The Limbo compiler generates architecture-independent object code which is then interpreted by the Dis virtual machine or compiled just before runtime to improve performance. Therefore all Limbo applications are completely portable across all Inferno platforms. Limbo's approach to concurrency was inspired by Hoare's communicating sequential processes (CSP), as implemented and amended in Pike's earlier Newsqueak language and Winterbottom's Alef.","Limbo, Rob Pike, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://www.vitanuova.com/inferno/limbo.html, documentation: http://resibots.eu/limbo/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+195,Agda,"Agda is a dependently typed functional programming language originally developed by Ulf Norell at Chalmers University of Technology with implementation described in his PhD thesis. The current version of Agda was originally known as Agda 2. The original Agda system was developed at Chalmers by Catarina Coquand in 1999. The current version is a full rewrite, which should be considered a new language that shares name and tradition. Agda is also a proof assistant based on the propositions-as-types paradigm, but unlike Coq, has no support for tactics, and proofs are written in a functional programming style. The language has ordinary programming constructs such as data types, pattern matching, records, let expressions and modules, and a Haskell-like syntax. The system has Emacs and Atom interfaces but can also be run in batch mode from the command line. Agda is based on Zhaohui Luo's Unified Theory of Dependent Types (UTT), a type theory similar to Martin-Löf type theory.","Agda, Ulf Norell and Catarina Coquand, website, wikipedia, document, Sweden","website: http://wiki.portal.chalmers.se/agda, documentation: https://agda.readthedocs.io/en/v2.6.2.2/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agda_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+196,BlitzBasic,"Blitz BASIC refers to the programming language dialect that was interpreted by the first Blitz compilers, devised by New Zealand-based developer Mark Sibly. Being derived from BASIC, Blitz syntax was designed to be easy to pick up for beginners first learning to program.  The languages are game-programming oriented but are often found general-purpose enough to be used for most types of application. The Blitz language evolved as new products were released, with recent incarnations offering support for more advanced programming techniques such as object-orientation and multi-threading.  This led to the languages losing their BASIC moniker in later years.","BlitzBasic, , wikipedia, document, New Zealand","documentation: https://daemonbite.com/files/linked/BB21Manual.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitz_BASIC",beginner to advance
+197,ABAP,"ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming, originally Allgemeiner Berichts-Aufbereitungs-Prozessor, German for ""general report creation processor"") is a high-level programming language created by the German software company SAP SE. It is currently positioned, alongside Java, as the language for programming the SAP Application Server, which is part of the NetWeaver platform for building business applications.",,"website: http://scn.sap.com/community/abap, documentation: https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_755_index_htm/7.55/en-US/index.htm, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABAP",beginner to advance
+198,MUMPS,"MUMPS (Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System), or M, is a general-purpose computer programming language that provides ACID (Atomic, Consistent, Isolated, and Durable) transaction processing. Its differentiating feature is its ""built-in"" database, enabling high-level access to disk storage using simple symbolic program variables and subscripted arrays, similar to the variables used by most languages to access main memory. The M database is a key-value database engine optimized for high-throughput transaction processing. As such it is in the class of ""schema-less"", ""schema-free,"" or NoSQL databases. Internally, M stores data in multidimensional hierarchical sparse arrays (also known as key-value nodes, sub-trees, or associative memory). Each array may have up to 32 subscripts, or dimensions. A scalar can be thought of as an array element with zero subscripts. Nodes with varying numbers of subscripts (including one node with no subscripts) can freely co-exist in the same array. Perhaps the most unusual aspect of the M language is the notion that the database is accessed through variables, rather than queries or retrievals. This means that accessing volatile memory and non-volatile storage use the same basic syntax, enabling a function to work on either local (volatile) or global (non-volatile) variables. Practically, this provides for extremely high performance data access. Originally designed in 1966 for the healthcare industry, M continues to be used today by many large hospitals and banks to provide high-throughput transaction data processing.","MUMPS, Neil Pappalardo, wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://mumps.sourceforge.net/docs.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUMPS",beginner to advance
+199,Occam,"occam is a concurrent programming language that builds on the communicating sequential processes (CSP) process algebra, and shares many of its features. It is named after William of Ockham of Occam's Razor fame. occam is an imperative procedural language (such as Pascal). It was developed by David May and others at INMOS, advised by Tony Hoare, as the native programming language for their transputer microprocessors, but implementations for other platforms are available. The most widely known version is occam 2; its programming manual was written by Steven Ericsson-Zenith and others at INMOS.","Occam, David May, wikipedia, document, United Kingdom","documentation: https://mahi.ucsd.edu/Steve/Occam/documentation.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+200,GAME,"A game is a structured form of play, usually undertaken for enjoyment and sometimes used as an educational tool. Games are distinct from work, which is usually carried out for remuneration, and from art, which is more often an expression of aesthetic or ideological elements. However, the distinction is not clear-cut, and many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports or games) or art (such as jigsaw puzzles or games involving an artistic layout such as Mahjong, solitaire, or some video games). Games are sometimes played purely for entertainment, sometimes for achievement or reward as well. They can be played alone, in teams, or online; by amateurs or by professionals. The players may have an audience of non-players, such as when people are entertained by watching a chess championship. On the other hand, players in a game may constitute their own audience as they take their turn to play. Often, part of the entertainment for children playing a game is deciding who is part of their audience and who is a player. Key components of games are goals, rules, challenge, and interaction. Games generally involve mental or physical stimulation, and often both. Many games help develop practical skills, serve as a form of exercise, or otherwise perform an educational, simulational, or psychological role. Attested as early as 2600 BC, games are a universal part of human experience and present in all cultures. The Royal Game of Ur, Senet, and Mancala are some of the oldest known games.","GAME, , reference, wikipedia, document, Canada","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7b082816a74fb1f9f198c0fbdf8a128bcefa31a6, documentation: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/gaming/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game",beginner to advance
+201,HAML,"Haml (HTML Abstraction Markup Language) is a templating system that is designed to avoid writing inline code in a web document and make the HTML easy and clean. Haml gives the flexibility to have some dynamic content in HTML. Similar to other web languages like PHP, ASP, JSP and template systems like eRuby, Haml also embeds some code that gets executed during runtime and generates HTML code in order to provide some dynamic content. In order to run Haml code, files need to have .haml extension. These files are similar to .erb or eRuby files which also help to embed Ruby code while developing a web application. While parsing coding comments, Haml uses the same rules as Ruby 1.9 or later. Haml understands only ASCII compatible encodings like UTF-8 but not UTF-16 or UTF-32 because these are not compatible with ASCII. Haml can be used in command line, as a separate Ruby module, or in a Ruby on Rails application making Haml suitable for a wide range of applications.","HAML, Hampton Lintorn-Catlin, website, wikipedia, document, Canada","website: http://haml.info/, documentation: https://haml.info/docs.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haml",beginner to advance
+202,Emacs Lisp,"Emacs Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language used as a scripting language by Emacs (a text editor family most commonly associated with GNU Emacs and XEmacs). It is used for implementing most of the editing functionality built into Emacs, the remainder being written in C (as is the Lisp interpreter itself). Emacs Lisp is also referred to as Elisp, although there is also an older, unrelated Lisp dialect with that name. Users of Emacs commonly write Emacs Lisp code to customize and extend Emacs. Other options include the ""Customize"" feature that's been in GNU Emacs since version 20. Itself written in Emacs Lisp, Customize provides a set of preferences pages allowing the user to set options and preview their effect in the running Emacs session. When the user saves their changes, Customize simply writes the necessary Emacs Lisp code to the user's config file, which can be set to a special file that only Customize uses, to avoid the possibility of messing up the users own file. Emacs Lisp can also function as a scripting language, much like the Unix Bourne shell or Perl, by calling Emacs in ""batch mode"". In this way it may be called from the command line or via an executable file, and its editing functions, such as buffers and movement commands are available to the program just as in the normal mode. No user interface is presented when Emacs is started in batch mode; it simply executes the passed-in script and exits, displaying any output from the script.","Emacs Lisp, Richard Stallman, wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_mono/elisp.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs_Lisp",beginner to advance
+203,RDF,"The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifications originally designed as a metadata data model. It has come to be used as a general method for conceptual description or modeling of information that is implemented in web resources, using a variety of syntax notations and data serialization formats. It is also used in knowledge management applications. RDF was adopted as a W3C recommendation in 1999. The RDF 1.0 specification was published in 2004, the RDF 1.1 specification in 2014.","RDF, , website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://www.w3.org/RDF/, documentation: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework",beginner to advance
+204,ColdFusion,"Adobe ColdFusion is a commercial rapid web application development platform created by J. J. Allaire in 1995. (The programming language used with that platform is also commonly called ColdFusion, though is more accurately known as CFML.) ColdFusion was originally designed to make it easier to connect simple HTML pages to a database. By version 2 (1996), it became a full platform that included an IDE in addition to a full scripting language.",,"website: https://www.adobe.com/products/coldfusion, documentation: https://cfdocs.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ColdFusion",beginner to advance
+205,Jinja,"Jinja is a template engine for the Python programming language and is licensed under a BSD License created by Armin Ronacher. It is similar to the Django template engine but provides Python-like expressions while ensuring that the templates are evaluated in a sandbox. It is a text-based template language and thus can be used to generate any markup as well as sourcecode. The Jinja template engine allows customization of tags, filters, tests, and globals. Also, unlike the Django template engine, Jinja allows the template designer to call functions with arguments on objects. Jinja is Flask's default template engine.","Jinja, Armin Ronacher, website, wikipedia, document, Various","website: http://jinja.pocoo.org/, documentation: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/en/3.1.x/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinja_(template_engine)",beginner to advance
+206,Coq,"In computer science, Coq is an interactive theorem prover. It allows the expression of mathematical assertions, mechanically checks proofs of these assertions, helps to find formal proofs, and extracts a certified program from the constructive proof of its formal specification. Coq works within the theory of the calculus of inductive constructions, a derivative of the calculus of constructions. Coq is not an automated theorem prover but includes automatic theorem proving tactics and various decision procedures. The Association for Computing Machinery rewarded Thierry Coquand, Gérard Pierre Huet, Christine Paulin-Mohring, Bruno Barras, Jean-Christophe Filliâtre, Hugo Herbelin, Chetan Murthy, Yves Bertot and Pierre Castéran with the 2013 ACM Software System Award for Coq.","Coq, , wikipedia, document, France","documentation: https://coq.inria.fr/documentation, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coq",beginner to advance
+207,AutoIt,"AutoIt  is a freeware automation language for Microsoft Windows. In its earliest release, the software was primarily intended to create automation scripts (sometimes called macros) for Microsoft Windows programs but has since grown to include enhancements in both programming language design and overall functionality. While the scripting language in AutoIt 1 and 2 was statement-driven, designed primarily for simulating user interaction, from version 3 onwards the AutoIt syntax is similar to that found in the BASIC family of languages. In this form, AutoIt is a general-purpose, third-generation programming language with a classical data model and a variant data type that can store several types of data, including arrays. While version 1 and 2 were compatible with Windows 95, 98, ME, NT4, 2000, XP, 2003, Vista, Windows 7, support for operating systems older than Windows 2000 was discontinued with the release of v3.3.0 in December 2008. Currently AutoIt is also compatible with Windows 2008, Windows 8, Windows 2012, Windows 10, and the minimal requirement is Windows XP SP3. An AutoIt automation script can be converted into a compressed, stand-alone executable which can be run on computers that do not have the AutoIt interpreter installed. A wide range of function libraries (known as UDFs, or ""User Defined Functions"") are also included as standard or are available from the website to add specialized functionality. AutoIt is also distributed with an IDE based on the free SciTE editor. The compiler and help text are fully integrated and provide a de facto standard environment for developers using AutoIt.","AutoIt, Jonathan Bennett, website, wikipedia, document, Unknown","website: http://www.autoitscript.com/autoit3/, documentation: https://www.autoitscript.com/autoit3/docs/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoIt",beginner to advance
+208,Qt,"Qt ( ""cute"") is a cross-platform application framework that is used for developing application software that can be run on various software and hardware platforms with little or no change in the underlying codebase, while still being a native application with native capabilities and speed. Qt is currently being developed both by The Qt Company, a publicly listed company, and the Qt Project under open-source governance, involving individual developers and firms working to advance Qt. Qt is available with both proprietary and open source GPL 2.0, GPL 3.0, and LGPL 3.0 licenses.","Qt, , website, wikipedia, Finland","website: https://www.qt.io/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_(software)",beginner to advance
+209,x86 Assembly,"x86 assembly language is a family of backward-compatible assembly languages, which provide some level of compatibility all the way back to the Intel 8008 introduced in April 1972. x86 assembly languages are used to produce object code for the x86 class of processors. Like all assembly languages, it uses short mnemonics to represent the fundamental instructions that the CPU in a computer can understand and follow. Compilers sometimes produce assembly code as an intermediate step when translating a high level program into machine code.  Regarded as a programming language, assembly coding is machine-specific and low level. Assembly languages are more typically used for detailed and time critical applications such as small real-time embedded systems or operating system kernels and device drivers.",,"documentation: https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19253-01/817-5477/817-5477.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_assembly_language",beginner to advance
+210,Makefile,A makefile is a file containing a set of directives used with the make build automation tool.,"Makefile, Stuart Feldman, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://www.gnu.org/software/make/, documentation: https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makefile",beginner to advance
+211,Vala,"Vala is an object-oriented programming language with a self-hosting compiler that generates C code and uses the GObject system. Vala is syntactically similar to C# and includes several features such as: anonymous functions, signals, properties, generics, assisted memory management, exception handling, type inference, and foreach statements. Its developers Jürg Billeter and Raffaele Sandrini aim to bring these features to the plain C runtime with little overhead and no special runtime support by targeting the GObject object system. Rather than compiling directly to machine code or assembly language, it compiles to a lower level intermediate language. It source-to-source compiles to C, which is then compiled with a C compiler for a given platform, such as GCC. For memory management, the GObject system provides reference counting. In C, a programmer must manually manage adding and removing references, but in Vala, managing such reference counts is automated if a programmer uses the language's built-in reference types rather than plain pointers. Using functionality from native code libraries requires writing vapi files, defining the library interfacing. Writing these interface definitions is well-documented for C libraries, especially when based on GObject. However, C++ libraries are not supported. Vapi files are provided for a large portion of the GNOME platform, including GTK+. Vala was conceived by Jürg Billeter and was implemented by him and Raffaele Sandrini, finishing a self-hosting compiler in May 2006.",,"website: https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32113825, documentation: https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Documentation, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+212,J,"The J programming language, developed in the early 1990s by Kenneth E. Iverson and Roger Hui, is a synthesis of APL (also by Iverson) and the FP and FL function-level languages created by John Backus. To avoid repeating the APL special-character problem, J uses only the basic ASCII character set, resorting to the use of the dot and colon as inflections to form short words similar to digraphs. Most such ""primary"" (or ""primitive"") J words serve as mathematical symbols, with the dot or colon extending the meaning of the basic characters available. Also, many characters which in other languages often must be paired (such as [] {} """" `` or <>) are treated by J as stand-alone words or, when inflected, as single-character roots of multi-character words. J is a very terse array programming language, and is most suited to mathematical and statistical programming, especially when performing operations on matrices. It has also been used in extreme programming and network performance analysis. Like the original FP/FL languages, J supports function-level programming via its tacit programming features. Unlike most languages that support object-oriented programming, J's flexible hierarchical namespace scheme (where every name exists in a specific locale) can be effectively used as a framework for both class-based and prototype-based object-oriented programming. Since March 2011, J is free and open-source software under the GPLv3 license. One may also purchase source under a negotiated license.","J, Kenneth E. Iverson and Roger Hui, website, reference, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://www.jsoftware.com, reference: https://aplwiki.com/wiki/Jsoftware, documentation: https://www.jsoftware.com/help/learning/contents.htm, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+213,Nearley,,"Nearley, , website, document, United States","website: https://nearley.js.org/, documentation: https://nearley.js.org/docs/how-to-grammar-good",beginner to advance
+214,NewLisp,newLISP is an open source scripting language in the Lisp family of programming languages developed by Lutz Mueller and released under the GNU General Public License.,"NewLisp, Lutz Mueller, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://www.newlisp.org/, documentation: http://www.newlisp.org/index.cgi?Documentation, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewLISP",beginner to advance
+215,Nemerle,"Nemerle is a general-purpose high-level statically typed programming language designed for platforms using the Common Language Infrastructure (.NET/Mono). It offers functional, object-oriented (OO) and imperative features. It has a simple C#-like syntax and a powerful metaprogramming system. In June 2012, the core developers of Nemerle were hired by the Czech software development company JetBrains. The team is focusing on developing Nitra, a framework to implement extant and new programming languages. This framework will likely be used to create future versions of Nemerle. Nemerle is named after the Archmage Nemmerle, a character in the fantasy novel A Wizard of Earthsea by Ursula K. Le Guin.",,"website: http://nemerle.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemerle",beginner to advance
+217,MIME,"Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is an Internet standard that extends the format of email to support:  Text in character sets other than ASCII Non-text attachments: audio, video, images, application programs etc. Message bodies with multiple parts Header information in non-ASCII character setsVirtually all human-written Internet email and a fairly large proportion of automated email is transmitted via SMTP in MIME format.MIME is specified in six linked RFC memoranda:  RFC 2045,  RFC 2046,  RFC 2047,  RFC 4288,  RFC 4289 and   RFC 2049; with the integration with SMTP email specified in detail in   RFC 1521 and   RFC 1522. Although MIME was designed mainly for SMTP, the content types defined by MIME standards are also of importance in communication protocols outside of email, such as HTTP for the World Wide Web. Servers insert the MIME header at the beginning of any Web transmission. Clients use this content type or media type header to select an appropriate viewer application for the type of data the header indicates. Some of these viewers are built into the Web client or browser (for example, almost all browsers come with GIF and JPEG image viewers as well as the ability to handle HTML files).","MIME, Nathaniel Borenstein and Ned Freed, wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Basics_of_HTTP/MIME_types, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIME",beginner to advance
+218,XAML,"Extensible Application Markup Language (XAML  (listen)) is a declarative XML-based language developed by Microsoft that is used for initializing structured values and objects. It is available under Microsoft's Open Specification Promise. The acronym originally stood for Extensible Avalon Markup Language, Avalon being the code-name for Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF).XAML is used extensively in .NET Framework 3.0 & .NET Framework 4.0 technologies, particularly Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF), Silverlight, Windows Workflow Foundation (WF), Windows Runtime XAML Framework and Windows Store apps. In WPF, XAML forms a user interface markup language to define UI elements, data binding, events, and other features. In WF, workflows can be defined using XAML. XAML can also be used in Silverlight applications, Windows Phone apps and Windows Store apps. XAML elements map directly to Common Language Runtime object instances, while XAML attributes map to Common Language Runtime properties and events on those objects. XAML files can be created and edited with visual design tools like Microsoft Expression Blend, Microsoft Visual Studio, and the hostable Windows Workflow Foundation visual designer. They can also be created and edited with a standard text editor, a code editor like XAMLPad, or a graphical editor like Vector Architect. Anything that is created or implemented in XAML can be expressed using a more traditional .NET language, such as C# or Visual Basic .NET. However, a key aspect of the technology is the reduced complexity needed for tools to process XAML, because it is based on XML. Consequently, a variety of products are emerging, particularly in the WPF space, which create XAML-based applications. As XAML is simply based on XML, developers and designers are able to share and edit content freely amongst themselves without requiring compilation. XAML also benefits from being a declarative definition of the UI rather than procedural code to generate it.",,"documentation: https://www.noesisengine.com/docs/Gui.Core.XamlIntroduction.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Application_Markup_Language",beginner to advance
+219,Jison,,"Jison, , website, document, Various","website: http://zaa.ch/jison/, documentation: https://gerhobbelt.github.io/jison/docs/",beginner to advance
+220,MoonScript,,"MoonScript, , website, document, United States","website: http://moonscript.org/, documentation: https://moonscript.org/reference/",beginner to advance
+221,Icon,"Icon is a very high-level programming language featuring goal-directed execution and many facilities for managing strings and textual patterns. It is related to SNOBOL and SL5, string processing languages. Icon is not object-oriented, but an object-oriented extension called Idol was developed in 1996 which eventually became Unicon.","Icon, Ralph Griswold, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon, documentation: https://www2.cs.arizona.edu/icon/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+224,Scikit-learn,"Scikit-learn (formerly scikits.learn) is a free software machine learning library for the Python programming language. It features various classification, regression and clustering algorithms including support vector machines, random forests, gradient boosting, k-means and DBSCAN, and is designed to interoperate with the Python numerical and scientific libraries NumPy and SciPy.",,"website: http://scikit-learn.org/stable/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scikit-learn",beginner to advance
+225,X10,"X10 is a programming language being developed by IBM at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center as part of the Productive, Easy-to-use, Reliable Computing System (PERCS) project funded by DARPA's High Productivity Computing Systems (HPCS) program. Its primary authors are Kemal Ebcioğlu, Vijay Saraswat, Saravanan Arumugam, and Vivek Sarkar. X10 is designed specifically for parallel computing using the partitioned global address space (PGAS) model. A computation is divided among a set of places, each of which holds some data and hosts one or more activities that operate on those data. It has a constrained type system for object-oriented programming, a form of dependent types. Other features include user-defined primitive struct types; globally distributed arrays, and structured and unstructured parallelism. X10 uses the concept of parent and child relationships for activities to prevent the lock stalemate that can occur when two or more processes wait for each other to finish before they can complete. An activity may spawn one or more child activities, which may themselves have children. Children cannot wait for a parent to finish, but a parent can wait for a child using the finish command.","X10, Kemal Ebcioğlu and Saravanan Arumugam and Vijay Saraswat and Vivek Sarkar, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://x10-lang.org, documentation: https://x10.sourceforge.net/documentation/languagespec/x10-latest.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X10_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+226,Ballerina,"Ballerina is a compiled, type-safe, concurrent programming language targeting microservice development and integration.It is an open source project started in 2015 by architects from WSO2 as code-based alternative to the configuration-based integration tools such as EAI, ESB, and workflow products.Ballerina has various constructs geared toward cloud-native development including support for modern data formats and protocols, reliability, distributed transactions, APIs, and event streams.","Ballerina, Sanjiva Weerawarana and James Clark and Sameera Jayasoma and Hasitha Aravinda and Srinath Perera and Frank Leymann, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://ballerina.io/, documentation: https://ballerina.io/learn/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballerina_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+227,Scilab,"Scilab is an open source, cross-platform numerical computational package and a high-level, numerically oriented programming language. It can be used for signal processing, statistical analysis, image enhancement, fluid dynamics simulations, numerical optimization, and modeling, simulation of explicit and implicit dynamical systems and (if the corresponding toolbox is installed) symbolic manipulations. Scilab is one of the two major open-source alternatives to MATLAB, the other one being GNU Octave. Scilab is similar enough to MATLAB that some book authors (who use it) argue that it is easy to transfer skills between the two systems. Scilab however puts less emphasis on (bidirectional) syntactic compatibility with MATLAB than Octave does.",,"documentation: https://wiki.scilab.org/Documentation, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scilab",beginner to advance
+228,Flow,,"Flow, , website, document, United States","website: https://flow.org/, documentation: https://flow.org/en/docs/",beginner to advance
+229,Io,"Io is a pure object-oriented programming language inspired by Smalltalk, Self, Lua, Lisp, Act1, and NewtonScript. Io has a prototype-based object model similar to the ones in Self and NewtonScript, eliminating the distinction between instance and class. Like Smalltalk, everything is an object and it uses dynamic typing. Like Lisp, programs are just data trees. Io uses actors for concurrency. Remarkable features of Io are its minimal size and openness to using external code resources. Io is executed by a small, portable virtual machine.","Io, Steve Dekorte, website, reference, wikipedia, document, United States and United Kingdom and Belarus","website: https://iolanguage.org/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8867575, documentation: https://iolanguage.org/guide/guide.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+230,Turing,"Turing is a Pascal-like programming language developed in 1982 by Ric Holt and James Cordy, then of University of Toronto, Canada. Turing is a descendant of Euclid, Pascal and SP/k that features a clean syntax and precise machine-independent semantics. Turing 4.1.0 is the latest stable version of Turing. Turing 4.1.1 and Turing 4.1.2 do not allow for stand alone .EXE files to be created and versions before Turing 4.1.0 have outdated syntax and outdated functions.","Turing, Ric Holt, wikipedia, document, Canada","documentation: https://turing.ml/v0.21/docs/using-turing/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+231,idyll,,"idyll, , website, document, Various","website: https://idyll-lang.org/, documentation: https://idyll-lang.org/docs",beginner to advance
+232,RPG,"RPG is a high-level programming language (HLL) for business applications. RPG is an IBM proprietary programming language and its later versions are available only on IBM i- or OS/400-based systems. It has a long history, having been developed by IBM in 1959 as the Report Program Generator - a tool to replicate punched card processing on the IBM 1401 then updated to RPG II for the IBM System/3 in the late 1960s, and since evolved into an HLL equivalent to COBOL and PL/I. It remains a popular programming language on the IBM i operating system, which runs on IBM Power i platform hardware. The current version, RPG IV (a.k.a. ILE RPG), provides a modern programming environment.",,"documentation: https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/rdfi/9.6.0?topic=reference-ile-rpg, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_RPG",beginner to advance
+233,Mercury,"Mercury is a functional logic programming language made for real-world uses. The first version was developed at the University of Melbourne, Computer Science department, by Fergus Henderson, Thomas Conway, and Zoltan Somogyi, under Somogyi's supervision, and released on April 8, 1995. Mercury is a purely declarative logic programming language. It is related to both Prolog and Haskell. It features a strong, static, polymorphic type system, and a strong mode and determinism system. The official implementation, the Melbourne Mercury Compiler, is available for most Unix and Unix-like platforms, including Linux, macOS, and for Windows (32bits only).","Mercury, Zoltan Somogyi, website, wikipedia, document, Australia","website: http://www.mercurylang.org, documentation: https://mercurylang.org/documentation/documentation.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+234,Reverse Polish notation,"Reverse Polish notation (RPN), also known as Polish postfix notation or simply postfix notation, is a mathematical notation in which operators follow their operands, in contrast to Polish notation (PN), in which operators precede their operands. It does not need any parentheses as long as each operator has a fixed number of operands. The description ""Polish"" refers to the nationality of logician Jan Łukasiewicz, who invented Polish notation in 1924.The reverse Polish scheme was proposed in 1954 by Arthur Burks, Don Warren, and Jesse Wright and was independently reinvented by Friedrich L. Bauer and Edsger W. Dijkstra in the early 1960s to reduce computer memory access and utilize the stack to evaluate expressions. The algorithms and notation for this scheme were extended by Australian philosopher and computer scientist Charles L. Hamblin in the mid-1950s.During the 1970s and 1980s, Hewlett-Packard used RPN in all of their desktop and hand-held calculators, and continued to use it in some into the 2010's.  In computer science, reverse Polish notation is used in stack-oriented programming languages such as Forth and PostScript. Most of what follows is about binary operators. An example of a unary operator whose standard notation may be interpreted as reverse Polish notation is the factorial, ""n!"".","Reverse Polish notation, , wikipedia, document, Germany","documentation: https://docs.racket-lang.org/rpn/index.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Polish_notation",beginner to advance
+235,QML,"QML (Qt Modeling Language) is a user interface markup language. It is a declarative language (similar to CSS and JSON) for designing user interface–centric applications. Inline JavaScript code handles imperative aspects. It is associated with Qt Quick, the UI creation kit originally developed by Nokia within the Qt framework. Qt Quick is often used for mobile applications where touch input, fluid animations (60 FPS) and user experience are crucial. QML is also used with Qt3D to describe a 3D scene and a ""frame graph"" rendering methodology. A QML document describes a hierarchical object tree. QML modules shipped with Qt include primitive graphical building blocks (e.g., Rectangle, Image), modeling components (e.g., FolderListModel, XmlListModel), behavioral components (e.g., TapHandler, DragHandler, State, Transition, Animation), and more complex controls (e.g., Button, Slider, Drawer, Menu). These elements can be combined to build components ranging in complexity from simple buttons and sliders, to complete internet-enabled programs. QML elements can be augmented by standard JavaScript both inline and via included .js files.  Elements can also be seamlessly integrated and extended by C++ components using the Qt framework. QML is the language; its JavaScript runtime is the custom V4 engine, since Qt 5.2; and Qt Quick is the 2D scene graph and the UI framework based on it. These are all part of the Qt Declarative module, while the technology is no longer called Qt Declarative. QML and JavaScript code can be compiled into native C++ binaries with the Qt Quick Compiler.  Alternatively there is a QML cache file format which stores a compiled version of QML dynamically for faster startup the next time it is run.","QML, , website, wikipedia, document, Finland","website: http://qt-project.org/doc/qt-5/qmlapplications.html, documentation: https://doc.qt.io/qt-6/qtqml-documents-topic.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QML",beginner to advance
+236,IDL,"IDL, short for Interactive Data Language, is a programming language used for data analysis. It is popular in particular areas of science, such as astronomy, atmospheric physics and medical imaging. IDL shares a common syntax with PV-Wave and originated from the same codebase, though the languages have subsequently diverged in detail. There are also two free implementations, GNU Data Language (GDL) and Fawlty Language (FL).","IDL, David Stern, website, reference, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://www.exelisvis.com/ProductsServices/IDL.aspx, reference: https://www.harrisgeospatial.com/Software-Technology/IDL, documentation: https://www.l3harrisgeospatial.com/docs/using_idl_home.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDL_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+237,Frege,"Frege is a non-strict, purely functional programming language for the Java virtual machine in the spirit of Haskell. It is considered a Haskell dialect or simply ""a"" Haskell for the Java virtual machine. Frege has a strong static type system with type inference. Higher rank types are supported, though type annotations are required for that. Frege programs are compiled to Java bytecode and run in a Java virtual machine. Existing Java classes and methods can be used seamlessly from Frege after their types have been properly declared. The language was designed by Ingo Wechsung, who named it after the German mathematician, logician and philosopher Gottlob Frege. (This language is unrelated to the Frege Program Prover.)","Frege, , website, wikipedia, document, Switzerland and Germany and United States","website: https://github.com/Frege/frege, documentation: http://www.frege-lang.org/doc/fregedoc.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frege_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+238,xBase,"xBase is the generic term for all programming languages that derive from the original dBASE (Ashton-Tate) programming language and database formats. These are sometimes informally known as dBASE ""clones"". While there was a non-commercial predecessor to the Ashton-Tate product (Vulcan written by Wayne Ratliff), most clones are based on Ashton-Tate's 1986 dBASE III+ release — scripts written in the dBASE III+ dialect are most likely to run on all the clones.","xBase, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://www.eclipse.org/Xtext/documentation/305_xbase.html#xbase-expressions, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XBase",beginner to advance
+239,GNU Octave,"GNU Octave is software featuring a high-level programming language, primarily intended for numerical computations. Octave helps in solving linear and nonlinear problems numerically, and for performing other numerical experiments using a language that is mostly compatible with Matlab. It may also be used as a batch-oriented language. Since it is part of the GNU Project, it is free software under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Octave is one of the major free alternatives to Matlab, others being Scilab and FreeMat. Scilab, however, puts less emphasis on (bidirectional) syntactic compatibility with Matlab than Octave does.","GNU Octave, , website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://gnu.org/software/octave/, documentation: https://docs.octave.org/interpreter/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Octave",beginner to advance
+240,Boo,"Boo is an object-oriented, statically typed, general-purpose programming language that seeks to make use of the Common Language Infrastructure's support for Unicode, internationalization, and web applications, while using a Python-inspired syntax and a special focus on language and compiler extensibility. Some features of note include type inference, generators, multimethods, optional duck typing, macros, true closures, currying, and first-class functions. Boo was one of the three scripting languages for the Unity game engine (Unity Technologies employed De Oliveira), until it was dropped in 2014 due to small userbase. Boo is free software released under the BSD 3-Clause license. It is compatible with both the Microsoft .NET and Mono frameworks.","Boo, Rodrigo B. De Oliveira, website, wikipedia, document, Brasil","website: https://github.com/boo-lang, documentation: https://bootest.readthedocs.io/en/latest/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+241,JSP,"JavaServer Pages (JSP) is a technology that helps software developers create dynamically generated web pages based on HTML, XML, or other document types. Released in 1999 by Sun Microsystems, JSP is similar to PHP and ASP, but it uses the Java programming language. To deploy and run JavaServer Pages, a compatible web server with a servlet container, such as Apache Tomcat or Jetty, is required.","JSP, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://docs.oracle.com/javaee/5/tutorial/doc/bnajo.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaServer_Pages",beginner to advance
+242,PostCSS,,"PostCSS, , website, document, Various","website: https://postcss.org/, documentation: https://postcss.org/docs/",beginner to advance
+243,TensorFlow,"TensorFlow is an open-source software library for dataflow programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and also used for machine learning applications such as neural networks. It is used for both research and production at Google,‍   often replacing its closed-source predecessor, DistBelief. TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google use. It was released under the Apache 2.0 open source license on November 9, 2015.",,"website: https://www.tensorflow.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TensorFlow",beginner to advance
+244,Object Pascal,"Object Pascal refers to a branch of object-oriented derivatives of Pascal, mostly known as the primary programming language of Embarcadero Delphi.","Object Pascal, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://castle-engine.io/modern_pascal, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Pascal",beginner to advance
+246,MicroPython,"MicroPython is a software implementation of the Python 3 programming language, written in C, that is optimized to run on a microcontroller. MicroPython is a full Python compiler and runtime that runs on the micro-controller hardware. The user is presented with an interactive prompt (the REPL) to execute supported commands immediately. Included are a selection of core Python libraries; MicroPython includes modules which give the programmer access to low-level hardware.MicroPython was originally created by the Australian programmer and physicist Damien George, after a successful Kickstarter backed campaign in 2013. While the original Kickstart campaign released MicroPython with a pyboard microcontroller, MicroPython supports a number of ARM based architectures. MicroPython has since been run on Arduino platform based products, ESP8266, ESP32, and Internet of things hardware. In 2016 a version of MicroPython for the BBC Micro Bit was created as part of the Python Software Foundation's contribution to the Micro Bit partnership with the BBC.The source code for the project is available on GitHub.","MicroPython, Damien P. George, website, wikipedia, Australia and The Netherlands","website: https://micropython.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroPython",beginner to advance
+247,Hy,"Hy (alternately, Hylang) is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp designed to interact with the language Python by translating expressions into Python's abstract syntax tree (AST). Hy was introduced at Python Conference (PyCon) 2013 by Paul Tagliamonte.Similar to Kawa's and Clojure's mapping of s-expressions onto the Java virtual machine (JVM), Hy is meant to operate as a transparent Lisp front end to Python's abstract syntax. Lisp allows operating on code as data (metaprogramming). Thus, Hy can be used to write domain-specific languages. Hy also allows Python libraries, including the standard library, to be imported and accessed alongside Hy code with a compiling step converting the data structure of both into Python's AST.","Hy, Paul Tagliamonte, website, wikipedia, document, Various","website: http://hylang.org/, documentation: https://docs.hylang.org/en/stable/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+248,highlight.js,,"highlight.js, , website, Various",website: https://highlightjs.org/,beginner to advance
+249,ALGOL 60,"ALGOL 60 (short for Algorithmic Language 1960) is a member of the ALGOL family of computer programming languages. It followed on from ALGOL 58 which had introduced code blocks and the begin and end pairs for delimiting them.  ALGOL 60 was the first language implementing nested function definitions with lexical scope.  It gave rise to many other programming languages, including CPL, Simula, BCPL, B, Pascal and C. Niklaus Wirth based his own ALGOL W on ALGOL 60 before moving to develop Pascal. Algol-W was intended to be the next generation ALGOL but the ALGOL 68 committee decided on a design that was more complex and advanced rather than a cleaned simplified ALGOL 60. The official ALGOL versions are named after the year they were first published. Algol 68 is substantially different from Algol 60 and was criticised partially for being so, so that in general ""Algol"" refers to dialects of Algol 60.",,"documentation: http://www.algol60.org/4documentation.htm, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL_60",beginner to advance
+250,Arc,Arc is a dialect of the Lisp programming language developed by Paul Graham and Robert Morris.,"Arc, Paul Graham and Robert Morris, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://www.arclanguage.org, documentation: http://www.arclanguage.org/tut.txt, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+252,SPARQL,"SPARQL (pronounced ""sparkle"", a recursive acronym for SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) is an RDF query language, that is, a semantic query language for databases, able to retrieve and manipulate data stored in Resource Description Framework (RDF) format. It was made a standard by the RDF Data Access Working Group (DAWG) of the World Wide Web Consortium, and is recognized as one of the key technologies of the semantic web. On 15 January 2008, SPARQL 1.0 became an official W3C Recommendation, and SPARQL 1.1 in March, 2013. SPARQL allows for a query to consist of triple patterns, conjunctions, disjunctions, and optional patterns. Implementations for multiple programming languages exist. There exist tools that allow one to connect and semi-automatically construct a SPARQL query for a SPARQL endpoint, for example ViziQuer. In addition, there exist tools that translate SPARQL queries to other query languages, for example to SQL and to XQuery.",,"reference: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/, documentation: https://docs.stardog.com/tutorials/learn-sparql, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARQL",beginner to advance
+253,Ceylon,"Ceylon is an object-oriented, strongly statically typed programming language with an emphasis on immutability, created by Red Hat. Ceylon programs run on the Java virtual machine (JVM), and can be compiled to JavaScript. The language design focuses on source code readability, predictability, toolability, modularity, and metaprogrammability. Important features of Ceylon include: A type system enforcing null safety and list element existence at compile time Regular syntax and semantics, avoiding special cases and primitively-defined constructs in favor of syntactic sugar Support for generic programming and metaprogramming, with reified generics Modularity built into the language, based on JBoss modules, interoperable with OSGi and Maven powerful tools, including an Eclipse-based IDE The name ""Ceylon"" is an oblique reference to Java, in that Java and Sri Lanka, formerly known as Ceylon, are islands known for growth and export of coffee and tea. In August 2017, Ceylon was donated to the Eclipse Foundation.",,"website: http://ceylon-lang.org, documentation: https://ceylon-lang.org/documentation/current/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+254,Redis,"Redis is an open-source in-memory database project implementing a distributed, in-memory key-value store with optional durability. Redis supports different kinds of abstract data structures, such as strings, lists, maps, sets, sorted sets, hyperloglogs, bitmaps and spatial indexes. The project is mainly developed by Salvatore Sanfilippo and is currently sponsored by Redis Labs. Redis Labs creates and maintains the official Redis Enterprise Pack.","Redis, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://redis.io/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redis",beginner to advance
+255,LOLCODE,"LOLCODE is an esoteric programming language inspired by lolspeak, the language expressed in examples of the lolcat Internet meme. The language was created in 2007 by Adam Lindsay, researcher at the Computing Department of Lancaster University. The language is not clearly defined in terms of operator priorities and correct syntax, but several functioning interpreters and compilers exist. One interpretation of the language has been proven Turing-complete.","LOLCODE, Adam Lindsay, website, wikipedia, document, England","website: http://lolcode.org/, documentation: https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/LOLCODE/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOLCODE",beginner to advance
+256,Opa,"Opa is an open-source programming language for developing scalable web applications. It can be used for both client-side and server-side scripting, where complete programs are written in Opa and subsequently compiled to Nodejs on the server and JavaScript on the client, with the compiler automating all communication between the two. Opa implements strong, static typing, which can be helpful in protecting against security issues such as SQL injections and cross-site scripting attacks. The language was first officially presented at the OWASP conference in 2010, and the source code was released on GitHub in June 2011, under a GNU Affero General Public License. Later, the license changed to the MIT license for the framework part (library) and AGPL for the compiler so that applications written in Opa can be released under any license, proprietary or open source.","Opa, , website, wikipedia, document, France","website: http://opalang.org, documentation: https://github.com/MLstate/opalang/wiki/A-tour-of-Opa, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opa_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+257,SPARC,"SPARC, for Scalable Processor Architecture, is a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) originally developed by Sun Microsystems. Its design was strongly influenced by the experimental Berkeley RISC system developed in the early 1980s. First released in 1987, SPARC was one of the most successful early commercial RISC systems, and its success led to the introduction of similar RISC designs from a number of vendors through the 1980s and 90s. The first implementation of the original 32-bit architecture (SPARC V7) was used in Sun's Sun-4 workstation and server systems, replacing their earlier Sun-3 systems based on the Motorola 68000 series of processors. SPARC V8 added a number of improvements that were part of the SuperSPARC series of processors released in 1992. SPARC V9, released in 1993, introduced a 64-bit architecture and was first released in Sun's UltraSPARC processors in 1995. Later, SPARC processors were used in SMP and CC-NUMA servers produced by Sun, Solbourne and Fujitsu, among others. The design was turned over to the SPARC International trade group in 1989, and since then its architecture has been developed by its members. SPARC International is also responsible for licensing and promoting the SPARC architecture, managing SPARC trademarks (including SPARC, which it owns), and providing conformance testing. SPARC International was intended to grow the SPARC architecture to create a larger ecosystem; SPARC has been licensed to several manufacturers, including Atmel, Bipolar Integrated Technology, Cypress Semiconductor, Fujitsu, Matsushita and Texas Instruments. Due to SPARC International, SPARC is fully open, non-proprietary and royalty-free. By September 2017, the latest commercial high-end SPARC processors are Fujitsu's SPARC64 XII (introduced in 2017 for its SPARC M12 server) and SPARC64 XIfx (introduced in 2015 for its PRIMEHPC FX100 supercomputer); and Oracle's SPARC M8 (introduced in September 2017 for its high-end servers). On Friday, September 1, 2017, after a round of layoffs that started in Oracle Labs in November of 2016, Oracle finally killed off SPARC design after the completion of the M8. Nearly the entire processor core development group in Austin was let go, and the same for the SOC teams in California and Burlington.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC,beginner to advance
+258,SuperCollider,"SuperCollider is an environment and programming language originally released in 1996 by James McCartney for real-time audio synthesis and algorithmic composition. Since then it has been evolving into a system used and further developed by both scientists and artists working with sound. It is an efficient and expressive dynamic programming language providing a framework for acoustic research, algorithmic music, interactive programming and live coding. Released under the terms of the GPLv2 in 2002, SuperCollider is free and open-source software.",,"website: http://supercollider.github.io, documentation: https://doc.sccode.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperCollider",beginner to advance
+259,SystemVerilog,"SystemVerilog, standardized as IEEE 1800, is a hardware description and hardware verification language used to model, design, simulate, test and implement electronic systems. SystemVerilog is based on Verilog and some extensions, and since 2008 Verilog is now part of the same IEEE standard. It is commonly used in the semiconductor and electronic design industry as an evolution of Verilog.",,"documentation: http://courses.eees.dei.unibo.it/LABMPHSENG/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/SystemVerilog_3.1a.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SystemVerilog",beginner to advance
+260,QBasic,"QBasic (Quick Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is an IDE and interpreter for a variety of the BASIC programming language which is based on QuickBASIC. Code entered into the IDE is compiled to an intermediate representation, and this IR is immediately interpreted on demand within the IDE. It can run under nearly all versions of DOS and 32-bit versions of Windows, or through emulation via DOSBox/DOSEMU on Linux, FreeBSD, and 64-bit versions of Windows. (QBasic is a DOS program and requires DOS or a DOS emulator. Windows XP comes with an emulator called DOS Virtual Machine, subsequent versions of Windows require an emulator such as DosBox.) For its time, QBasic provided a state-of-the-art IDE, including a debugger with features such as on-the-fly expression evaluation and code modification. It supports various inbuilt functions. Like QuickBASIC, but unlike earlier versions of Microsoft BASIC, QBasic is a structured programming language, supporting constructs such as subroutines and while loops. Line numbers, a concept often associated with BASIC, are supported for compatibility, but are not considered good form, having been replaced by descriptive line labels. QBasic has limited support for user-defined data types (structures), and several primitive types used to contain strings of text or numeric data.","QBasic, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://hwiegman.home.xs4all.nl/qbasic3.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QBasic",beginner to advance
+261,Clean,"Clean is a general-purpose purely functional computer programming language. For much of the language's active development history it was called Concurrent Clean, but this was dropped at some point.","Clean, , website, wikipedia, document, Netherlands","website: http://clean.cs.ru.nl, documentation: https://wiki.clean.cs.ru.nl/Documentation, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+262,Lean,,"Lean, Leonardo de Moura, website, document, United States","website: http://leanprover.github.io/, documentation: https://leanprover.github.io/documentation/",beginner to advance
+263,SNOBOL,"SNOBOL (StriNg Oriented and symBOlic Language) is a series of computer programming languages developed between 1962 and 1967 at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David J. Farber, Ralph E. Griswold and Ivan P. Polonsky, culminating in SNOBOL4. It was one of a number of text-string-oriented languages developed during the 1950s and 1960s; others included COMIT and TRAC. SNOBOL4 stands apart from most programming languages of its era by having patterns as a first-class data type (i.e. a data type whose values can be manipulated in all ways permitted to any other data type in the programming language) and by providing operators for pattern concatenation and alternation. In later object-oriented languages, such as JavaScript, patterns are a type of object, and admit various manipulations. Further, strings generated during execution can be treated as programs and executed (as in the eval function of other languages). SNOBOL4 was quite widely taught in larger US universities in the late 1960s and early 1970s and was widely used in the 1970s and 1980s as a text manipulation language in the humanities. In the 1980s and 1990s its use faded as newer languages such as AWK and Perl made string manipulation by means of regular expressions fashionable. SNOBOL4 patterns subsume BNF grammars, which are equivalent to context-free grammars and more powerful than regular expressions. The ""regular expressions"" in current versions of AWK and Perl are in fact extensions of regular expressions in the traditional sense, but regular expressions, unlike SNOBOL4 patterns, are not recursive, which gives a distinct computational advantage to SNOBOL4 patterns. (Recursive expressions did appear in Perl 5.10, though, released in December 2007.) One of the designers of SNOBOL, Ralph Griswold, designed successors to SNOBOL4 called SL5 and Icon, which combined the backtracking of SNOBOL4 pattern matching with more standard ALGOL-like structuring, as well as adding some features of their own.","SNOBOL, David J. Farber and Ralph E. Griswold, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://www.snobol4.org, documentation: https://buildmedia.readthedocs.org/media/pdf/snobol/stable/snobol.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOBOL",beginner to advance
+264,Cython,"Cython is a superset of the Python programming language, designed to give C-like performance with code which is mostly written in Python. Cython is a compiled language that generates CPython extension modules. These extension modules can then be loaded and used by regular Python code using the import statement. Cython is written in Python and works on Windows, macOS, and Linux, producing source files compatible with CPython 2.6, 2.7, and 3.3 through 3.7.","Cython, , website, wikipedia, document, Various","website: http://cython.org, documentation: https://cython.readthedocs.io/en/latest/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cython",beginner to advance
+265,RFC,"A Request for Comments (RFC) is a type of publication from the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Society (ISOC), the principal technical development and standards-setting bodies for the Internet. An RFC is authored by engineers and computer scientists in the form of a memorandum describing methods, behaviors, research, or innovations applicable to the working of the Internet and Internet-connected systems. It is submitted either for peer review or simply to convey new concepts, information, or (occasionally) engineering humor. The IETF adopts some of the proposals published as RFCs as Internet Standards. Request for Comments documents were invented by Steve Crocker in 1969 to help record unofficial notes on the development of ARPANET. RFCs have since become official documents of Internet specifications, communications protocols, procedures, and events.","RFC, Steve Crocker, wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://www.ietf.org/standards/rfcs/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments",beginner to advance
+266,Bison,"GNU bison, commonly known as Bison, is a parser generator that is part of the GNU Project. Bison reads a specification of a context-free language, warns about any parsing ambiguities, and generates a parser (either in C, C++, or Java) which reads sequences of tokens and decides whether the sequence conforms to the syntax specified by the grammar. Bison by default generates LALR parsers but can also create GLR parsers. In POSIX mode, Bison is compatible with yacc, but also has several extensions over this earlier program. flex, an automatic lexical analyser, is often used with Bison, to tokenise input data and provide Bison with tokens. Bison was originally written by Robert Corbett in 1985. Later, in 1989, Robert Corbett released another parser generator named Berkeley Yacc. Bison was made Yacc-compatible by Richard Stallman. Bison is free software and is available under the GNU General Public License, with an exception (discussed below) allowing its generated code to be used without triggering the copyleft requirements of the licence.","Bison, , website, reference, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/, reference: https://github.com/babyraging/yash, documentation: https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_bison",beginner to advance
+267,XPath,"XPath (XML Path Language) is a query language for selecting nodes from an XML document. In addition, XPath may be used to compute values (e.g., strings, numbers, or Boolean values) from the content of an XML document. XPath was defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).",,"documentation: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/XPath, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPath",beginner to advance
+268,WebGL,"WebGL (Web Graphics Library) is a JavaScript API for rendering interactive 2D and 3D graphics within any compatible web browser without the use of plug-ins. WebGL is integrated completely into all the web standards of the browser allowing GPU accelerated usage of physics and image processing and effects as part of the web page canvas. WebGL elements can be mixed with other HTML elements and composited with other parts of the page or page background. WebGL programs consist of control code written in JavaScript and shader code that is written in OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL), a language similar to C or C++, and is executed on a computer's graphics processing unit (GPU). WebGL is designed and maintained by the non-profit Khronos Group.",,"website: https://www.khronos.org/webgl/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebGL",beginner to advance
+269,Inform,"Inform is a programming language and design system for interactive fiction originally created in 1993 by Graham Nelson. Inform can generate programs designed for the Z-code or Glulx virtual machines. Versions 1 through 5 were released between 1993 and 1996. Around 1996, Nelson rewrote Inform from first principles to create version 6 (or Inform 6). Over the following decade, version 6 became reasonably stable and a popular language for writing interactive fiction. In 2006, Nelson released Inform 7 (briefly known as Natural Inform), a completely new language based on principles of natural language and a new set of tools based around a book-publishing metaphor.","Inform, Graham Nelson, website, wikipedia, document, United Kingdom","website: http://inform7.com/, documentation: https://ganelson.github.io/inform-website/doc/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inform",beginner to advance
+270,CLIPS,"CLIPS is a public domain software tool for building expert systems.  The name is an acronym for ""C Language Integrated Production System."" The syntax and name was inspired by Charles Forgy's OPS (""Official Production System,"" although there was nothing really official about it). The first versions of CLIPS were developed starting in 1985 at NASA-Johnson Space Center (as an alternative for existing system ART*Inference) until the mid-1990s when the development group's responsibilities ceased to focus on expert system technology. The original name of the project was NASA's AI Language (NAIL). CLIPS is probably the most widely used expert system tool. CLIPS incorporates a complete object-oriented language (hence the acronym COOL) for writing expert systems. CLIPS itself is written in C, extensions can be written in C, and CLIPS can be called from C. Its user interface closely resembles that of the programming language Lisp. COOL combines the programming paradigms of procedural, object oriented and logical (theorem proving) languages.","CLIPS, , website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://www.clipsrules.net/, documentation: https://www.clipsrules.net/Documentation.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLIPS",beginner to advance
+271,Pony,,"Pony, , website, Various",website: https://www.ponylang.org/,beginner to advance
+272,reStructuredText,"reStructuredText (sometimes abbreviated as RST, ReST, or reST) is a file format for textual data used primarily in the Python programming language community for technical documentation. It is part of the Docutils project of the Python Doc-SIG (Documentation Special Interest Group), aimed at creating a set of tools for Python similar to Javadoc for Java or POD for Perl. Docutils can extract comments and information from Python programs, and format them into various forms of program documentation. In this sense, reStructuredText is a lightweight markup language designed to be both (a) processable by documentation-processing software such as Docutils, and (b) easily readable by human programmers who are reading and writing Python source code.","reStructuredText, David Goodger, reference, wikipedia, document, Canada","reference: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html, documentation: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/rst.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReStructuredText",beginner to advance
+273,KiCad Legacy Layout,"KiCad (pronounced ""Key-CAD"") is a free software suite for electronic design automation (EDA). It facilitates the design of schematics for electronic circuits and their conversion to PCB designs. KiCad was originally developed by Jean-Pierre Charras. It features an integrated environment for schematic capture and PCB layout design. Tools exist within the package to create a bill of materials, artwork, Gerber files, and 3D views of the PCB and its components.","KiCad Legacy Layout, , reference, wikipedia, France","reference: http://kicad-pcb.org/help/file-formats/d, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KiCad",beginner to advance
+274,vi,"vi is a screen-oriented text editor originally created for the Unix operating system. The portable subset of the behavior of vi and programs based on it, and the ex editor language supported within these programs, is described by (and thus standardized by) the Single Unix Specification and POSIX.The original code for vi was written by Bill Joy in 1976, as the visual mode for a line editor called ex that Joy had written with Chuck Haley. Bill Joy's ex 1.1 was released as part of the first Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix release in March 1978. It was not until version 2.0 of ex, released as part of Second BSD in May 1979 that the editor was installed under the name ""vi"" (which took users straight into ex's visual mode), and the name by which it is known today. Some current implementations of vi can trace their source code ancestry to Bill Joy; others are completely new, largely compatible reimplementations. The name ""vi"" is derived from the shortest unambiguous abbreviation for the ex command visual, which switches the ex line editor to visual mode. The name is sometimes pronounced  (as in the discrete English letters v and i) and sometimes to rhyme with bye.In addition to various non–free software variants of vi distributed with proprietary implementations of Unix, vi was opensourced with OpenSolaris, and several free and open source software vi clones exist. A 2009 survey of Linux Journal readers found that vi was the most widely used text editor among respondents, beating gedit, the second most widely used editor, by nearly a factor of two (36% to 19%).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi,beginner to advance
+275,RobotFramework,,"RobotFramework, , website, document, Finland","website: http://robotframework.org/, documentation: https://robotframework.org/robotframework/",beginner to advance
+276,PL/pgSQL,"PL/pgSQL (Procedural Language/PostgreSQL) is a procedural programming language supported by the PostgreSQL ORDBMS.  It closely resembles Oracle's PL/SQL language. Implemented by Jan Wieck, PL/pgSQL first appeared with PostgreSQL 6.4, released on October 30, 1998. Version 9 also implements some ISO SQL/PSM features, like overloading of SQL-invoked functions and procedures.PL/pgSQL, as a fully featured programming language, allows much more procedural control than SQL, including the ability to use loops and other control structures. SQL statements and triggers can call functions created in the PL/pgSQL language. The design of PL/pgSQL aimed to allow PostgreSQL users to perform more complex operations and computations than SQL, while providing ease of use. The language is able to be defined as trusted by the server.PL/pgSQL is one of the programming languages included in the standard PostgreSQL distribution, the others being PL/Tcl, PL/Perl and PL/Python. In addition many others are available from third parties, including PL/Java, PL/pgPSM, PL/php, PL/R,  PL/Ruby,PL/sh,  PL/Lua and PL/v8.  PostgreSQL uses Bison as its parser, making it easy to port many open-source languages, as well as to reuse code.","PL/pgSQL, Jan Wieck, wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/plpgsql.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/pgSQL",beginner to advance
+277,Factor,"Factor is a stack-oriented programming language created by Slava Pestov. Factor is dynamically typed and has automatic memory management, as well as powerful metaprogramming features. The language has a single implementation featuring a self-hosted optimizing compiler and an interactive development environment. The Factor distribution includes a large standard library.","Factor, Slava Pestov, website, reference, wikipedia, Unknown","website: https://factorcode.org/, reference: https://docs.google.com/document/d/17IddUbocCQhmx_mCcycij6Dmmn-c0ReZqLWzY-idt-Q/edit, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+278,CMake,"CMake is cross-platform free and open-source software for managing the build process of software using a compiler-independent method. It supports directory hierarchies and applications that depend on multiple libraries. It is used in conjunction with native build environments such as make, Apple's Xcode, and Microsoft Visual Studio. It has minimal dependencies, requiring only a C++ compiler on its own build system.","CMake, , website, reference, wikipedia, United States","website: https://cmake.org/, reference: https://www.jetbrains.com/help/clion/cmakelists-txt-file.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMake",beginner to advance
+279,NumPy,"NumPy (pronounced  (NUM-py) or sometimes  (NUM-pee)) is a library for the Python programming language, adding support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a large collection of high-level mathematical functions to operate on these arrays. The ancestor of NumPy, Numeric, was originally created by Jim Hugunin with contributions from several other developers. In 2005, Travis Oliphant created NumPy by incorporating features of the competing Numarray into Numeric, with extensive modifications. NumPy is open-source software and has many contributors.","NumPy, Travis Oliphant, website, wikipedia, Various","website: http://www.numpy.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NumPy",beginner to advance
+280,Self,"Self is an object-oriented programming language based on the concept of prototypes. Self began as a dialect of Smalltalk, being dynamically typed and using just-in-time compilation (JIT) as well as the prototype-based approach to objects: it was first used as an experimental test system for language design in the 1980s and 1990s. In 2006, Self was still being developed as part of the Klein project, which was a Self virtual machine written fully in Self. The latest version is 2017.1 released in May 2017. Several just-in-time compilation techniques were pioneered and improved in Self research as they were required to allow a very high level object oriented language to perform at up to half the speed of optimized C. Much of the development of Self took place at Sun Microsystems, and the techniques they developed were later deployed for Java's HotSpot virtual machine. At one point a version of Smalltalk was implemented in Self. Because it was able to use the JIT, this also gave extremely good performance.","Self, David Ungar, website, reference, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://www.selflanguage.org, reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ox5P7QyL774, documentation: https://handbook.selflanguage.org/2017.1/index.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+281,Stata,"Stata is a general-purpose statistical software package created in 1985 by StataCorp. Most of its users work in research, especially in the fields of economics, sociology, political science, biomedicine and epidemiology. Stata's capabilities include data management, statistical analysis, graphics, simulations, regression, and custom programming. It also has a system to disseminate user-written programs that lets it grow continuously. The name Stata is a syllabic abbreviation of the words statistics and data. The FAQ for the official forum of Stata insists that the correct English pronunciation of Stata ""must remain a mystery""; any of ""Stay-ta"", ""Sta-ta"" or ""Stah-ta"" are considered acceptable. There are four major builds of each version of Stata: Stata/MP for multiprocessor computers (including dual-core and multicore processors) Stata/SE for large databases Stata/IC, which is the standard version Numerics by Stata, supports any of the data sizes listed above in an embedded environment Small Stata, which was the smaller, student version for educational purchase only is no longer available.",,"website: https://www.stata.com/, reference: http://www.haghish.com/statistics/stata-blog/stata-programming/ssc_stata_package_list.php, documentation: https://www.stata.com/features/documentation/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stata",beginner to advance
+282,Multi-User Forth,"TinyMUCK or, more broadly, a MUCK, is a type of user-extendable online text-based role-playing game, designed for role playing and social interaction. Backronyms like ""Multi-User Chat/Created/Computer/Character/Carnal Kingdom"" and ""Multi-User Construction Kit"" are sometimes cited, but are not the actual origin of the term; ""muck"" is simply a play on the term MUD.","Multi-User Forth, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://mud.fandom.com/wiki/MUF_(programming_language), wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUF_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+283,Sublime Text,"Sublime Text is a proprietary cross-platform source code editor with a Python application programming interface (API). It natively supports many programming languages and markup languages, and functions can be added by users with plugins, typically community-built and maintained under free-software licenses.",,"website: http://www.sublimetext.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublime_Text",beginner to advance
+284,Nextflow,,"Nextflow, , website, document, Sweden and Spain and Brazil and South Africa","website: http://nextflow.io, documentation: https://www.nextflow.io/docs/latest/index.html",beginner to advance
+285,JSON5,,"JSON5, Aseem Kishore, website, document, United States","website: https://json5.org/, documentation: https://json5.org/",beginner to advance
+286,SI,"The International System of Units (abbreviated as SI, from the French Système international (d'unités)) is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement. It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built on seven base units and a set of twenty prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying multiples and fractions of the units. The system also specifies lowercase names for 22 derived units. The system was published in 1960 as a result of an initiative that began in 1948. It is based on the metre–kilogram–second system of units (MKS) rather than any variant of the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS). SI is intended to be an evolving system, so prefixes and units are created and unit definitions are modified through international agreement as the technology of measurement progresses and the precision of measurements improves. The 24th and 25th General Conferences on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 2011 and 2014, for example, discussed a proposal to change the definition of the kilogram, linking it to an invariant of nature rather than to the mass of a material artefact, thereby ensuring long-term stability. The motivation for the development of the SI was the diversity of units that had sprung up within the CGS systems and the lack of coordination between the various disciplines that used them. The CGPM, which was established by the Metre Convention of 1875, brought together many international organisations to not only agree on the definitions and standards of the new system but also agree on the rules for writing and presenting measurements in a standardised manner around the world. The International System of Units has been adopted by all developed countries except the United States.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units,beginner to advance
+287,Pike,"Pike is an interpreted, general-purpose, high-level, cross-platform, dynamic programming language, with a syntax similar to that of C. Unlike many other dynamic languages, Pike is both statically and dynamically typed, and requires explicit type definitions. It features a flexible type system that allows the rapid development and flexible code of dynamically typed languages, while still providing some of the benefits of a statically typed language. Pike features garbage collection, advanced data types, and first-class anonymous functions, with support for many programming paradigms, including object-oriented, functional and imperative programming. Pike is free software, released under the GPL, LGPL and MPL licenses.","Pike, Fredrik Hübinette, website, wikipedia, document, Sweden","website: https://pike.lysator.liu.se/, documentation: https://pike.lysator.liu.se/docs/man/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+288,grep,"grep is a command-line utility for searching plain-text data sets for lines that match a regular expression. Its name comes from the ed command g/re/p (globally search a regular expression and print), which has the same effect: doing a global search with the regular expression and printing all matching lines. Grep was originally developed for the Unix operating system, but later available for all Unix-like systems.","grep, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/grep.1.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grep",beginner to advance
+289,Deno,,"Deno, Ryan Dahl, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://deno.land/, documentation: https://deno.land/manual@v1.27.1/introduction, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deno_(software)",beginner to advance
+290,Metal,"Metal is a low-level, low-overhead hardware-accelerated 3D graphic and compute shader application programming interface (API) developed by Apple Inc., and which debuted in iOS 8. Metal combines functions similar to OpenGL and OpenCL under one API. It is intended to bring to iOS, macOS, and tvOS apps some of the performance benefits of similar APIs on other platforms, such as Vulkan (which debuted in mid-February 2016) and DirectX 12.  Metal is an object-oriented API that can be invoked using the Swift or Objective-C programming languages.  Full-blown control of the Metal framework (as well as the related MetalKit framework) is accessible via the Metal Unified Graphics and Compute Language. According to Apple promotional materials: ""Metal is a C++ based programming language that developers can use to write code that is executed on the GPU for graphics and general-purpose data-parallel computations. Since Metal is based on C++, developers will find it familiar and easy to use. With Metal, both graphics and compute programs can be written with a single, unified language, which allows tighter integration between the two.""","Metal, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_(API),beginner to advance
+291,EDN,,"EDN, , document, Unknown","documentation: https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/edn/#:~:text=Extensible%20Data%20Notation%20(EDN)%20is,restricted%20to%20data%2C%20no%20code.",beginner to advance
+292,PL/I,"PL/I (Programming Language One, pronounced ) is a procedural, imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, business and system programming uses. It has been used by various academic, commercial and industrial organizations since it was introduced in the 1960s, and continues to be actively used. PL/I's main domains are data processing, numerical computation, scientific computing, and system programming; it supports recursion, structured programming, linked data structure handling, fixed-point, floating-point, complex, character string handling, and bit string handling. The language syntax is English-like and suited for describing complex data formats, with a wide set of functions available to verify and manipulate them.",,"documentation: https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/SSY2V3_5.1.0/com.ibm.ent.pl1.zos.doc/lrm.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/I",beginner to advance
+293,Isabelle,"The Isabelle theorem prover is an interactive theorem prover, a Higher Order Logic (HOL) theorem prover. It is an LCF-style theorem prover (written in Standard ML), so it is based on a small logical core to ease logical correctness. Isabelle is generic: it provides a meta-logic (a weak type theory), which is used to encode object logics like first-order logic (FOL), higher-order logic (HOL) or Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC). Isabelle's main proof method is a higher-order version of resolution, based on higher-order unification. Though interactive, Isabelle also features efficient automatic reasoning tools, such as a term rewriting engine and a tableaux prover, as well as various decision procedures.  Isabelle has been used to formalize numerous theorems from mathematics and computer science, like Gödel's completeness theorem, Gödel's theorem about the consistency of the axiom of choice, the prime number theorem, correctness of security protocols, and properties of programming language semantics. The Isabelle theorem prover is free software, released under the revised BSD license. Isabelle was named by Lawrence Paulson after Gérard Huet's daughter.","Isabelle, , website, reference, wikipedia, United Kingdom and Germany","website: http://isabelle.in.tum.de/, reference: https://books.google.com/books?id=xwdqCQAAQBAJ&dq=isabelle+language+proof&lr=, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_(proof_assistant)",beginner to advance
+294,WSDL,"The Web Services Description Language (WSDL ) is an XML-based interface definition language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a web service. The acronym is also used for any specific WSDL description of a web service (also referred to as a WSDL file), which provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects, and what data structures it returns. Therefore, its purpose is roughly similar to that of a method signature in a programming language. The current version of WSDL is WSDL 2.0. The meaning of the acronym has changed from version 1.1 where the ""D"" stood for ""Definition"".",,"documentation: https://www.w3.org/TR/2001/NOTE-wsdl-20010315, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Services_Description_Language",beginner to advance
+295,Gzip,"gzip is a file format and a software application used for file compression and decompression. The program was created by Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler as a free software replacement for the compress program used in early Unix systems, and intended for use by GNU (the ""g"" is from ""GNU""). Version 0.1 was first publicly released on 31 October 1992, and version 1.0 followed in February 1993.",,"website: http://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gzip",beginner to advance
+296,NetLogo,NetLogo is an agent-based programming language and integrated modeling environment.,"NetLogo, Uri Wilensky, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetLogo",beginner to advance
+297,D3.js,"D3.js (or just D3 for Data-Driven Documents) is a JavaScript library for producing dynamic, interactive data visualizations in web browsers. It makes use of the widely implemented SVG, HTML5, and CSS standards. It is the successor to the earlier Protovis framework. In contrast to many other libraries, D3.js allows great control over the final visual result. Its development was noted in 2011, as version 2.0.0 was released in August 2011.D3.js is used on hundreds of thousands of websites. Some popular uses include creating interactive graphics for online news websites, information dashboards for viewing data, and producing maps from GIS map making data. In addition, the exportable nature of SVG enables graphics created by D3 to be used in print publications.","D3.js, Mike Bostock, website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://d3js.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D3.js",beginner to advance
+298,Magit,,"Magit, Marius Vollmer, website, reference, wikipedia, document, Unknown","website: https://magit.vc/, reference: https://github.com/magit/magit#readme, documentation: https://magit.vc/manual/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magit",beginner to advance
+299,API Blueprint,,"API Blueprint, , website, document, United States","website: https://apiblueprint.org, documentation: https://apiblueprint.org/documentation/",beginner to advance
+300,MiniD,"The MiniD (has been renamed Croc) programming language is a small, lightweight, extension language in the vein of Lua or Squirrel, but designed to be used mainly with the D programming language.  It supports both object-oriented and imperative programming paradigms, as well as some simple functional aspects. Distributed under the licence of zlib/libpng, MiniD is free software.","MiniD, Jarrett Billingsley, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.dsource.org/projects/minid, wikipedia: https://web.archive.org/web/20190311032913/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniD",beginner to advance
+301,RAML,,"RAML, , website, document, United States","website: http://raml.org/spec.html, documentation: https://raml.org/developers/document-your-api",beginner to advance
+303,Perl 6,"Perl 6 (also known as Raku) is a member of the Perl family of programming languages.While historically several interpreter and compiler implementations were being written, today only the Rakudo Perl 6 implementation is in active development. It is introducing elements of many modern and historical languages. Compatibility with Perl 5 is not a goal, though a compatibility mode is part of the specification. The design process for Perl 6 began in 2000. In February 2015 a post on The Perl Foundation blog stated that ""The Perl6 team will attempt to get a development release of version 1.0 available for Larry's birthday in September and a Version 1.0 release by Christmas"", and on 25 December 2015, the first stable version of the specification was announced.Development on Pugs, the first high-traction implementation, began in 2005, and there have been multiple Perl 6 implementation projects. Rakudo Perl 6 is based on NQP (Not Quite Perl) and can use MoarVM or the Java Virtual Machine as a runtime environment, and releases a new version every month (including precompiled GNU/Linux packages); in July 2010, the project released the first Rakudo Star distribution, a collection of a Perl 6 implementation and related materials. Larry Wall maintains a reference grammar known as STD.pm6, written in Perl 6 and bootstrapped with Perl 5.","Perl 6, Larry Wall, website, wikipedia, Various","website: https://perl6.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl_6",beginner to advance
+304,Extensible Linking Format,"In computing, the Executable and Linkable Format (ELF, formerly named Extensible Linking Format), is a common standard file format for executable files, object code, shared libraries, and core dumps. First published in the specification for the application binary interface (ABI) of the Unix operating system version named System V Release 4 (SVR4), and later in the Tool Interface Standard, it was quickly accepted among different vendors of Unix systems. In 1999, it was chosen as the standard binary file format for Unix and Unix-like systems on x86 processors by the 86open project. By design, ELF is flexible, extensible, and cross-platform, not bound to any given central processing unit (CPU) or instruction set architecture. This has allowed it to be adopted by many different operating systems on many different hardware platforms.","Extensible Linking Format, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format,beginner to advance
+306,Click,,"Click, , website, document, United States","website: https://github.com/kohler/click/wiki/Language, documentation: https://click.palletsprojects.com/en/8.1.x/",beginner to advance
+307,New Technology File System,"NTFS (New Technology File System) is a proprietary file system developed by Microsoft. Starting with Windows NT 3.1, it is the default file system of the Windows NT family.NTFS has several technical improvements over the file systems that it superseded – File Allocation Table (FAT) and High Performance File System (HPFS) – such as improved support for metadata and advanced data structures to improve performance, reliability, and disk space use. Additional extensions are a more elaborate security system based on access control lists (ACLs) and file system journaling. NTFS is supported in other desktop and server operating systems as well. Linux and BSD have a free and open-source NTFS driver, called NTFS-3G, with both read and write functionality. macOS comes with read-only support for NTFS; its disabled-by-default write support for NTFS is unstable.","New Technology File System, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS,beginner to advance
+308,ATS,"ATS (Applied Type System) is a programming language designed to unify programming with formal specification. ATS has support for combining theorem proving with practical programming through the use of advanced type systems. A past version of The Computer Language Benchmarks Game has demonstrated that the performance of ATS is comparable to that of the C and C++ programming languages. By using theorem proving and strict type checking, the compiler can detect and prove that its implemented functions are not susceptible to bugs such as division by zero, memory leaks, buffer overflow, and other forms of memory corruption by verifying pointer arithmetic and reference counting before the program compiles. Additionally, by using the integrated theorem-proving system of ATS (ATS/LF), the programmer may make use of static constructs that are intertwined with the operative code to prove that a function attains its specification.","ATS, Hongwei Xi, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.ats-lang.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATS_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+309,AutoLISP,"AutoLISP is a dialect of the LISP programming language built specifically for use with the full version of AutoCAD and its derivatives, which include AutoCAD Map 3D, AutoCAD Architecture and AutoCAD Mechanical. Neither the application programming interface nor the interpreter to execute AutoLISP code are included in the AutoCAD LT product line.","AutoLISP, David Betz, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoLISP,beginner to advance
+310,S-algol,"S-algol (St Andrews Algol) is a computer programming language derivative of ALGOL 60 developed at the University of St Andrews in 1979 by Ron Morrison and Tony Davie. The language is a modification of ALGOL to contain orthogonal data types that Morrison created for his PhD thesis.  Morrison would go on to become professor at the university and head of the department of computer science. The S-algol language was used for teaching at the university at an undergraduate level until 1999. It was also the language taught for several years in the 1980s at a local school in St. Andrews, Madras College. The computer science text Recursive Descent Compiling describes a recursive descent compiler for S-algol, using S-algol as the implementation language. PS-algol is a persistent derivative of S-algol.  It was developed around 1981 at the Universities of Edinburgh and St Andrews.  It supports database capability by providing for longevity of data in the form of a persistent heap that survives termination of PS-algol programs.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-algol,beginner to advance
+312,IA-32,"IA-32 (short for ""Intel Architecture, 32-bit"", sometimes also called i386) is the 32-bit version of the x86 instruction set architecture, first implemented in the Intel 80386 microprocessors in 1985. IA-32 is the first incarnation of x86 that supports 32-bit computing; as a result, the ""IA-32"" term may be used as a metonym to refer to all x86 versions that support 32-bit computing. The IA-32 instruction set was introduced in the Intel 80386 microprocessor in 1985 and, as of 2017, remains supported by contemporary PC microprocessors. Even though the instruction set has remained intact, the successive generations of microprocessors that run it have become much faster. Within various programming language directives, IA-32 is still sometimes referred to as the ""i386"" architecture. Intel is the inventor and the biggest supplier of IA-32 processors, and the second biggest supplier is AMD. For a while, VIA, Transmeta and others also produced IA-32 processors, but since the 2000s all manufacturers moved to the 64-bit variant of x86, x86-64.","IA-32, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: http://flint.cs.yale.edu/cs422/doc/24547212.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-32",beginner to advance
+313,Csound,"Csound is a computer programming language for sound, also known as a sound compiler or an audio programming language, or more precisely, an audio DSL. It is called Csound because it is written in C, as opposed to some of its predecessors. It is free software, available under the LGPL. Csound was originally written at MIT by Barry Vercoe in 1985, based on his earlier system called Music 11, which in its turn followed the MUSIC-N model initiated by Max Mathews at the Bell Labs.  Its development continued throughout the 1990s and 2000s, led by John ffitch at the University of Bath.  The first documented version 5 release is version 5.01 on March 18, 2006.  Many developers have contributed to it, most notably Istvan Varga, Gabriel Maldonado, Robin Whittle, Richard Karpen, Michael Gogins, Matt Ingalls,  Steven Yi, Richard Boulanger, and Victor Lazzarini. Developed over many years, it currently has nearly 1700 unit generators.  One of its greatest strengths is that it is completely modular and extensible by the user.  Csound is closely related to the underlying language for the Structured Audio extensions to MPEG-4, SAOL.","Csound, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://csound.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csound",beginner to advance
+314,OpenRC runscript,,"OpenRC runscript, Roy Marples, reference, England",reference: http://www.linuxhowtos.org/manpages/8/openrc-run.htm,beginner to advance
+315,F*,"F* (pronounced F star) is a functional programming language inspired by ML and aimed at program verification. Its type system includes dependent types, monadic effects, and refinement types. This allows expressing precise specifications for programs, including functional correctness and security properties. The F* type-checker aims to prove that programs meet their specifications using a combination of SMT solving and manual proofs. Programs written in F* can be translated to OCaml, F#, and C for execution. Previous versions of F* could also be translated to JavaScript. The latest version of F* is written entirely in a common subset of F* and F#, and bootstraps in OCaml and F#. It is open source (under the Apache 2.0 License) and is under active development on GitHub.","F*, , website, wikipedia, document, Unknown","website: https://www.fstar-lang.org/, documentation: http://www.fstar-lang.org/tutorial/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F*_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+316,Ini,"The INI file format is an informal standard for configuration files for some platforms or software. INI files are simple text files with a basic structure composed of sections, properties, and values. In MS-DOS and 16-bit Windows platforms up through Windows ME, the INI file served as the primary mechanism to configure operating system and installed applications features, such as device drivers, fonts, startup launchers, and things that needed to be initialized in booting Windows. INI files were also generally used by applications to store their individual settings. Starting with Windows NT, Microsoft favored the use of the registry, and began to steer developers away from using INI files for configuration. All subsequent versions of Windows have used the Windows Registry for system configuration, and applications built on the .NET Framework use special XML .config files. The APIs still exist in Windows, however, and developers may still use them. The name ""INI file"" comes from the commonly used filename extension .INI, which stands for ""initialization"". Other common initialization file extensions are .CFG, .conf, and .TXT, especially CONFIG.SYS and 'config.txt' occurrences. Linux and Unix systems also use a similar file format for system configuration. In addition, platform-agnostic software may use this file format for configuration. It is human-readable and simple to parse, so it is a usable format for configuration files that do not require much greater complexity. For example, the platform-agnostic PHP uses the INI format for its ""php.ini"" configuration file in both Windows and Linux systems. Desktop.ini files determine how a folder is displayed by Windows, such as the icon used by that folder.","Ini, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INI_file,beginner to advance
+317,Sass,"Sass (syntactically awesome stylesheets) is a style sheet language initially designed by Hampton Catlin and developed by Natalie Weizenbaum. After its initial versions, Weizenbaum and Chris Eppstein continued to extend Sass with SassScript, a simple scripting language used in Sass files. Sass is a scripting language that is interpreted or compiled into Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). SassScript is the scripting language itself. Sass consists of two syntaxes. The original syntax, called ""the indented syntax"", uses a syntax similar to Haml. It uses indentation to separate code blocks and newline characters to separate rules. The newer syntax, ""SCSS"", uses block formatting like that of CSS. It uses braces to denote code blocks and semicolons to separate lines within a block. The indented syntax and SCSS files are traditionally given the extensions .sass and .scss, respectively. CSS3 consists of a series of selectors and pseudo-selectors that group rules that apply to them. Sass (in the larger context of both syntaxes) extends CSS by providing several mechanisms available in more traditional programming languages, particularly object-oriented languages, but that are not available to CSS3 itself. When SassScript is interpreted, it creates blocks of CSS rules for various selectors as defined by the Sass file. The Sass interpreter translates SassScript into CSS. Alternatively, Sass can monitor the .sass or .scss file and translate it to an output .css file whenever the .sass or .scss file is saved. Sass is simply syntactic sugar for CSS. The official implementation of Sass is open-source and coded in Ruby; however, other implementations exist, including PHP, and a high-performance implementation in C called libSass. There's also a Java implementation called JSass. Additionally, Vaadin has a Java implementation of Sass. The indented syntax is a metalanguage. SCSS is a nested metalanguage, as valid CSS is valid SCSS with the same semantics. Sass supports integration with the Firefox extension Firebug. SassScript provides the following mechanisms: variables, nesting, mixins, and selector inheritance.",,"website: http://sass-lang.com/, documentation: https://sass-lang.com/documentation/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sass_(stylesheet_language)",beginner to advance
+318,Turtle,"Terse RDF Triple Language (Turtle) is a syntax and file format for expressing data in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) data model. Turtle syntax is similar to that of SPARQL, an RDF query language. RDF represents information using semantic triples, which comprise a subject, predicate, and object. Each item in the triple is expressed as a Web URI. Turtle provides a way to group three URIs to make a triple, and provides ways to abbreviate such information, for example by factoring out common portions of URIs. For example:   <http://example.org/person/Mark_Twain>     <http://example.org/relation/author>     <http://example.org/books/Huckleberry_Finn> .",,"documentation: https://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)",beginner to advance
+319,Lex,"Lex is a computer program that generates lexical analyzers (""scanners"" or ""lexers""). Lex is commonly used with the yacc parser generator. Lex, originally written by Mike Lesk and Eric Schmidt and described in 1975, is the standard lexical analyzer generator on many Unix systems, and an equivalent tool is specified as part of the POSIX standard. Lex reads an input stream specifying the lexical analyzer and outputs source code implementing the lexer in the C programming language.","Lex, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://github.com/babyraging/yash, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_(software)",beginner to advance
+320,Subversion,"Apache Subversion (often abbreviated SVN, after its command name svn) is a software versioning and revision control system distributed as open source under the Apache License. Software developers use Subversion to maintain current and historical versions of files such as source code, web pages, and documentation. Its goal is to be a mostly compatible successor to the widely used Concurrent Versions System (CVS). The open source community has used Subversion widely: for example in projects such as Apache Software Foundation, Free Pascal, FreeBSD, GCC and SourceForge. CodePlex offers access to Subversion as well as to other types of clients. Subversion was created by CollabNet Inc. in 2000, and is now a top-level Apache project being built and used by a global community of contributors.",,"website: http://subversion.apache.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Subversion",beginner to advance
+321,Gnuplot,"gnuplot is a command-line program that can generate two- and three-dimensional plots of functions, data, and data fits. It is frequently used for publication-quality graphics as well as in education. The program runs on all major computers and operating systems (Linux, Unix, Microsoft Windows, macOS, and others). It is a program with a fairly long history, dating back to 1986. Despite its name, this software is not part of the GNU project.","Gnuplot, , website, wikipedia, Various","website: http://gnuplot.info/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnuplot",beginner to advance
+322,Xojo,"The Xojo programming environment is developed and commercially marketed by Xojo, Inc. of Austin, Texas for software development targeting macOS, Microsoft Windows, Linux, iOS, the Web and Raspberry Pi. Xojo uses a proprietary object-oriented BASIC dialect, also known as Xojo.",,"website: http://xojo.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xojo",beginner to advance
+323,npm,"npm is a package manager for the JavaScript programming language. It is the default package manager for the JavaScript runtime environment Node.js. It consists of a command line client, also called npm, and an online database of public and paid-for private packages, called the npm registry. The registry is accessed via the client, and the available packages can be browsed and searched via the npm website. The package manager and the registry are managed by npm, Inc.","npm, Isaac Z. Schlueter, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://npmjs.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Npm_(software)",beginner to advance
+324,AGC,"The Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) was a digital computer produced for the Apollo program that was installed on board each Apollo Command Module (CM) and Lunar Module (LM). The AGC provided computation and electronic interfaces for guidance, navigation, and control of the spacecraft. The AGC has a 16-bit word length, with 15 data bits and one parity bit. Most of the software on the AGC is stored in a special read-only memory known as core rope memory, fashioned by weaving wires through magnetic cores, though a small amount of read-write core memory is available. Astronauts communicated with the AGC using a numeric display and keyboard called the DSKY (DiSplay&KeYboard, pronounced 'DISS-key'). The AGC and its DSKY user interface were developed in the early 1960s for the Apollo program by the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory and first flew in 1966. The AGC was one of the first integrated circuit-based computers. The computer's performance was comparable to the first generation of home computers from the late 1970s, such as the Apple II, TRS-80, and Commodore PET.","AGC, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://www.ibiblio.org/apollo/assembly_language_manual.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer",beginner to advance
+325,Morse code,"Morse code is a character encoding scheme used in telecommunication that encodes text characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations called dots and dashes  or dits and dahs. Morse code is named for Samuel F. B. Morse, an inventor of the telegraph. The International Morse Code encodes the ISO basic Latin alphabet, some extra Latin letters, the Arabic numerals and a small set of punctuation and procedural signals (prosigns). Each Morse code symbol is formed by a sequence of dots and dashes. The dot duration is the basic unit of time measurement in Morse code transmission. The duration of a dash is three times the duration of a dot. Each dot or dash within a character is followed by period of signal absence, called a space, equal to the dot duration. The letters of a word are separated by a space of duration equal to three dots, and the words are separated by a space equal to seven dots. To increase the efficiency of encoding, Morse code was designed so that the length of each symbol is approximately inverse to the frequency of occurrence in text of the English language character that it represents. Thus the most common letter in English, the letter ""E"", has the shortest code: a single dot. Because the Morse code elements are specified by proportion rather than specific time durations, the code is usually transmitted at the highest rate that the receiver is capable of decoding. The Morse code transmission rate (speed) is specified in groups per minute, commonly referred to as words per minute.Morse code is usually transmitted by on-off keying of an information carrying medium such as electric current, radio waves, visible light or sound waves.  The current or wave is present during time period of the dot or dash and absent during the time between dots and dashes.Morse code can be memorized, and Morse code signalling in a form perceptible to the human senses, such as sound waves or visible light, can be directly interpreted by persons trained in the skill.Because many non-English natural languages use other than the 26 Roman letters, Morse alphabets have been developed for those languages.  In an emergency, Morse code can be generated by improvised methods such as turning a light on and off, tapping on an object or sounding a horn or whistle, making it one of the simplest and most versatile methods of telecommunication. The most common distress signal is SOS – three dots, three dashes, and three dots – internationally recognized by treaty.","Morse code, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://morsecode.readthedocs.io/en/latest/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code",beginner to advance
+326,FoxPRO,"FoxPro was a text-based procedurally oriented programming language and database management system (DBMS), and it is also an object-oriented programming language, originally published by Fox Software and later by Microsoft, for MS-DOS, Windows, Macintosh, and UNIX. The final published release of FoxPro was 2.6.  Development continued under the Visual FoxPro label, which in turn was discontinued in 2007. FoxPro was derived from FoxBase (Fox Software, Perrysburg, Ohio), which was in turn derived from dBase III (Ashton-Tate) and dBase II.  dBase II was the first commercial version of a database program written by Wayne Ratliff, called Vulcan, running on CP/M. FoxPro is both a DBMS and a relational database management system (RDBMS), since it extensively supports multiple relationships between multiple DBF files (tables).  However it lacks transactional processing. After they acquired Fox Software in its entirety in 1992, FoxPro was sold and supported by Microsoft.  At that time there was an active worldwide community of FoxPro users and programmers. FoxPro 2.6 for UNIX (FPU26) has even been successfully installed on Linux and FreeBSD using the Intel Binary Compatibility Standard (ibcs2) support library.","FoxPRO, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FoxPro,beginner to advance
+328,ClojureScript,,"ClojureScript, , website, Various",website: https://clojurescript.org/,beginner to advance
+329,Ioke,"Ioke is a dynamic, strongly typed, prototype-based programming language targeting the Java Virtual Machine and the Common Language Runtime. It was designed by Ola Bini, a developer of JRuby. It has a very simple homoiconic syntax, somewhat similar to Io.","Ioke, Ola Bini, website, reference, wikipedia, document, Ecuador","website: http://ioke.org, reference: https://ioke.org/wiki/index.php/Guide, documentation: https://ioke.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioke_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+330,Java Bytecode,Java bytecode is the instruction set of the Java virtual machine (JVM).,"Java Bytecode, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se7/html/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_bytecode",beginner to advance
+331,S-expressions,"In computing, s-expressions, sexprs or sexps (for ""symbolic expression"") are a notation for nested list (tree-structured) data, invented for and popularized by the programming language Lisp, which uses them for source code as well as data. In the usual parenthesized syntax of Lisp, an s-expression is classically defined as an atom, or an expression of the form (x . y) where x and y are s-expressions. The second, recursive part of the definition represents an ordered pair so that s-exprs are effectively binary trees. The definition of an atom varies per context; in the original definition by John McCarthy, it was assumed that there existed ""an infinite set of distinguishable atomic symbols"" represented as ""strings of capital Latin letters and digits with single embedded blanks"" (i.e., character string and numeric literals). Most modern sexpr notations in addition use an abbreviated notation to represent lists in s-expressions, so that (x y z) stands for (x . (y . (z . NIL))) where NIL is the special end-of-list object (alternatively written (), which is the only representation in Scheme). In the Lisp family of programming languages, s-expressions are used to represent both source code and data. Other uses of S-expressions are in Lisp-derived languages such as DSSSL, and as mark-up in communications protocols like IMAP and John McCarthy's CBCL. The details of the syntax and supported data types vary in the different languages, but the most common feature among these languages is the use of S-expressions and prefix notation.",,"reference: https://dev-docs.kicad.org/en/components/sexpr/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-expression",beginner to advance
+332,INTERCAL,"The Compiler Language With No Pronounceable Acronym, abbreviated INTERCAL, is an esoteric programming language that was created as a parody by Don Woods and James M. Lyon, two Princeton University students, in 1972. It satirizes aspects of the various programming languages at the time, as well as the proliferation of proposed language constructs and notations in the 1960s. There are two currently maintained versions of INTERCAL: C-INTERCAL, maintained by Eric S. Raymond, and CLC-INTERCAL, maintained by Claudio Calvelli.","INTERCAL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INTERCAL,beginner to advance
+333,E,"E is an object-oriented programming language for secure distributed computing, created by Mark S. Miller, Dan Bornstein, and others at Electric Communities in 1997.  E is mainly descended from the concurrent language Joule and from Original-E, a set of extensions to Java for secure distributed programming.  E combines message-based computation with Java-like syntax.  A concurrency model based on event loops and promises ensures that deadlock can never occur.","E, Mark S. Miller, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://erights.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+334,CodeMirror,CodeMirror is a JavaScript component that provides a code editor in the browser. It has a rich programming API and a focus on extensibility.,"CodeMirror, Marijn Haverbeke, website, wikipedia, Germany","website: https://codemirror.net/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CodeMirror",beginner to advance
+335,Wren,,"Wren, Bob Nystrom, website, reference, United States","website: https://wren.io/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=23660464",beginner to advance
+336,Alloy,"In computer science and software engineering, Alloy is a declarative specification language for expressing complex structural constraints and behavior in a software system. Alloy provides a simple structural modeling tool based on first-order logic. Alloy is targeted at the creation of micro-models that can then be automatically checked for correctness. Alloy specifications can be checked using the alloy analyzer. Although Alloy is designed with automatic analysis in mind, Alloy differs from many specification languages designed for model-checking in that it permits the definition of infinite models. The Alloy Analyzer is designed to perform finite scope checks even on infinite models. The Alloy language and analyzer are developed by a team led by Daniel Jackson at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States.",,"website: http://alloytools.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy_(specification_language)",beginner to advance
+337,odin,,"odin, , website, document, The Netherlands and Denmark and Sweden and United States and Germany","website: https://odin-lang.org, documentation: https://odin-lang.org/docs/",beginner to advance
+338,AXIOM,"An axiom or postulate is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments. The word comes from the Greek axíōma (ἀξίωμα) 'that which is thought worthy or fit' or 'that which commends itself as evident.'The term has subtle differences in definition when used in the context of different fields of study. As defined in classic philosophy, an axiom is a statement that is so evident or well-established, that it is accepted without controversy or question. As used in modern logic, an axiom is a premise or starting point for reasoning.As used in mathematics, the term axiom is used in two related but distinguishable senses: ""logical axioms"" and ""non-logical axioms"". Logical axioms are usually statements that are taken to be true within the system of logic they define (e.g., (A and B) implies A), often shown in symbolic form, while non-logical axioms (e.g., a + b = b + a) are actually substantive assertions about the elements of the domain of a specific mathematical theory (such as arithmetic). When used in the latter sense, ""axiom"", ""postulate"", and ""assumption"" may be used interchangeably. In general, a non-logical axiom is not a self-evident truth, but rather a formal logical expression used in deduction to build a mathematical theory.  To axiomatize a system of knowledge is to show that its claims can be derived from a small, well-understood set of sentences (the axioms). There are typically multiple ways to axiomatize a given mathematical domain. Any axiom is a statement that serves as a starting point from which other statements are logically derived.  Whether it is meaningful (and, if so, what it means) for an axiom to be ""true"" is a subject of debate in the philosophy of mathematics.","AXIOM, , reference, wikipedia, document, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5aa0cc98cc623c61d77cd900dbacc21d921152a3, documentation: https://axm.dev/language.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom",beginner to advance
+339,LiveScript,"LiveScript is a functional programming language that compiles to JavaScript. It was created by Jeremy Ashkenas—the creator of CoffeeScript—along with Satoshi Muramaki, George Zahariev, and many others. For a brief period in the 1990s, LiveScript was the name of JavaScript.","LiveScript, Jeremy Ashkenas and Satoshi Murakami and George Zahariev, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveScript_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+340,RDoc,"RDoc, designed by Dave Thomas, is an embedded documentation generator for the Ruby programming language. It analyzes Ruby source code, generating a structured collection of pages for Ruby objects and methods. Code comments can be added in a natural style. RDoc is included as part of the Ruby core distribution. The RDoc software and format are successors to the Ruby Document format (with associated software RD). RDoc can produce usable documentation even if the target source code does not contain explicit comments as it will still parse the classes, modules, and methods, and list them in the generated API files. RDoc also provides the engine for creating Ruby ri data files, providing access to API information from the command line. RDoc and ri are currently maintained by Eric Hodel and Ryan Davis.","RDoc, , website, wikipedia, Japan","website: https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDoc",beginner to advance
+341,CSP,"In computer science, communicating sequential processes (CSP) is a formal language for describing patterns of interaction in concurrent systems. It is a member of the family of mathematical theories of concurrency known as process algebras, or process calculi, based on message passing via channels. CSP was highly influential in the design of the occam programming language, and also influenced the design of programming languages such as Limbo, RaftLib, Go, Crystal, and Clojure's core.async. CSP was first described in a 1978 paper by Tony Hoare, but has since evolved substantially. CSP has been practically applied in industry as a tool for specifying and verifying the concurrent aspects of a variety of different systems, such as the T9000 Transputer, as well as a secure ecommerce system. The theory of CSP itself is also still the subject of active research, including work to increase its range of practical applicability (e.g., increasing the scale of the systems that can be tractably analyzed).","CSP, , wikipedia, document, United Kingdom","documentation: https://aiochan.readthedocs.io/en/latest/csp.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicating_sequential_processes",beginner to advance
+342,Modelica,"Modelica is an object-oriented, declarative, multi-domain modeling language for component-oriented modeling of complex systems, e.g., systems containing mechanical, electrical, electronic, hydraulic, thermal, control, electric power or process-oriented subcomponents. The free Modelica language is developed by the non-profit Modelica Association. The Modelica Association also develops the free Modelica Standard Library that contains about 1360 generic model components and 1280 functions in various domains, as of version 3.2.1.","Modelica, , website, reference, wikipedia, Sweden","website: http://www.modelica.org/, reference: https://modelica.readthedocs.io/en/latest/lexical.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelica",beginner to advance
+343,Gradle,,"Gradle, , website, Various",website: https://gradle.org,beginner to advance
+344,Embedded Crystal,,"Embedded Crystal, , website, reference, Argentina","website: https://manas.tech, reference: https://crystal-lang.org/api/0.22.0/ECR.html",beginner to advance
+345,Office Open XML,"Office Open XML (also informally known as OOXML or Microsoft Open XML (MOX)) is a zipped, XML-based file format developed by Microsoft for representing spreadsheets, charts, presentations and word processing documents. The format was initially standardized by Ecma (as ECMA-376), and by the ISO and IEC (as ISO/IEC 29500) in later versions. Starting with Microsoft Office 2007, the Office Open XML file formats have become the default target file format of Microsoft Office. Microsoft Office 2010 provides read support for ECMA-376, read/write support for ISO/IEC 29500 Transitional, and read support for ISO/IEC 29500 Strict. Microsoft Office 2013 and Microsoft Office 2016 additionally support both reading and writing of ISO/IEC 29500 Strict.","Office Open XML, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/open-xml/open-xml-sdk, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Open_XML",beginner to advance
+346,Wavefront Object,"OBJ (or .OBJ) is a geometry definition file format first developed by Wavefront Technologies for its Advanced Visualizer animation package. The file format is open and has been adopted by other 3D graphics application vendors. The OBJ file format is a simple data-format that represents 3D geometry alone — namely, the position of each vertex, the UV position of each texture coordinate vertex, vertex normals, and the faces that make each polygon defined as a list of vertices, and texture vertices.  Vertices are stored in a counter-clockwise order by default, making explicit declaration of face normals unnecessary. OBJ coordinates have no units, but OBJ files can contain scale information in a human readable comment line.",,"reference: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Wavefront+file+formats&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=1980&as_yhi=1992, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefront_.obj_file",beginner to advance
+347,POV-Ray SDL,,"POV-Ray SDL, Chris Cason, reference, United States",reference: http://www.povray.org/documentation/view/3.6.0/224/,beginner to advance
+348,Microsoft BASIC,"Microsoft BASIC is the foundation product of the Microsoft company. It first appeared in 1975 as Altair BASIC, which was the first BASIC by Microsoft and the first high level programming language available for the Altair 8800 microcomputer. During the home computer craze during the late-1970s and early-1980s, Microsoft BASIC was ported to and supplied with practically every computer design. Slight variations to add support for machine-specific functions led to a profusion of related designs like Commodore BASIC and Atari Microsoft BASIC. As the early home computers gave way to newer designs like the IBM PC and Apple Macintosh, BASIC was no longer as widely used, although it retained a strong following. The release of Visual BASIC reignited its popularity and it remains in wide use on Microsoft Windows platforms in its most recent incarnation, Visual Basic .NET",,"documentation: https://ia800708.us.archive.org/8/items/BASIC-80_MBASIC_Reference_Manual/BASIC-80_MBASIC_Reference_Manual_text.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_BASIC",beginner to advance
+349,Clipper,"Clipper is an xBase compiler, which is a computer programming language, that is used to create software programs that originally operated primarily under MS-DOS. Although it is a powerful general-purpose programming language, it was primarily used to create database/business programs.","Clipper, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.grafxsoft.com/clipper.htm, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+350,YARA,"YARA is the name of a tool primarily used in malware research and detection. It provides a rule-based approach to create descriptions of malware families based on textual or binary patterns. A description is essentially a Yara rule name, where these rules consist of sets of strings and a boolean expression. The language used has traits of Perl compatible regular expressions.",,"website: http://virustotal.github.io/yara/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YARA",beginner to advance
+351,ERB,"eRuby (Embedded Ruby) is a templating system that embeds Ruby into a text document. It is often used to embed Ruby code in an HTML document, similar to ASP, JSP and PHP. The templating system of eRuby combines the ruby code and the plain text to provide flow control and variable substitution, thus making it easy to maintain.The View module of the rails is responsible to display the response or output on a browser. In its simplest form, a view can be a piece of HTML code which has some static content. For most applications, just having static content may not be enough. Many Rails applications will require dynamic content created by the controller (action method) to be displayed in their view. This is made possible by using Embedded Ruby to generate templates which can contain dynamic content. Embedded Ruby allows ruby code to be embedded in a view document. This code gets replaced with proper value resulted from the execution of the code at run time. But, by having the ability to embed code in a view document, we risk bridging the clear separation present in the MVC frame. It is thus the responsibility of the developer to make sure that there is a clear separation of responsibility among the model, view and controller modules of his/her application.","ERB, , wikipedia, Various",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERuby,beginner to advance
+352,Batchfile,"A batch file is a kind of script file in DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows. It consists of a series of commands to be executed by the command-line interpreter, stored in a plain text file. A batch file may contain any command the interpreter accepts interactively and use constructs that enable conditional branching and looping within the batch file, such as IF, FOR, and GOTO labels. The term ""batch"" is from batch processing, meaning ""non-interactive execution"", though a batch file may not process a batch of multiple data. Similar to Job Control Language (JCL) and other systems on mainframe and minicomputer systems, batch files were added to ease the work required for certain regular tasks by allowing the user to set up a script to automate them. When a batch file is run, the shell program (usually COMMAND.COM or cmd.exe) reads the file and executes its commands, normally line-by-line. Unix-like operating systems, such as Linux, have a similar, but more flexible, type of file called a shell script. The filename extension .bat is used in DOS and Windows. Windows NT and OS/2 also added .cmd. Batch files for other environments may have different extensions, e.g., .btm in 4DOS, 4OS2 and 4NT related shells. The detailed handling of batch files has changed. Some of the detail in this article applies to all batch files, while other details apply only to certain versions.","Batchfile, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_file,beginner to advance
+353,Django,"Django ( JANG-goh) is a free and open-source web framework, written in Python, which follows the model-view-template (MVT) architectural pattern. It is maintained by the Django Software Foundation (DSF), an independent organization established as a 501(c)(3) non-profit. Django's primary goal is to ease the creation of complex, database-driven websites. Django emphasizes reusability and ""pluggability"" of components, rapid development, and the principle of don't repeat yourself. Python is used throughout, even for settings files and data models. Django also provides an optional administrative create, read, update and delete interface that is generated dynamically through introspection and configured via admin models. Some well-known sites that use Django include the Public Broadcasting Service, Instagram, Mozilla, The Washington Times, Disqus, Bitbucket, and Nextdoor. It was used on Pinterest, but later the site moved to a framework built over Flask.","Django, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_(web_framework),beginner to advance
+354,MariaDB,"MariaDB is a community-developed fork of the MySQL relational database management system intended to remain free under the GNU GPL. Development is led by some of the original developers of MySQL, who forked it due to concerns over its acquisition by Oracle Corporation.MariaDB intends to maintain high compatibility with MySQL, ensuring a drop-in replacement capability with library binary parity and exact matching with MySQL APIs and commands. It includes the XtraDB storage engine for replacing InnoDB, as well as a new storage engine, Aria, that intends to be both a transactional and non-transactional engine perhaps even included in future versions of MySQL.Its lead developer is Michael ""Monty"" Widenius, one of the founders of MySQL AB and the founder of Monty Program AB.  On 16 January 2008, MySQL AB announced that it had agreed to be acquired by Sun Microsystems for approximately $1 billion. The acquisition completed on 26 February 2008.  MariaDB is named after Monty's younger daughter Maria, similar to how MySQL is named after his other daughter My.","MariaDB, , wikipedia, document, Finland and United States","documentation: https://mariadb.org/documentation/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MariaDB",beginner to advance
+355,Whitespace,"Whitespace is an esoteric programming language developed by Edwin Brady and Chris Morris at the University of Durham (also developers of the Kaya and Idris programming languages). It was released on 1 April 2003 (April Fool's Day). Its name is a reference to whitespace characters. Unlike most programming languages, which ignore or assign little meaning to most whitespace characters, the Whitespace interpreter ignores any non-whitespace characters. Only spaces, tabs and linefeeds have meaning. An interesting consequence of this property is that a Whitespace program can easily be contained within the whitespace characters of a program written in another language, except possibly in languages which depend on spaces for syntax validity such as Python, making the text a polyglot. The language itself is an imperative stack-based language. The virtual machine on which the programs run has a stack and a heap. The programmer is free to push arbitrary-width integers onto the stack (currently there is no implementation of floating point numbers) and can also access the heap as a permanent store for variables and data structures.",,"documentation: https://hackage.haskell.org/package/whitespace-0.4/src/docs/tutorial.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitespace_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+356,GAMS,"The General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) is a high-level modeling system for mathematical optimization. GAMS is designed for modeling and solving linear, nonlinear, and mixed-integer optimization problems. The system is tailored for complex, large-scale modeling applications and allows the user to build large maintainable models that can be adapted to new situations. The system is available for use on various computer platforms. Models are portable from one platform to another. GAMS was the first algebraic modeling language (AML) and is formally similar to commonly used fourth-generation programming languages. GAMS contains an integrated development environment (IDE) and is connected to a group of third-party optimization solvers. Among these solvers are BARON, COIN-OR solvers, CONOPT, CPLEX, DICOPT, Gurobi, MOSEK, SNOPT, SULUM, and XPRESS. GAMS allows the users to implement a sort of hybrid algorithm combining different solvers. Models are described in concise, human-readable algebraic statements. GAMS is among the most popular input formats for the NEOS Server. Although initially designed for applications related to economics and management science, it has a community of users from various backgrounds of engineering and science.","GAMS, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Algebraic_Modeling_System,beginner to advance
+357,DNS,"The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical and decentralized naming system for computers, services, or other resources connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities. Most prominently, it translates more readily memorized domain names to the numerical IP addresses needed for locating and identifying computer services and devices with the underlying network protocols. By providing a worldwide, distributed directory service, the Domain Name System has been an essential component of the functionality of the Internet since 1985. The Domain Name System delegates the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those names to Internet resources by designating authoritative name servers for each domain. Network administrators may delegate authority over sub-domains of their allocated name space to other name servers. This mechanism provides distributed and fault-tolerant service and was designed to avoid a single large central database. The Domain Name System also specifies the technical functionality of the database service that is at its core. It defines the DNS protocol, a detailed specification of the data structures and data communication exchanges used in the DNS, as part of the Internet Protocol Suite. The Internet maintains two principal namespaces, the domain name hierarchy and the Internet Protocol (IP) address spaces. The Domain Name System maintains the domain name hierarchy and provides translation services between it and the address spaces. Internet name servers and a communication protocol implement the Domain Name System. A DNS name server is a server that stores the DNS records for a domain; a DNS name server responds with answers to queries against its database. The most common types of records stored in the DNS database are for Start of Authority (SOA), IP addresses (A and AAAA), SMTP mail exchangers (MX), name servers (NS), pointers for reverse DNS lookups (PTR), and domain name aliases (CNAME). Although not intended to be a general purpose database, DNS has been expanded over time to store records for other types of data for either automatic lookups, such as DNSSEC records, or for human queries such as responsible person (RP) records. As a general purpose database, the DNS has also been used in combating unsolicited email (spam) by storing a real-time blackhole list (RBL).  The DNS database is traditionally stored in a structured text file, the zone file, but other database systems are common.","DNS, Paul Mockapetris, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System,beginner to advance
+358,SYMBOL,"A symbol is a mark, sign  or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship. Symbols allow people to go beyond what is known or seen by creating linkages between otherwise very different concepts and experiences. All communication (and data processing) is achieved through the use of symbols. Symbols take the form of words, sounds, gestures, ideas or visual images and are used to convey other ideas and beliefs. For example, a red octagon may be a symbol for ""STOP"". On a map, a blue line might represent a river. Numerals are symbols for numbers. Alphabetic letters may be symbols for sounds. Personal names are symbols representing individuals. A red rose may symbolize love and compassion. The variable 'x', in a mathematical equation, may symbolize the position of a particle in space. In cartography, an organized collection of symbols forms a legend for a map.",,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5f4c1ed840783affd959097c5e6fd06350c7dc38, documentation: https://docs.symbol.dev/handbook/all-coding-guidelines.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol",beginner to advance
+359,B,"B is a programming language developed at Bell Labs circa 1969. It is the work of Ken Thompson with Dennis Ritchie. B was derived from BCPL, and its name may be a contraction of BCPL. Thompson's coworker Dennis Ritchie speculated that the name might be based on Bon, an earlier, but unrelated, programming language that Thompson designed for use on Multics. B was designed for recursive, non-numeric, machine independent applications, such as system and language software.","B, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+360,AsciiDoc,"AsciiDoc is a human-readable document format, semantically equivalent to DocBook XML, but using plain-text mark-up conventions.  AsciiDoc documents can be created using any text editor and read “as-is”, or rendered to HTML or any other format supported by a DocBook tool-chain, i.e. PDF, TeX, Unix manpages, e-books, slide presentations, etc.",,"website: http://asciidoc.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AsciiDoc",beginner to advance
+361,Pod,Plain Old Documentation (pod) is a lightweight markup language used to document the Perl programming language.,"Pod, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!search/%22Plain$20Old$20Documentation%22/comp.lang.perl.misc/A9zVCf4UrIs/1hSITu_f4ckJ, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_Old_Documentation",beginner to advance
+362,BPMN,"Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) is a graphical representation for specifying business processes in a business process model. Business Process Management Initiative (BPMI) developed BPMN, which has been maintained by the Object Management Group since the two organizations merged in 2005. Version 2.0 of BPMN was released in January 2011, at which point the name was adapted to Business Process Model and Notation as execution semantics were also introduced alongside the notational and diagramming elements.","BPMN, , wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://www.bpmn.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation",beginner to advance
+363,M4,"m4 is a general-purpose macro processor included in all UNIX-like operating systems, and is a component of the POSIX standard. The language was designed by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie for the original versions of UNIX. It is an extension of an earlier macro processor m3, written by Ritchie for the AP-3 minicomputer. The macro preprocessor operates as a text-replacement tool. It is employed to re-use text templates, typically in computer programming applications, but also in text editing and text-processing applications. Most users require m4 as a dependency of GNU autoconf.","M4, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_(computer_language),beginner to advance
+364,Datalog,"Datalog is a declarative logic programming language that syntactically is a subset of Prolog. It is often used as a query language for deductive databases. In recent years, Datalog has found new application in data integration, information extraction, networking, program analysis, security, and cloud computing. Its origins date back to the beginning of logic programming, but it became prominent as a separate area around 1977 when Hervé Gallaire and Jack Minker organized a workshop on logic and databases. David Maier is credited with coining the term Datalog.","Datalog, , reference, wikipedia, Italy","reference: https://percival.jake.tl/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datalog",beginner to advance
+365,Objective-J,"Objective-J is a programming language developed as part of the Cappuccino web development framework. Its syntax is nearly identical to the Objective-C syntax and it shares with JavaScript the same relationship that Objective-C has with the C programming language: that of being a strict, but small, superset; adding traditional inheritance and Smalltalk/Objective-C style dynamic dispatch. Pure JavaScript, being a prototype-based language, already has a notion of object orientation and inheritance, but Objective-J adds the use of class-based programming to JavaScript. Programs written in Objective-J need to be preprocessed before being run by a web browser's JavaScript virtual machine. This step can occur in the web browser at runtime or by a compiler which translates Objective-J programs into pure JavaScript code.  The Objective-J compiler is written in JavaScript; consequently, deploying Objective-J programs does not require a web browser plug-in. Objective-J can be compiled and run on Node.js.","Objective-J, , website, wikipedia, United States and United Kingdom and Sweden","website: http://www.cappuccino-project.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective-J",beginner to advance
+366,Marko,,"Marko, , website, United States",website: https://markojs.com/,beginner to advance
+367,Dafny,"Dafny is an imperative compiled language that targets C# and supports formal specification through preconditions, postconditions, loop invariants and loop variants.  The language combines ideas primarily from the Functional and Imperative paradigms, and includes limited support for Object-Oriented Programming.  Features include generic classes, dynamic allocation, inductive datatypes and a variation of separation logic known as implicit dynamic frames for reasoning about side effects.  Dafny was created by Rustan Leino at Microsoft Research after his previous work on developing ESC/Modula-3, ESC/Java, and Spec#.  Dafny is been used widely in teaching and features regularly in software verification competitions (e.g. VSTTE'08, VSCOMP'10, COST'11, and VerifyThis'12). Dafny was designed to provide a simple introduction to formal specification and verification and has been used widely in teaching.  Dafny follows in the lineage of many previous tools, including SPARK/Ada, ESC/Java, Spec#, Whiley, Why3 and Frama-C.  Such tools rely on the use of automated theorem proving to discharge proof obligations unlike, for example, those based on dependent types (e.g. Idris, Agda) which require more human intervention.  Dafny builds on the Boogie intermediate language which uses the Z3 automated theorem prover for discharging proof obligations.",,"website: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/dafny-a-language-and-program-verifier-for-functional-correctness/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafny_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+368,chevrotain,,"chevrotain, , website, Germany",website: http://sap.github.io/chevrotain/,beginner to advance
+369,C--,"C-- (pronounced cee minus minus) is a C-like programming language. Its creators, functional programming researchers Simon Peyton Jones and Norman Ramsey, designed it to be generated mainly by compilers for very high-level languages rather than written by human programmers. Unlike many other intermediate languages, its representation is plain ASCII text, not bytecode or another binary format.","C--, Simon Peyton Jones, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/c--/index.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C--",beginner to advance
+370,Ninja,"Ninja is a small build system with a focus on speed. It differs from other build systems in two major respects: it is designed to have its input files generated by a higher-level build system, and it is designed to run builds as fast as possible. In essence, Ninja is meant to replace Make, which is slow when performing incremental (or no-op) builds. This can considerably slow down developers working on large projects, such as Google Chrome which compiles 30,000 input files into a single executable. In fact, Google Chrome is a main user and motivation for Ninja. It's also used to build Android, and is used by most developers working on LLVM.In contrast to Make, Ninja lacks features such as string manipulation, as Ninja build files are not meant to be written by hand. Instead, a ""build generator"" should be used to generate Ninja build files. CMake and Meson are popular build management software tools which support creating build files for Ninja.","Ninja, Evan Martin, website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://ninja-build.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_(build_system)",beginner to advance
+371,Dhall,,"Dhall, , website, Various",website: https://dhall-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+372,Base64,"In computer science, Base64 is a group of binary-to-text encoding schemes that represent binary data in an ASCII string format by translating it into a radix-64 representation. The term Base64 originates from a specific MIME content transfer encoding. Each Base64 digit represents exactly 6 bits of data. Three 8-bit bytes (i.e., a total of 24 bits) can therefore be represented by four 6-bit Base64 digits. Common to all binary-to-text encoding schemes, Base64 is designed to carry data stored in binary formats across channels that only reliably support text content. Base64 is particularly prevalent on the World Wide Web where its uses include the ability to embed image files or other binary assets inside textual assets such as HTML and CSS files.","Base64, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64,beginner to advance
+373,Wolfram Language,"The Wolfram Language, a general multi-paradigm programming language developed by Wolfram Research, is the programming language of mathematical symbolic computation program Mathematica and the Wolfram Programming Cloud. It emphasizes symbolic computation, functional programming, and rule-based programming and can employ arbitrary structures and data. It includes built-in functions for generating and running Turing machines, creating graphics and audio, analyzing 3D models, matrix manipulations, and solving differential equations. It is extensively documented. The Wolfram language was released for the Raspberry Pi in 2013 with the goal of making it free for all Raspberry Pi users. It was controversially included in the recommended software bundle that the Raspberry Pi Foundation provides for beginners. Plans to port the Wolfram language to the Intel Edison were announced after the board's introduction at CES 2014. There was also a short lived proposal to make Wolfram libraries compatible with the Unity game engine, giving game developers access to the language's high level functions.",,"website: https://www.wolfram.com/language/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Language",beginner to advance
+374,Oxygene,"Oxygene (formerly known as Chrome) is a programming language developed by RemObjects Software for Microsoft's Common Language Infrastructure, the Java Platform and Cocoa. Oxygene is Object Pascal-based, but also has influences from C#, Eiffel, Java, F# and other languages. Compared to the now deprecated Delphi.NET, Oxygene does not emphasize total backward compatibility, but is designed to be a ""reinvention"" of the language, be a good citizen on the managed development platforms, and leverage all the features and technologies provided by the .NET and Java runtimes. Oxygene is commercial product, and offers full integration into Microsoft's Visual Studio IDE on Windows, as well as its own IDE, Fire for use on macOS. The command line compiler is available free. Oxygene is one of three languages supported by the underlying Elements Compiler toolchain, next to C# and Swift. From 2008 to 2012, RemObjects Software has licensed its compiler and IDE technology to Embarcadero to be used in their Embarcadero Prism product. Starting in the Fall of 2011, Oxygene became available in two separate editions, with the second edition adding support for the Java and Android runtimes. Starting with the release of XE4, Embarcadero Prism is no longer part of the RAD Studio SKU. Numerous support and upgrade paths for Prism customers exist to migrate to Oxygene. As of 2016, there is only one edition of Oxygene, which allows development on Windows or macOS, and which can create executables for Windows .NET, iOS, Android, Java and macOS.","Oxygene, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://elementscompiler.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygene_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+375,Gambas,"Gambas is the name of an object-oriented dialect of the BASIC programming language, as well as the integrated development environment that accompanies it. Designed to run on Linux and other Unix-like computer operating systems, its name is a recursive acronym for Gambas Almost Means Basic. Gambas is also the word for prawns in the Spanish,  French, and Portuguese languages, from which the project's logos are derived.","Gambas, Benoît Minisini, wikipedia, France",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambas,beginner to advance
+376,JSON-LD,"JSON-LD (JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data), is a method of encoding Linked Data using JSON. It was a goal to require as little effort as possible from developers to transform their existing JSON to JSON-LD. This allows data to be serialized in a way that is similar to traditional JSON. It is a World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation. It was initially developed by the JSON for Linking Data Community Group before being transferred to the RDF Working Group for review, improvement, and standardization.","JSON-LD, Dave Longley, website, wikipedia, Various","website: https://json-ld.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON-LD",beginner to advance
+377,Q,"Q is a proprietary array processing language developed by Arthur Whitney and commercialized by Kx Systems. The language serves as the query language for kdb+, a disk based and in-memory, column-based database. kdb+ is based upon K, a terse variant of APL. Q is a thin wrapper around K, providing a more readable, English-like interface.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(programming_language_from_Kx_Systems),beginner to advance
+378,Microsoft Notepad,"Notepad is a simple text editor for Microsoft Windows and a basic text-editing program which enables computer users to create documents. It was first released as a mouse-based MS-DOS program in 1983, and has been included in all versions of Microsoft Windows since Windows 1.0 in 1985.","Microsoft Notepad, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Notepad,beginner to advance
+379,PEG.js,,"PEG.js, David Majda, website, Germany and United Kingdom",website: https://pegjs.org/,beginner to advance
+380,Google Cloud Platform,"Google Cloud Platform, offered by Google, is a suite of cloud computing services that runs on the same infrastructure that Google uses internally for its end-user products, such as Google Search and YouTube. Alongside a set of management tools, it provides a series of modular cloud services including computing, data storage, data analytics and machine learning.. Registration requires a credit card or bank account details.","Google Cloud Platform, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://cloud.google.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform",beginner to advance
+381,HyperTalk,"HyperTalk is a high-level, procedural programming language created in 1987 by Dan Winkler and used in conjunction with Apple Computer's HyperCard hypermedia program by Bill Atkinson. The main target audience of HyperTalk was beginning programmers, hence HyperTalk programmers were usually called authors, and the process of writing programs was called ""scripting"". HyperTalk scripts are fairly similar to written English, and use a logic structure similar to that of the Pascal programming language. It supports the basic control structures of procedural languages: repeat for/while/until, if/then/else, as well as function and message ""handler"" calls (a handler is a subroutine, a message handler is a procedure). Data types are transparent to the user, conversion happens transparently in the background between strings and numbers. There are no classes or data structures in the traditional sense; their place was taken by special string literals, or rather ""lists"" of ""items"" delimited by commas (in later versions the ""itemDelimiter"" property allowed choosing an arbitrary character). In the late 1980s Apple considered using HyperCard's HyperTalk scripting language as the standard language across the company and within its classic Mac OS operating system, and for interprocess communication between Apple and non-Apple products. The company did not oppose the development of imitations like SuperCard, and created a HyperTalk Standards Committee to avoid incompatibility between language variants. The case-insensitive language was interpreted at first, but gained just-in-time compilation with HyperCard 2.0.","HyperTalk, Dan Winkler, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperTalk,beginner to advance
+382,SPARK,"SPARK is a formally defined computer programming language based on the Ada programming language, intended for the development of high integrity software used in systems where predictable and highly reliable operation is essential. It facilitates the development of applications that demand safety, security, or business integrity. Originally, there were three versions of the SPARK language (SPARK83, SPARK95, SPARK2005) based on Ada 83, Ada 95 and Ada 2005 respectively. A fourth version of the SPARK language, SPARK 2014, based on Ada 2012, was released on April 30, 2014. SPARK 2014 is a complete re-design of the language and supporting verification tools. The SPARK language consists of a well-defined subset of the Ada language that uses contracts to describe the specification of components in a form that is suitable for both static and dynamic verification. In SPARK83/95/2005, the contracts are encoded in Ada comments (and so are ignored by any standard Ada compiler), but are processed by the SPARK ""Examiner"" and its associated tools. SPARK 2014, in contrast, uses Ada 2012's built-in ""aspect"" syntax to express contracts, bringing them into the core of the language. The main tool for SPARK 2014 (GNATprove) is based on the GNAT/GCC infrastructure, and re-uses almost the entirety of the GNAT Ada 2012 front-end.","SPARK, , wikipedia, document, United Kingdom","documentation: https://spark.apache.org/documentation.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARK_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+383,halide,,"halide, , website, reference, United States","website: http://halide-lang.org/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7544855",beginner to advance
+384,TLA,"TLA+ (pronounced as tee ell a plus, ) is a formal specification language developed by Leslie Lamport. It is used to design, model, document, and verify concurrent systems. TLA+ has been described as exhaustively-testable pseudocode, and its use likened to drawing blueprints for software systems; TLA is an acronym for Temporal Logic of Actions. For design and documentation, TLA+ fulfills the same purpose as informal technical specifications. However, TLA+ specifications are written in a formal language of logic and mathematics, and the precision of specifications written in this language is intended to uncover design flaws before system implementation is underway.Since TLA+ specifications are written in a formal language, they are amenable to finite model checking. The model checker finds all possible system behaviours up to some number of execution steps, and examines them for violations of desired invariance properties such as safety and liveness. TLA+ specifications use basic set theory to define safety (bad things won't happen) and temporal logic to define liveness (good things eventually happen). TLA+ is also used to write machine-checked proofs of correctness both for algorithms and mathematical theorems. The proofs are written in a declarative, hierarchical style independent of any single theorem prover backend. Both formal and informal structured mathematical proofs can be written in TLA+; the language is similar to LaTeX, and tools exist to translate TLA+ specifications to LaTeX documents.TLA+ was introduced in 1999, following several decades of research into a verification method for concurrent systems. A toolchain has since developed, including an IDE and distributed model checker. The pseudocode-like language PlusCal was created in 2009; it transpiles to TLA+ and is useful for specifying sequential algorithms. TLA+2 was announced in 2014, expanding language support for proof constructs. The current TLA+ reference is The TLA+ Hyperbook by Leslie Lamport.",,"reference: https://lamport.azurewebsites.net/tla/tla.html, documentation: https://lamport.azurewebsites.net/tla/learning.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLA+",beginner to advance
+385,Befunge,"Befunge is a stack-based, reflective, esoteric programming language. It differs from conventional languages in that programs are arranged on a two-dimensional grid. ""Arrow"" instructions direct the control flow to the left, right, up or down, and loops are constructed by sending the control flow in a cycle. It has been described as ""a cross between Forth and Lemmings.""  A worthy companion to INTERCAL; a computer language family which escapes the quotidian limitation of linear control flow and embraces program counters flying through multiple dimensions with exotic topologies.","Befunge, Chris Pressey, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befunge,beginner to advance
+386,GDB,"The GNU Debugger (GDB) is a portable debugger that runs on many Unix-like systems and works for many programming languages, including Ada, C, C++, Objective-C, Free Pascal, Fortran, Java and partially others.",,"website: https://www.gnu.org/software/gdb, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Debugger",beginner to advance
+387,Puppet,"In computing, Puppet is an open-source software configuration management tool. It runs on many Unix-like systems as well as on Microsoft Windows, and includes its own declarative language to describe system configuration. Puppet is produced by Puppet, founded by Luke Kanies in 2005. It is written in Ruby and released as free software under the GNU General Public License (GPL) until version 2.7.0 and the Apache License 2.0 after that.","Puppet, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_(software),beginner to advance
+388,Miranda,"Miranda is a lazy, purely functional programming language designed by David Turner as a successor to his earlier programming languages SASL and KRC, using some concepts from ML and Hope.  It was produced by Research Software Ltd. of England (which holds a trademark on the name Miranda) and was the first purely functional language to be commercially supported.Miranda was first released in 1985, as a fast interpreter in C for Unix-flavour operating systems, with subsequent releases in 1987 and 1989. Miranda had a strong influence on the later Haskell programming language.","Miranda, David Turner, wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+389,Speedie,,"Speedie, Theodore H Smith, website, document, United Kingdom","website: http://github.com/gamblevore/speedie, documentation: https://github.com/gamblevore/speedie/blob/main/Documentation",beginner to advance
+391,Bourne shell,"The Bourne shell (sh) is a shell, or command-line interpreter, for computer operating systems. The Bourne shell was the default shell for Version 7 Unix. Most Unix-like systems continue to have /bin/sh—which will be the Bourne shell, or a symbolic link or hard link to a compatible shell—even when other shells are used by most users. Developed by Stephen Bourne at Bell Labs, it was a replacement for the Thompson shell, whose executable file had the same name—sh. It was released in 1977 in the Version 7 Unix release distributed to colleges and universities. Although it is used as an interactive command interpreter, it was also intended as a scripting language and contains most of the features that are commonly considered to produce structured programs. It gained popularity with the publication of The Unix Programming Environment by Brian Kernighan and Rob Pike—the first commercially published book that presented the shell as a programming language in a tutorial form.","Bourne shell, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell,beginner to advance
+392,C3,,"C3, Christoffer Lernö, website, reference, Sweden","website: http://www.c3-lang.org/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32005678",beginner to advance
+393,Visual FoxPro,"Visual FoxPro is a discontinued data-centric, object-oriented, procedural, programming language produced by Microsoft. It was derived from FoxPro (originally known as FoxBASE) which was developed by Fox Software beginning in 1984. It contained the fastest PC-based database engine available at the time. Fox Technologies merged with Microsoft in 1992, after which the software acquired further features and the prefix ""Visual"". The database engine is more powerful than the Microsoft Jet Database Engine which is used by Microsoft Access. FoxPro 2.6 worked on Mac OS, DOS, Windows, and Unix. Visual FoxPro 3.0, the first ""Visual"" version, reduced platform support to only Mac and Windows, and later versions 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were Windows-only. The current version of Visual FoxPro is COM-based and Microsoft has stated that they do not intend to create a Microsoft .NET version. Version 9.0, released in 2004 and updated in 2007, is the final version of the product.",,"website: http://msdn.microsoft.com/vfoxpro, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_FoxPro",beginner to advance
+394,Seed7,"Seed7 is an extensible general-purpose programming language designed by Thomas Mertes. It is syntactically similar to Pascal and Ada. Along with many other features, it provides an extension mechanism. Seed7 supports introducing new syntax elements and their semantics into the language, and allows new language constructs to be defined and written in Seed7. For example, programmers can introduce syntax and semantics of new statements and user defined operator symbols. The implementation of Seed7 differs significantly from that of languages with hard-coded syntax and semantics.",,"website: http://seed7.sourceforge.net, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed7",beginner to advance
+395,x86-64,"x86-64 (also known as x64, x86_64, AMD64 and Intel 64) is the 64-bit version of the x86 instruction set. It introduces two new modes of operation, 64-bit mode and compatibility mode, along with a new 4-level paging mode. With 64-bit mode and the new paging mode, it supports vastly larger amounts of virtual memory and physical memory than is possible on its 32-bit predecessors, allowing programs to store larger amounts of data in memory. x86-64 also expands general-purpose registers to 64-bit, as well extends the number of them from 8 (some of which had limited or fixed functionality, e.g. for stack management) to 16 (fully general), and provides numerous other enhancements. Floating point operations are supported via mandatory SSE2-like instructions, and x87/MMX style registers are generally not used (but still available even in 64-bit mode); instead, a set of 32 vector registers, 128 bits each, is used. (Each can store one or two double-precision numbers or one to four single precision numbers, or various integer formats.) In 64-bit mode, instructions are modified to support 64-bit operands and 64-bit addressing mode. The compatibility mode allows 16- and 32-bit user applications to run unmodified coexisting with 64-bit applications if the 64-bit operating system supports them. As the full x86 16-bit and 32-bit instruction sets remain implemented in hardware without any intervening emulation, these older executables can run with little or no performance penalty, while newer or modified applications can take advantage of new features of the processor design to achieve performance improvements. Also, a processor supporting x86-64 still powers on in real mode for full backward compatibility. The original specification, created by AMD and released in 2000, has been implemented by AMD, Intel and VIA. The AMD K8 processor was the first to implement it. This was the first significant addition to the x86 architecture designed by a company other than Intel. Intel was forced to follow suit and introduced a modified NetBurst family which was software-compatible with AMD's specification. VIA Technologies introduced x86-64 in their VIA Isaiah architecture, with the VIA Nano. The x86-64 architecture is distinct from the Intel Itanium architecture (formerly IA-64), which is not compatible on the native instruction set level with the x86 architecture. Operating systems and applications written for one cannot be run on the other.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/x86-64,beginner to advance
+396,PowerBuilder,"PowerBuilder is an integrated development environment owned by SAP since the acquisition of Sybase in 2010.  On July 5, 2016, SAP and Appeon entered into an agreement whereby Appeon would be responsible for developing, selling, and supporting PowerBuilder.PowerBuilder has been in use since 1991, peaking around 1998 with around 100,000 users. While PowerBuilder's market share has declined over the years, many applications created with it are still in use today.  Over the years, PowerBuilder has been updated with new standards.  In 2010, a major upgrade of PowerBuilder was released to provide support for the Microsoft .NET Framework.  In 2014, support was added for OData, dockable windows, and 64-bit native applications.  In 2017, support was added for iOS and Android app development.PowerBuilder 2018 provides new targets to enable developers to rapidly create RESTful Web APIs and non-visual .NET assemblies, in a test-driven manner, with the native PowerBuilder IDE and C#. A preview version is currently available for select customers.","PowerBuilder, , wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerBuilder,beginner to advance
+397,BibTeX,"BibTeX is reference management software for formatting lists of references. The BibTeX tool is typically used together with the LaTeX document preparation system. Within the typesetting system, its name is styled as                                                 B                                                                I                   B                                                                       T                                                                               E                                                                       X                                     {\displaystyle {\mathrm {B{\scriptstyle {IB}}\!T\!_{\displaystyle E}\!X} }}   . The name is a portmanteau of the word bibliography and the name of the TeX typesetting software. The purpose of BibTeX is to make it easy to cite sources in a consistent manner, by separating bibliographic information from the presentation of this information, similarly to the separation of content and presentation/style supported by LaTeX itself.","BibTeX, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.ctan.org/pkg/bibtex, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX",beginner to advance
+398,Twig,Twig is a template engine for the PHP programming language. Its syntax originates from Jinja and Django templates. It's an open source product licensed under a BSD License and maintained by Fabien Potencier. The initial version was created by Armin Ronacher. Symfony2 PHP framework comes with a bundled support for Twig as its default template engine.,,"website: https://twig.symfony.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twig_(template_engine)",beginner to advance
+399,Less,"Less (sometimes stylized as LESS) is a dynamic style sheet language that can be compiled into Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and run on the client side or server side. Designed by Alexis Sellier, Less is influenced by Sass and has influenced the newer ""SCSS"" syntax of Sass, which adapted its CSS-like block formatting syntax. Less is open source. Its first version was written in Ruby; however, in the later versions, use of Ruby has been deprecated and replaced by JavaScript. The indented syntax of Less is a nested metalanguage, as valid CSS is valid Less code with the same semantics. Less provides the following mechanisms: variables, nesting, mixins, operators and functions; the main difference between Less and other CSS precompilers being that Less allows real-time compilation via less.js by the browser.","Less, Alexis Sellier, website, wikipedia, Various","website: http://lesscss.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_(stylesheet_language)",beginner to advance
+400,XS,"XS is a Perl foreign function interface through which a program can call a C or C++ subroutine. XS or xsub is an abbreviation of ""eXternal Subroutine"", where external refers to programming languages external to Perl. XS also refers to a glue language for specifying calling interfaces supporting such interfaces (see below).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XS_(Perl),beginner to advance
+401,eC,"eC (Ecere C) is an object-oriented programming language, defined as a super-set of the C language. eC was initially developed as part of the Ecere Cross-platform Software Development Kit project. The goals of the language are to provide object-oriented constructs, reflection, properties and dynamic modules on top of the C language while maintaining C compatibility and optimal native performance.eC currently relies on GCC or Clang to perform the final steps of compilation, using C as an intermediate language. There are, however, plans to integrate directly with LLVM to skip the intermediate C files.eC is available as part of the ecere-sdk package in Debian/Ubuntu and other derived Linux distributions. A Windows installer also bundling MinGW-w64 is available from the main website. The free and open-source SDK including the eC compiler can also be built for a number of other platforms, including OS X, FreeBSD and Android.It is also possible to deploy eC applications to the web by compiling them to JavaScript through Emscripten, or to WebAssembly through Binaryen.","eC, Jérôme Jacovella-St-Louis, website, wikipedia, Canada","website: http://ec-lang.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+402,SGML,"The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML; ISO 8879:1986) is a standard for defining generalized markup languages for documents. ISO 8879 Annex A.1 defines generalized markup:  Generalized markup is based on two postulates: Markup should be declarative: it should describe a document's structure and other attributes, rather than specify the processing to be performed on it. Declarative markup is less likely to conflict with unforeseen future processing needs and techniques. Markup should be rigorous so that the techniques available for processing rigorously-defined objects like programs and databases can be used for processing documents as well.  HTML was theoretically an example of an SGML-based language until HTML 5, which admits that browsers cannot parse it as SGML (for compatibility reasons) and codifies exactly what they must do instead. DocBook SGML and LinuxDoc are better examples, as they were used almost exclusively with actual SGML tools.","SGML, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language,beginner to advance
+403,Coconut,,"Coconut, , website, reference, Various","website: http://coconut-lang.org/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=23759721",beginner to advance
+404,Simulink,"Simulink, developed by MathWorks, is a graphical programming environment for modeling, simulating and analyzing multidomain dynamical systems. Its primary interface is a graphical block diagramming tool and a customizable set of block libraries. It offers tight integration with the rest of the MATLAB environment and can either drive MATLAB or be scripted from it. Simulink is widely used in automatic control and digital signal processing for multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design.",,"website: https://www.mathworks.com/products/simulink.html?s_cid=wiki_simulink_2, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulink",beginner to advance
+405,Oberon-2,"Oberon-2 is an extension of the original Oberon programming language that adds limited reflection and object-oriented programming facilities, open arrays as pointer base types, read-only field export and reintroduces the FOR loop from Modula-2. It was developed in 1991 at ETH Zurich by Niklaus Wirth and Hanspeter Mössenböck, who is now at Institut für Systemsoftware (SSW) of the University of Linz, Austria.  Oberon-2 is a superset of Oberon, and is fully compatible with it.  Oberon-2 was a redesign of Object Oberon. Oberon-2 inherited limited reflection and single inheritance (""type extension"") without interfaces or mixins from Oberon, but added efficient virtual methods (""type bound procedures""). Method calls were resolved at run-time using C++-style virtual method tables. Compared to fully object-oriented programming languages like Smalltalk, in Oberon-2 basic types are not objects, classes are not objects, many operations are not methods, there is no message passing (to a certain extent it can be emulated by reflection and through message extension, as demonstrated in ETH Oberon), and polymorphism is limited to subclasses of a common class (no duck typing like in  Python, and it's not possible to define interfaces like in Java). Oberon-2 does not support encapsulation at object/class level, but modules can be used for this purpose. Reflection in Oberon-2 does not use meta-objects, but simply reads from type descriptors compiled into the executable binaries, and exposed in the modules that define the types and/or procedures.  If the format of these structures are exposed at the language level (as is the case for ETH Oberon, for example), reflection could be implemented at the library level.  It could therefore be implemented almost entirely at library level, without changing the language code.  Indeed, ETH Oberon makes use of language-level and library-level reflection capabilities extensively. Oberon-2 provides built-in run-time support for garbage collection similar to Java and performs bounds and array index checks, etc. that eliminate the potential stack and array bounds overwriting problems and manual memory management issues inherent in C/C++.  Separate compilation using symbol files and name-spaces via the module architecture ensure quick rebuilds since only modules with changed interfaces need to be recompiled. The language Component Pascal  is a refinement (a superset) of Oberon-2.","Oberon-2, Niklaus Wirth and Hanspeter Mössenböck, reference, wikipedia, Switzerland","reference: https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/157352.157355, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberon-2",beginner to advance
+406,G-code,"G-code (also RS-274), which has many variants, is the common name for the most widely used numerical control (NC) programming language. It is used mainly in computer-aided manufacturing to control automated machine tools. G-code is sometimes called G programming language, not to be confused with LabVIEW's G programming language. G-code is a language in which people tell computerized machine tools how to make something. The ""how"" is defined by g-code instructions provided to a machine controller (industrial computer) that tells the motors where to move, how fast to move, and what path to follow. The most common situation is that, within a machine tool, a cutting tool is moved according to these instructions through a toolpath and cuts away material to leave only the finished workpiece. The same concept also extends to noncutting tools such as forming or burnishing tools, photoplotting, additive methods such as 3D printing, and measuring instruments.","G-code, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-code,beginner to advance
+407,Genie,"Genie is a modern, general-purpose high-level programming language in active development since 2008. It was designed as an alternative, simpler and cleaner dialect for the Vala compiler, while preserving the same functionality of the Vala language. Genie uses the same compiler and libraries as Vala; the two can indeed be used alongside each other. The differences are only syntactic. Genie's syntax is derived from numerous modern languages like Python, Boo, D and Delphi. In the vein of Python, Genie uses indentation rather than curly brackets to delimit blocks. Like Vala, Genie uses the GObject type system to create classes and interfaces declared in Genie source code, without imposing additional runtime requirements (i.e., unlike Python, Java or C#, it does not require a virtual machine). Genie allows access to C libraries, especially those based in GObject (like GTK+), without using a different application binary interface (ABI). During compilation, the code is first translated to C source and header files, which are then compiled to platform-specific machine code using any available C compiler like GCC, thus allowing cross-platform software development. Although both Vala and Genie are being developed and promoted by GNOME, programs developed in Vala and Genie don't depend on the GNOME Desktop Environment, usually requiring only GLib.","Genie, Jamie McCracken, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genie_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+408,QuickBASIC,"Microsoft QuickBASIC (also QB) is an Integrated Development Environment (or IDE) and compiler for the BASIC programming language that was developed by Microsoft. QuickBASIC runs mainly on DOS, though there was a short-lived version for the classic Mac OS. It is loosely based on GW-BASIC but adds user-defined types, improved programming structures, better graphics and disk support and a compiler in addition to the interpreter.  Microsoft marketed QuickBASIC as the introductory level for their BASIC Professional Development System.  Microsoft marketed two other similar IDEs for C and Pascal, viz QuickC and QuickPascal.","QuickBASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickBASIC,beginner to advance
+409,Maxima,"Maxima is a computer algebra system (CAS) based on a 1982 version of Macsyma. It is written in Common Lisp and runs on all POSIX platforms such as macOS, Unix, BSD, and Linux, as well as under Microsoft Windows and Android. It is free software released under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).","Maxima, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://maxima.sourceforge.net/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_(software)",beginner to advance
+410,Thrift,"Thrift is an interface definition language and binary communication protocol that is used to define and create services for numerous languages. It is used as a remote procedure call (RPC) framework and was developed at Facebook for ""scalable cross-language services development"". It combines a software stack with a code generation engine to build cross-platform services that can connect applications written in a variety of languages and frameworks, including ActionScript, C, C++, C#, Cappuccino, Cocoa, Delphi, Erlang, Go, Haskell, Java, Node.js, Objective-C, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby and Smalltalk. Although developed at Facebook, it is now an open source project in the Apache Software Foundation. The implementation was described in an April 2007 technical paper released by Facebook, now hosted on Apache.",,"website: http://thrift.apache.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Thrift",beginner to advance
+411,NATO phonetic alphabet,"The NATO phonetic alphabet, officially denoted as the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, and also commonly known as the ICAO phonetic alphabet, and in a variation also known officially as the ITU phonetic alphabet and figure code, is the most widely used radiotelephone spelling alphabet. Although often called ""phonetic alphabets"", spelling alphabets are unrelated to phonetic transcription systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Instead, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) alphabet assigned codewords acrophonically to the letters of the English alphabet, so that critical combinations of letters and numbers are most likely to be pronounced and understood by those who exchange voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of language differences or the quality of the communication channel.The 26 code words in the NATO phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot,  Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu.Strict adherence to the prescribed spelling words is required in order to avoid the problems of confusion that the spelling alphabet is designed to overcome. As noted in a 1955 NATO memo,  It is known that [the ICAO spelling alphabet] has been prepared only after the most exhaustive tests on a scientific basis by several nations. One of the firmest conclusions reached was that it was not practical to make an isolated change to clear confusion between one pair of letters. To change one word involves reconsideration of the whole alphabet to ensure that the change proposed to clear one confusion does not itself introduce others. The same memo notes a potential confusion between ZERO and SIERRA is overcome when following the procedures in ACP 125, which specify the use of the procedure word FIGURES in many instances in which digits need to be read.","NATO phonetic alphabet, , wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_phonetic_alphabet,beginner to advance
+412,AutoHotkey,"AutoHotkey is a free, open-source custom scripting language for Microsoft Windows, initially aimed at providing easy keyboard shortcuts or hotkeys, fast macro-creation and software automation that allows users of most levels of computer skill to automate repetitive tasks in any Windows application. User interfaces can easily be extended or modified by AutoHotkey (for example, overriding the default Windows control key commands with their Emacs equivalents). The AutoHotkey installation includes its own extensive help file with an always updated web-based version.","AutoHotkey, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://autohotkey.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoHotkey",beginner to advance
+413,Classroom Object Oriented Language,"Cool, an acronym for Classroom Object Oriented Language, is a computer programming language designed by Alexander Aiken for use in an undergraduate compiler course project. While small enough for a one term project, Cool still has many of the features of modern programming languages, including objects, automatic memory management, strong static typing and simple reflection. The reference Cool compiler is written in C++, built fully on the public domain tools. It generates code for a MIPS simulator, SPIM. Thus, the language should port easily to other platforms. It has been used for teaching compilers at many institutions (such as the University of California at Berkeley, where it was first used or Shahid Beheshti University of Iran) and the software is stable. This language is unrelated to the COOL language included in CLIPS.","Classroom Object Oriented Language, Alexander Aiken, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+414,Turbo Pascal,"Turbo Pascal is a software development system that includes a compiler and an integrated development environment (IDE) for the Pascal programming language running on CP/M, CP/M-86, and MS-DOS, developed by Borland under Philippe Kahn's leadership. For versions 6 and 7 (last), both a lower-priced Turbo Pascal and more expensive Borland Pascal were produced; Borland Pascal was more oriented towards professional software development, with more libraries and standard library source code. The name Borland Pascal is also used more generically for Borland's dialect of the Pascal programming language, significantly different from Standard Pascal. Borland has released three old versions of Turbo Pascal free of charge because of their historical interest: the original Turbo Pascal (now known as 1.0), and versions 3.02 and 5.5 for DOS.","Turbo Pascal, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_Pascal,beginner to advance
+415,PL/0,"PL/0 is a programming language, intended as an educational programming language, that is similar to but much simpler than Pascal, a general-purpose programming language. It serves as an example of how to construct a compiler. It was originally introduced in the book, Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs, by Niklaus Wirth in 1976. It features quite limited language constructs: there are no real numbers, very few basic arithmetic operations and no control-flow constructs other than ""if"" and ""while"" blocks. While these limitations make writing real applications in this language impractical, it helps the compiler remain compact and simple.","PL/0, Niklaus Wirth, reference, wikipedia, Switzerland","reference: https://web.archive.org/web/20060712015332/http://www.cs.rochester.edu/courses/254/PLzero/guide.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/0",beginner to advance
+416,GW-BASIC,"GW-BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language developed by Microsoft from BASICA, originally for Compaq. It is otherwise identical to Microsoft/IBM BASICA, but is a fully self-contained executable and does not need the ROM BASIC. It was bundled with MS-DOS operating systems on IBM PC compatibles by Microsoft. Microsoft also sold a BASIC compiler, BASCOM, compatible with GW-BASIC, for programs needing more speed. The language is suitable for simple games, business programs and the like. Since it was included with most versions of MS-DOS, it was also a low-cost way for many aspiring programmers to learn the fundamentals of computer programming. With the release of MS-DOS 5.0, GW-BASIC's place was eventually taken by QBasic, the interpreter part of the separately available QuickBASIC compiler.","GW-BASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW-BASIC,beginner to advance
+417,Homebrew,,"Homebrew, Max Howell, website, United States",website: https://brew.sh/,beginner to advance
+418,SETL,SETL (SET Language) is a very high-level programming language based on the mathematical theory of sets.  It was originally developed by (Jack) Jacob T. Schwartz at the New York University (NYU) Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences in the late 1960s.,"SETL, Jacob T. Schwartz, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://setl.org/setl/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETL",beginner to advance
+419,LINQ,"Language Integrated Query (LINQ, pronounced ""link"") is a Microsoft .NET Framework component that adds native data querying capabilities to .NET languages, although ports exist for PHP (PHPLinq), JavaScript (linq.js), TypeScript (linq.ts), and ActionScript (ActionLinq) - but none of these ports are strictly equivalent to LINQ in C# for example (where it is a part of the language, not an external library, and where it often addresses a wider range of needs). LINQ extends the language by the addition of query expressions, which are akin to SQL statements, and can be used to conveniently extract and process data from arrays, enumerable classes, XML documents, relational databases, and third-party data sources. Other uses, which utilize query expressions as a general framework for readably composing arbitrary computations, include the construction of event handlers or monadic parsers. LINQ also defines a set of method names (called standard query operators, or standard sequence operators), along with translation rules used by the compiler to translate fluent-style query expressions into expressions using these method names, lambda expressions and anonymous types. Many of the concepts that LINQ has introduced were originally tested in Microsoft's Cω research project. LINQ was released as a major part of .NET Framework 3.5 on November 19, 2007.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Integrated_Query,beginner to advance
+420,JSON Schema,,"JSON Schema, Kris Zyp, website, Various",website: http://json-schema.org/,beginner to advance
+421,Z notation,The Z notation  is a formal specification language used for describing and modelling computing systems. It is targeted at the clear specification of computer programs and computer-based systems in general.,,"reference: http://czt.sourceforge.net/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_notation",beginner to advance
+422,ECL,"ECL is a declarative, data centric programming language designed in 2000 to allow a team of programmers to process big data across a high performance computing cluster without the programmer being involved in many of the lower level, imperative decisions.","ECL, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://hpccsystems.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECL,_data-centric_programming_language_for_Big_Data",beginner to advance
+423,Falcon,"Falcon is an open source, multi-paradigm programming language. Design and implementation is led by Giancarlo Niccolai, a native of Bologna, Italy and Information Technology graduate from Pistoia. Falcon translates computer source code to virtual machine instructions for evaluation. The virtual machine is intended to be both a stand-alone interpreter as well as for integration in third-party embedding applications. A core design consideration for the Falcon programming language is to provide acceptably high performing scripting plug-ins to multi threaded data acquisition, reporting and dispersion applications. As programming languages go, Falcon design leans more towards conciseness of code and expressiveness than general readability. The Falcon implementation does provide facilities for source level documentation and this documentation may become important as the mixed paradigm potential of Falcon scripting attempts to meet the problems faced with programming in the large.","Falcon, Giancarlo Niccolai, website, wikipedia, Italy","website: http://falconpl.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+425,ALGOL 68,"ALGOL 68 (short for Algorithmic Language 1968) is an imperative computer programming language that was conceived as a successor to the ALGOL 60 programming language, designed with the goal of a much wider scope of application and more rigorously defined syntax and semantics. The contributions of ALGOL 68 to the field of computer science have been deep, wide ranging and enduring, although many of these contributions were only publicly identified when they had reappeared in subsequently developed programming languages.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL_68,beginner to advance
+426,XBase++,"Xbase++ is an object oriented programming language which has multiple inheritance and polymorphism. It is based on the XBase language dialect and conventions. It is 100% Clipper compatible language supporting multiple inheritance, polymorphism, object oriented programming. It supports the xBase data types, including Codeblocks. With Xbase++ it is possible to generate applications for Windows NT, 95, 98, Me, 2000, XP, VISTA and Windows 7.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XBase%2B%2B,beginner to advance
+427,Netwide Assembler,"The Netwide Assembler (NASM) is an assembler and disassembler for the Intel x86 architecture. It can be used to write 16-bit, 32-bit (IA-32) and 64-bit (x86-64) programs. NASM is considered to be one of the most popular assemblers for Linux. NASM was originally written by Simon Tatham with assistance from Julian Hall. As of 2016, it is maintained by a small team led by H. Peter Anvin. It is open-source software released under the terms of a simplified (2-clause) BSD license.","Netwide Assembler, , website, wikipedia, United States and Russia","website: http://www.nasm.us, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netwide_Assembler",beginner to advance
+428,Transact-SQL,"Transact-SQL (T-SQL) is Microsoft's and Sybase's proprietary extension to the SQL (Structured Query Language) used to interact with relational databases. T-SQL expands on the SQL standard to include procedural programming, local variables, various support functions for string processing, date processing, mathematics, etc. and changes to the DELETE and UPDATE statements. Transact-SQL is central to using Microsoft SQL Server. All applications that communicate with an instance of SQL Server do so by sending Transact-SQL statements to the server, regardless of the user interface of the application.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transact-SQL,beginner to advance
+430,CLU,"CLU is a programming language created at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) by Barbara Liskov and her students between 1974 and 1975. While it did not find extensive use, it introduced many features that are used widely now, and is seen as a step in the development of object-oriented programming (OOP). Key contributions include abstract data types, call-by-sharing, iterators, multiple return values (a form of parallel assignment), type-safe parameterized types, and type-safe variant types. It is also notable for its use of classes with constructors and methods, but without inheritance.","CLU, Barbara Liskov, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.pmg.lcs.mit.edu/CLU.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLU_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+431,Dc,"dc (desk calculator) is a cross-platform reverse-polish calculator which supports arbitrary-precision arithmetic. It is one of the oldest Unix utilities, predating even the invention of the C programming language. Like other utilities of that vintage, it has a powerful set of features but terse syntax. Traditionally, the bc calculator program (with infix notation) was implemented on top of dc. This article provides some examples in an attempt to give a general flavour of the language; for a complete list of commands and syntax, one should consult the man page for one's specific implementation.","Dc, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dc_(computer_program),beginner to advance
+432,LiveCode,"LiveCode (formerly Revolution and MetaCard) is a cross-platform rapid application development runtime environment inspired by HyperCard. It features the Transcript (formerly MetaTalk) programming language which belongs to the family of xTalk scripting languages like HyperCard's HyperTalk. The environment was introduced in 2001. The ""Revolution"" development system was based on the MetaCard engine technology which Runtime Revolution later acquired from MetaCard Corporation in 2003. The platform won the Macworld Annual Editor's Choice Award for ""Best Development Software"" in 2004. ""Revolution"" was renamed ""LiveCode"" in the fall of 2010. ""LiveCode"" is developed and sold by Runtime Revolution Ltd., based in Edinburgh, Scotland. In March, 2015, the company was renamed ""LiveCode Ltd."", to unify the company name with the product. In April 2013 a free/open source version 'LiveCode Community Edition 6.0' was published after a successful crowdfunding campaign at Kickstarter. The code base was re-licensed and made available as free and open source software with a version in April 2013. LiveCode runs on iOS, Android, OS X, Windows 95 through Windows 10, Raspberry Pi and several variations of Unix, including Linux, Solaris, and BSD. It can be used for mobile, desktop and server/CGI applications. The iOS (iPhone and iPad) version was released in December 2010. The first version to deploy to the Web was released in 2009. It is the most widely used HyperCard/HyperTalk clone, and the only one that runs on all major operating systems. A developer release of v.8 was announced in New York on March 12, 2015. This major enhancement to the product includes a new, separate development language, known as ""LiveCode Builder"", which is capable of creating new object classes called ""widgets"". In earlier versions, the set of object classes was fixed, and could only be enhanced via the use of ordinary procedural languages like C. The new language, which runs in its own IDE, is a departure from the transitional x-talk paradigm in that it permits typing of variables. But the two environments are fully integrated, and apart from the ability to create new objects, development in LiveCode proceeds in the normal way, within the established IDE. A second crowdfunding campaign to Bring HTML5 to LiveCode reached funding goals of nearly $400,000 USD on July 31, 2014. LiveCode developer release 8.0 DP4 (August 31, 2015) was the first to include a standalone deployment option to HTML5.","LiveCode, , website, wikipedia, Scotland","website: https://livecode.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveCode",beginner to advance
+433,COMTRAN,"COMTRAN (COMmercial TRANslator) is an early programming language developed at IBM.  It was intended as the business programming equivalent of the scientific programming language FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator).  It served as one of the forerunners to the COBOL language. Developed by Bob Bemer, in 1957, the language was the first to feature the programming language element known as a picture clause.","COMTRAN, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMTRAN,beginner to advance
+434,Pandas,"In computer programming, pandas is a software library written for the Python programming language for data manipulation and analysis. In particular, it offers data structures and operations for manipulating numerical tables and time series. It is free software released under the three-clause BSD license. The name is derived from the term ""panel data"", an econometrics term for multidimensional, structured data sets.","Pandas, , website, wikipedia, Various","website: https://pandas.pydata.org, wikipedia: https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/user_guide/10min.html",beginner to advance
+435,ASN.1,"Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) is an interface description language for defining data structures that can be serialized and deserialized in a standard, cross-platform way. It's broadly used in telecommunications and computer networking, and especially in cryptography. Protocol developers define data structures in ASN.1 modules, which are generally a section of a broader standards document written in the ASN.1 language. Because the language is both human-readable and machine-readable, modules can be automatically turned into libraries that process their data structures, using an ASN.1 compiler. ASN.1 is similar in purpose and use to protocol buffers and Apache Thrift, which are also interface description languages for cross-platform data serialization. Like those languages, it has a schema (in ASN.1, called a ""module""), and a set of encodings, typically type-length-value encodings. However, ASN.1, defined in 1984, predates them by many years. It also includes a wider variety of basic data types, some of which are obsolete, and has more options for extensibility. A single ASN.1 message can include data from multiple modules defined in multiple standards, even standards defined years apart.","ASN.1, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_Syntax_Notation_One,beginner to advance
+436,HHVM,"HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM) is an open-source virtual machine based on just-in-time (JIT) compilation that serves as an execution engine for the PHP and Hack programming languages.  By using the principle of JIT compilation, executed PHP or Hack code is first transformed into intermediate HipHop bytecode (HHBC), which is then dynamically translated into x86-64 machine code, optimized, and natively executed.  This contrasts with PHP's usual interpreted execution, in which the Zend Engine transforms PHP source code into opcodes that serve as a form of bytecode, and executes the opcodes directly on the Zend Engine's virtual CPU.HHVM is developed by Facebook, with the project's source code hosted on GitHub; it is licensed under the terms of the PHP License and Zend License.","HHVM, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://hhvm.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HHVM",beginner to advance
+437,wisp,,"wisp, Santosh Rajan and Irakli Gozalishvili and LeXofLeviafan and Chris McCormick, website, Unknown",website: https://web.archive.org/web/20201121215216/https://gozala.io/wisp/,beginner to advance
+438,ink,,"ink, Joseph Humfrey, website, United Kingdom",website: http://www.inklestudios.com/ink,beginner to advance
+439,ABC,"ABC is an imperative general-purpose programming language and programming environment developed at CWI, Netherlands by Leo Geurts, Lambert Meertens, and Steven Pemberton. It is interactive, structured, high-level, and intended to be used instead of BASIC, Pascal, or AWK. It is not meant to be a systems-programming language but is intended for teaching or prototyping. The language had a major influence on the design of the Python programming language; Guido van Rossum, who developed Python, previously worked for several years on the ABC system in the early 1980s.","ABC, , wikipedia, Netherlands",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+440,Ext4,"The ext4 or fourth extended filesystem is a journaling file system for Linux, developed as the successor to ext3.","Ext4, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4,beginner to advance
+441,DIAGRAM,"A diagram is a symbolic representation of information according to some visualization technique. Diagrams have been used since ancient times, but became more prevalent during the Enlightenment.  Sometimes, the technique uses a three-dimensional visualization which is then projected onto a two-dimensional surface. The word graph is sometimes used as a synonym for diagram.","DIAGRAM, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7b773624063af98bf0bfb75c705e489f736aa7f8, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagram",beginner to advance
+442,Mercurial,"Mercurial is a distributed revision-control tool for software developers. It is supported on Microsoft Windows and Unix-like systems, such as FreeBSD, macOS and Linux. Mercurial's major design goals include high performance and scalability, decentralized, fully distributed collaborative development, robust handling of both plain text and binary files, and advanced branching and merging capabilities, while remaining conceptually simple. It includes an integrated web-interface. Mercurial has also taken steps to ease the transition for users of other version control systems, particularly Subversion. Mercurial is primarily a command-line driven program, but graphical user interface extensions are available, e.g. TortoiseHg, and several IDEs offer support for version control with Mercurial. All of Mercurial's operations are invoked as arguments to its driver program hg (a reference to Hg - the chemical symbol of the element mercury). Matt Mackall originated Mercurial and serves as its lead developer. Mercurial is released as free software under the terms of the GNU GPL v2 (or any later version). It is mainly implemented using the Python programming language, but includes a binary diff implementation written in C.","Mercurial, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurial,beginner to advance
+443,K,"K is a proprietary array processing language developed by Arthur Whitney and commercialized by Kx Systems. Since then, an open-source implementation known as Kona has also been developed. The language serves as the foundation for kdb+, an in-memory, column-based database, and other related financial products. The language, originally developed in 1993, is a variant of APL and contains elements of Scheme. Advocates of the language emphasize its speed, facility in handling arrays, and expressive syntax.","K, Arthur Whitney, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+445,Scala.js,"Scala ( SKAH-lah) is a general-purpose programming language providing support for functional programming and a strong static type system. Designed to be concise, many of Scala's design decisions aimed to address criticisms of Java.Scala source code is intended to be compiled to Java bytecode, so that the resulting executable code runs on a Java virtual machine. Scala provides language interoperability with Java, so that libraries written in both languages may be referenced directly in Scala or Java code. Like Java, Scala is object-oriented, and uses a curly-brace syntax reminiscent of the C programming language. Unlike Java, Scala has many features of functional programming languages like Scheme, Standard ML and Haskell, including currying, type inference, immutability, lazy evaluation, and pattern matching. It also has an advanced type system supporting algebraic data types, covariance and contravariance, higher-order types (but not higher-rank types), and anonymous types. Other features of Scala not present in Java include operator overloading, optional parameters, named parameters, and raw strings. Conversely, a feature of Java not in Scala is checked exceptions, which have proved controversial.The name Scala is a portmanteau of scalable and language, signifying that it is designed to grow with the demands of its users.",,"website: https://www.scala-js.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala.js_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+446,RStudio,"RStudio is a free and open-source integrated development environment (IDE) for R, a programming language for statistical computing and graphics. RStudio was founded by JJ Allaire, creator of the programming language ColdFusion. Hadley Wickham is the Chief Scientist at RStudio.RStudio is available in two editions: RStudio Desktop, where the program is run locally as a regular desktop application; and RStudio Server, which allows accessing RStudio using a web browser while it is running on a remote Linux server. Prepackaged distributions of RStudio Desktop are available for Windows, macOS, and Linux. RStudio is available in open source and commercial editions and runs on the desktop (Windows, macOS, and Linux) or in a browser connected to RStudio Server or RStudio Server Pro (Debian, Ubuntu, Red Hat Linux, CentOS, openSUSE and SLES).RStudio is partly written in the C++ programming language and uses the Qt framework for its graphical user interface. The bigger percentage of the code is written in Java, JavaScript is also amongst the languages used.Work on RStudio started around December 2010, and the first public beta version (v0.92) was officially announced in February 2011. Version 1.0 was released on 1 November 2016. Version 1.1 was released on 9 October 2017. In April 2018 it was announced RStudio will be providing operational and infrastructure support for Ursa Labs. Ursa Labs will focus on building a new data science runtime powered by Apache Arrow.",,"website: https://www.rstudio.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RStudio",beginner to advance
+447,Cap'n Proto,,"Cap'n Proto, Kenton Varda, website, United States and Portugal",website: https://capnproto.org/,beginner to advance
+448,Squeak,"The Squeak programming language is a dialect of Smalltalk. It is object-oriented, class-based, and reflective. It was derived directly from Smalltalk-80 by a group at Apple Computer that included some of the original Smalltalk-80 developers. Its development was continued by the same group at Walt Disney Imagineering, where it was intended for use in internal Disney projects. Later on the group moved on to be supported by HP labs, SAP Labs and most recently Y Combinator. Squeak is cross-platform. Programs produced on one platform run bit-identical on all other platforms, and versions are available for many platforms including the obvious Windows/macOS/linux versions. The Squeak system includes code for generating a new version of the virtual machine (VM) on which it runs. It also includes a VM simulator written in Squeak. For these reasons, it is easily ported.",,"website: http://www.squeak.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeak",beginner to advance
+449,React Native,,"React Native, Ben Alpert, website, United States",website: http://www.reactnative.com/,beginner to advance
+450,PRQL,,"PRQL, Maximilian Roos, website, reference, South Africa and United States","website: https://prql-lang.org/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30060784",beginner to advance
+451,HyperCard,"HyperCard was a piece of application software and a programming tool for Apple Macintosh and Apple IIGS computers. It was among the first successful hypermedia systems before the World Wide Web. HyperCard combined a flat-file database with a graphical, flexible, user-modifiable interface. HyperCard also included a built-in programming language called HyperTalk for manipulating data and the user interface. This combination of features – a database with simple form layout, flexible support for graphics, and ease of programming – led many people to use HyperCard for many different projects. Some people used HyperCard as a programming tool for rapid application development of applications and databases, others for building interactive applications with no database requirements, command and control systems, and many examples in the demoscene. HyperCard was originally released in 1987 for $49.95 and was included for free with all new Macs sold then. It was withdrawn from sale in March 2004 after its final update in 1998. HyperCard ran in the Classic Environment, but was not ported to Mac OS X.","HyperCard, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCard,beginner to advance
+452,Jython,Jython is an implementation of the Python programming language designed to run on the Java platform. It is the successor of JPython.,"Jython, , wikipedia, United States and United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jython,beginner to advance
+453,Natural Language Toolkit,"The Natural Language Toolkit, or more commonly NLTK, is a suite of libraries and programs for symbolic and statistical natural language processing (NLP) for English written in the Python programming language. It was developed by Steven Bird and Edward Loper in the Department of Computer and Information Science at the University of Pennsylvania. NLTK includes graphical demonstrations and sample data. It is accompanied by a book that explains the underlying concepts behind the language processing tasks supported by the toolkit, plus a cookbook. NLTK is intended to support research and teaching in NLP or closely related areas, including empirical linguistics, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, information retrieval, and machine learning. NLTK has been used successfully as a teaching tool, as an individual study tool, and as a platform for prototyping and building research systems. There are 32 universities in the US and 25 countries using NLTK in their courses. NLTK supports classification, tokenization, stemming, tagging, parsing, and semantic reasoning functionalities..","Natural Language Toolkit, , website, wikipedia, Various","website: http://www.nltk.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Language_Toolkit",beginner to advance
+454,Bluespec,"Bluespec, Inc. is a semiconductor tool design company co-founded by Prof. Arvind of MIT in June 2003. Arvind had previously founded Sandburst in 2000, which specialized in producing chips for 10G-bit Ethernet routers; for this task, Arvind had developed the Bluespec language, a high-level functional hardware description programming language which was essentially Haskell extended to handle chip design and electronic design automation in general. The main designer and implementor of Bluespec was Lennart Augustsson. Bluespec is partially evaluated (to convert the Haskell parts) and compiled to the term rewriting system (TRS). It comes with a SystemVerilog frontend.Bluespec has two product lines. Primarily for ASIC and FPGA hardware designers and architects, Bluespec supplies high-level synthesis (ESL logic synthesis) with RTL.  The first Bluespec workshop [1] was held on August 13, 2007 at MIT.","Bluespec, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluespec,beginner to advance
+455,Croc,"The MiniD (has been renamed Croc) programming language is a small, lightweight, extension language in the vein of Lua or Squirrel, but designed to be used mainly with the D programming language.  It supports both object-oriented and imperative programming paradigms, as well as some simple functional aspects. Distributed under the licence of zlib/libpng, MiniD is free software.","Croc, Jarrett Billingsley, website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://web.archive.org/web/20120625151120/http://jfbillingsley.com/croc/, wikipedia: https://web.archive.org/web/20190311032913/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniD",beginner to advance
+456,KaTeX,,"KaTeX, Emily Eisenberg, website, United States",website: https://katex.org,beginner to advance
+457,DBase,"dBase (also stylized dBASE) was one of the first database management systems for microcomputers, and the most successful in its day. The dBase system includes the core database engine, a query system, a forms engine, and a programming language that ties all of these components together. dBase's underlying file format, the .dbf file, is widely used in applications needing a simple format to store structured data. dBase was originally published by Ashton-Tate for microcomputer operating system CP/M in 1980, and later ported to Apple II and IBM PC computers running DOS. On the PC platform, in particular, dBase became one of the best-selling software titles for a number of years. A major upgrade was released as dBase III, and ported to a wider variety of platforms, adding UNIX, and VMS. By the mid-1980s, Ashton-Tate was one of the ""big three"" software publishers in the early business software market, the others being Lotus Development and WordPerfect. Starting in the mid-1980s, several companies produced their own variations on the dBase product and especially the dBase programming language. These included FoxBASE+ (later renamed FoxPro), Clipper, and other so-called xBase products. Many of these were technically stronger than dBase, but could not push it aside in the market. This changed with the disastrous introduction of dBase IV, whose design and stability were so poor that many users switched to other products. At the same time, there was growing use of IBM-invented SQL (Structured Query Language) in database products. Another factor was user adoption of Microsoft Windows on desktop computers. The shift toward SQL and Windows put pressure on the makers of xBase products to invest in major redesign to provide new capabilities. In spite of growing pressure to evolve, in the early 1990s xBase products constituted the leading database platform for implementing business applications. The size and impact of the xBase market did not go unnoticed, and within one year, the three top xBase firms were acquired by larger software companies. Borland purchased Ashton-Tate, Microsoft bought Fox Software, and Computer Associates acquired Nantucket. However, by the following decade most of the original xBase products had faded from prominence and several disappeared. Products known as dBase still exist, owned by dBase LLC.","DBase, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.dbase.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBase",beginner to advance
+458,S,"S is a statistical programming language developed primarily by John Chambers and (in earlier versions) Rick Becker and Allan Wilks of Bell Laboratories. The aim of the language, as expressed by John Chambers, is ""to turn ideas into software, quickly and faithfully"". The modern implementations of S is R, a part of the GNU free software project. S-PLUS, a commercial product, was formally sold by TIBCO Software.",,"website: http://ect.bell-labs.com/sl/S/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+459,True BASIC,True BASIC is a variant of the BASIC programming language descended from Dartmouth BASIC — the original BASIC — invented by college professors John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_BASIC,beginner to advance
+460,WxBasic,"wxBasic is a free software / open-source software, cross-platform BASIC interpreter. As it is based on syntax of the BASIC language, it is designed to be simple to learn and understand, and allow novice programmers to write applications for graphical environments like Windows and Linux with minimal effort.  wxBasic is a bytecode based language, like Perl or Java. It is licensed under the LGPL, so proprietary software's source code can be linked against it. It can create stand-alone executables by binding together source code with the interpreter. In contrast with executables created by similar commercial programs like Visual Basic, executables produced by wxBasic do not require any external DLL file, resource file, or installer to run.  The executable is distributed alone and can be run immediately by end-users.  As with programs written in any interpreted language, wxBasic programs may also be run straight from the source code on any platform, if wxBasic is present.    wxBasic is written primarily in C, with some C++ linking it to the wxWidgets library. wxWidgets supplies the cross-platform features. It runs on Microsoft Windows using native controls, and on Linux and macOS using the GTK+ library.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WxBasic,beginner to advance
+462,Stylus,"Stylus is a dynamic stylesheet language that is compiled into Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). Its design is influenced by Sass and LESS. It's regarded as the fourth most used CSS preprocessor syntax. It was created by TJ Holowaychuk, a former programmer for Node.js and the creator of the Luna language. It is written in JADE and Node.js.",,"website: http://stylus-lang.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus_(stylesheet_language)",beginner to advance
+463,Ion,,"Ion, , reference, United States",reference: https://amzn.github.io/ion-docs/,beginner to advance
+465,GAP,"GAP (Groups, Algorithms and Programming) is a computer algebra system for computational discrete algebra with particular emphasis on computational group theory.","GAP, gap, website, wikipedia, Germany","website: http://www.gap-system.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAP_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+466,Sather,"Sather is an object-oriented programming language. It originated circa 1990 at the International Computer Science Institute (ICSI) at the University of California, Berkeley, developed by an international team led by Steve Omohundro. It supports garbage collection and generics by subtypes. Originally, it was based on Eiffel, but it has diverged, and now includes several functional programming features. It is probably best to view it as an object-oriented language, with many ideas borrowed from Eiffel. Even the name is inspired by Eiffel; the Sather Tower is a recognizable landmark at Berkeley, named after Jane Krom Sather, the widow of Peder Sather, who donated large sums to the foundation of the university. Sather also takes inspiration from other programming languages and paradigms: iterators, design by contract, abstract classes, multiple inheritance, anonymous functions, operator overloading, contravariant type system. The original Berkeley implementation (last stable version 1.1 was released in 1995, no longer maintained) has been adopted by the Free Software Foundation therefore becoming GNU Sather. Last stable GNU version (1.2.3) was released in July 2007 and the software is currently not maintained. There were several other variants: Sather-K from the University of Karlsruhe; Sather-W from the University of Waikato (implementation of Sather version 1.3); Peter Naulls' port of ICSI Sather 1.1 to RISC OS; and pSather, a parallel version of ICSI Sather addressing non-uniform memory access multiprocessor architectures but presenting a shared memory model to the programmer. The former ICSI Sather compiler (now GNU Sather) is implemented as a compiler to C, i.e., the compiler does not output object or machine code, but takes Sather source code and generates C source code as an intermediate language. Optimizing is left to the C compiler. The GNU Sather compiler, written in Sather itself, is dual licensed under the GNU GPL & LGPL.","Sather, Steve Omohundro, website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.gnu.org/software/sather/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sather",beginner to advance
+467,Vim script,"Vim (; a contraction of Vi IMproved) is a clone, with additions, of Bill Joy's vi text editor program for Unix. It was written by Bram Moolenaar based on source for a port of the Stevie editor to the Amiga and first released publicly in 1991. Vim is designed for use both from a command-line interface and as a standalone application in a graphical user interface. Vim is free and open-source software and is released under a license that includes some charityware clauses, encouraging users who enjoy the software to consider donating to children in Uganda. The license is compatible with the GNU General Public License through a special clause allowing distribution of modified copies ""under the GNU GPL version 2 or any later version"".Although it was originally released for the Amiga, Vim has since been developed to be cross-platform, supporting many other platforms. In 2006, it was voted the most popular editor amongst Linux Journal readers; in 2015 the Stack Overflow developer survey found it to be the third most popular text editor, and the fifth most popular development environment in 2018.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_script,beginner to advance
+468,FreeBASIC,"FreeBASIC  is a multiplatform, free/open source (GPL) BASIC compiler for Microsoft Windows, protected-mode MS-DOS (DOS extender), Linux, FreeBSD and Xbox.  The Xbox version is no longer maintained.According to its official Web site, FreeBASIC provides syntax compatibility with programs originally written in Microsoft QuickBASIC (QB).  Unlike QuickBASIC, however, FreeBASIC is a command line only compiler, unless users manually install an external integrated development environment (IDE) of their choice.   IDEs specifically made for FreeBASIC include FBide and FbEdit.","FreeBASIC, Andre Victor, wikipedia, Various",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBASIC,beginner to advance
+469,MMX instruction set,"MMX is a single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) instruction set designed by Intel, introduced in 1997 with its P5-based Pentium line of microprocessors, designated as ""Pentium with MMX Technology"". It developed out of a similar unit introduced on the Intel i860, and earlier the Intel i750 video pixel processor. MMX is a processor supplementary capability that is supported on recent IA-32 processors by Intel and other vendors. MMX has subsequently been extended by several programs by Intel and others: 3DNow!, Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE), and ongoing revisions of Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX).","MMX instruction set, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMX_(instruction_set),beginner to advance
+470,JScript,"JScript is Microsoft's dialect of the ECMAScript standard that is used in Microsoft's Internet Explorer. JScript is implemented as an Active Scripting engine. This means that it can be ""plugged in"" to OLE Automation applications that support Active Scripting, such as Internet Explorer, Active Server Pages, and Windows Script Host. It also means such applications can use multiple Active Scripting languages, e.g., JScript, VBScript or PerlScript. JScript was first supported in the Internet Explorer 3.0 browser released in August 1996. Its most recent version is JScript 9.0, included in Internet Explorer 9. JScript 10.0 is a separate dialect, also known as JScript .NET, which adds several new features from the abandoned fourth edition of the ECMAScript standard. It must be compiled for .NET Framework version 2 or version 4, but static type annotations are optional.",,"website: https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/hbxc2t98.aspx, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JScript",beginner to advance
+471,Pygments,,"Pygments, Georg Brandl, website, Germany",website: https://pygments.org/,beginner to advance
+472,Parrot,"Parrot is a register-based process virtual machine designed to run dynamic languages efficiently. It is possible to compile Parrot assembly language and PIR (an intermediate language) to Parrot bytecode and execute it. Parrot is free and open source software.Parrot was started by the Perl community and is developed with help from the open source and free software communities. As a result, it is focused on license compatibility with Perl (Artistic License 2.0), platform compatibility across a broad array of systems, processor architecture compatibility across most modern processors, speed of execution, small size (around 700k depending on platform), and the flexibility to handle the varying demands made by Perl 6 and other modern dynamic languages. Version 1.0, with a stable API for development, was released on March 17, 2009.The current version is release 8.1.0 ""Andean Parakeet""","Parrot, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot_virtual_machine,beginner to advance
+473,Wolfram Mathematica,"Wolfram Mathematica (usually termed Mathematica) is a modern technical computing system spanning most areas of technical computing — including neural networks, machine learning, image processing, geometry, data science, visualizations, and others. The system is used in many technical, scientific, engineering, mathematical, and computing fields. It was conceived by Stephen Wolfram and is developed by Wolfram Research of Champaign, Illinois. The Wolfram Language is the programming language used in Mathematica.","Wolfram Mathematica, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Mathematica,beginner to advance
+475,CouchDB,"Apache CouchDB is an open-source document-oriented NoSQL database, implemented in Erlang. CouchDB uses multiple formats and protocols to store, transfer, and process its data. It uses JSON to store data, JavaScript as its query language using MapReduce, and HTTP for an API.",,"website: https://couchdb.apache.org/, documentation: https://docs.couchdb.org/en/3.2.2-docs/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_CouchDB",beginner to advance
+476,Pig Latin,"Apache Pig is a high-level platform for creating programs that run on Apache Hadoop. The language for this platform is called Pig Latin.  Pig can execute its Hadoop jobs in MapReduce, Apache Tez, or Apache Spark.  Pig Latin abstracts the programming from the Java MapReduce idiom into a notation which makes MapReduce programming high level, similar to that of SQL for relational database management systems. Pig Latin can be extended using user-defined functions (UDFs) which the user can write in Java, Python, JavaScript, Ruby or Groovy and then call directly from the language.",,"website: https://pig.apache.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Pig",beginner to advance
+477,TXL,"TXL is a special-purpose programming language originally designed by Charles Halpern-Hamu and James Cordy at the University of Toronto in 1985.  The acronym ""TXL"" originally stood for ""Turing eXtender Language"" after the language's original purpose, the specification and rapid prototyping of variants and extensions of the Turing programming language, but no longer has any meaningful interpretation. Modern TXL is specifically designed for creating, manipulating and rapidly prototyping language-based descriptions, tools and applications using source transformation.   It is a hybrid functional / rule-based language using first order functional programming at the higher level and term rewriting at the lower level.  The formal semantics and implementation of TXL are based on formal term rewriting, but the term structures are largely hidden from the user due to the example-like style of pattern specification. Each TXL program has two components: a description of the source structures to be transformed, specified as a (possibly ambiguous) context-free grammar using an extended Backus–Naur Form; and a set of tree transformation rules, specified using pattern / replacement pairs combined using first order functional programming.  TXL is designed to allow explicit programmer control over the interpretation, application, order and backtracking of both parsing and rewriting rules, allowing for expression of a wide range of grammar-based techniques such as agile parsing. The first component parses the input expression into a tree using pattern-matching. The second component uses Term-rewriting in a manner similar to Yacc to produce the transformed output. TXL is most commonly used in software analysis and reengineering tasks such as design recovery, and in rapid prototyping of new programming languages and dialects.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TXL_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+478,RMarkdown,,"RMarkdown, JJ Allaire, website, United States",website: https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/,beginner to advance
+479,Graph Modeling Language,Graph Modeling Language (GML) is a hierarchical ASCII-based file format for describing graphs. It has been also named Graph Meta Language.,"Graph Modeling Language, , reference, wikipedia, Germany","reference: http://www.uni-passau.de/fileadmin/files/lehrstuhl/brandenburg/projekte/gml/gml-technical-report.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_Modelling_Language",beginner to advance
+480,CIL,"Cilk, Cilk++ and Cilk Plus are general-purpose programming languages designed for multithreaded parallel computing. They are based on the C and C++ programming languages, which they extend with constructs to express parallel loops and the fork–join idiom. Originally developed in the 1990s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the group of Charles E. Leiserson, Cilk was later commercialized as Cilk++ by a spinoff company, Cilk Arts. That company was subsequently acquired by Intel, which increased compatibility with existing C and C++ code, calling the result Cilk Plus.","CIL, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.cilk.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilk",beginner to advance
+481,EML,"Mbox is a generic term for a family of related file formats used for holding collections of email messages, first implemented for Fifth Edition Unix. All messages in an mbox mailbox are concatenated and stored as plain text in a single file. Each message starts with the four characters ""From"" followed by a space (the so named ""From_ line"") and the sender's email address. RFC 4155 defines that a UTC timestamp follows after another separating space character. Unlike the Internet protocols used for the exchange of email, the format used for the storage of email has never been formally defined through the RFC standardization mechanism and has been entirely left to the developer of an email client. However, the POSIX standard defined a loose frame in conjunction with the mailx program. In 2005 finally, the application/mbox media type was standardized as RFC 4155, and hints that mbox stores mailbox messages in their original Internet Message (RFC 2822) format, except for the used newline character, seven-bit clean data storage, and the requirement that each newly added message is terminated with a completely empty line within the mbox database. A format similar to mbox is the MH Message Handling System. Other systems, such as Microsoft Exchange Server and the Cyrus IMAP server store mailboxes in centralised databases managed by the mail system and not directly accessible by individual users. The maildir mailbox format is often cited as an alternative to the mbox format for network email storage systems.","EML, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc822, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbox",beginner to advance
+482,FASTQ,"FASTQ format is a text-based format for storing both a biological sequence (usually nucleotide sequence) and its corresponding quality scores. Both the sequence letter and quality score are each encoded with a single ASCII character for brevity. It was originally developed at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute to bundle a FASTA formatted sequence and its quality data, but has recently become the de facto standard for storing the output of high-throughput sequencing instruments such as the Illumina Genome Analyzer.","FASTQ, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASTQ_format,beginner to advance
+483,Numba,,"Numba, Travis E. Oliphant, website, United States and United Kingdom and Germany",website: http://numba.pydata.org/,beginner to advance
+484,Punched tape,"Punched tape or perforated paper tape is a form of data storage, consisting of a long strip of paper in which holes are punched to store data. Now effectively obsolete, it was widely used during much of the twentieth century for teleprinter communication, for input to computers of the 1950s and 1960s, and later as a storage medium for minicomputers and CNC machine tools.","Punched tape, , wikipedia, France",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_tape,beginner to advance
+485,Latte,,"Latte, David Grudl, website, Czech Republic",website: https://latte.nette.org,beginner to advance
+486,Smarty,"Smarty is a web template system written in PHP. Smarty is primarily promoted as a tool for separation of concerns. Smarty is intended to simplify compartmentalization, allowing the front-end of a web page to change separately from its back-end. Ideally, this lowers costs and minimizes the efforts associated with software maintenance. Smarty generates web content through the placement of special Smarty tags within a document. These tags are processed and substituted with other code. Tags are directives for Smarty that are enclosed by template delimiters. These directives can be variables, denoted by a dollar sign ($), functions, logical or loop statements. Smarty allows PHP programmers to define custom functions that can be accessed using Smarty tags.",,"website: http://www.smarty.net, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smarty_(template_engine)",beginner to advance
+487,Nu,"Nu is an interpreted object-oriented programming language, with a Lisp-like syntax, created by Tim Burks as an alternative scripting language to program OS X through its Cocoa application programming interface (API). Implementations also exist for iPhone and Linux. The language was first announced at C4, a conference for indie Mac developers held in August 2007.","Nu, Tim Burks, wikipedia, United States and Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+488,Multics,"Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) is an influential early time-sharing operating system, based around the concept of a single-level memory. Virtually all modern operating systems were heavily influenced by Multics – often through Unix, which was created by some of the people who had worked on Multics – either directly (Linux, macOS) or indirectly (Windows NT).","Multics, , reference, wikipedia, Canada","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bbdb16ebe3c71e7b6d32750ae61d0aab7ab72e84, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics",beginner to advance
+489,DTD,"A document type definition (DTD) is a set of markup declarations that define a document type for an SGML-family markup language (SGML, XML, HTML). A Document Type Definition (DTD) defines the legal building blocks of an XML document. It defines the document structure with a list of legal elements and attributes. A DTD can be declared inline inside an XML document, or as an external reference. XML uses a subset of SGML DTD. As of 2009, newer XML namespace-aware schema languages (such as W3C XML Schema and ISO RELAX NG) have largely superseded DTDs. A namespace-aware version of DTDs is being developed as Part 9 of ISO DSDL. DTDs persist in applications that need special publishing characters, such as the XML and HTML Character Entity References, which derive from larger sets defined as part of the ISO SGML standard effort.","DTD, , wikipedia, Switzerland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_type_definition,beginner to advance
+490,Malbolge,"Malbolge () is a public domain esoteric programming language invented by Ben Olmstead in 1998, named after the eighth circle of hell in Dante's Inferno, the Malebolge. Malbolge was specifically designed to be almost impossible to use, via a counter-intuitive 'crazy operation', base-three arithmetic, and self-altering code. It builds on the difficulty of earlier, challenging esoteric languages (such as Brainfuck and Befunge), but takes this aspect to the extreme, playing on the entangled histories of computer science and encryption. Despite this design, it is possible (though very difficult) to write useful Malbolge programs.","Malbolge, Ben Olmstead, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbolge,beginner to advance
+491,Tiny BASIC,"Tiny BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language that can fit into as little as 2 or 3 KB of memory. This small size made it invaluable in the early days of microcomputers in the mid-1970s, when typical memory size was only 4 to 8 KB. To meet these strict size limits, math was purely integer based and it lacked arrays. The language was written, in part, as an alternative to Microsoft BASIC. MS BASIC would also run in 4 KB machines, but left only 790 bytes free for the programs. More free space was a significant advantage of Tiny BASIC. Piracy of MS BASIC led Bill Gates to publish an open letter complaining about people ""stealing"" BASIC, which further helped drive the popularity of this alternative. Tiny BASIC was published in a newsletter offshoot of the People's Computer Company. Dozens of versions were created for almost every platform of the era, and there were many variations and additions that were published over time. The newsletter eventually became Dr. Dobb's Journal, a long-lived computing magazine. Tiny BASIC is an example of a free software project that existed before the free software movement.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_BASIC,beginner to advance
+492,Xtend,"Xtend is a general-purpose high-level programming language for the Java Virtual Machine. Syntactically and semantically Xtend has its roots in the Java programming language but focuses on a more concise syntax and some additional functionality such as type inference, extension methods, and operator overloading. Being primarily an object-oriented language, it also integrates features known from functional programming, e.g. lambda expressions. Xtend is statically typed and uses Java's type system without modifications. It is compiled to Java code and thereby seamlessly integrates with all existing Java libraries. The language Xtend and its IDE is developed as a project at Eclipse.org and participates in the annual Eclipse release train. The code is open source under the Eclipse Public License. Yet, the language can be compiled and run independent of the Eclipse platform.",,"website: http://www.xtend-lang.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xtend",beginner to advance
+493,ALGOL W,"ALGOL W is a programming language. It is based on a proposal for ALGOL X by Niklaus Wirth and Tony Hoare as a successor to ALGOL 60 in IFIP Working Group 2.1. When the committee decided that the proposal was not a sufficient advance over ALGOL 60, the proposal was published as A contribution to the development of ALGOL. After making small modifications to the language Wirth supervised a high quality implementation for the IBM/360 at Stanford University that was widely distributed.It represented a relatively conservative modification of ALGOL 60, adding string, bitstring, complex number and reference to record datatypes and call-by-result passing of parameters, introducing the while statement, replacing switch with the case statement, and generally tightening up the language. The implementation was written in PL/360, an ALGOL-like assembly language designed by Wirth. The implementation includes influential debugging and profiling abilities.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL_W,beginner to advance
+494,IBM System z,"IBM System z (officially ""IBM z Systems"") is a family name used by IBM for all of its mainframe computers. In 2000, IBM renamed the existing System/390 to IBM eServer zSeries with the e depicted in IBM's red trademarked symbol, but because no specific machine names were changed for System/390, the zSeries name in common use refers only to the z900 and z990 generations of mainframes. In April 2006, with another generation of products, the official family was changed to IBM System z, which now includes both older IBM eServer zSeries models, the IBM System z9 models, the IBM System z10 models, and the newer IBM zEnterprise models. The IBM z13 is the last z Systems server to support running an operating system in ESA/390 architecture mode.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System_z,beginner to advance
+496,JFlex,,"JFlex, , website, Switzerland and Australia",website: http://jflex.de/,beginner to advance
+497,DTrace,"DTrace is a comprehensive dynamic tracing framework created by Sun Microsystems for troubleshooting kernel and application problems on production systems in real time. Originally developed for Solaris, it has since been released under the free Common Development and Distribution License (CDDL) and has been ported to several other Unix-like systems. DTrace can be used to get a global overview of a running system, such as the amount of memory, CPU time, filesystem and network resources used by the active processes. It can also provide much more fine-grained information, such as a log of the arguments with which a specific function is being called, or a list of the processes accessing a specific file. In 2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems. In October 2011, Oracle announced the porting of DTrace to Linux, but for several years only an unofficial DTrace port to Linux was available, with no changes in licensing terms.In August 2017, Oracle released DTrace kernel code under the GPLv2+ license, and user space code under GPLv2 and UPL licensing. In September 2018 Microsoft announced that they had ported DTrace from FreeBSD to Windows.In September 2016 the OpenDTrace effort began on github with both code and comprehensive documentation of the system's internals.  The OpenDTrace effort maintains the original CDDL licensing for the code from OpenSolaris with additional code contributions coming under a BSD 2 Clause license.  The goal of OpenDTrace is to provide an OS agnostic, portable implementation of DTrace that is acceptable to all consumers, including macOS, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, and Linux as well as embedded systems.","DTrace, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://dtrace.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTrace",beginner to advance
+498,Ragel,"Ragel is a finite-state machine compiler and a parser generator. Initially Ragel supported output for C, C++ and Assembly source code,. Although subsequently extended to support several other languages (said to be Objective C, D, Go, Ruby, and Java) this support of other languages was withdrawn .  It supports the generation of table or control flow driven state machines from regular expressions and/or state charts and can also build lexical analysers via the longest-match method. Ragel specifically targets text parsing and input validation.","Ragel, , website, wikipedia, The Netherlands","website: http://complang.org/ragel/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragel",beginner to advance
+499,AspectJ,"AspectJ is an aspect-oriented programming (AOP) extension created at PARC for the Java programming language. It is available in Eclipse Foundation open-source projects, both stand-alone and integrated into Eclipse. AspectJ has become a widely used de facto standard for AOP by emphasizing simplicity and usability for end users. It uses Java-like syntax, and included IDE integrations for displaying crosscutting structure since its initial public release in 2001.","AspectJ, , website, wikipedia, Canada","website: http://www.eclipse.org/aspectj/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AspectJ",beginner to advance
+500,Caml,"Caml (originally an acronym for Categorical abstract machine language) is a multi-paradigm, general-purpose programming language which is a dialect of the ML programming language family. Caml was developed in France at INRIA and ENS. Like many descendants of ML, Caml is statically typed, strictly evaluated, and uses automatic memory management. OCaml, as of 2017 the main implementation of Caml, adds many features to the language, including an object layer.","Caml, Gérard Huet and Guy Cousineau and Ascánder Suárez and Pierre Weis and Michel Mauny, website, wikipedia, France","website: https://caml.inria.fr, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caml",beginner to advance
+501,Fortress,"Fortress is a discontinued experimental programming language for high-performance computing, created by Sun Microsystems with funding from DARPA's High Productivity Computing Systems project. One of the language designers was Guy L. Steele Jr., whose previous work includes Scheme, Common Lisp, and Java.","Fortress, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://projectfortress.java.net/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+502,PARI/GP,PARI/GP is a computer algebra system with the main aim of facilitating number theory computations. Versions 2.1.0 and higher are distributed under the GNU General Public License. It runs on most common operating systems.,"PARI/GP, , website, wikipedia, France","website: http://pari.math.u-bordeaux.fr/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARI/GP",beginner to advance
+503,jq,,"jq, Stephen Dolan, website, reference, Unknown","website: https://stedolan.github.io/jq/, reference: https://jqplay.org/",beginner to advance
+504,Pure Data,"Pure Data (Pd) is a visual programming language developed by Miller Puckette in the 1990s for creating interactive computer music and multimedia works. While Puckette is the main author of the program, Pd is an open source project with a large developer base working on new extensions. It is released under a license similar to the BSD license. It runs on GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, iOS, Android and Windows. Ports exist for FreeBSD and IRIX. Pd is very similar in scope and design to Puckette's original Max program, developed while he was at IRCAM, and is to some degree interoperable with Max/MSP, the commercial successor to the Max language. They may be collectively discussed as members of the Patcher family of languages. With the addition of the Graphics Environment for Multimedia (GEM) external, and externals designed to work with it (like Pure Data Packet / PiDiP for Linux, Mac OS X), framestein for Windows, GridFlow (as n-dimensional matrix processing, for Linux, Mac OS X, Windows), it is possible to create and manipulate video, OpenGL graphics, images, etc., in realtime with extensive possibilities for interactivity with audio, external sensors, etc. Pd is natively designed to enable live collaboration across networks or the Internet, allowing musicians connected via LAN or even in disparate parts of the globe to create music together in real time. Pd uses FUDI as a networking protocol.","Pure Data, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://puredata.info/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Data",beginner to advance
+505,TRS-80 Color Computer,"The RadioShack TRS-80 Color Computer (later marketed as the Tandy Color Computer and sometimes nicknamed the CoCo) is a line of home computers based on the Motorola 6809 processor. The Tandy Color Computer line started in 1980 with what is now called the CoCo 1 and ended in 1991 with the more powerful CoCo 3. All three CoCo models maintained a high level of software and hardware compatibility, with few programs written for the older model not running on the newer ones. Despite bearing the TRS-80 name, the Color Computer is a radical departure from the earlier TRS-80; in particular it has a Motorola 6809E processor, rather than the TRS-80's Zilog Z80. The machines in the Color Computer line are not compatible with software made for the earlier TRS-80.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRS-80_Color_Computer,beginner to advance
+506,Max,"Max, also known as Max/MSP/Jitter, is a visual programming language for music and multimedia developed and maintained by San Francisco-based software company Cycling '74. Over its more than thirty-year history, it has been used by composers, performers, software designers, researchers, and artists to create recordings, performances, and installations.The Max program is modular, with most routines existing as shared libraries. An application programming interface (API) allows third-party development of new routines (named external objects). Thus, Max has a large user base of programmers unaffiliated with Cycling '74 who enhance the software with commercial and non-commercial extensions to the program. Because of this extensible design, which simultaneously represents both the program's structure and its graphical user interface (GUI), Max has been described as the lingua franca for developing interactive music performance software.","Max, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://cycling74.com/products/max/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_(software)",beginner to advance
+507,muPad,"MuPAD is a computer algebra system (CAS). Originally developed by the MuPAD research group at the University of Paderborn, Germany, development was taken over by the company SciFace Software GmbH & Co. KG in cooperation with the MuPAD research group and partners from some other universities starting in 1997. Until autumn 2005, the version ""MuPAD Light"" was offered for free for research and education, but as a result of the closure of the home institute of the MuPAD research group, only the version ""MuPAD Pro"" became available for purchase. The MuPAD kernel is bundled with Scientific Notebook and Scientific Workplace. Former versions of MuPAD Pro were bundled with SciLab. In MathCAD's version 14 release Mupad was adopted as the CAS engine. In September 2008, SciFace was purchased by MathWorks and the MuPAD code was included in the Symbolic Math Toolbox add-on for MATLAB. On 28 September 2008, MuPAD was withdrawn from the market as a software product in its own right. However, it is still available in the Symbolic Math Toolbox in MATLAB and can also be used as a stand-alone program.","muPad, , website, wikipedia, Germany","website: http://mathworks.com/discovery/mupad.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuPAD",beginner to advance
+508,HLSL,"The High-Level Shader Language or High-Level Shading Language (HLSL) is a proprietary shading language developed by Microsoft for the Direct3D 9 API to augment the shader assembly language, and went on to become the required shading language for the unified shader model of Direct3D 10 and higher. HLSL is analogous to the GLSL shading language used with the OpenGL standard. It is very similar to the Nvidia Cg shading language, as it was developed alongside it.  HLSL shaders can enable profound speed and detail increases as well as many special effects in both 2d and 3d computer graphics.HLSL programs come in five forms: pixel shaders (fragment in GLSL), vertex shaders, geometry shaders, compute shaders and tessellation shaders (Hull and Domain shaders). A vertex shader is executed for each vertex that is submitted by the application, and is primarily responsible for transforming the vertex from object space to view space, generating texture coordinates, and calculating lighting coefficients such as the vertex's tangent, binormal and normal vectors. When a group of vertices (normally 3, to form a triangle) come through the vertex shader, their output position is interpolated to form pixels within its area; this process is known as rasterisation. Each of these pixels comes through the pixel shader, whereby the resultant screen colour is calculated. Optionally, an application using a Direct3D 10/11/12 interface and Direct3D 10/11/12 hardware may also specify a geometry shader. This shader takes as its input some vertices of a primitive (triangle/line/point) and uses this data to generate/degenerate (or tessellate) additional primitives or to change the type of primitives, which are each then sent to the rasterizer. D3D11.3 and D3D12 introduced Shader Model 5.1 and later 6.0.","HLSL, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/direct3dhlsl/dx-graphics-hlsl, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Level_Shading_Language",beginner to advance
+509,Unicon,"Unicon is a programming language designed by American computer scientist Clint Jeffery with collaborators including Shamim Mohamed, Jafar Al Gharaibeh, Robert Parlett and others. Unicon descended from Icon and a preprocessor for Icon called IDOL. Compared with Icon, Unicon offers better access to the operating system as well as support for object-oriented programming. Unicon began life as a merger of three popular Icon extensions: an OO preprocessor named Idol, a POSIX filesystem and networking interface, and an ODBC facility. The name is shorthand for ""Unified Extended Dialect of Icon."" Compared with Icon, many of the new features of Unicon are extensions to the I/O and system interface, to complement Icon's core control and data structures. Rather than providing lower-level APIs as-is from C, Unicon implements higher level and easier to use facilities, enabling rapid development of graphic- and network-intensive applications in addition to Icon's core strengths in text and file processing. classes and packages exceptions as a contributed class library - see mailing list loadable child programs monitoring of child programs dynamic loading of C modules (some platforms) multiple inheritance, with novel semantics ODBC database access dbm files can be used as associative arrays posix system interface 3D graphics true concurrency (on platforms supporting Posix threads) When run as a graphical IDE, the Unicon program ui.exe continues to offer links to Icon help. The official Unicon programming book in PDF format is a popular way to learn Unicon. The book includes an introduction to object-oriented development as well as UML. It includes useful chapters on topics such as the use of Unicon for CGI. Recent additions to Unicon include true concurrency. Unicon is not yet Unicode-compliant. There are opportunities posted at a help-wanted page.",,"website: http://www.unicon.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicon_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+510,RDFa,"RDFa (or Resource Description Framework in Attributes) is  a W3C Recommendation that adds a set of attribute-level extensions to HTML, XHTML and various XML-based document types for embedding rich metadata within Web documents. The RDF data-model mapping enables its use for embedding RDF subject-predicate-object expressions within XHTML documents. It also enables the extraction of RDF model triples by compliant user agents. The RDFa community runs a wiki website to host tools, examples, and tutorials.","RDFa, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://rdfa.info/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDFa",beginner to advance
+511,Ring,"Ring is a dynamic and general-purpose programming language. It can be embedded in C/C++ projects, extended using C/C++ code and/or used as a standalone language. The supported programming paradigms are imperative, procedural, object-oriented, functional, Meta programming, declarative programming using nested structures, and natural programming. The language is portable (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Android, etc.) and can be used to create Console, GUI, Web, Games and Mobile applications.","Ring, Mahmoud Fayed, website, wikipedia, Saudi Arabia","website: http://ring-lang.net, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+512,HOPE,"Hope is a small functional programming language developed in the 1970s at Edinburgh University. It predates Miranda and Haskell and is contemporaneous with ML (also developed at Edinburgh). Hope was derived from NPL, a simple functional language developed by Rod Burstall and John Darlington in their work on program transformation. NPL was, in turn, derived from Kleene Recursion Equations. NPL and Hope are notable for being the first languages with call-by-pattern evaluation and algebraic data types. (Though SNOBOL is even older, and its 'patterns' may qualify as a hybrid between call-by-pattern and regular expression matching.) Hope is an important language in the development of functional programming. Hope was named for Sir Thomas Hope (c. 1681–1771), a Scottish agricultural reformer, after whom Hope Park Square in Edinburgh, the location of the Department of Artificial Intelligence at the time of the development of Hope, was also named.","HOPE, , reference, wikipedia, United Kingdom","reference: https://github.com/dmbaturin/hope, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+513,Free Pascal,"Free Pascal Compiler (FPC) is a compiler for the closely related programming language dialects, Pascal and Object Pascal. It is free software released under the GNU General Public License, with exception clauses that allow for static linking against its runtime libraries and packages for any purpose in combination with any other software license. It supports its own Object Pascal dialect as well as the dialects of several other Pascal family compilers to a certain extent, including those of Turbo Pascal, Delphi, and some historical Macintosh compilers. The dialect is selected on a per-unit (module) basis, and more than one dialect can be used per program. It follows a write once, compile anywhere philosophy, and is available for many CPU architectures and operating systems (see Targets). It supports inline assembly language and includes an internal assembler capable of parsing several dialects such as AT&T and Intel style. Separate projects exist to facilitate developing cross-platform graphical user interface (GUI) applications, the most prominent one being the Lazarus integrated development environment (IDE).","Free Pascal, , wikipedia, Various",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Pascal,beginner to advance
+514,RPL,"RPL (derived from Reverse Polish Lisp according to its original developers, whilst for a short while in 1987 HP marketing attempted to coin the backronym ROM-based Procedural Language for it) is a handheld calculator operating system and application programming language used on Hewlett-Packard's scientific graphing RPN (Reverse Polish Notation) calculators of the HP 28, 48, 49 and 50 series, but it is also usable on non-RPN calculators, such as the 38, 39 and 40 series. RPL is a structured programming language based on RPN, but equally capable of processing algebraic expressions and formulae, implemented as a threaded interpreter. RPL has many similarities to Forth, both languages being stack-based, as well as the list-based LISP. Contrary to previous HP RPN calculators, which had a fixed four-level stack, the stack used by RPL is only limited by available calculator RAM. RPL originated from HP's Corvallis, Oregon development facility in 1984 as a replacement for the previous practice of implementing the operating systems of calculators in assembly language. The last calculator supporting RPL, the HP 50g, was discontinued in 2015.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPL_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+515,Diff,"In computing, the diff utility is a data comparison tool that calculates and displays the differences between two files. Unlike edit distance notions used for other purposes, diff is line-oriented rather than character-oriented, but it is like Levenshtein distance in that it tries to determine the smallest set of deletions and insertions to create one file from the other. The diff command displays the changes made in a standard format, such that both humans and machines can understand the changes and apply them: given one file and the changes, the other file can be created. Typically, diff is used to show the changes between two versions of the same file. Modern implementations also support binary files. The output is called a ""diff"", or a patch, since the output can be applied with the Unix program patch. The output of similar file comparison utilities are also called a ""diff""; like the use of the word ""grep"" for describing the act of searching, the word diff became a generic term for calculating data difference and the results thereof.","Diff, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diff_utility,beginner to advance
+516,NL,"nl is a file format for presenting and archiving mathematical programming problems. Initially this format has been invented for connecting solvers to AMPL. It has also been adopted by other systems such as COIN-OR (as one of the input formats), FortSP (for interacting with external solvers), and Coopr (as one of its output formats). The nl format supports a wide range of problem types, among them:  Linear programming Quadratic programming Nonlinear programming Mixed-integer programming Mixed-integer quadratic programming with or without convex quadratic constraints Mixed-integer nonlinear programming Second-order cone programming Global optimization Semidefinite programming problems with bilinear matrix inequalities Complementarity problems (MPECs) in discrete or continuous variables Constraint programmingThe nl format is low-level and is designed for compactness, not for readability. It has both binary and textual representation. Most commercial and academic solvers accept this format either directly or through special driver programs. The open-source AMPL Solver Library (ASL) distributed via Netlib  and AMPL/MP library  provide nl parsers that are used in many solvers.","NL, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://web.archive.org/web/20161228202832/https://cfwebprod.sandia.gov/cfdocs/CompResearch/docs/nlwrite20051130.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nl_(format)",beginner to advance
+517,mlir,,"mlir, , website, reference, Various","website: https://mlir.llvm.org/, reference: https://blog.tensorflow.org/2019/04/mlir-new-intermediate-representation.html",beginner to advance
+518,Gosu,"Gosu is a statically-typed programming language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine released under the Apache 2. This general-purpose programming language is used in several open-source software projects including SparkGS and Ragnar DB among several others, and is widely used in the insurance industry via Guidewire Software's commercial products. The language borrows from several existing languages including Java, C#, and ECMAScript. A notable and unique feature is its Open Type System, which allows the language to be easily extended to provide compile-time checking and IDE awareness of information that is typically checked only at runtime in most other languages. Also of note is the language's ability to serve as both a full-featured general purpose language and as a concise scripting language. For instance, Gosu has free-form Program types (.gsp files) for scripting as well as statically verified Template files (.gst files). Gosu can optionally execute these and all other types directly from source without precompilation, which also distinguishes it from other static languages.","Gosu, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://gosu-lang.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosu_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+519,OpenVera,"OpenVera is a hardware verification language developed and managed by Synopsys. OpenVera is an interoperable, open hardware verification language for testbench creation. The OpenVera language was used as the basis for the advanced verification features in the IEEE Std. 1800 SystemVerilog standard, for the benefit of the entire verification community including companies in the semiconductor, systems, IP and EDA industries along with verification services. The OpenVera language reference manual (LRM) can be obtained at no cost, but modifications to the language must go through Synopsys.","OpenVera, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: http://wiki.c2.com/?VeraLanguage, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVera",beginner to advance
+521,mermaid,,"mermaid, , website, Various",website: https://mermaidjs.github.io/,beginner to advance
+522,High Level Assembly,"High Level Assembly (HLA) is an high-level assembly language developed by Randall Hyde. It allows the use of higher-level language constructs to aid both beginners and advanced assembly developers. It fully supports advanced data types and object-oriented programming. It uses a syntax loosely based on several high-level programming languages (HLLs), such as Pascal, Ada, Modula-2, and C++, to allow creating readable assembly language programs, and to allow HLL programmers to learn HLA as fast as possible.","High Level Assembly, Randall Hyde, website, reference, wikipedia, United States","website: https://plantation-productions.com/Webster/HighLevelAsm/index.html, reference: https://sourceforge.net/projects/hlav1/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Level_Assembly",beginner to advance
+523,commonmark,,"commonmark, John MacFarlane, website, United States",website: https://commonmark.org/,beginner to advance
+524,Atmel AVR,"AVR is a family of microcontrollers developed since 1996 by Atmel, acquired by Microchip Technology in 2016. These are modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC single-chip microcontrollers. AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use on-chip flash memory for program storage, as opposed to one-time programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM used by other microcontrollers at the time. AVR microcontrollers find many applications as embedded systems. They are especially common in hobbyist and educational embedded applications, popularized by their inclusion in many of the Arduino line of open hardware development boards.","Atmel AVR, , wikipedia, Norway",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR,beginner to advance
+525,Eve,,"Eve, , website, United States",website: http://witheve.com/,beginner to advance
+526,Cue,,"Cue, Marcel van Lohuizen, website, United Kingdom and United States and Switzerland",website: https://cuelang.org/,beginner to advance
+527,Fennel,,"Fennel, Calvin Rose, website, Various",website: https://fennel-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+528,JCL,"Job Control Language (JCL) is a name for scripting languages used on IBM mainframe operating systems to instruct the system on how to run a batch job or start a subsystem. More specifically, the purpose of JCL is to say which programs to run, using which files or devices  for input or output, and at times to also indicate under what conditions to skip a step. There are two distinct IBM Job Control languages: one for the operating system lineage that begins with DOS/360 and whose latest member is z/VSE; and the other for the lineage from OS/360 to z/OS, the latter now including JES extensions, Job Entry Control Language (JECL). They share some basic syntax rules and a few basic concepts, but are otherwise very different.","JCL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_Control_Language,beginner to advance
+529,RATFOR,"Ratfor (short for Rational Fortran) is a programming language implemented as a preprocessor for Fortran 66. It provided modern control structures, unavailable in Fortran 66, to replace GOTOs and statement numbers.","RATFOR, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://sepwww.stanford.edu/doku.php?id=sep:software:ratfor, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratfor",beginner to advance
+530,GLSL,"OpenGL Shading Language (abbreviated: GLSL), is a high-level shading language with a syntax based on the C programming language. It was created by the OpenGL ARB (OpenGL Architecture Review Board) to give developers more direct control of the graphics pipeline without having to use ARB assembly language or hardware-specific languages.","GLSL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL_Shading_Language,beginner to advance
+531,Curry,"Curry is an experimental functional logic programming language, based on the Haskell language. It merges elements of functional and logic programming, including constraint programming integration. It is nearly a superset of Haskell, lacking support mostly for overloading using type classes, which some implementations provide anyway as a language extension, such as the Münster Curry Compiler.","Curry, Michael Hanus and Sergio Antoy, wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+532,MusicXML,"MusicXML is an XML-based file format for representing Western musical notation. The format is open, fully documented, and can be freely used under the W3C Community Final Specification Agreement.","MusicXML, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusicXML,beginner to advance
+534,Enso,,"Enso, Wojciech Danilo, website, Poland",website: https://enso.org/,beginner to advance
+535,Luna,,"Luna, Wojciech Danilo, website, United States and Poland",website: https://www.luna-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+536,Golo,"Golo is computer software, a programming language for the Java virtual machine (JVM). It is simple, with dynamic, weak typing. It was created in 2012 as part of the research activities of the DynaMid group of the Centre of Innovation in Telecommunications and Integration of service (CITI) Laboratory at Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon (INSA). It is distributed as free and open-source software under the Eclipse Public License 1.0.","Golo, Webmaster, website, wikipedia, Unknown","website: http://golo-lang.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golo_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+537,NSIS,"Nullsoft Scriptable Install System (NSIS) is a script-driven installer authoring tool for Microsoft Windows with minimal overhead backed by Nullsoft, the creators of Winamp. NSIS is released under a combination of free software licenses, primarily the zlib license. It has become a widely used alternative to commercial proprietary products like InstallShield, with users including Amazon.com, Dropbox, Ubisoft, FL Studio, BitTorrent, and McAfee.","NSIS, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://nsis.sourceforge.net, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullsoft_Scriptable_Install_System",beginner to advance
+538,Gerber Image,"The Gerber format is an open ASCII vector format for 2D binary images. It is the de facto standard used by printed circuit board (PCB) industry software to describe the printed circuit board images: copper layers, solder mask, legend, etc.Gerber is used in PCB fabrication data. PCBs are designed on a specialized electronic design automation (EDA) or a computer-aided design (CAD) system. The CAD systems output PCB fabrication data to allow fabrication of the board. This data typically contains a Gerber file for each image layer (copper layers, solder mask, legend or silk...). Gerber is also the standard image input format for all bare board fabrication equipment needing image data, such as photoplotters, legend printers, direct imagers or automated optical inspection (AOI) machines and for viewing reference images in different departments. For assembly the fabrication data contains the solder paste layers and the central locations of components to create the stencil and place and bond the components.There are two major generations of Gerber format:  Extended Gerber, or RS-274X. This is the current Gerber format. In 2014, the graphics format was extended with the option to add meta-information to the graphics objects. Files with attributes are called X2 files, without X1 files. Standard Gerber, or RS-274-D. This obsolete format was revoked.The standard file extension is .GBR or .gbr though other extensions are also used.","Gerber Image, , wikipedia, Belgium",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerber_format,beginner to advance
+539,Expect,"Expect, an extension to the Tcl scripting language written by Don Libes, is a program to automate interactions with programs that expose a text terminal interface.  Expect was originally written in 1990 for Unix systems, but has since become available for Microsoft Windows and other systems.","Expect, , website, wikipedia, Various","website: http://core.tcl.tk/expect/index, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expect",beginner to advance
+540,BETA,"BETA is a pure object-oriented language originating within the ""Scandinavian School"" in object-orientation where the first object-oriented language Simula was developed. Among its notable features, it introduced nested classes, and unified classes with procedures into so called patterns.","BETA, Bent Bruun Kristensen and Ole Lehrmann Madsen and Birger Møller-Pedersen and Kristen Nygaard, website, wikipedia, Norway","website: http://cs.au.dk/~beta, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BETA_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+541,Action!,"Action! is a procedural programming language similar to ALGOL 68 that is intended to produce high-performance programs for the Atari 8-bit family. The language was written by Clinton Parker and distributed on ROM cartridge by Optimized Systems Software starting in 1983. Action! was used to develop at least two commercial products—the Homepak productivity suite and Games Computers Play client program—and numerous programs in ANALOG Computing and Antic magazines. The system was not ported to any other platforms. Parker had previously developed Micro-SPL with Henry Baker, a similar programming language for the Xerox Alto. The 6502 assembly language source code for Action! was made available under the GNU General Public License by the author in 2015.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action!_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+543,janet,,"janet, Calvin Rose, website, Czech Republic and New Zealand and United States",website: https://janet-lang.org,beginner to advance
+544,AutoCAD DXF,"AutoCAD DXF (Drawing Interchange Format, or Drawing Exchange Format) is a CAD data file format developed by Autodesk for enabling data interoperability between AutoCAD and other programs. DXF was originally introduced in December 1982 as part of AutoCAD 1.0, and was intended to provide an exact representation of the data in the AutoCAD native file format, DWG (Drawing), for which Autodesk for many years did not publish specifications. Because of this, correct imports of DXF files have been difficult. Autodesk now publishes the DXF specifications as a PDF on its website. Versions of AutoCAD from Release 10 (October 1988) and up support both ASCII and binary forms of DXF.  Earlier versions support only ASCII. As AutoCAD has become more powerful, supporting more complex object types, DXF has become less useful. Certain object types, including ACIS solids and regions, are not documented. Other object types, including AutoCAD 2006's dynamic blocks, and all of the objects specific to the vertical market versions of AutoCAD, are partially documented, but not well enough to allow other developers to support them. For these reasons many CAD applications use the DWG format which can be licensed from Autodesk or non-natively from the Open Design Alliance. DXF coordinates are always without dimensions so that the reader or user needs to know the drawing unit or has to extract it from the textual comments in the sheets.","AutoCAD DXF, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoCAD_DXF,beginner to advance
+545,Ladder Logic,"Ladder logic was originally a written method to document the design and construction of relay racks as used in manufacturing and process control. Each device in the relay rack would be represented by a symbol on the ladder diagram with connections between those devices shown. In addition, other items external to the relay rack such as pumps, heaters, and so forth would also be shown on the ladder diagram. See relay logic. Ladder logic has evolved into a programming language that represents a program by a graphical diagram based on the circuit diagrams of relay logic hardware. Ladder logic is used to develop software for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) used in industrial control applications. The name is based on the observation that programs in this language resemble ladders, with two vertical rails and a series of horizontal rungs between them. While ladder diagrams were once the only available notation for recording programmable controller programs, today other forms are standardized in IEC 61131-3 (For example, as an alternative to the graphical ladder logic form, there is also a more assembly language like format called Instruction list within the IEC 61131-3 standard.).","Ladder Logic, , wikipedia, Switzerland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_logic,beginner to advance
+546,beef-lang,,"beef-lang, Brian Fiete, website, reference, Unknown","website: https://www.beeflang.org/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=21991382",beginner to advance
+547,Hierarchical Data Format,"Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) is a set of file formats (HDF4, HDF5) designed to store and organize large amounts of data. Originally developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, it is supported by The HDF Group, a non-profit corporation whose mission is to ensure continued development of HDF5 technologies and the continued accessibility of data stored in HDF. In keeping with this goal, the HDF libraries and associated tools are available under a liberal, BSD-like license for general use. HDF is supported by many commercial and non-commercial software platforms, including Java, MATLAB, Scilab, Octave, Mathematica, IDL, Python, R, and Julia. The freely available HDF distribution consists of the library, command-line utilities, test suite source, Java interface, and the Java-based HDF Viewer (HDFView).The current version, HDF5, differs significantly in design and API from the major legacy version HDF4.","Hierarchical Data Format, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://support.hdfgroup.org/HDF5/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_Data_Format",beginner to advance
+548,Inno Setup,Inno Setup is a free software script-driven installation system created in Delphi by Jordan Russell. The first version was released in 1997.,"Inno Setup, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inno_Setup,beginner to advance
+549,Dogescript,,"Dogescript, Zach Bruggeman, website, Various",website: http://dogescript.io,beginner to advance
+550,PL/M,"The PL/M programming language  (an acronym of Programming Language for Microcomputers) is a high-level language conceived and developed by  Gary Kildall in 1973  for Hank Smith at Intel for its microprocessors. The language incorporated ideas from PL/I, ALGOL and XPL, and had an integrated macro processor. Unlike other contemporary languages such as Pascal, C or BASIC, PL/M had no standard input or output routines.  It included features targeted at the low-level hardware specific to the target microprocessors, and as such, it could support direct access to any location in memory, I/O ports and the processor interrupt flags in a very efficient manner. PL/M was the first higher level programming language for microprocessor-based computers and was the original implementation language for the CP/M operating system. Many Intel and Zilog Z80 based embedded systems were programmed in PL/M during the 1970s and 1980s. For instance, the firmware of the Service Processor component of CISC AS/400 was written in PL/M. The original PL/M compiler targeted the Intel 8008. An updated version generated code for the 8080 processor, which would also run on the newer Intel 8085 as well as on the Zilog Z80 family (as it is backward-compatible with the 8080). Later followed compilers for the Intel 8048 and Intel 8051-microcontroller family as well as for the 8086 (8088), 80186 (80188) and subsequent 8086-based processors, including the advanced 80286 and the 32-bit 80386. There were also PL/M compilers developed for later microcontrollers, such as the Intel 8061 and 8096 / MCS-96 architecture family.  While some PL/M compilers were ""native"", meaning that they ran on systems using that same microprocessor, e.g. for the Intel ISIS operating system, there were also ""cross compilers"", for instance PLMX, which ran on other operating environments such as CP/M, Microsoft's DOS, and Digital Equipment Corporation's VAX/VMS. PL/M is no longer supported by Intel, but aftermarket tools like PL/M-to-C translators exist (for examples, see External links, below).","PL/M, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/M,beginner to advance
+551,Cg,"Cg (short for C for Graphics) is a high-level shading language developed by Nvidia in close collaboration with Microsoft for programming vertex and pixel shaders. Cg is based on the C programming language and although they share the same syntax, some features of C were modified and new data types were added to make Cg more suitable for programming graphics processing units. This language is only suitable for GPU programming and is not a general programming language. The Cg compiler outputs DirectX or OpenGL shader programs. Since 2012, Cg was deprecated, with no additional development or support available.","Cg, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://arxiv.org/pdf/cs/0302013.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cg_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+552,LilyPond,"LilyPond is a computer program and file format for music engraving. One of LilyPond's major goals is to produce scores that are engraved with traditional layout rules, reflecting the era when scores were engraved by hand. LilyPond is cross-platform, and is available for several common operating systems; released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, LilyPond is free software.","LilyPond, , website, wikipedia, Various","website: http://lilypond.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LilyPond",beginner to advance
+553,MPS,"JetBrains MPS is a metaprogramming system which is being developed by JetBrains. MPS is a tool to design Domain-specific languages (DSL). It uses projectional editing which allows users to overcome the limits of language parsers, and build DSL editors, such as ones with tables and diagrams. It implements language-oriented programming. MPS is an environment for language definition, a language workbench, and integrated development environment (IDE) for such languages.","MPS, , website, wikipedia, Czech Republic","website: https://www.jetbrains.com/mps/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetBrains_MPS",beginner to advance
+554,PEG,"In computer science, a parsing expression grammar, or PEG, is a type of analytic formal grammar, i.e. it describes a formal language in terms of a set of rules for recognizing strings in the language. The formalism was introduced by Bryan Ford in 2004 and is closely related to the family of top-down parsing languages introduced in the early 1970s. Syntactically, PEGs also look similar to context-free grammars (CFGs), but they have a different interpretation: the choice operator selects the first match in PEG, while it is ambiguous in CFG. This is closer to how string recognition tends to be done in practice, e.g. by a recursive descent parser. Unlike CFGs, PEGs cannot be ambiguous; if a string parses, it has exactly one valid parse tree. It is conjectured that there exist context-free languages that cannot be recognized by a PEG, but this is not yet proven. PEGs are well-suited to parsing computer languages (and artificial human languages such as Lojban), but not natural languages where the performance of PEG algorithms is comparable to general CFG algorithms such as the Earley algorithm.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsing_expression_grammar,beginner to advance
+555,FASTA,"In bioinformatics, FASTA format is a text-based format for representing either nucleotide sequences or peptide sequences, in which nucleotides or amino acids are represented using single-letter codes. The format also allows for sequence names and comments to precede the sequences. The format originates from the FASTA software package, but has now become a standard in the field of bioinformatics.The simplicity of FASTA format makes it easy to manipulate and parse sequences using text-processing tools and scripting languages like the R programming language, Python, Ruby, and Perl.","FASTA, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASTA_format,beginner to advance
+556,Shakespeare,"The Shakespeare Programming Language (SPL) is an esoteric programming language designed by Jon Åslund and Karl Hasselström. Like the Chef programming language, it is designed to make programs appear to be something other than programs; in this case, Shakespearean plays. A character list in the beginning of the program declares a number of stacks, naturally with names like ""Romeo"" and ""Juliet"". These characters enter into dialogue with each other in which they manipulate each other's topmost values, push and pop each other, and do I/O. The characters can also ask each other questions which behave as conditional statements. On the whole, the programming model is very similar to assembly language but much more verbose.",,"website: http://shakespearelang.sourceforge.net/report/shakespeare/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_Programming_Language",beginner to advance
+557,QB64,"QB64 (originally QB32) is a self-hosting BASIC compiler for Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac OS X, designed to be compatible with Microsoft QBasic and QuickBASIC. QB64 is a C++ emitter, which is integrated with a C++ compiler to provide compilation via C++ code and GCC optimization.QB64 implements most QBasic statements, and can run many QBasic programs, including Microsoft's QBasic Gorillas and Nibbles games. Furthermore, QB64 has been designed to contain an IDE resembling the QBASIC IDE. QB64 also extends the QBASIC programming language to include 64-bit data types, as well as better sound and graphics support. It can also emulate some DOS/x86 specific features such as INT 33h mouse access, and multiple timers.","QB64, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QB64,beginner to advance
+558,SWI Prolog,"SWI-Prolog is a free implementation of the programming language Prolog, commonly used for teaching and semantic web applications. It has a rich set of features, libraries for constraint logic programming, multithreading, unit testing, GUI, interfacing to Java, ODBC and others, literate programming, a web server, SGML, RDF, RDFS, developer tools (including an IDE with a GUI debugger and GUI profiler), and extensive documentation. SWI-Prolog runs on Unix, Windows, Macintosh and Linux platforms. SWI-Prolog has been under continuous development since 1987. Its main author is Jan Wielemaker. The name SWI is derived from Sociaal-Wetenschappelijke Informatica (""Social Science Informatics""), the former name of the group at the University of Amsterdam, where Wielemaker is employed. The name of this group has changed to HCS (Human-Computer Studies).",,"website: http://www.swi-prolog.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWI-Prolog",beginner to advance
+560,Korn shell,"KornShell (ksh) is a Unix shell which was developed by David Korn at Bell Labs in the early 1980s and announced at USENIX on July 14, 1983. The initial development was based on Bourne shell source code. Other early contributors were Bell Labs developers Mike Veach and Pat Sullivan, who wrote the Emacs and vi-style line editing modes' code, respectively. KornShell is backward-compatible with the Bourne shell and includes many features of the C shell, inspired by the requests of Bell Labs users.","Korn shell, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.kornshell.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KornShell",beginner to advance
+561,Imba,,"Imba, , website, Norway and United States",website: https://imba.io/,beginner to advance
+562,Koka,,"Koka, Daan Leijen, website, reference, United States","website: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/koka/?from=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fprojects%2Fkoka, reference: https://koka-lang.github.io/koka/doc/book.html",beginner to advance
+563,Altair BASIC,"Altair BASIC is a discontinued interpreter for the BASIC programming language that ran on the MITS Altair 8800 and subsequent S-100 bus computers. It was Microsoft's first product (as Micro-Soft), distributed by MITS under a contract. Altair BASIC was the start of the Microsoft BASIC product range.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_BASIC,beginner to advance
+564,Eagle,"EAGLE is a scriptable electronic design automation (EDA) application with schematic capture, printed circuit board (PCB) layout, auto-router and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) features. EAGLE stands for Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor (German: Einfach Anzuwendender Grafischer Layout-Editor) and is developed by CadSoft Computer GmbH. The company was acquired by Autodesk Inc. in 2016.","Eagle, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAGLE_(program),beginner to advance
+565,IGOR Pro,"IGOR Pro is a scientific data analysis software, numerical computing environment and programming language that runs on Windows or Mac operating systems. It is developed by WaveMetrics Inc., and was originally aimed at time series analysis, but has since then evolved and covers other applications such as curve fitting and image processing. It comes with a fully functional programming language and compiler, but many functions are also accessible through menus. IGOR Pro is primarily known for its graphics capabilities, and like Origin and other similar programs, is often used to generate plots for scientific and other publications.  Other features include the possibility of extending the built-in functions with external operations (XOP) allowing data acquisition, manipulation and analysis features, communication with external devices and in principle any other task that can be programmed in C or C++.","IGOR Pro, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!search/igor-pro/comp.sys.mac.scitech/1QMC8N6AyLw/1Vvaa5rZPBwJ, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGOR_Pro",beginner to advance
+566,PhyloXML,"PhyloXML is an XML language for the analysis, exchange, and storage of phylogenetic trees (or networks) and associated data. The structure of phyloXML is described by XML Schema Definition (XSD) language. A shortcoming of current formats for describing phylogenetic trees (such as Nexus and Newick/New Hampshire) is a lack of a standardized means to annotate tree nodes and branches with distinct data fields (which in the case of a basic species tree might be: species names, branch lengths, and possibly multiple support values). Data storage and exchange is even more cumbersome in studies in which trees are the result of a reconciliation of some kind:  gene-function studies (requires annotation of nodes with taxonomic information as well as gene names, and possibly gene-duplication data) evolution of host-parasite interactions (requires annotation of tree nodes with taxonomic information for both host and parasite) phylogeographic studies (requires annotation of tree nodes with taxonomic and geographic information)To alleviate this, a variety of ad-hoc, special purpose formats have come into use (such as the NHX format, which focuses on the needs of gene-function and phylogenomic studies). A well defined XML format addresses these problems in a general and extensible manner and allows for interoperability between specialized and general purpose software. An example of a program for visualizing phyloXML is Archaeopteryx.","PhyloXML, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.phyloxml.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhyloXML",beginner to advance
+567,CWL,,"CWL, Luka Stojanovic, website, reference, Various","website: https://www.commonwl.org/, reference: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3115156.v2",beginner to advance
+568,RISC-V,"RISC-V (pronounced ""risk-five"") is an open instruction set architecture (ISA) based on established reduced instruction set computing (RISC) principles. In contrast to most ISAs, the RISC-V ISA can be freely used for any purpose, permitting anyone to design, manufacture and sell RISC-V chips and software. While not the first open ISA, it is significant because it is designed to be useful in modern computerized devices such as warehouse-scale cloud computers, high-end mobile phones and the smallest embedded systems. Such uses demand that the designers consider both performance and power efficiency. The instruction set also has a substantial body of supporting software, which fixes a usual weakness of new instruction sets. The project began in 2010 at the University of California, Berkeley, but many contributors are volunteers and industry workers outside the university. The RISC-V ISA has been designed with small, fast, and low-power real-world implementations in mind, but without over-architecting for a particular microarchitecture style. As of May 2017, version 2.2 of the userspace ISA is fixed and the privileged ISA is available as draft version 1.10.","RISC-V, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC-V,beginner to advance
+569,UNLAMBDA,"Unlambda is a minimal, ""nearly pure"" functional programming language invented by David Madore. It is based on combinatory logic, a version of the lambda calculus that omits the lambda operator. It relies mainly on two built-in functions (s and k) and an apply operator (written `, the backquote character). These alone make it Turing-complete, but there are also some input/output (I/O) functions to enable interacting with the user, some shortcut functions, and a lazy evaluation function. Variables are unsupported. Unlambda is free and open-source software distributed under a GNU General Public License (GPL) 2.0 or later.","UNLAMBDA, David Madore, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.madore.org/~david/programs/unlambda/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlambda",beginner to advance
+570,gravity,,"gravity, , website, Various",website: http://gravity-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+571,Augmented Backus-Naur Form,"In computer science, augmented Backus–Naur form (ABNF) is a metalanguage based on Backus–Naur form (BNF), but consisting of its own syntax and derivation rules. The motive principle for ABNF is to describe a formal system of a language to be used as a bidirectional communications protocol. It is defined by Internet Standard 68 (""STD 68"", type case sic), which as of December 2010 is RFC 5234, and it often serves as the definition language for IETF communication protocols. RFC 5234 supersedes RFC 4234 (which superseded RFC 2234 and RFC 733). RFC 7405 updates it, adding a syntax for specifying case-sensitive string literals.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_Backus–Naur_form,beginner to advance
+572,Java EE version history,"Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE), formerly Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), currently Jakarta EE, is a set of specifications, extending Java SE 8 (i.e. not based on latest Java 11; while can also work with later it or later than Java 8) with specifications for enterprise features such as distributed computing and web services. Java EE applications are run on reference runtimes, that can be microservices or application servers, which handle transactions, security, scalability, concurrency and management of the components it is deploying. Java EE is defined by its specification. The specification defines APIs and their interactions. As with other Java Community Process specifications, providers must meet certain conformance requirements in order to declare their products as Java EE compliant. Examples of contexts in which Java EE referencing runtimes are used are: e-commerce, accounting, banking information systems.","Java EE version history, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_EE_version_history,beginner to advance
+573,Zip file format,"ZIP is an archive file format that supports lossless data compression. A ZIP file may contain one or more files or directories that may have been compressed. The ZIP file format permits a number of compression algorithms, though DEFLATE is the most common. This format was originally created in 1989 and was first implemented in PKWARE, Inc.'s PKZIP utility, as a replacement for the previous ARC compression format by Thom Henderson. The ZIP format was then quickly supported by many software utilities other than PKZIP. Microsoft has included built-in ZIP support (under the name ""compressed folders"") in versions of Microsoft Windows since 1998. Apple has included built-in ZIP support in Mac OS X 10.3 (via BOMArchiveHelper, now Archive Utility) and later. Most free operating systems have built in support for ZIP in similar manners to Windows and Mac OS X. ZIP files generally use the file extensions .zip or .ZIP and the MIME media type application/zip. ZIP is used as a base file format by many programs, usually under a different name. When navigating a file system via a user interface, graphical icons representing ZIP files often appear as a document or other object prominently featuring a zipper.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_(file_format),beginner to advance
+574,EBNF,"In computer science, extended Backus-Naur form (EBNF) is a family of metasyntax notations, any of which can be used to express a context-free grammar. EBNF is used to make a formal description of a formal language which can be a computer programming language. They are extensions of the basic Backus–Naur form (BNF) metasyntax notation. The earliest EBNF was originally developed by Niklaus Wirth incorporating some of the concepts (with a different syntax and notation) from Wirth syntax notation. However, many variants of EBNF are in use. The International Organization for Standardization has adopted an EBNF standard (ISO/IEC 14977). This article uses EBNF as specified by the ISO for examples applying to all EBNFs. Other EBNF variants use somewhat different syntactic conventions.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Backus–Naur_form,beginner to advance
+575,Textile,"Textile is a lightweight markup language that uses a text formatting syntax to convert plain text into structured HTML markup. Textile is used for writing articles, forum posts, readme documentation, and any other type of written content published online.",,"website: https://textile-lang.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_(markup_language)",beginner to advance
+576,Java Properties,".properties is a file extension for files mainly used in Java related technologies to store the configurable parameters of an application. They can also be used for storing strings for Internationalization and localization; these are known as Property Resource Bundles. Each parameter is stored as a pair of strings, one storing the name of the parameter (called the key), and the other storing the value.","Java Properties, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.properties,beginner to advance
+577,OpenLisp,"OpenLisp is a programming language in the Lisp family developed by Christian Jullien. It conforms to the international standard for ISLISP published jointly by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), ISO/IEC 13816:1997(E), revised to ISO/IEC 13816:2007(E).Written in the programming languages C and Lisp, it runs on most common operating systems. OpenLisp is designated an ISLISP implementation, but also contains many Common Lisp-compatible extensions (hashtable, readtable, package, defstruct, sequences, rational numbers) and other libraries (network socket, regular expression, XML, Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), SQL, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)).OpenLisp includes an interpreter associated to a read–eval–print loop (REPL), a Lisp Assembly Program (LAP) and a backend compiler for the language C.","OpenLisp, Christian Jullien, wikipedia, Brazil",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenLisp,beginner to advance
+578,Blitz3D,"Blitz BASIC refers to the programming language dialect that was interpreted by the first Blitz compilers, devised by New Zealand-based developer Mark Sibly. Being derived from BASIC, Blitz syntax was designed to be easy to pick up for beginners first learning to program.  The languages are game-programming oriented but are often found general-purpose enough to be used for most types of application. The Blitz language evolved as new products were released, with recent incarnations offering support for more advanced programming techniques such as object-orientation and multi-threading.  This led to the languages losing their BASIC moniker in later years.","Blitz3D, , wikipedia, New Zealand",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitz3D,beginner to advance
+579,Ren'Py,"The Ren'Py Visual Novel Engine is a free software engine which facilitates the creation of visual novels, a form of computer-mediated storytelling. Ren'Py is a portmanteau of ren'ai (恋愛), the Japanese word for 'romantic love', a common element of games made using Ren'Py; and Python, the programming language that Ren'Py runs on. Ren'Py has proved attractive to English-language hobbyists; over 1000 games use the Ren'Py engine, nearly all in English.","Ren'Py, , wikipedia, England",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren'Py,beginner to advance
+580,Commodore BASIC,"Commodore BASIC, also known as PET BASIC, is the dialect of the BASIC programming language used in Commodore International's 8-bit home computer line, stretching from the PET of 1977 to the C128 of 1985. The core was based on 6502 Microsoft BASIC, and as such it shares many characteristics with other 6502 BASICs of the time, such as Applesoft BASIC. Commodore licensed BASIC from Microsoft on a ""pay once, no royalties"" basis after Jack Tramiel turned down Bill Gates' offer of a $3 per unit fee, stating, ""I'm already married,"" and would pay no more than $25,000 for a perpetual license.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_BASIC,beginner to advance
+582,PIR,"The Parrot intermediate representation (PIR), previously called Intermediate code (IMC), is one of the two assembly languages for the Parrot virtual machine. The other is Parrot assembly language or PASM. Compared to PASM, PIR exists at a slightly higher abstraction layer, and provides temporary registers and named registers, simplifying code generation. While Parrot is still evolving, it is currently being used in many different capacities, and has undergone several releases.","PIR, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot_intermediate_representation,beginner to advance
+583,LPC,"LPC (short for Lars Pensjö C) is an object-oriented programming language derived from C and developed originally by Lars Pensjö to facilitate MUD building on LPMuds. Though designed for game development, its flexibility has led to it being used for a variety of purposes, and to its evolution into the language Pike. LPC syntax places it in the family of C-like languages, with C and C++ its strongest influences.","LPC, Lars Pensjö, website, wikipedia, Sweden","website: http://lpmuds.net, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPC_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+584,Xtext,"Xtext is an open-source software framework for developing programming languages and domain-specific languages (DSLs). Unlike standard parser generators, Xtext generates not only a parser, but also a class model for the abstract syntax tree, as well as providing a fully featured, customizable Eclipse-based IDE.Xtext is being developed in the Eclipse Project as part of the Eclipse Modeling Framework Project and is licensed under the Eclipse Public License.",,"website: https://www.eclipse.org/Xtext/, reference: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1869625, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xtext",beginner to advance
+585,Reia,,"Reia, , website, reference, United States","website: http://reia-lang.org, reference: http://www.unlimitednovelty.com/2011/06/why-im-stopping-work-on-reia.html",beginner to advance
+586,GAMS,,"GAMS, , website, reference, United States","website: https://www.gams.com/products/introduction/, reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/cb3e367dc06962b67e543cf02481ac804e85234e",beginner to advance
+587,CWEB,"CWEB is a computer programming system created by Donald Knuth and Silvio Levy as a follow-up to Knuth's WEB literate programming system, using the C programming language (and to a lesser extent the C++ and Java programming languages) instead of Pascal. Like WEB, it consists of two primary programs: CTANGLE, which produces compilable C code from the source texts, and CWEAVE, which produces nicely-formatted printable documentation using TeX.","CWEB, Donald Knuth, website, wikipedia, Netherlands","website: http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~uno/cweb.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CWEB",beginner to advance
+588,.dwg,"DWG (from drawing) is a proprietary binary file format used for storing two- and three- dimensional design data and metadata. It is the native format for several  CAD packages including DraftSight, AutoCAD, IntelliCAD (and its variants), Caddie and Open Design Alliance compliant applications. In addition, DWG is supported non-natively by many other CAD applications. The .bak (drawing backup), .dws (drawing standards), .dwt (drawing template) and .sv$ (temporary automatic save) files are also DWG files.",".dwg, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dwg,beginner to advance
+589,Euphoria,"Euphoria is a programming language originally created by Robert Craig of Rapid Deployment Software in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Initially developed (though not publicly released) on the Atari ST, the first commercial release was for the 16-bit DOS platform and was proprietary. In 2006, with the release of version 3, Euphoria became open-source software. The openEuphoria Group continues to administer and develop the project. In December 2010, the openEuphoria Group released version 4 of openEuphoria along with a new identity and mascot for the project. OpenEuphoria is currently available for Windows, Linux, macOS and three flavors of *BSD. Euphoria is a general-purpose high-level imperative-procedural interpreted language. A translator generates C source code and the GNU compiler collection (GCC) and Open Watcom compilers are supported. Alternatively, Euphoria programs may be bound with the interpreter to create stand-alone executables. A number of graphical user interface (GUI) libraries are supported including Win32lib and wrappers for wxWidgets, GTK+ and IUP. Euphoria has a simple built-in database and wrappers for a variety of other databases.","Euphoria, Jeremy Cowgar and Robert Craig and Matt Lewis and Derek Parnell, website, wikipedia, Canada","website: http://openeuphoria.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphoria_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+590,dynamo-visual-language,,"dynamo-visual-language, Ian Keough, website, United States",website: https://dynamobim.org/,beginner to advance
+591,Hjson,,"Hjson, Christian Zangl, website, Austria",website: https://hjson.org/,beginner to advance
+592,BBCode,"BBCode or Bulletin Board Code is a lightweight markup language used to format posts in many message boards and on sites based on MediaWiki. The available tags are usually indicated by square brackets ([ ]) surrounding a keyword, and they are parsed by the message board system before being translated into a markup language that web browsers understand—usually HTML or XHTML.BBCode was introduced in 1998 by the messageboard software Ultimate Bulletin Board (UBB) implemented in Perl. In 2000 BBCode was used in phpBB—an internet forum system written in PHP and also XMB forum. vBulletin also uses BBCode.","BBCode, , wikipedia, Unknown",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCode,beginner to advance
+593,ExFAT,"exFAT (Extended File Allocation Table) is a Microsoft file system introduced in 2006 and optimized for flash memory such as USB flash drives and SD cards. It is proprietary and Microsoft owns patents on several elements of its design.exFAT can be used where NTFS is not a feasible solution (due to data-structure overhead), but a greater file-size limit than the standard FAT32 file system (i.e. 4 GiB) is required. exFAT has been adopted by the SD Card Association as the default file system for SDXC cards larger than 32 GiB.","ExFAT, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExFAT,beginner to advance
+594,Microsoft Small Basic,"Microsoft Small Basic is a programming language and associated IDE. It is Microsoft's simplified variant of the BASIC programming language, intended as an easy programming language for beginners. The associated IDE provides a simplified programming environment with functionality such as syntax highlighting, intelligent code completion, and in-editor documentation access. The language has only 14 keywords.",,"website: http://www.smallbasic.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Small_Basic",beginner to advance
+595,Guile,"GNU Guile is the preferred extension system for the GNU Project, which features an implementation of the Scheme programming language. Its first version was released in 1993.  In addition to large parts of Scheme standards, Guile Scheme includes modularized extensions for many different programming tasks.For extending programs, Guile offers ""libguile"" which allows the language to be embedded in other programs, and integrated closely through the C API; similarly, new types and subroutines defined through the C API can be made available as extensions to Guile itself.Guile stands for the GNU Ubiquitous Intelligent Language for Extensions. It is used in programs like GnuCash, LilyPond, GNU Guix, GuixSD, and GNU Debugger.","Guile, Aubrey Jaffer and Tom Lord and Miles Bader, website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.gnu.org/software/guile/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Guile",beginner to advance
+596,GeoJSON,"GeoJSON is an open standard format designed for representing simple geographical features, along with their non-spatial attributes. It is based on JSON, the JavaScript Object Notation. The features include points (therefore addresses and locations), line strings (therefore streets, highways and boundaries), polygons (countries, provinces, tracts of land), and multi-part collections of these types. GeoJSON features need not represent entities of the physical world only; mobile routing and navigation apps, for example, might describe their service coverage using GeoJSON. The GeoJSON format differs from other GIS standards in that it was written and is maintained not by a formal standards organization, but by an Internet working group of developers. A notable offspring of GeoJSON is TopoJSON, an extension of GeoJSON that encodes geospatial topology and that typically provides smaller file sizes.","GeoJSON, , website, reference, wikipedia, United States and United Kingdom","website: http://geojson.org/, reference: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7946, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoJSON",beginner to advance
+597,Argdown,,"Argdown, , website, Germany",website: https://argdown.org/,beginner to advance
+598,Velocity,Apache Velocity is a Java-based template engine that provides a template language to reference objects defined in Java code. It aims to ensure clean separation between the presentation tier and business tiers in a Web application (the model–view–controller design pattern). Velocity is an open source software project hosted by the Apache Software Foundation. It is released under the Apache License.,,"website: http://velocity.apache.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Velocity",beginner to advance
+599,Qualcomm Hexagon,"Hexagon (QDSP6) is the brand for a family of 32-bit multi-threaded microarchitectures implementing the same instruction set for a digital signal processor (DSP) developed by Qualcomm. According to 2012 estimation, Qualcomm shipped 1.2 billion DSP cores inside its system on a chip (SoCs) (average 2.3 DSP core per SoC) in 2011 year, and 1.5 billion cores were planned for 2012, making the QDSP6 the most shipped architecture of DSP (CEVA had around 1 billion of DSP cores shipped in 2011 with 90% of IP-licenseable DSP market). The Hexagon architecture is designed to deliver performance with low power over a variety of applications. It has features such as hardware assisted multithreading, privilege levels, Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW), Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD), and instructions geared toward efficient signal processing. The CPU is capable of in-order dispatching up to 4 instructions (the packet) to 4 Execution Units every clock. Hardware multithreading is implemented as barrel temporal multithreading - threads are switched in round-robin fashion each cycle, so the 600 MHz physical core is presented as three logical 200 MHz cores before V5. Hexagon V5 switched to dynamic multithreading (DMT) with thread switch on L2 misses, interrupt waiting or on special instructions.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon,beginner to advance
+600,RoboMind,"RoboMind is a simple educational programming environment with its own scripting language that allows beginners to learn the basics of computer science by programming a simulated robot. In addition to introducing common programming techniques, it also aims at offering insights in robotics and artificial intelligence. RoboMind is available as stand-alone application for Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. It was first released in 2005 and was originally developed by Arvid Halma, a student of the University of Amsterdam at that time. Since 2011 RoboMind is published by Research Kitchen.","RoboMind, , website, wikipedia, The Netherlands","website: http://www.robomind.net, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboMind",beginner to advance
+602,Aith,,"Aith, Superstar64, website, Unknown",website: https://github.com/Superstar64/aith,beginner to advance
+603,MDX,,"MDX, John Otander, website, Various",website: https://mdxjs.com/,beginner to advance
+604,IMAP,"In computing, the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is an Internet standard protocol used by email clients to retrieve email messages from a mail server over a TCP/IP connection. IMAP is defined by RFC 3501. IMAP was designed with the goal of permitting complete management of an email box by multiple email clients, therefore clients generally leave messages on the server until the user explicitly deletes them. An IMAP server typically listens on port number 143. IMAP over SSL (IMAPS) is assigned the port number 993. Virtually all modern e-mail clients and servers support IMAP, which along with the earlier POP3 (Post Office Protocol) are the two most prevalent standard protocols for email retrieval. Many webmail service providers such as Gmail, Outlook.com and Yahoo! Mail also provide support for either IMAP or POP3.","IMAP, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol,beginner to advance
+605,Dockerfile,,"Dockerfile, , website, United States",website: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/,beginner to advance
+606,CFML,"ColdFusion Markup Language, more commonly known as CFML, is a scripting language for web development that runs on the JVM, the .NET framework, and Google App Engine. Multiple commercial and open source implementations of CFML engines are available, including Adobe ColdFusion, Lucee, New Atlanta BlueDragon (who makes both a Java-based and a .NET-based version), Railo, and Open BlueDragon as well as other CFML server engines.","CFML, Jeremy Allaire, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.adobe.com/products/coldfusion, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ColdFusion_Markup_Language",beginner to advance
+607,KiXtart,"KiXtart is a closed source free-format scripting language for Windows. It is described as a logon script processor and enhanced batch scripting language by the official website. Its name is a portmanteau of ""kick start"".","KiXtart, , website, wikipedia, Various","website: http://www.kixtart.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KiXtart",beginner to advance
+608,Pizza,"Pizza is an open-source superset of Java 1.4, prior to the introduction of generics for the Java programming language.  In addition to its own solution for adding generics to the language, Pizza also added function pointers and algebraic types with case classes and pattern matching. In August 2001, the developers made a compiler capable of working with Java.  Most Pizza applications can run in a Java environment, but certain cases will cause problems. Work on Pizza has more or less stopped since 2002.  Its main developers have concentrated instead on the Generic Java project, another attempt to add generics to Java which was eventually adopted into the official language version 1.5. The pattern matching and other functional programming-like features have been further developed in the Scala programming language.  Martin Odersky remarked, ""we wanted to integrate the functional and object-oriented parts in a cleaner way than what we were able to achieve before with the Pizza language. [...] In Pizza we did a clunkier attempt, and in Scala I think we achieved a much smoother integration between the two.""","Pizza, , website, wikipedia, United Kingdom","website: https://pizzacompiler.sourceforge.net, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+609,NewtonScript,"NewtonScript is a prototype-based programming language created to write programs for the Newton platform. It is heavily influenced by the Self programming language, but modified to be more suited to needs of mobile and embedded devices.","NewtonScript, Walter Smith, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewtonScript,beginner to advance
+610,DDML,"Document Definition Markup Language (DDML) is an XML schema language proposed in 1999 by various contributors from the xml-dev electronic mailing list. It was published only as a W3C Note, not a Recommendation, and never found favor with developers. DDML began as XSchema, a reformulation of XML DTDs as full XML documents, so that elements and attributes, rather than declarations, could be used to describe a schema. As development continued, the name was changed to DDML, reflecting a shift away from the goal of replicating all DTD functionality, in order to concentrate on providing a robust framework for describing basic element/attribute hierarchy. DDML offered no datatypes or functionality beyond what DTDs already provided, so there was not much advantage to using DDML instead of DTDs. DDML did, however, inform the development of the next generation of XML-based schema languages, including the more successful XML Schema and RELAX NG.","DDML, , wikipedia, Various",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Definition_Markup_Language,beginner to advance
+611,AssemblyScript,,"AssemblyScript, , website, Ukraine and Germany",website: https://assemblyscript.org,beginner to advance
+612,Information Presentation Facility,"Information Presentation Facility (IPF) is a system for presenting online help and hypertext on IBM OS/2 systems. IPF also refers to the markup language that is used to create IPF content. The IPF language has its origins in BookMaster and Generalized Markup Language developed by IBM. The IPF language is very similar to the well-known HTML language, version 3.0, with a range of additional possibilities. Therefore, a trained user may use virtually any word processor when creating IPF documents. The IPF language consists of 45 basic commands. IPF files are compiled using the IPF Compiler (IPFC) into viewable INF or HLP files. IPF HLP files are distinct from the WinHelp HLP files that are prevalent in Windows. OS/2 contains a built in viewer, and there are other viewers available for other platforms.","Information Presentation Facility, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Presentation_Facility,beginner to advance
+613,Manim,"3Blue1Brown is a math YouTube channel created and run by Grant Sanderson. The channel focuses on teaching higher mathematics from a visual perspective, and on the process of discovery and inquiry-based learning in mathematics, which Sanderson calls ""inventing math"". As of November 2022, the channel has 4.85 million subscribers.","Manim, Grant Sanderson, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://www.manim.community, documentation: https://docs.manim.community/en/stable, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Blue1Brown",beginner to advance
+614,Emojicode,,"Emojicode, Theo Weidmann, website, Unknown",website: http://www.emojicode.org/,beginner to advance
+616,Plain English,,"Plain English, Gerry Rzeppa and Dan Rzeppa, website, reference, Unknown","website: http://osmosian.com/, reference: https://wiki.osdev.org/Plain_English_Programming",beginner to advance
+617,PIC microcontroller,"PIC (usually pronounced as ""pick"") is a family of microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1650  originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to Peripheral Interface Controller, then it was corrected as Programmable Intelligent Computer. The first parts of the family were available in 1976; by 2013 the company had shipped more than twelve billion individual parts, used in a wide variety of embedded systems. Early models of PIC had read-only memory (ROM) or field-programmable EPROM for program storage, some with provision for erasing memory. All current models use flash memory for program storage, and newer models allow the PIC to reprogram itself. Program memory and data memory are separated. Data memory is 8-bit, 16-bit, and, in latest models, 32-bit wide. Program instructions vary in bit-count by family of PIC, and may be 12, 14, 16, or 24 bits long. The instruction set also varies by model, with more powerful chips adding instructions for digital signal processing functions. The hardware capabilities of PIC devices range from 6-pin SMD, 8-pin DIP chips up to 144-pin SMD chips, with discrete I/O pins, ADC and DAC modules, and communications ports such as UART, I2C, CAN, and even USB. Low-power and high-speed variations exist for many types. The manufacturer supplies computer software for development known as MPLAB X, assemblers and C/C++ compilers, and programmer/debugger hardware under the MPLAB and PICKit series. Third party and some open-source tools are also available. Some parts have in-circuit programming capability; low-cost development programmers are available as well as high-production programmers. PIC devices are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, serial programming, and re-programmable Flash-memory capability.","PIC microcontroller, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller,beginner to advance
+618,LotusScript,"LotusScript is an object oriented programming language used by Lotus Notes (since version 4.0) and other IBM Lotus Software products. LotusScript is similar to Visual Basic. Developers familiar with one can easily understand the syntax and structure of code in the other. The major differences between the two are in their respective Integrated Development Environments and in the product-specific object classes provided in each language that are included. VB includes a richer set of classes for UI manipulation, whereas LotusScript includes a richer set of application-specific classes for Lotus Notes, Lotus Word Pro and Lotus 1-2-3. In the case of Lotus Notes, there are classes to work with Notes databases, documents (records) in those databases, etc. These classes can also be used as OLE Automation objects outside of the Lotus Notes environment, from Visual Basic. LotusScript also allows the definition of user-defined types and classes, although it is not possible to inherit from the product-specific classes.","LotusScript, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LotusScript,beginner to advance
+619,DRAKON,"DRAKON is an algorithmic visual programming language developed within the Buran space project following ergonomic design principles. The language provides a uniform way to represent flowcharts of any complexity that are easy to read and understand. The DRAKON Editor, which was released in September 2011, is an implementation of the language available in the public domain. It can be used for creating documentation, or for creating visual programs that can be converted to source code in other languages. Unlike UML's philosophy, DRAKON language philosophy is based on being augmented if needed, by using a hybrid language, which can be illustrated as ""incrustating code snippets from text language used into shape DRAKON requires"". This way, DRAKON stays an all-way simple visual language per se, that can be used as an augmentation for a programmer, who is interested in making own project code easier for support or other long-term needs, i.e. improving ergonomics of coding process or to make code easy to review and understand. Name DRAKON is Russian acronym for ""Дружелюбный Русский Алгоритмический [язык], Который Обеспечивает Наглядность"", which translates""Friendly Russian algorithmic [language] that provides illustrativeness (or clarity)"".  The word ""наглядность"" (pronounced approximately as ""naa-glya-dno-st-th"") refers to a quality of concept or idea being easy to imagine and understand, and may be translated as ""clarity"" as well.  It is to note, that DRAKON language can be used both as modelling\""markup"" language (which is considered a standalone ""pure DRAKON"" program making) and as programming language (as part of a hybrid language). Integration of stricter, ""academic"" variant of a markup language into programming, which any DRAKON-(programming language used) provides, supposedly (as intended by initial philosophy of DRAKON development) adds syntactic sugar to such extent users of different text programming language can comprehend each other's input into the overall project and criticize it upon necessity.","DRAKON, Stepan Mitkin, website, wikipedia, Russia","website: https://drakon-editor.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAKON",beginner to advance
+620,Microsoft Macro Assembler,"The Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM) is an x86 assembler that uses the Intel syntax for MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows. Beginning with MASM 8.0 there are two versions of the assembler - one for 16-bit and 32-bit assembly sources, and another (ML64) for 64-bit sources only. MASM is maintained by Microsoft, but since version 6.12 has not been sold as a separate product, it is instead supplied with various Microsoft SDKs and C compilers. Recent versions of MASM are included with Microsoft Visual Studio.",,"website: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/assembler/masm/microsoft-macro-assembler-reference, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Macro_Assembler",beginner to advance
+621,PyTorch,"PyTorch is an open-source machine learning library for Python, based on Torch, used for applications such as natural language processing. It is primarily developed by Facebook's artificial-intelligence research group, and Uber's ""Pyro"" software for probabilistic programming is built on it.PyTorch provides two high-level features: Tensor computation (like NumPy) with strong GPU acceleration Deep Neural Networks built on a tape-based autodiff system","PyTorch, Ronan Collobert, website, wikipedia, Various","website: http://pytorch.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PyTorch",beginner to advance
+622,Keras,"Keras is an open source neural network library written in Python. It is capable of running on top of TensorFlow, Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit, or Theano. Designed to enable fast experimentation with deep neural networks, it focuses on being user-friendly, modular, and extensible. It was developed as part of the research effort of project ONEIROS (Open-ended Neuro-Electronic Intelligent Robot Operating System), and its primary author and maintainer is François Chollet, a Google engineer. In 2017, Google's TensorFlow team decided to support Keras in TensorFlow's core library. Chollet explained that Keras was conceived to be an interface rather than a standalone machine-learning framework. It offers a higher-level, more intuitive set of abstractions that make it easy to develop deep learning models regardless of the computational backend used. Microsoft added a CNTK backend to Keras as well, available as of CNTK v2.0.","Keras, François Chollet, website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://keras.io/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras",beginner to advance
+624,beads-lang,,"beads-lang, Edward de Jong, website, reference, United States","website: http://beadslang.org/, reference: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12sTu7RT-s_QlAupY1v-3DfI1Mm9NEX5YMWWTDAKHLfc/edit#gid=0",beginner to advance
+625,Jekyll,,"Jekyll, Tom Preston-Werner, website, wikipedia, Various","website: https://jekyllrb.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jekyll_(software)",beginner to advance
+626,Yes It Is,"Yii is an open source, object-oriented, component-based MVC PHP web application framework. Yii is pronounced as ""Yee"" or [ji:] and in Chinese it means ""simple and evolutionary"" and it can be an acronym for ""Yes It Is!"".",,"website: http://www.yiiframework.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yii",beginner to advance
+627,LyX,"LyX (styled as                                    L                                                                                                          Y                                                                             X                          {\displaystyle \mathbf {L} \!{}_{\mathbf {\displaystyle Y} }\!\mathbf {X} }   ; pronounced [ˈlɪks]) is an open source document processor based on the LaTeX typesetting system. Unlike most word processors, which follow the WYSIWYG (""what you see is what you get"") paradigm, LyX has a WYSIWYM (""what you see is what you mean"") approach, where what shows up on the screen is only an approximation of what will show up on the page. Since LyX largely functions as a front-end to the LaTeX typesetting system, it has the power and flexibility of LaTeX, and can handle documents including books, notes, theses, to academic papers, letters, etc. Knowledge of the LaTeX markup language is not necessary for basic usage, although a variety of specialized formatting is only possible by adding LaTeX directives directly into the page. LyX is popular among technical authors and scientists for its advanced mathematical modes, though it is increasingly used by non-mathematically-oriented scholars as well for its bibliographic database integration and ability to manage multiple files. LyX has also become popular among self-publishers.LyX is available for various operating systems, including Windows, macOS, Linux, UNIX, OS/2 and Haiku. LyX can be redistributed and modified under the terms of the GNU General Public License and is thus free software.","LyX, , website, wikipedia, Various","website: https://www.lyx.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LyX",beginner to advance
+628,JADE,"JADE is a proprietary object-oriented software development and deployment platform product from the New Zealand-based Jade Software Corporation, first released in 1996. It consists of the JADE programming language, IDE and debugger, integrated application server and object database management system. Designed as an end-to-end development environment to allow systems to be coded in one language from the database server down to the clients, it also provides APIs for other languages, including .NET Framework, Java, C/C++ and Web services. Although a free limited licence is available for development, using the JADE platform requires per-process fees to be paid.","JADE, , wikipedia, New Zealand",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JADE_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+629,Pharo,"Pharo is an open source dynamic and reflective language inspired from the programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) Smalltalk. Pharo offers strong live programming features such as immediate object manipulation, live update and hot recompiling. The live programming environment is at the heart of the system.","Pharo, , website, reference, wikipedia, France","website: https://pharo.org/, reference: https://fosdem.org/2020/schedule/event/pharominimalrefllangkernels/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharo",beginner to advance
+630,flowchart.fun,,"flowchart.fun, Rob Gordon, website, Cananda",website: https://flowchart.fun/,beginner to advance
+632,PROMETHEUS,,"PROMETHEUS, Matt T. Proud, website, reference, Germany","website: https://prometheus.io/, reference: http://www.ai1.uni-bayreuth.de/en/projects/Prometheus/index.html",beginner to advance
+633,Glyph Bitmap Distribution Format,"The Glyph Bitmap Distribution Format (BDF) by Adobe is a file format for storing bitmap fonts. The content takes the form of a text file intended to be human- and computer-readable. BDF is typically used in Unix X Window environments. It has largely been replaced by the PCF font format which is somewhat more efficient, and by scalable fonts such as OpenType and TrueType fonts.","Glyph Bitmap Distribution Format, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyph_Bitmap_Distribution_Format,beginner to advance
+634,Mirah,"Mirah (formerly Duby) is a programming language based on Ruby language syntax, local type inference, hybrid static–dynamic type system, and a pluggable compiler toolchain. Mirah was created by Charles Oliver Nutter to be ""a 'Ruby-like' language, probably a subset of Ruby syntax, that [could] compile to solid, fast, idiomatic JVM bytecode."" The word mirah refers to the gemstone ruby in the Javanese language, a play on the concept of Ruby in Java.","Mirah, Charles Oliver Nutter, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.mirah.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirah_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+635,Ghostscript,"Ghostscript is a suite of software based on an interpreter for Adobe Systems' PostScript and Portable Document Format (PDF) page description languages. Its main purposes are the rasterization or rendering of such page description language files, for the display or printing of document pages, and the conversion between PostScript and PDF files.","Ghostscript, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript,beginner to advance
+636,Sqlalchemy,,"Sqlalchemy, Michael Bayer, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://www.sqlalchemy.org/, documentation: https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/14/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLAlchemy",beginner to advance
+637,CPL,"CPL (Combined Programming Language) is a multi-paradigm programming language, that was developed in the early 1960s.  It is an early ancestor of the C language via the BCPL and B languages.","CPL, Christopher Strachey, wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPL_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+638,Modula,"The Modula programming language is a descendant of the Pascal programming language. It was developed in Switzerland in the 1970s by Niklaus Wirth, the same person who designed Pascal. The main innovation of Modula over Pascal is a module system, used for grouping sets of related declarations into program units; hence the name Modula. The language is defined in a report by Wirth called Modula. A language for modular multiprogramming published 1976. Modula was first implemented by Niklaus Wirth himself on a PDP-11. Very soon other implementations followed, most important the University of York Modula compiler and a compiler developed at Philips Laboratories named PL Modula, which generated code for the LSI-11 microprocessor. The development of Modula was discontinued soon after its publication. Wirth then concentrated his efforts on Modula's successor, Modula-2.","Modula, Niklaus Wirth, wikipedia, Switzerland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula,beginner to advance
+640,Asm.js,"asm.js is an intermediate programming language designed to allow computer software written in languages such as C to be run as web applications while maintaining performance characteristics considerably better than standard JavaScript, the typical language used for such applications. asm.js consists of a strict subset of JavaScript, into which code written in statically-typed languages with manual memory management (such as C) is translated by a source-to-source compiler such as Emscripten (based on LLVM). Performance is improved by limiting language features to those amenable to ahead-of-time optimization and other performance improvements. Mozilla Firefox was the first web browser to implement asm.js-specific optimizations, starting with version 22.",,"website: http://asmjs.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asm.js",beginner to advance
+641,Microdata HTML,"Microdata is a WHATWG HTML specification used to nest metadata within existing content on web pages. Search engines, web crawlers, and browsers can extract and process Microdata from a web page and use it to provide a richer browsing experience for users. Search engines benefit greatly from direct access to this structured data because it allows them to understand the information on web pages and provide more relevant results to users. Microdata uses a supporting vocabulary to describe an item and name-value pairs to assign values to its properties. Microdata is an attempt to provide a simpler way of annotating HTML elements with machine-readable tags than the similar approaches of using RDFa and microformats. In 2013, because the W3C HTML Working Group failed to find someone to serve as an editor for the Microdata HTML specification, its development was terminated with a 'Note'. However, since that time, two new editors were selected, and five newer versions of the working draft have been published, the most recent being W3C Working Draft 26 April 2018.","Microdata HTML, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microdata_(HTML)",beginner to advance
+642,BlitzPlus,"Blitz BASIC refers to the programming language dialect that was interpreted by the first Blitz compilers, devised by New Zealand-based developer Mark Sibly. Being derived from BASIC, Blitz syntax was designed to be easy to pick up for beginners first learning to program.  The languages are game-programming oriented but are often found general-purpose enough to be used for most types of application. The Blitz language evolved as new products were released, with recent incarnations offering support for more advanced programming techniques such as object-orientation and multi-threading.  This led to the languages losing their BASIC moniker in later years.","BlitzPlus, , wikipedia, New Zealand",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlitzPlus,beginner to advance
+643,Bel,,"Bel, Paul Graham, website, document, United States","website: http://paulgraham.com/bel.html, documentation: https://sep.yimg.com/ty/cdn/paulgraham/bellanguage.txt?t=1595850613&",beginner to advance
+644,ACT-III,"The LGP-30, standing for Librascope General Purpose and then Librascope General Precision, was an early off-the-shelf computer. It was manufactured by the Librascope company of Glendale, California (a division of General Precision Inc.), and sold and serviced by the Royal Precision Electronic Computer Company, a joint venture with the Royal McBee division of the Royal Typewriter Company. The LGP-30 was first manufactured in 1956 with a retail price of $47,000—equivalent to about $423,000 in 2017.The LGP-30 was commonly referred to as a desk computer.  It was 26 inches (660 mm) deep, 33 inches (840 mm) high, and 44 inches (1120 mm) long, exclusive of the typewriter shelf.  The computer weighed approximately 800 pounds (360 kg) and was mounted on sturdy casters which facilitated movement of the computer.","ACT-III, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGP-30,beginner to advance
+645,Papyrus,"Papyrus  is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface. It was made from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge. Papyrus (plural: papyri) can also refer to a document written on sheets of such material, joined together side by side and rolled up into a scroll, an early form of a book.   Papyrus is first known to have been used in Egypt (at least as far back as the First Dynasty), as the papyrus plant was once abundant across the Nile Delta. It was also used throughout the Mediterranean region and in the Kingdom of Kush. Apart from a writing material, ancient Egyptians employed papyrus in the construction of other artifacts, such as reed boats, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets.","Papyrus, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.creationkit.com/index.php?title=Category:Papyrus, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus",beginner to advance
+646,Clarion,"Clarion is a commercial, 4GL, multi-paradigm, programming language and Integrated Development Environment from SoftVelocity used to program database applications. It is compatible with ISAM, SQL and ADO data access methods, reads and writes several flat file desktop database formats including ASCII, CSV, DOS (Binary), FoxPro, Clipper, dBase, and some relational databases via ODBC, MS SQL Server, Sybase SQL Anywhere and Oracle through the use of accelerated native database drivers, and XML, Clarion can be used to output to HTML, XML, plaintext, and PDF, among others. The Clarion Development Environment (IDE) sits on top of the Clarion Programming Language. The IDE provides code generation facilities via a system of templates which allow programmers to describe the program from an abstract level higher than actual code statements. The generator then turns this higher level into code, which in turn is then compiled and linked using a normal compiler and linker. This generation layer is sometimes referred to as 4GL programming. The generation layer is not required. It is possible to create programs completely at the code level (the so-called 3GL layer), bypassing all the code generation facilities. If the templates are used to generate code then programmers are able to inject their own code into the generated code to alter, or extend, the functionality offered by the template layer. This process of embedding code can be done while viewing the surrounding generated code. This mixing of template code and generated code allows the template settings to be updated, and the code regenerated, without the loss of the embedded code. The templates (from which the code is generated) are provided in source form and developers are free to create their own templates. A large collection of templates have been written by various developers some of which are offered as commercial add-ons and some of which are free. There are several Clarion products available; Clarion Professional Edition, Clarion Enterprise Edition and Clarion.Net.","Clarion, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.softvelocity.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarion_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+647,gogs-editor,,"gogs-editor, Joe Chen, website, document, China","website: https://gogs.io/, documentation: https://gogs.io/docs",beginner to advance
+648,VRML,"VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language, pronounced vermal or by its initials, originally—before 1995—known as the Virtual Reality Markup Language) is a standard file format for representing 3-dimensional (3D) interactive vector graphics, designed particularly with the World Wide Web in mind. It has been superseded by X3D.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VRML,beginner to advance
+650,progsbase,,"progsbase, Martin F. Johansen, website, reference, document, Norway","website: https://www.progsbase.com/, reference: https://www.progsbase.com/featuredpost/progsbase-a-timeless-translatable-and-understandable-programming-system/, documentation: https://www.progsbase.com/docs/",beginner to advance
+651,CSV,"In computing, a comma-separated values (CSV) file stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text. Each line of the file is a data record. Each record consists of one or more fields, separated by commas. The use of the comma as a field separator is the source of the name for this file format. The CSV file format is not standardized. The basic idea of separating fields with a comma is clear, but that idea gets complicated when the field data may also contain commas or even embedded line-breaks. CSV implementations may not handle such field data, or they may use quotation marks to surround the field. Quotation does not solve everything: some fields may need embedded quotation marks, so a CSV implementation may include escape characters or escape sequences. In addition, the term ""CSV"" also denotes some closely related delimiter-separated formats that use different field delimiters. These include tab-separated values and space-separated values. A delimiter that is not present in the field data (such as tab) keeps the format parsing simple. These alternate delimiter-separated files are often even given a .csv extension despite the use of a non-comma field separator. This loose terminology can cause problems in data exchange. Many applications that accept CSV files have options to select the delimiter character and the quotation character.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values,beginner to advance
+652,X PixMap,"X PixMap (XPM) is an image file format used by the X Window System, created in 1989 by Daniel Dardailler and Colas Nahaboo working at Bull Research Center at Sophia Antipolis, France, and later enhanced by Arnaud Le Hors.It is intended primarily for creating icon pixmaps, and supports transparent pixels. Derived from the earlier XBM syntax, it is a plain text file in the XPM2 format or of a C programming language syntax, which can be included in a C program file.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_PixMap,beginner to advance
+654,XeTeX,"XeTeX ( ZEE-tekh or ; see also Pronouncing and writing ""TeX"") is a TeX typesetting engine using Unicode and supporting modern font technologies such as OpenType, Graphite and Apple Advanced Typography (AAT). It was originally written by Jonathan Kew and is distributed under the X11 free software license. Initially developed for Mac OS X only, it is now available for all major platforms. It natively supports Unicode and the input file is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding by default. XeTeX can use any fonts installed in the operating system without configuring TeX font metrics, and can make direct use of advanced typographic features of OpenType, AAT and Graphite technologies such as alternative glyphs and swashes, optional or historic ligatures, and variable font weights. Support for OpenType local typographic conventions (locl tag) is also present. XeTeX even allows raw OpenType feature tags to be passed to the font. Microtypography is also supported. XeTeX also supports typesetting mathematics using Unicode fonts that contain special mathematical features, such as Cambria Math or Asana Math as an alternative to the traditional mathematical typesetting based on TeX font metrics.",,"website: http://xetex.sourceforge.net, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XeTeX",beginner to advance
+655,SQLPL,"SQL PL stands for Structured Query Language Procedural Language and was developed by IBM as a set of commands that extend the use of SQL in the IBM DB2 (DB2 UDB Version 7) database system. It provides procedural programmability in addition to the querying commands of SQL. It is a subset of the SQL Persistent Stored Modules (SQL/PSM) language standard. As of DB2 version 9, SQL PL stored procedures can run natively inside the DB2 process (inside the DBM1 address space, more precisely) instead of being fenced in an external process. In DB2 version 9.7 IBM also added a PL/SQL front-end to this infrastructure (called ""SQL Unified Runtime Engine""), meaning that procedural SQL using either the ISO standard or Oracle's syntax compile to bytecode running on the same engine in DB2.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_PL,beginner to advance
+656,ThinBasic,"thinBasic is a BASIC-like computer programming language interpreter with a central core engine architecture surrounded by many specialized modules. Although originally designed mainly for computer automation, thanks to its modular structure it can be used for wide range of tasks.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThinBasic,beginner to advance
+657,Readable,,"Readable, Lépine Kong, website, reference, France","website: https://readablehumanformat.com/, reference: https://readable.red/",beginner to advance
+658,KML,"Keyhole Markup Language (KML) is an XML notation for expressing geographic annotation and visualization within Internet-based, two-dimensional maps and three-dimensional Earth browsers. KML was developed for use with Google Earth, which was originally named Keyhole Earth Viewer. It was created by Keyhole, Inc, which was acquired by Google in 2004. KML became an international standard of the Open Geospatial Consortium in 2008. Google Earth was the first program able to view and graphically edit KML files. Other projects such as Marble have also started to develop KML support.","KML, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_Markup_Language,beginner to advance
+659,ARexx,"ARexx is an implementation of the Rexx language for the Amiga, written in 1987 by William S. Hawes, with a number of Amiga-specific features beyond standard REXX facilities.  Like most REXX implementations, ARexx is an interpreted language. Programs written for ARexx are called ""scripts"", or ""macros""; several programs offer the ability to run ARexx scripts in their main interface as macros. ARexx can easily communicate with third-party software that implements an ""ARexx port"". Any Amiga application or script can define a set of commands and functions for ARexx to address, thus making the capabilities of the software available to the scripts written in ARexx. ARexx can direct commands and functions to several applications from the same script, thus offering the opportunity to mix and match functions from the different programs. For example, an ARexx script could extract data from a database, insert the data into a spreadsheet to perform calculations on it, then insert tables and charts based on the results into a word processor document.","ARexx, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARexx,beginner to advance
+660,CLOS,"The Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) is the facility for object-oriented programming which is part of ANSI Common Lisp. CLOS is a powerful dynamic object system which differs radically from the OOP facilities found in more static languages such as C++ or Java. CLOS was inspired by earlier Lisp object systems such as MIT Flavors and CommonLoops, although it is more general than either. Originally proposed as an add-on, CLOS was adopted as part of the ANSI standard for Common Lisp and has been adapted into other Lisp dialects such as EuLisp or Emacs Lisp.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLOS,beginner to advance
+661,X BitMap,"In computer graphics, the X Window System used X BitMap (XBM), a plain text binary image format, for storing cursor and icon bitmaps used in the X GUI. The XBM format is superseded by XPM, which first appeared for X11 in 1989.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_BitMap,beginner to advance
+662,PAWN,,"PAWN, , website, The Netherlands",website: https://www.compuphase.com/pawn/pawn.htm,beginner to advance
+663,Alice,"Alice ML is a programming language designed by the Programming Systems Laboratory at Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany. It is a dialect of Standard ML, augmented with support for lazy evaluation, concurrency (multithreading and distributed computing via remote procedure calls) and constraint programming.",,"website: http://www.ps.uni-saarland.de/alice, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+664,emberjs-framework,,"emberjs-framework, , website, United States",website: https://emberjs.com/,beginner to advance
+666,Futhark,,"Futhark, Troels Henriksen and Cosmin Oancea and Martin Elsman, website, Denmark",website: https://futhark-lang.org,beginner to advance
+667,JSON-stat,,"JSON-stat, Xavier Badosa, website, Spain",website: https://json-stat.org/,beginner to advance
+668,ALGOL 58,"ALGOL 58, originally known as IAL, is one of the family of ALGOL computer programming languages. It was an early compromise design soon superseded by ALGOL 60. According to John Backus  ""The Zurich ACM-GAMM Conference had two principal motives in proposing the IAL: (a) To provide a means of communicating numerical methods and other procedures between people, and (b) To provide a means of realizing a stated process on a variety of machines...""  ALGOL 58 introduced the fundamental notion of the compound statement, but it was restricted to control flow only, and it was not tied to identifier scope in the way that Algol 60's blocks were.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL_58,beginner to advance
+669,QR code,"QR code (abbreviated from Quick Response code) is the trademark for a type of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional barcode) first designed in 1994 for the automotive industry in Japan. A barcode is a machine-readable optical label that contains information about the item to which it is attached. In practice, QR codes often contain data for a locator, identifier, or tracker that points to a website or application. A QR code uses four standardized encoding modes (numeric, alphanumeric, byte/binary, and kanji) to store data efficiently; extensions may also be used.The Quick Response system became popular outside the automotive industry due to its fast readability and greater storage capacity compared to standard UPC barcodes. Applications include product tracking, item identification, time tracking, document management, and general marketing.A QR code consists of black squares arranged in a square grid on a white background, which can be read by an imaging device such as a camera, and processed using Reed–Solomon error correction until the image can be appropriately interpreted. The required data is then extracted from patterns that are present in both horizontal and vertical components of the image.","QR code, , wikipedia, Japan",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_code,beginner to advance
+670,JAI,"Jonathan Blow (born 1971) is an American video game designer and programmer, who is best known as the creator of the independent video games Braid (2008) and The Witness (2016), both of which were released to critical acclaim. From 2001 to 2004, Blow wrote the Inner Product column for Game Developer Magazine. He was the primary host of the Experimental Gameplay Workshop each March at the Game Developers Conference, which has become a premier showcase for new ideas in video games.  In addition, Blow was a regular participant in the Indie Game Jam. Blow is also a founding partner of the Indie Fund, an angel investor fund for independent game projects.","JAI, Jonathan Blow, reference, wikipedia, Various","reference: https://twitter.com/Jonathan_Blow/status/1474203662134255618, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAI_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+671,Nial,"Nial (from ""Nested Interactive Array Language"") is a high-level array programming language developed from about 1981 by Mike Jenkins of Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.  Jenkins co-created the Jenkins–Traub algorithm. Nial combines a functional programming notation for arrays based on an array theory developed by Trenchard More with structured programming concepts for numeric, character and symbolic data. It is most often used for prototyping and artificial intelligence.","Nial, Mike Jenkins, wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nial,beginner to advance
+672,mochajs,,"mochajs, , website, Denmark and Republic of Korea and United States and Switzerland",website: https://mochajs.org/,beginner to advance
+673,Godot,"Godot is a 2D and 3D cross-platform compatible game engine released as open source software under the MIT license. It was initially developed for several companies in Latin America before its public release. The development environment runs on Windows, macOS, Linux, BSD and Haiku (both 32 and 64-bit) and can create games targeting PC, console, mobile and web platforms.","Godot, , website, wikipedia, Various","website: https://godotengine.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godot_(game_engine)",beginner to advance
+674,S3,"S3 is a structured, imperative high-level computer programming language.  It was developed by the UK company International Computers Limited (ICL) for its 2900 Series mainframes. It is a system programming language with syntax influenced by ALGOL 68 but with data types and operators aligned to those offered by the 2900 Series.  It was the implementation language of the operating system VME.","S3, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S3_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+676,Yoix,"In computer programming, Yoix is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. The Yoix interpreter is implemented using standard Java technology without any add-on packages and requires only a Sun-compliant JVM to operate. Initially developed by AT&T Labs researchers for internal use, it has been available as free and open source software since late 2000.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoix,beginner to advance
+677,Bazel,"In software development, Bazel is a free software tool that allows for the automation of building and testing of software. The company Google uses the build tool Blaze internally and released an open-sourced part of the Blaze tool as Bazel, named as an anagram of Blaze. Bazel was first released in March 2015 and achieved beta status by September 2015.Similar to build tools like Make, Apache Ant, or Apache Maven, Bazel builds software applications from source code using a set of rules. Rules and macros are created in the Starlark language (previously called Skylark), a dialect of Python. There are built-in rules for building software written in the programming languages of Java, C, C++, Go, Python, Objective-C and Bourne shell scripts. Bazel can produce software application packages suitable for deployment for the Android and iOS operating systems.In designing Bazel, emphasis has been placed on build speed, correctness, and reproducibility. The tool uses parallelization to speed up parts of the build process. It includes a Bazel Query language that can be used to analyze build dependencies in complex build graphs.","Bazel, Han-Wen Nienhuys, website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://bazel.build/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazel_(software)",beginner to advance
+678,mgmt,,"mgmt, James Shubin, website, reference, Canada","website: https://purpleidea.com/tags/mgmtconfig/, reference: https://fosdem.org/2020/schedule/event/mgmtconfigmore/",beginner to advance
+681,Felix,,"Felix, John Skaller, website, reference, Australia","website: http://felix-lang.github.io/felix/, reference: http://web.archive.org/web/20080415185225/http://felix-lang.org/",beginner to advance
+682,Ext3,"ext3, or third extended filesystem, is a journaled file system that is commonly used by the Linux kernel. It used to be the default file system for many popular Linux distributions. Stephen Tweedie first revealed that he was working on extending ext2 in Journaling the Linux ext2fs Filesystem in a 1998 paper, and later in a February 1999 kernel mailing list posting. The filesystem was merged with the mainline Linux kernel in November 2001 from 2.4.15 onward. Its main advantage over ext2 is journaling, which improves reliability and eliminates the need to check the file system after an unclean shutdown. Its successor is ext4.","Ext3, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3,beginner to advance
+683,kaitai,,"kaitai, Mikhail Yakshin, website, reference, Various","website: http://kaitai.io/, reference: http://kaitai.io/",beginner to advance
+684,MBASIC,"MBASIC is the Microsoft BASIC implementation of BASIC for the CP/M operating system. MBASIC is a descendant of the original Altair BASIC interpreters that were among Microsoft's first products. MBASIC was one of the two versions of BASIC bundled with the Osborne 1 computer. The name ""MBASIC"" is derived from the disk file name MBASIC.COM of the BASIC interpreter.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBASIC,beginner to advance
+685,Troff,"troff  is the major component of a document processing system developed by AT&T Corporation for the Unix operating system. troff features commands to designate fonts, spacing, paragraphs, margins, footnotes and more. Unlike many other text formatters, troff can position characters arbitrarily on a page, even overlapping them, and has a fully programmable input language. Separate preprocessors are used for more convenient production of tables, diagrams, and mathematics. Inputs to troff are plain text files that can be created by any text editor. Extensive macro packages have been created for various document styles. A typical distribution of troff includes the me macros for formatting research papers, man and mdoc macros for creating Unix man pages, mv macros for creating mountable transparencies, and the ms and mm macros for letters, books, technical memoranda, and reports.","Troff, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.troff.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troff",beginner to advance
+686,JavaCC,"JavaCC (Java Compiler Compiler) is an open source parser generator and lexical analyzer generator written in the Java programming language. JavaCC is similar to yacc in that it generates a parser from a formal grammar written in EBNF notation. Unlike yacc, however, JavaCC generates top-down parsers. JavaCC can resolve choices based on the next k input tokens, and so can handle LL(k) grammars automatically; by use of ""lookahead specifications"", it can also resolve choices requiring unbounded look ahead. JavaCC also generates lexical analyzers in a fashion similar to lex. The tree builder that accompanies it, JJTree, constructs its trees from the bottom up. JavaCC is licensed under a BSD license.","JavaCC, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://javacc.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaCC",beginner to advance
+687,FLOW-MATIC,"FLOW-MATIC, originally known as B-0 (Business Language version 0), was the first English-like data processing language. It was developed for the UNIVAC I at Remington Rand under Grace Hopper during the period from 1955 until 1959. It had a strong influence on the development of COBOL.","FLOW-MATIC, Grace Hopper, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOW-MATIC,beginner to advance
+688,mustache,,"mustache, Chris Wanstrath, website, United States and France and Portugal and Croatia",website: http://mustache.github.io/,beginner to advance
+689,Roslyn compiler,".NET Compiler Platform, also known by its nickname Roslyn, is a set of open-source compilers and code analysis APIs for C# and Visual Basic .NET languages from Microsoft.The project notably includes self-hosting versions of the C# and VB.NET compilers – compilers written in the languages themselves. The compilers are available via the traditional command-line programs but also as APIs available natively from within .NET code. Roslyn exposes modules for syntactic (lexical) analysis of code, semantic analysis, dynamic compilation to CIL, and code emission.",,"website: https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/csharp/roslyn-sdk/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslyn_(compiler)",beginner to advance
+690,Slope,,"Slope, Sloum, website, United States",website: https://slope.colorfield.space,beginner to advance
+691,NetLinx,"NetLinx is both a range of controllers manufactured by AMX and the name of the proprietary programming language (loosely based on C) used to program the devices.  The NetLinx controllers are rack mountable devices which run a version of VxWorks and integrate both a processor and device controllers and are typically utilized for audio-visual control systems. An example is the mid-range NetLinx Integrated NI-2100 controller which has 3 RS-232/RS-485 serial ports, 4 relays, 4 infrared/serial ports and 4 input/outputs.  Serial ports can send and receive strings, typically ASCII instructions and replies. Relays permit switching of modest currents. IR ports can send infrared signals which emulate typical remote control devices that control (for instance) televisions and video recorders. Input/output ports detect contact closures. AMX supplies an IDE known as NetLinx Studio which allows a proprietary language to be edited, compiled and sent to the NetLinx controller.  NetLinx also contains an interface which allows it to utilize Java based modules. Earlier models of AMX controller were named Axcent.","NetLinx, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.amx.com/en/site_elements/language-reference-guide-netlinx-programming-language, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetLinx",beginner to advance
+692,Concise Encoding,,"Concise Encoding, Karl Stenerud, website, Czech Republic and Germany",website: https://concise-encoding.org,beginner to advance
+693,blockml,,"blockml, , website, Germany",website: http://blockml.awwapps.com,beginner to advance
+694,BNF,"In computer science, Backus–Naur form or Backus normal form (BNF) is a notation technique for context-free grammars, often used to describe the syntax of languages used in computing, such as computer programming languages, document formats, instruction sets and communication protocols. They are applied wherever exact descriptions of languages are needed: for instance, in official language specifications, in manuals, and in textbooks on programming language theory. Many extensions and variants of the original Backus–Naur notation are used; some are exactly defined, including extended Backus–Naur form (EBNF) and augmented Backus–Naur form (ABNF).","BNF, John Backus and Peter Naur, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backus–Naur_form,beginner to advance
+695,Shapefile,"The shapefile format is a popular geospatial vector data format for geographic information system (GIS) software. It is developed and regulated by Esri as a (mostly) open specification for data interoperability among Esri and other GIS software products. The shapefile format can spatially describe vector features: points, lines, and polygons, representing, for example, water wells, rivers, and lakes. Each item usually has attributes that describe it, such as name or temperature.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapefile,beginner to advance
+696,chatterbot,,"chatterbot, Gunther Cox, website, United States",website: https://chatterbot.readthedocs.io,beginner to advance
+697,Fuzzy Markup Language,"Fuzzy Markup Language (FML) is a specific purpose markup language based on XML, used for describing the structure and behavior of a fuzzy system independently of the hardware architecture devoted to host and run it.","Fuzzy Markup Language, , wikipedia, Italy",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_markup_language,beginner to advance
+698,Project Jupyter,"Project Jupyter ( ( listen)) is a nonprofit organization created to ""develop open-source software, open-standards, and services for interactive computing across dozens of programming languages.""  Spun-off from IPython in 2014 by Fernando Pérez, Project Jupyter supports execution environments in several dozen languages.  Project Jupyter's name is a reference to the three core programming languages supported by Jupyter, which are Julia, Python and R, and also an homage to Galileo's notebooks recording the discovery of the moons of Jupiter. Project Jupyter has developed and supported the interactive computing products Jupyter Notebook, Jupyter Hub, and Jupyter Lab, the next-generation version of Jupyter Notebook.","Project Jupyter, , website, wikipedia, Various","website: https://jupyter.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Jupyter",beginner to advance
+700,P4,"P4 is a programming language designed to allow programming of packet forwarding planes. In contrast to a general purpose language such as C or Python, P4 is a domain-specific language with a number of constructs optimized around network data forwarding.  P4 is an open-source, permissively licensed language and is maintained by a non-profit organization called the P4 Language Consortium.  The language was originally described in a SIGCOMM CCR paper in 2014 titled “Programming Protocol-Independent Packet Processors” – the alliterative name shortens to “P4”.","P4, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://p4.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P4_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+701,Nushell,,"Nushell, Yehuda Katz, website, Ecuador",website: https://www.nushell.sh/,beginner to advance
+702,FIGlet Font,,"FIGlet Font, , reference, Unknown",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIGlet,beginner to advance
+703,Curl,"Curl is a reflective object-oriented programming language for interactive web applications whose goal is to provide a smoother transition between formatting and programming. It makes it possible to embed complex objects in simple documents without needing to switch between programming languages or development platforms. The Curl implementation initially consisted of just an interpreter, but a compiler was added later. Curl combines text markup (as in HTML), scripting (as in JavaScript), and heavy-duty computing (as in Java, C#, or C++) within one unified framework. It is used in a range of internal enterprise, B2B, and B2C applications. Curl programs may be compiled into Curl applets, that are viewed using the Curl RTE, a runtime environment with a plugin for web browsers. Currently, it is supported on Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS. Curl supports ""detached applets"", which is a web deployed applet which runs on the user's desktop independent of a browser window much as in Silverlight 3 and Adobe AIR.","Curl, Steve Ward, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.curl.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curl_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+704,Visual Prolog,"Visual Prolog, also formerly known as PDC Prolog and Turbo Prolog, is a strongly typed object-oriented extension of Prolog.  As Turbo Prolog, it was marketed by Borland but it is now developed and marketed by the Danish firm Prolog Development Center (PDC) that originally developed it. Visual Prolog can build Microsoft Windows GUI-applications, console applications, DLLs (dynamic link libraries), and CGI-programs. It can also link to COM components and to databases by means of ODBC. Logic languages are traditionally interpreted, but Visual Prolog is compiled. This provides the important improvement of converting traditional Prolog-typical run-time errors to compiler warnings, which ensures a better robustness of the finished applications. The core of Visual Prolog are Horn clauses, algebraic datatypes, pattern matching and controlled non-determinism like in traditional Prolog, but unlike traditional Prolog, Visual Prolog has always been strongly and statically typed.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Prolog,beginner to advance
+705,GML,"Generalized Markup Language (GML) is a set of macros that implement intent-based (procedural) markup tags for the IBM text formatter, SCRIPT.  SCRIPT/VS is the main component of IBM's Document Composition Facility (DCF). A starter set of tags in GML is provided with the DCF product.","GML, Charles Goldfarb and Edward Mosher and Raymond Lorie, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Generalized_Markup_Language,beginner to advance
+706,Aldor,"Aldor is a programming language. It is the successor of A# as the extension language of the Axiom computer algebra system. Aldor combines imperative, functional, and object-oriented features. It has an elaborate type system,""Aldor Programming Language"". Aldor.org. Retrieved 12 February 2017. allowing types to be used as first-class values. Aldor's syntax is heavily influenced by Pascal, but it is optionally indentation-sensitive, using whitespace characters and the off-side rule, like Python. In its current implementation, it is compiled, but an interactive listener is provided. Aldor is distributed as free and open-source software, under the Apache License 2.0.","Aldor, Richard Dimick Jenks and Barry Trager and Stephen Watt and James Davenport and Robert Sutor and Scott Morrison, website, wikipedia, United Kingdom","website: http://www.aldor.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldor",beginner to advance
+707,micro-editor,,"micro-editor, , website, United States",website: https://micro-editor.github.io,beginner to advance
+708,mavo,,"mavo, Lea Verou, website, United States",website: https://mavo.io/,beginner to advance
+709,Mathcad,"Mathcad is computer software primarily intended for the verification, validation, documentation and re-use of engineering calculations. First introduced in 1986 on DOS, it was the first to introduce live editing of typeset mathematical notation, combined with its automatic computations.","Mathcad, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.ptc.com/en/products/mathcad/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathcad",beginner to advance
+710,Joy,"The Joy programming language in computer science is a purely functional programming language that was produced by Manfred von Thun of La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia. Joy is based on composition of functions rather than lambda calculus. It has turned out to have many similarities to Forth, due not to design but to a sort of parallel evolution and convergence. It was also inspired by the function-level programming style of Backus's FP.","Joy, Manfred von Thun, wikipedia, Australia",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+711,QMake,"qmake is an utility that automates the generation of makefiles. Makefiles are used by the program make to build executable programs from source code; therefore qmake is a make-makefile tool, or makemake for short. The makefiles that qmake produces are tailored to the particular platform where it is run from based on qmake project files. This way one set of build instructions can be used to create build instructions on different operating systems. qmake supports code generation for the following operating systems: Linux, Apple Mac OS X, Symbian, Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Windows CE. qmake was created by Trolltech (now The Qt Company). It is distributed and integrated with the Qt application framework, and automates the creation of moc (meta object compiler) and rcc (resource compiler) sources, which are used in Qt's meta-object system and in the integration of binary resources (e.g., pictures). The qmake tool helps simplify the build process for development projects across different platforms. It automates the generation of Makefiles so that only a few lines of information are needed to create each Makefile. You can use qmake for any software project, whether it is written with Qt or not.","QMake, , reference, wikipedia, Finland","reference: http://doc.qt.io/archives/qt-4.8/qmake-tutorial.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qmake",beginner to advance
+712,ProvideX,"ProvideX is a computer language and development environment derived from Business Basic (a business oriented derivative of BASIC) in the mid-1980s. ProvideX is available on several operating systems (Unix/Linux/Windows/Mac OS X) and includes not only the programming language but also file system, presentation layer interface, and other components.  The language is primarily designed for use in the development of business applications. Over the years since its inception and as the computer industry has changed, ProvideX has added functionality such as a graphical interface, client-server capabilities, access to external databases, web services, and, more recently, object-oriented programming capabilities. On October 8, 2010, PVX Plus Technologies announced that it has assumed all ongoing sales, development, and support of the ProvideX product line for Independent Software Vendors.  This brings the development of the language back under control of the original creator, Mike King and is the end result of almost 2 years of negotiations between Sage, EDIAS, and PVX Plus Technologies.","ProvideX, Michael F. King, wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProvideX,beginner to advance
+713,dgraph,,"dgraph, , website, United States",website: https://dgraph.io,beginner to advance
+714,XProc,"XProc is a W3C Recommendation to define an XML transformation language to define XML Pipelines. Below is an example abbreviated XProc file:  This is a pipeline that consists of two atomic steps, XInclude and Validate. The pipeline itself has three inputs, “source” (a source document), “schemas” (a list of W3C XML Schemas) and  “parameters” (for passing parameters). The XInclude step reads the pipeline input “source” and produces a result document. The Validate step reads the pipeline input “schemas” and the output from the XInclude step and produces a result document. The result of the validation, “result”, is the result of the pipeline. Here is an equivalent less abbreviated XProc pipeline:",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XProc,beginner to advance
+715,Cobra,"Cobra is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language. Cobra is designed by Charles Esterbrook, and runs on the Microsoft .NET and Mono platforms. It is strongly influenced by Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C, and other programming languages. It supports both static and dynamic typing. It has support for unit tests and contracts. It has lambda expressions, closures, list comprehensions, and generators. Cobra is an open-source project; it was released under the MIT License on February 29, 2008. Updates are posted to the Cobra news forum with progress on features, fixes, documentation and related projects since the last update.","Cobra, Charles Esterbrook, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://cobra-language.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+716,jasmine,,"jasmine, , website, United States",website: https://jasmine.github.io/,beginner to advance
+717,onnx,,"onnx, Junjie Bai, website, United States",website: https://onnx.ai/,beginner to advance
+718,HDMI,"HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a proprietary audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio data from an HDMI-compliant source device, such as a display controller, to a compatible computer monitor, video projector, digital television, or digital audio device. HDMI is a digital replacement for analog video standards. HDMI implements the EIA/CEA-861 standards, which define video formats and waveforms, transport of compressed and uncompressed LPCM audio, auxiliary data, and implementations of the VESA EDID. CEA-861 signals carried by HDMI are electrically compatible with the CEA-861 signals used by the digital visual interface (DVI). No signal conversion is necessary, nor is there a loss of video quality when a DVI-to-HDMI adapter is used. The CEC (Consumer Electronics Control) capability allows HDMI devices to control each other when necessary and allows the user to operate multiple devices with one handheld remote control device.Several versions of HDMI have been developed and deployed since initial release of the technology, but all use the same cable and connector. Other than improved audio and video capacity, performance, resolution and color spaces, newer versions have optional advanced features such as 3D, Ethernet data connection, and CEC (Consumer Electronics Control) extensions. Production of consumer HDMI products started in late 2003. In Europe either DVI-HDCP or HDMI is included in the HD ready in-store labeling specification for TV sets for HDTV, formulated by EICTA with SES Astra in 2005. HDMI began to appear on consumer HDTVs in 2004 and camcorders and digital still cameras in 2006. As of  January 6, 2015 (twelve years after the release of the first HDMI specification), over 4 billion HDMI devices have been sold.","HDMI, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI,beginner to advance
+719,Apache Hbase,"HBase is an open-source non-relational distributed database modeled after Google's Bigtable and written in Java. It is developed as part of Apache Software Foundation's Apache Hadoop project and runs on top of HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System) or Alluxio, providing Bigtable-like capabilities for Hadoop.",,"website: https://hbase.apache.org/, documentation: https://hbase.apache.org/book.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HBase",beginner to advance
+720,Cyclone,"The Cyclone programming language is intended to be a safe dialect of the C language. Cyclone is designed to avoid buffer overflows and other vulnerabilities that are possible in C programs, without losing the power and convenience of C as a tool for system programming. Cyclone development was started as a joint project of AT&T Labs Research and Greg Morrisett's group at Cornell in 2001. Version 1.0 was released on May 8, 2006.","Cyclone, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://cyclone.thelanguage.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+721,Lisaac,,"Lisaac, , website, reference, France","website: https://lisaac.org/, reference: https://en.bmstu.wiki/Lisaac",beginner to advance
+722,Tiny C Compiler,"The Tiny C Compiler (a.k.a. TCC, tCc, or TinyCC) is an x86, X86-64 and ARM processor C compiler created by Fabrice Bellard. It is designed to work for slow computers with little disk space (e.g. on rescue disks). Windows operating system support was added in version 0.9.23 (17 Jun 2005). TCC is distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). TCC claims to implement all of ANSI C (C89/C90), much of the C99 ISO standard, and many GNU C extensions including inline assembly.",,"website: http://bellard.org/tcc/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_C_Compiler",beginner to advance
+724,UTC,"Coordinated Universal Time (abbreviated to UTC) is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean solar time at 0° longitude, and is not adjusted for daylight saving time. In some countries where English is spoken, the term Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is often used as a synonym for UTC and predates UTC by nearly 300 years.The first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960 and was first officially adopted as CCIR Recommendation 374, Standard-Frequency and Time-Signal Emissions, in 1963, but the official abbreviation of UTC and the official English name of Coordinated Universal Time (along with the French equivalent) were not adopted until 1967.The system has been adjusted several times, including a brief period where time coordination radio signals broadcast both UTC and ""Stepped Atomic Time (SAT)"" before a new UTC was adopted in 1970 and implemented in 1972. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments. This CCIR Recommendation 460 ""stated that (a) carrier frequencies and time intervals should be maintained constant and should correspond to the definition of the SI second; (b) step adjustments, when necessary, should be exactly 1 s to maintain approximate agreement with Universal Time (UT); and (c) standard signals should contain information on the difference between UTC and UT.""A number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds. A decision whether to remove them altogether has been deferred until 2023.The current version of UTC is defined by International Telecommunications Union Recommendation (ITU-R TF.460-6), Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions, and is based on International Atomic Time (TAI) with leap seconds added at irregular intervals to compensate for the slowing of the Earth's rotation. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of the UT1 variant of universal time. See the ""Current number of leap seconds"" section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time,beginner to advance
+725,Advanced Message Queuing Protocol,"The Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is an open standard application layer protocol for message-oriented middleware. The defining features of AMQP are message orientation, queuing, routing (including point-to-point and publish-and-subscribe), reliability and security. AMQP mandates the behavior of the messaging provider and client to the extent that implementations from different vendors are interoperable, in the same way as SMTP, HTTP, FTP, etc. have created interoperable systems. Previous standardizations of middleware have happened at the API level (e.g. JMS) and were focused on standardizing programmer interaction with different middleware implementations, rather than on providing interoperability between multiple implementations. Unlike JMS, which defines an API and a set of behaviors that a messaging implementation must provide, AMQP is a wire-level protocol. A wire-level protocol is a description of the format of the data that is sent across the network as a stream of bytes. Consequently, any tool that can create and interpret messages that conform to this data format can interoperate with any other compliant tool irrespective of implementation language.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Message_Queuing_Protocol,beginner to advance
+727,Pick operating system,"The Pick operating system (often called just ""the Pick system"" or simply ""Pick"") is a demand-paged, multiuser, virtual memory, time-sharing computer operating system based around a unique MultiValue database. Pick is used primarily for business data processing. It is named after one of its developers, Dick Pick. The term ""Pick system"" has also come to be used as the general name of all operating environments which employ this multivalued database and have some implementation of Pick/BASIC and ENGLISH/Access queries. Although Pick started on a variety of minicomputers, the system and its various implementations eventually spread to a large assortment of microcomputers, personal computers and mainframe computers.","Pick operating system, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick_operating_system,beginner to advance
+728,TI MSP430,"The MSP430 is a mixed-signal microcontroller family from Texas Instruments. Built around a 16-bit CPU, the MSP430 is designed for low cost and, specifically, low power consumption embedded applications.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_MSP430,beginner to advance
+729,PgBouncer,,"PgBouncer, Frank McGeough, website, reference, document, unknown","website: https://www.pgbouncer.org/, reference: https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/PgBouncer, documentation: https://www.pgbouncer.org/faq.html",beginner to advance
+731,Asymptote,"Asymptote is a descriptive vector graphics language — developed by Andy Hammerlindl, John C. Bowman (University of Alberta), and Tom Prince — which provides a natural coordinate-based framework for technical drawing. Asymptote runs on all major platforms (Unix, Mac OS, Microsoft Windows). It is free software, available under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).","Asymptote, Andy Hammerlindl and John C. Bowman and Tom Prince, wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptote_(vector_graphics_language),beginner to advance
+732,Rockstar,,"Rockstar, Dylan Beattie, website, United Kingdom",website: https://codewithrockstar.com/,beginner to advance
+734,JSFuck,,"JSFuck, Martin Kleppe, website, wikipedia, Germany","website: http://www.jsfuck.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSFuck",beginner to advance
+735,cloc,,"cloc, Al Danial, reference, United States",reference: http://cloc.sourceforge.net/,beginner to advance
+736,Angelscript,"AngelScript is a game-oriented interpreted compiled scripting language. AngelScript features static typing, object handles (similar to C++ pointers but garbage collected via reference counting), object-orientation, single inheritance, multiple inheritance with interfaces. Allows operators to be registered and overloaded. AngelScript can be used with any C++ IDE, such as Netbeans, Geany, Eclipse, and also supported by AngelJuice IDE developed specifically for the language. C and C++ functions can be called within an AngelScript environment. AngelScript's class syntax closely follows C++ classes by design: no proxy functions are required to embed AngelScript in C++ applications easing the two languages integration. There are several differences of AngelScript and C++: AngelScript does not support multiple inheritance. Multiple-inheritance functionality may be achieved with Interfaces. It is impossible to declare methods or properties outside of the class body. All methods (including constructors and destructors) are virtual. AngelScript is used in video game development, including Amnesia: The Dark Descent, Amy, Dustforce, Gekkeiju Online, King Arthur's Gold, Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole, Overgrowth, Penumbra: Overture, Penumbra: Requiem, Puddle, Rigs of Rods, Sine Mora, Star Ruler, SuperTuxKart, Warhammer: Mark of Chaos, Warsow, Urho3D. AngelScript is used at the University of Ulm in interactive 3D-Animation program. AngelScript is also used in robotics, for example, to program behavioral rules of robotic agents.",,"website: http://angelcode.com/angelscript, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AngelScript",beginner to advance
+741,Pop-11,"POP-11 is a reflective, incrementally compiled programming language with many of the features of an interpreted language. It is the core language of the Poplog programming environment developed originally by the University of Sussex, and recently in the School of Computer Science at the University of Birmingham which hosts the Poplog website. POP-11 is an evolution of the language POP-2, developed in Edinburgh University and features an open stack model (like Forth, among others). It is mainly procedural, but supports declarative language constructs, including a pattern matcher and is mostly used for research and teaching in Artificial Intelligence, although it has features sufficient for many other classes of problems. It is often used to introduce symbolic programming techniques to programmers of more conventional languages like Pascal, who find POP syntax more familiar than that of Lisp. One of POP-11's features is that it supports first-class functions. Pop-11 is the core language of the Poplog system. The fact that the compiler and compiler subroutines are available at run-time (a requirement for incremental compilation) gives it the ability to support a far wider range of extensions than would be possible using only a macro facility. This made it possible for incremental compilers to be added for Prolog, Common Lisp and Standard ML, which could be added as required to support either mixed language development or development in the second language without using any Pop-11 constructs. This made it possible for Poplog to be used by teachers, researchers, or developers who were interested in only one of the languages. The most successful product developed in Pop-11 was the Clementine data-mining system, developed by ISL, as described in the entry on Poplog. After SPSS bought ISL they decided to port Clementine to C++ and Java, and eventually succeeded with great effort (and perhaps some loss of the flexibility provided by the use of an AI language!). As explained in the entries for Poplog and POP-2, Pop-11 was for a time available only as part of an expensive commercial package (Poplog), but since about 1999 it has been freely available as part of the Open Source version of Poplog, including various additional packages and teaching libraries. An online version of ELIZA using Pop-11 is available at Birmingham. At the University of Sussex David Young used Pop-11 in combination with C and Fortran to develop a suite of teaching and interactive development tools for image processing and vision, and has made them available in the Popvision extension to Poplog.","Pop-11, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POP-11,beginner to advance
+742,Z shell,"The Z shell (Zsh) is a Unix shell that can be used as an interactive login shell and as a powerful command interpreter for shell scripting. Zsh is an extended Bourne shell with a large number of improvements, including some features of Bash, ksh, and tcsh.","Z shell, Paul Falstad, website, reference, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://www.zsh.org/, reference: https://git.code.sf.net/p/zsh/code, documentation: https://zsh.sourceforge.io/Doc/Release/Introduction.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_shell",beginner to advance
+743,MQL5,"MQL4 (MetaQuotes Language 4) and MQL5 (MetaQuotes Language 5) are integrated programming languages designed for developing trading robots, technical market indicators, scripts and function libraries within the MetaTrader software. The primary objective of MQL4 and MQL5 is automation of trading and facilitation of operational analysis. MQL4 and MQL5 comprises an extensive codebase source code library used for developing trading robots.","MQL5, , reference, wikipedia, Russia","reference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11765028, wikipedia: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetaQuotes_Language_MQL4/MQL5",beginner to advance
+744,JMP,"JMP (pronounced ""jump"") is a suite of computer programs for statistical analysis developed by the JMP business unit of SAS Institute. It was launched in 1989 to take advantage of the graphical user interface introduced by the Macintosh. It has since been significantly rewritten and made available for the Windows operating system. JMP is used in applications such as Six Sigma, quality control, and engineering, design of experiments, as well as for research in science, engineering, and social sciences. The software can be purchased in any of five configurations: JMP, JMP Pro, JMP Clinical, JMP Genomics and the JMP Graph Builder App for the iPad. JMP can be automated with its proprietary scripting language, JSL. The software is focused on exploratory visual analytics, where users investigate and explore data. These explorations can also be verified by hypothesis testing, data mining, or other analytic methods. In addition, discoveries made through graphical exploration can lead to a designed experiment that can be both designed and analyzed with JMP.","JMP, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JMP_(statistical_software),beginner to advance
+745,GIF,"The Graphics Interchange Format (GIF  JIF or  GHIF), is a bitmap image format that was developed by a team at the online services provider CompuServe led by American computer scientist Steve Wilhite on June 15, 1987. It has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and portability between many applications and operating systems. The format supports up to 8 bits per pixel for each image, allowing a single image to reference its own palette of up to 256 different colors chosen from the 24-bit RGB color space. It also supports animations and allows a separate palette of up to 256 colors for each frame. These palette limitations make GIF less suitable for reproducing color photographs and other images with color gradients, but it is well-suited for simpler images such as graphics or logos with solid areas of color. GIF images are compressed using the Lempel–Ziv–Welch (LZW) lossless data compression technique to reduce the file size without degrading the visual quality. This compression technique was patented in 1985. Controversy over the licensing agreement between the software patent holder, Unisys, and CompuServe in 1994 spurred the development of the Portable Network Graphics (PNG) standard. By 2004 all the relevant patents had expired.","GIF, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF,beginner to advance
+747,CoNLL-U,,"CoNLL-U, , reference, Various",reference: http://universaldependencies.org/format.html,beginner to advance
+748,BBC BASIC,"BBC BASIC is a programming language, developed in 1981 as a native programming language for the MOS Technology 6502 based Acorn BBC Micro home/personal computer. It is a version of the BASIC programming language adapted for a UK computer literacy project of the BBC. It was written mainly by Sophie Wilson. BBC BASIC, based on the older Atom BASIC (for the Acorn Atom), extended traditional BASIC with named DEF PROC/DEF FN procedures and functions, REPEAT UNTIL loops, and IF THEN ELSE structures inspired by COMAL. The interpreter also included powerful statements for controlling the BBC Micro's four-channel sound output and its low-/high-resolution eight-mode graphics display. One of the unique features of BBC BASIC was the presence of an inline assembler allowing users to write 6502, and later: Z80, NS32016 and ARM assembly language programs. The assembler was fully integrated into the BASIC interpreter and shared variables with it, which could be included between the [ and ] characters, saved via *SAVE and *LOAD, and called via the CALL or USR commands. This allowed developers to write not just assembly language code, but also BASIC code to emit assembly language, making it possible to use code-generation techniques and even write simple compilers in BASIC.","BBC BASIC, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_BASIC,beginner to advance
+750,DM,,"DM, , website, reference, Unknown","website: http://www.byond.com/docs/guide/, reference: http://www.byond.com/developer",beginner to advance
+751,Karel,"Karel is an educational programming language for beginners, created by Richard E. Pattis in his book Karel The Robot: A Gentle Introduction to the Art of Programming. Pattis used the language in his courses at Stanford University, California. The language is named after Karel Čapek, a Czech writer who introduced the word robot.","Karel, Richard E. Pattis, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+752,JSONiq,"JSONiq is a query and functional programming language that is designed to declaratively query and transform collections of hierarchical and heterogeneous data in format of JSON, XML, as well as unstructured, textual data. JSONiq is an open specification published under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license. It is based on the XQuery language, with which it shares the same core expressions and operations on atomic types. JSONiq comes in two syntactical flavors, which both support JSON and XML natively.  The JSONiq syntax (a superset of JSON) extended with XML support through a compatible subset of XQuery. The XQuery syntax (native XML support) extended with JSON support through a compatible subset (the JSONiq extension to XQuery) of the above JSONiq syntax.","JSONiq, , website, wikipedia, Unknown","website: http://www.jsoniq.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSONiq",beginner to advance
+754,Prism,,"Prism, Lea Verou, website, United States and Germany",website: https://prismjs.com/,beginner to advance
+755,chaiscript,,"chaiscript, , website, United States and New Zealand",website: http://chaiscript.com/,beginner to advance
+756,DIGITAL Command Language,"DIGITAL Command Language (DCL) is the standard command language adopted by most of the operating systems (OSs) that were sold by the former Digital Equipment Corporation (which was acquired by Compaq, which was in turn acquired by Hewlett-Packard). DCL had its roots in the IAS, TOPS-20, and RT-11 OSs and was implemented as a standard across most of Digital's OSs, notably RSX-11, but took its most powerful form in the OpenVMS OS. Written when the programming language Fortran was in heavy use, DCL is a scripting language supporting several datatypes, including strings, integers, bit arrays, arrays and booleans, but not floating point numbers. Access to OpenVMS system services (kernel API) is through lexical functions, which perform the same as their compiled language counterparts and allow scripts to get information on system state. DCL includes IF-THEN-ELSE, access to all the Record Management Services (RMS) file types including stream, indexed, and sequential, but unfortunately lacks a DO-WHILE or other looping construct, requiring users to make do with IF and GOTO-label statements instead. DCL is available for other operating systems as well, including VCL and VX/DCL for Unix, VCL for Unix, MS-DOS, OS/2 and Windows, and PC-DCL and Accelr8 DCL Lite for Windows.  DCL is the basis of the XLNT language, implemented on Windows by an interpreter-IDE-WSH engine combination with CGI capabilities distributed by Advanced System Concepts Inc. from 1997.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIGITAL_Command_Language,beginner to advance
+757,capybara,,"capybara, Jonas Nicklas and Kevin Fitzpatrick, website, United States",website: http://teamcapybara.github.io/capybara/,beginner to advance
+758,Linden Scripting Language,,"Linden Scripting Language, , reference, United States",reference: http://wiki.secondlife.com/wiki/LSL_Portal,beginner to advance
+759,Tea,"Tea is a high level scripting language for the Java environment. It combines features of Scheme, Tcl, and Java.  Integrated support for all major programming paradigms. Functional programming language. Functions are first class objects. Scheme-like closures are intrinsic to the language. Support for object oriented programming. Modular libraries with autoloading on demand facilities. Large base of core functions and classes. String and list processing. Regular expressions. File and network I/O. Database access. XML processing. 100% Pure Java. The Tea interpreter is implemented in Java. Tea runs anywhere with a Java 1.6 JVM or higher. Java reflection features allow the use of Java libraries directly from Tea code. Intended to be easily extended in Java. For example, Tea supports relational database access through JDBC, regular expressions through GNU Regexp, and an XML parser through a SAX parser (XML4J for example).",,"website: http://www2.pdmfc.com/tea, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+760,Kubernetes,,"Kubernetes, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubernetes,beginner to advance
+761,Ant Build System,,"Ant Build System, , website, reference, United States","website: http://ant.apache.org/, reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Ant",beginner to advance
+762,NCAR Command Language,,"NCAR Command Language, , website, United States",website: https://www.ncl.ucar.edu/index.shtml,beginner to advance
+763,GNU Assembler,"The GNU Assembler, commonly known as gas or simply as, its executable name, is the assembler used by the GNU Project. It is the default back-end of GCC. It is used to assemble the GNU operating system and the Linux kernel, and various other software. It is a part of the GNU Binutils package. The GAS executable is named as, the standard name for a Unix assembler. GAS is cross-platform, and both runs on and assembles for a number of different computer architectures. Released under the GNU General Public License v3, GAS is free software.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Assembler,beginner to advance
+764,gridstudio-editor,,"gridstudio-editor, Rick Lamers, website, The Netherlands",website: https://gridstudio.io,beginner to advance
+765,J#,"Visual J# (pronounced ""jay-sharp"") is an implementation of the J# programming language that was a transitional language for programmers of Java and Visual J++ languages, so they could use their existing knowledge and applications on .NET Framework. It was introduced in 2002 and discontinued in 2007, with support for the final release of the product continuing until October, 2017. J# worked with Java bytecode as well as source so it could be used to transition applications that used third-party libraries even if their original source code was unavailable. It was developed by the Hyderabad-based Microsoft India Development Center at HITEC City in India.","J#, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/vjsharp/default.aspx, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Sharp",beginner to advance
+766,fay,,"fay, Chris Done, website, Australia and Sweden and United States",website: https://github.com/faylang/fay/wiki,beginner to advance
+767,GDScript,,"GDScript, , website, reference, Various","website: http://docs.godotengine.org/en/3.0/getting_started/scripting/gdscript/gdscript_basics.html, reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godot_(game_engine)",beginner to advance
+768,F Prime,,"F Prime, Timothy Canham, website, United States",website: https://nasa.github.io/fprime/,beginner to advance
+769,BeanShell,"BeanShell is a Java-like scripting language, invented by Patrick Niemeyer. It runs in the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) and uses a variation of the Java syntax, in addition to scripting commands and syntax.","BeanShell, , website, wikipedia, Various","website: http://www.beanshell.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeanShell",beginner to advance
+770,FutureBASIC,"FutureBasic is a free BASIC compiler for Apple Inc.'s Macintosh. It consists of an integrated development environment (IDE), editor, project manager, etc. for both PowerPC and Intel microprocessors. Since 1 January 2008, the package contains a translator, FBtoC, that converts the FutureBasic syntax to C and automatically calls Apple's GNU Compiler Collection (gcc). No knowledge of C is required. FutureBasic supports access to Mac OS library calls.","FutureBASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FutureBASIC,beginner to advance
+771,Eclipse Command Language,,"Eclipse Command Language, , reference, Canada",reference: https://www.eclipse.org/rcptt/documentation/userguide/ecl/,beginner to advance
+772,GOLD,GOLD is a free parsing system that is designed to support multiple programming languages.,"GOLD, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://goldparser.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOLD_(parser)",beginner to advance
+773,CSS Doodle,,"CSS Doodle, Yuan Chuan, website, Various",website: https://css-doodle.com/,beginner to advance
+774,PowerBASIC,"PowerBASIC, formerly Turbo Basic, is the brand of several commercial compilers by PowerBASIC Inc. that compile a dialect of the BASIC programming language. There are both MS-DOS and Windows versions, and two kinds of the latter:  Console and Windows.  The MS-DOS version has a syntax similar to that of QBasic and QuickBASIC.  The Windows versions use a BASIC syntax expanded to include many Windows functions, and the statements can be combined with calls to the Windows API.","PowerBASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerBASIC,beginner to advance
+775,PIC,"In computing, Pic is a domain-specific programming language by Brian Kernighan for specifying diagrams in terms of objects such as boxes with arrows between them.  The pic compiler translates this description into concrete drawing commands.  Pic is a procedural programming language, with variable assignment, macros, conditionals, and looping. The language is an example of a little language originally intended for the comfort of non-programmers in the Unix environment (Bentley 1988). Pic was first implemented, and is still most typically used, as a preprocessor in the troff document processing system.  The pic preprocessor filters a troff document, replacing diagram descriptions by concrete drawing commands, and passing the rest of the document through without change. A version of pic is included in groff, the GNU version of troff.  GNU pic can also act as a preprocessor for TeX documents, emitting its own tpic DVI specials, which aren't as widely supported as those of other TeX drivers (like PostScript).  Arbitrary diagram text can be included for formatting by the word processor to which the pic output is directed, and arbitrary post-processor commands can also be included. Dwight Aplevich's implementation, DPIC, can also generate postscript or svg images by itself, as well as act as a preprocessor. The three principal sources of pic processors are GNU pic, found on many Linux systems, and dpic, both of which are free, and the original AT&T pic. Pic has some similarity with MetaPost and the DOT language.","PIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pic_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+776,Turbo Basic,"PowerBASIC, formerly Turbo Basic, is the brand of several commercial compilers by PowerBASIC Inc. that compile a dialect of the BASIC programming language. There are both MS-DOS and Windows versions, and two kinds of the latter:  Console and Windows.  The MS-DOS version has a syntax similar to that of QBasic and QuickBASIC.  The Windows versions use a BASIC syntax expanded to include many Windows functions, and the statements can be combined with calls to the Windows API.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_Basic,beginner to advance
+777,Kakoune,,"Kakoune, , website, Australia",website: http://kakoune.org,beginner to advance
+779,dat-protocol,,"dat-protocol, Max Ogden, website, Germany and United Kingdom",website: https://dat.foundation/,beginner to advance
+780,Filebench WML,,"Filebench WML, Vasily Tarasov, website, reference, United States","website: https://github.com/filebench/filebench/wiki, reference: https://github.com/filebench/filebench/wiki/Workload-model-language",beginner to advance
+781,Cloud Firestore Security Rules,,"Cloud Firestore Security Rules, , reference, United States",reference: https://firebase.google.com/docs/reference/rules/rules,beginner to advance
+782,BPEL,"The Web Services Business Process Execution Language (WS-BPEL), commonly known as BPEL (Business Process Execution Language), is an OASIS standard executable language for specifying actions within business processes with web services. Processes in BPEL export and import information by using web service interfaces exclusively.","BPEL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Process_Execution_Language,beginner to advance
+783,Meson,Meson (/ˈmɛ.sɒn/) is a software tool for automating the building (compiling) of software. The overall goal for Meson is to promote programmer productivity.Meson is free and open-source software written in Python 3 and subject to the terms of the Apache 2.0 License.,"Meson, , wikipedia, Various",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson_(software),beginner to advance
+784,docopt,,"docopt, Vladimir Keleshev, website, Various",website: http://docopt.org/,beginner to advance
+786,TSV,"A tab-separated values (TSV) file is a simple text format for storing data in a tabular structure, e.g., database table or spreadsheet data, and a way of exchanging information between databases. Each record in the table is one line of the text file. Each field value of a record is separated from the next by a tab character. The TSV format is thus a type of the more general delimiter-separated values format. TSV is a simple file format that is widely supported, so it is often used in data exchange to move tabular data between different computer programs that support the format. For example, a TSV file might be used to transfer information from a database program to a spreadsheet. TSV is an alternative to the common comma-separated values (CSV) format, which often causes difficulties because of the need to escape commas – literal commas are very common in text data, but literal tab stops are infrequent in running text. The IANA standard for TSV achieves simplicity by simply disallowing tabs within fields.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab-separated_values,beginner to advance
+787,Nix,,"Nix, , reference, The Netherlands",reference: https://nixos.org/,beginner to advance
+788,Dartmouth BASIC,"Dartmouth BASIC is the original version of the BASIC programming language.  It is so named because it was designed and implemented at Dartmouth College by John Kemény and Thomas Kurtz. It was developed as part of the Dartmouth Time Sharing System (DTSS) and was one of the first programming languages intended to be used interactively. Several versions were produced at Dartmouth over the years, all implemented as compile and go compilers. They were implemented by teams of undergraduate programmers working for Kemény and Kurtz.  The first version ran on 1 May 1964, and it was opened to general users in June; upgrades followed, culminating in the seventh release in 1979. Dartmouth also introduced a dramatically updated version known as Structured BASIC (or SBASIC) in 1975, which added various structured programming concepts. SBASIC formed the basis of the ANSI-standard Standard BASIC efforts in the early 1980s. Most dialects of BASIC, notably Microsoft BASIC (MS BASIC), can trace their history to the Fifth Edition. In contrast to the Dartmouth compilers, most other BASICs were written as interpreters. They also lack some of the more advanced features, notably the matrix math commands. Cutting these features allowed these versions to run in the very small main memory of early microcomputers. By the early 1980s, tens of millions of home computers were running some variant of the MS interpreter. It became the de facto standard for BASIC, which led to the abandonment of the ANSI SBASIC efforts. Kemény and Kurtz later left Dartmouth to develop and promote a version of SBASIC known as True BASIC. Many of the early computer games of the mainframe computer era trace their history to Dartmouth BASIC and the DTSS system. A selection of these were collected, in HP 2000 versions, in the People's Computer Company book What to do after you hit Return. Many of the original source listings in BASIC Computer Games and related works also trace their history to Dartmouth BASIC.","Dartmouth BASIC, John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_BASIC,beginner to advance
+790,Up-arrow notation,"In mathematics, Knuth's up-arrow notation is a method of notation for very large integers, introduced by Donald Knuth in 1976. In his 1947 paper, R. L. Goodstein introduced the specific sequence of operations that are now called hyperoperations. Goodstein also suggested the Greek names tetration, pentation, etc., for the extended operations beyond exponentiation. The sequence starts with a unary operation (the successor function with n = 0), and continues with the binary operations of addition (n = 1), multiplication (n = 2), exponentiation (n = 3), tetration (n = 4), pentation (n = 5), etc. Various notations have been used to represent hyperoperations. One such notation is                                    H                        n                             (         a         ,         b         )                 {\displaystyle H_{n}(a,b)}   . Another notation is                         a         [         n         ]         b                 {\displaystyle a[n]b}   , an infix notation which is convenient for ASCII. The notation                         a         [         n         ]         b                 {\displaystyle a[n]b}    is known as 'square bracket notation'. Knuth's up-arrow notation                         ↑                 {\displaystyle \uparrow }    is an alternative notation. It is obtained by replacing                         [         n         ]                 {\displaystyle [n]}    in the square bracket notation by n-2 arrows. For example:  the single arrow                         ↑                 {\displaystyle \uparrow }    represents exponentiation (iterated multiplication)                        2         ↑         4         =                    H                        3                             (         2         ,         4         )         =         2         [         3         ]         4         =         2         ×         (         2         ×         (         2         ×         2         )         )         =                    2                        4                             =         16                 {\displaystyle 2\uparrow 4=H_{3}(2,4)=2[3]4=2\times (2\times (2\times 2))=2^{4}=16}   the double arrow                         ↑↑                 {\displaystyle \uparrow \uparrow }    represents tetration (iterated exponentiation)                        2         ↑↑         4         =                    H                        4                             (         2         ,         4         )         =         2         [         4         ]         4         =         2         ↑         (         2         ↑         (         2         ↑         2         )         )         =                    2                                       2                                                   2                                        2                                                                                             =         65536                 {\displaystyle 2\uparrow \uparrow 4=H_{4}(2,4)=2[4]4=2\uparrow (2\uparrow (2\uparrow 2))=2^{2^{2^{2}}}=65536}   the triple arrow                         ↑↑↑                 {\displaystyle \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow }    represents pentation (iterated tetration)                                                                                2                 ↑↑↑                 4                 =                                    H                                        5                                                     (                 2                 ,                 4                 )                 =                 2                 [                 5                 ]                 4                                                                =                 2                 ↑↑                 (                 2                 ↑↑                 (                 2                 ↑↑                 2                 )                 )                                                                                                         =                 2                 ↑↑                 (                 2                 ↑↑                 (                 2                 ↑                 2                 )                 )                                                                                                         =                 2                 ↑↑                 (                 2                 ↑↑                 4                 )                                                                                                         =                                                                                2                       ↑                       (                       2                       ↑                       (                       2                       ↑                       …                       )                       )                                          ⏟                                                                                                                            2                 ↑↑                 4                                                          copies of                                                      2                                                                 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}2\uparrow \uparrow \uparrow 4=H_{5}(2,4)=2[5]4&=2\uparrow \uparrow (2\uparrow \uparrow (2\uparrow \uparrow 2))\\&=2\uparrow \uparrow (2\uparrow \uparrow (2\uparrow 2))\\&=2\uparrow \uparrow (2\uparrow \uparrow 4)\\&=\underbrace {2\uparrow (2\uparrow (2\uparrow \dots ))} \\&2\uparrow \uparrow 4{\mbox{ copies of }}2\\\end{aligned}}}   The general definition of the up-arrow notation is as follows (for                         a         ≥         0         ,         n         ≥         1         ,         b         ≥         0                 {\displaystyle a\geq 0,n\geq 1,b\geq 0}   ):                         a                    ↑                        n                             b         =                    H                        n             +             2                             (         a         ,         b         )         =         a         [         n         +         2         ]         b                 {\displaystyle a\uparrow ^{n}b=H_{n+2}(a,b)=a[n+2]b}   Here,                                    ↑                        n                                     {\displaystyle \uparrow ^{n}}    stands for n arrows, so for example                         2         ↑↑↑↑         3         =         2                    ↑                        4                             3                 {\displaystyle 2\uparrow \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow 3=2\uparrow ^{4}3}   .",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuth's_up-arrow_notation,beginner to advance
+791,RetDec,,"RetDec, , website, Czech Republic",website: https://retdec.com/,beginner to advance
+792,Desmos,,"Desmos, Eli Luberoff, website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.desmos.com/calculator, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmos_(graphing)",beginner to advance
+793,MD5,"The MD5 message-digest algorithm is a widely used hash function producing a 128-bit hash value. Although MD5 was initially designed to be used as a cryptographic hash function, it has been found to suffer from extensive vulnerabilities. It can still be used as a checksum to verify data integrity, but only against unintentional corruption. It remains suitable for other non-cryptographic purposes, for example for determining the partition for a particular key in a partitioned database.MD5 was designed by Ronald Rivest in 1991 to replace an earlier hash function MD4, and was specified in 1992 as RFC 1321. One basic requirement of any cryptographic hash function is that it should be computationally infeasible to find two distinct messages that hash to the same value. MD5 fails this requirement catastrophically; such collisions can be found in seconds on an ordinary home computer. The weaknesses of MD5 have been exploited in the field, most infamously by the Flame malware in 2012. The CMU Software Engineering Institute considers MD5 essentially ""cryptographically broken and unsuitable for further use"".As of 2019, MD5 continues to be widely used, in spite of its well-documented weaknesses and deprecation by security experts.","MD5, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5,beginner to advance
+794,DNS Zone,"A Domain Name System (DNS) zone file is a text file that describes a DNS zone. A DNS zone is a subset, often a single domain, of the hierarchical domain name structure of the DNS. The zone file contains mappings between domain names and IP addresses and other resources, organized in the form of text representations of resource records (RR). A zone file may be either a DNS master file, authoritatively describing a zone, or it may be used to list the contents of a DNS cache.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_file,beginner to advance
+795,4G,"4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G. A 4G system must provide capabilities defined by ITU in IMT Advanced. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, and 3D television. The first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard was commercially deployed in Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden in 2009, and has since been deployed throughout most parts of the world. It has, however, been debated whether first-release versions should be considered 4G LTE, as discussed in the technical understanding section below.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G,beginner to advance
+796,edgedb,,"edgedb, , website, United States",website: https://edgedb.com,beginner to advance
+797,Ext2,"The ext2 or second extended file system is a file system for the Linux kernel.  It was initially designed by Rémy Card as a replacement for the extended file system (ext).  Having been designed according to the same principles as the Berkeley Fast File System from BSD, it was the first commercial-grade filesystem for Linux.The canonical implementation of ext2 is the ""ext2fs"" filesystem driver in the Linux kernel. Other implementations (of varying quality and completeness) exist in GNU Hurd, MINIX 3, some BSD kernels, in MiNT, and as third-party Microsoft Windows and macOS drivers. ext2 was the default filesystem in several Linux distributions, including Debian and Red Hat Linux, until supplanted more recently by ext3, which is almost completely compatible with ext2 and is a journaling file system. ext2 is still the filesystem of choice for flash-based storage media (such as SD cards and USB flash drives) because its lack of a journal increases performance and minimizes the number of writes, and flash devices have a limited number of write cycles. However, recent Linux kernels support a journal-less mode of ext4 which provides benefits not found with ext2.","Ext2, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2,beginner to advance
+798,Gettext Catalog,"In computing, gettext is an internationalization and localization (i18n) system commonly used for writing multilingual programs on Unix-like computer operating systems. The most commonly used implementation of gettext is GNU gettext, released by the GNU Project in 1995.","Gettext Catalog, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettext",beginner to advance
+799,METAFONT,"Metafont is a description language used to define raster fonts. It is also the name of the interpreter that executes Metafont code, generating the bitmap fonts that can be embedded into e.g. PostScript. Metafont was devised by Donald Knuth as a counterpart to his TeX typesetting system. One of the characteristics of Metafont is that all of the shapes of the glyphs are defined with geometrical equations. In particular, one can define a given point to be the intersection of a line segment and a Bézier cubic.","METAFONT, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafont,beginner to advance
+800,StarOffice Basic,OpenOffice Basic (formerly known as StarOffice Basic or StarBasic or OOoBasic) is a dialect of the programming language BASIC that originated with the StarOffice office suite and spread through OpenOffice.org and derivatives such as LibreOffice (where it is known as LibreOffice Basic). The language is a domain-specific programming language which specifically serves the OpenOffice application suite.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarOffice_Basic,beginner to advance
+801,PCRE,"Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) is a regular expression C library inspired by the regular expression capabilities in the Perl programming language. Philip Hazel started writing PCRE in summer 1997. PCRE's syntax is much more powerful and flexible than either of the POSIX regular expression flavors and than that of many other regular-expression libraries. While PCRE originally aimed at feature-equivalence with Perl, the two implementations are not fully equivalent. During the PCRE 7.x and Perl 5.9.x phase, the two projects have coordinated development, with features being ported between them in both directions. A number of prominent open-source programs, such as the Apache HTTP Server and the PHP and R scripting languages, incorporate the PCRE library; proprietary software can do likewise (BSD license). As of Perl 5.10, PCRE is also available as a replacement for Perl's default regular expression engine through the re::engine::PCRE module. The library can be built using configure and make (typical of Unix-like environments), as well as in Unix, Windows and other environments using CMake. Numerous default settings are chosen at build time. In addition to the PCRE library, the distribution includes a POSIX C wrapper, a native C++ wrapper, several test programs, and the utility program pcregrep built in tandem with the library. The PCRE library provides matching only; the C++ wrapper, if used, adds multiple match and replacement functionality. Unless users choose the ""NoRecurse"" PCRE build option (aka ""--disable-stack-for-recursion""), the calling application or operating system must allocate adequate stack space to PCRE. The amount of stack needed varies for each pattern. For example, completing the tests provided with pcretest needs 8 MB of stack space. While PCRE's documentation cautions that the ""NoRecurse"" build option makes PCRE slower than the alternative, using it avoids entirely the issue of stack overflows.","PCRE, Philip Hazel, website, wikipedia, Unknown","website: http://pcre.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl_Compatible_Regular_Expressions",beginner to advance
+802,Creole,"Creole is a lightweight markup language, aimed at being a common markup language for wikis, enabling and simplifying the transfer of content between different wiki engines.","Creole, , wikipedia, Denmark",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_(markup),beginner to advance
+804,UPC,"Unified Parallel C (UPC) is an extension of the C programming language designed for high-performance computing on large-scale parallel machines, including those with a common global address space (SMP and NUMA) and those with distributed memory (e.g. clusters). The programmer is presented with a single shared, partitioned address space, where variables may be directly read and written by any processor, but each variable is physically associated with a single processor. UPC uses a single program, multiple data (SPMD) model of computation in which the amount of parallelism is fixed at program startup time, typically with a single thread of execution per processor. In order to express parallelism, UPC extends ISO C 99 with the following constructs:  An explicitly parallel execution model A shared address space Synchronization primitives and a memory consistency model Explicit communication primitives, e.g. upc_memput Memory management primitivesThe UPC language evolved from experiences with three other earlier languages that proposed parallel extensions to ISO C 99: AC, Split-C, and Parallel C preprocessor (PCP). UPC is not a superset of these three languages, but rather an attempt to distill the best characteristics of each. UPC combines the programmability advantages of the shared memory programming paradigm and the control over data layout and performance of the message passing programming paradigm.",,"website: http://upc.lbl.gov/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Parallel_C",beginner to advance
+805,COLLADA,"COLLADA (COLLAborative Design Activity) is an interchange file format for interactive 3D applications. It is managed by the nonprofit technology consortium, the Khronos Group, and has been adopted by ISO as a publicly available specification, ISO/PAS 17506.COLLADA defines an open standard XML schema for exchanging digital assets among various graphics software applications that might otherwise store their assets in incompatible file formats. COLLADA documents that describe digital assets are XML files, usually identified with a .dae (digital asset exchange) filename extension.","COLLADA, , wikipedia, United States and Japan",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COLLADA,beginner to advance
+806,SHA-2,"SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2) is a set of cryptographic hash functions designed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA). They are built using the Merkle–Damgård structure, from a one-way compression function itself built using the Davies–Meyer structure from a (classified) specialized block cipher. SHA-2 includes significant changes from its predecessor, SHA-1. The SHA-2 family consists of six hash functions with digests (hash values) that are 224, 256, 384 or 512 bits: SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512, SHA-512/224, SHA-512/256. SHA-256 and SHA-512 are novel hash functions computed with 32-bit and 64-bit words, respectively. They use different shift amounts and additive constants, but their structures are otherwise virtually identical, differing only in the number of rounds. SHA-224 and SHA-384 are truncated versions of SHA-256 and SHA-512 respectively, computed with different initial values. SHA-512/224 and SHA-512/256 are also truncated versions of SHA-512, but the initial values are generated using the method described in Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) PUB 180-4. SHA-2 was published in 2001 by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)  a U.S. federal standard (FIPS). The SHA-2 family of algorithms are patented in US patent 6829355. The United States has released the patent under a royalty-free license.Currently, the best public attacks break preimage resistance for 52 out of 64 rounds of SHA-256 or 57 out of 80 rounds of SHA-512, and collision resistance for 46 out of 64 rounds of SHA-256.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2,beginner to advance
+807,Conan,,"Conan, , website, Spain",website: https://conan.io/,beginner to advance
+808,ISLISP,"ISLISP (also capitalized as ISLisp) is a programming language in the LISP family standardized by ISO working group ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 16 (commonly referred to simply as SC22/WG16 or WG16). The primary output of this working group was an International Standard, ISO/IEC 13816:1997(E), published by ISO.  The standard was updated in 2007 and republished as ISO/IEC 13816:2007(E).  Although official publication was through ISO, versions of the ISLISP language specification are available that are believed to be in the public domain.The goal of this standardization effort was to define a small, core language to help bridge the gap between differing dialects of Lisp. It attempted to accomplish this goal by studying primarily Common Lisp, EuLisp, Le Lisp, and Scheme and standardizing only those features shared between them. From ISLISP.info: ISLISP has these design goals:  Compatible with existing Lisp dialects where feasible. Provide basic functionality. Object-oriented. Designed with extensibility in mind. Gives priority to industrial needs over academic needs. Promotes efficient implementations and applications.ISLISP has separate function and variable namespaces (hence it is a Lisp-2). ISLISP's object system, ILOS, is for the most part a subset of CLOS.","ISLISP, , wikipedia, Switzerland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISLISP,beginner to advance
+809,htmx,,"htmx, , website, United States",website: https://htmx.org/,beginner to advance
+810,XL,"XL (""eXtensible Language"") is the first and so far the only computer programming language designed to support concept programming.XL features programmer-reconfigurable syntax and semantics. Compiler plug-ins can be used to add new features to the language. A base set of plug-ins implements a relatively standard imperative language. Programmers can write their own plug-ins to implement application-specific notations, such as symbolic differentiation, which can then be used as readily as built-in language features.",,"website: http://xlr.sourceforge.net/, reference: https://fosdem.org/2020/schedule/event/xllang/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XL_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+811,Automatically Programmed Tool,"APT or Automatically Programmed Tool is a high-level computer programming language most commonly used to generate instructions for numerically controlled machine tools. Douglas T. Ross is considered by many to be the father of APT: as head of the newly created Computer Applications Group of the Servomechanisms Laboratory at MIT in 1956, he led its technical effort. APT is a language and system that makes numerically controlled manufacturing possible. This early language was used widely through the 1970s and is still a standard internationally. Derivatives of APT were later developed.","Automatically Programmed Tool, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+812,Harbour,"Harbour is a modern computer programming language, primarily used to create database/business programs. It is a modernized, open sourced and cross-platform version of the older Clipper system, which in turn developed from the dBase database market of the 1980s and 90s. Harbour code using the same databases can be compiled under a wide variety of platforms, including Microsoft Windows, Linux, Unix variants, several BSD descendants, Mac OS X, MINIX 3, Windows CE, Pocket PC, Symbian, iOS, Android, QNX, VxWorks, OS/2/eComStation, BeOS/Haiku,  AIX and MS-DOS.","Harbour, Antonio Linares, website, wikipedia, Various","website: https://harbour.github.io/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+813,Cryptol,"Cryptol is a domain specific programming language for cryptography developed by the Portland, Oregon based software development firm, Galois, Inc.. The language was originally developed for use by the United States National Security Agency. The language is also used by private firms that provide information technology systems, such as the American company Rockwell Collins provides to aerospace and defense contractors in the United States.The programming language is used for all aspects of developing and using cryptography, such as the design and implementation of new ciphers and the verification of existing cryptographic algorithms.  Cryptol is designed to allow the cryptographer to watch how stream processing functions in the program manipulate the ciphers or encryption algorithms.","Cryptol, Adam C. Foltzer, website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://galois.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptol",beginner to advance
+814,SHA-1,"In cryptography, SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) is a cryptographic hash function which takes an input and  produces a 160-bit (20-byte) hash value known as a message digest – typically rendered as a hexadecimal number, 40 digits long. It was designed by the United States National Security Agency, and is a U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard.Since 2005 SHA-1 has not been considered secure against well-funded opponents, as of 2010 many organizations have recommended its replacement. NIST formally deprecated use of SHA-1 in 2011 and disallowed its use for digital signatures in 2013. Since 2020 attacks against SHA-1 are as practical as against MD5. It is recommended to remove SHA-1 in from products as soon as possible and use instead SHA-256 or SHA-3. Replacing SHA-1 is urgent where it's used for signatures. All major web browser vendors ceased acceptance of SHA-1 SSL certificates in 2017. In February 2017, CWI Amsterdam and Google announced they had performed a collision attack against SHA-1, publishing two dissimilar PDF files which produced the same SHA-1 hash.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1,beginner to advance
+817,pyret,,"pyret, Joe Gibbs Politz, website, United States",website: https://www.pyret.org/,beginner to advance
+818,Network Time Protocol,"The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a networking protocol for clock synchronization between computer systems over packet-switched, variable-latency data networks. In operation since before 1985, NTP is one of the oldest Internet protocols in current use. NTP was designed by David L. Mills of the University of Delaware. NTP is intended to synchronize all participating computers to within a few milliseconds of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). It uses the intersection algorithm, a modified version of Marzullo's algorithm, to select accurate time servers and is designed to mitigate the effects of variable network latency. NTP can usually maintain time to within tens of milliseconds over the public Internet, and can achieve better than one millisecond accuracy in local area networks under ideal conditions. Asymmetric routes and network congestion can cause errors of 100 ms or more.The protocol is usually described in terms of a client-server model, but can as easily be used in peer-to-peer relationships where both peers consider the other to be a potential time source. Implementations send and receive timestamps using the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) on port number 123. They can also use broadcasting or multicasting, where clients passively listen to time updates after an initial round-trip calibrating exchange. NTP supplies a warning of any impending leap second adjustment, but no information about local time zones or daylight saving time is transmitted.The current protocol is version 4 (NTPv4), which is a proposed standard as documented in RFC 5905. It is backward compatible with version 3, specified in RFC 1305.","Network Time Protocol, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol,beginner to advance
+820,SQL-92,"SQL-92 was the third revision of the SQL database query language. Unlike SQL-89, it was a major revision of the standard.  Aside from a few minor incompatibilities, the SQL-89 standard is forward-compatible with SQL-92. The standard specification itself grew about five times compared to SQL-89. Much of it was due to more precise specifications of existing features; the increase due to new features was only by a factor of 1.5–2. Many of the new features had already been implemented by vendors before the new standard was adopted. However, most of the new features were added to the ""intermediate"" and ""full"" tiers of the specification, meaning that conformance with SQL-92 entry level was scarcely any more demanding than conformance with SQL-89. Later revisions of the standard include SQL:1999 (SQL3), SQL:2003, SQL:2008, SQL:2011 and SQL:2016.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL-92,beginner to advance
+821,Easybuild,,"Easybuild, Kenneth Hoste, website, Various",website: http://easybuilders.github.io/easybuild/,beginner to advance
+822,Refal,"Refal (Recursive functions algorithmic language) ""is functional programming language oriented toward symbol manipulation"", including ""string processing, translation, [and] artificial intelligence"". It is one of the oldest members of this family, first conceived in 1966 as a theoretical tool with the first implementation appearing in 1968. Refal was intended to combine mathematical simplicity with practicality for writing large and sophisticated programs. Unlike other functional programming languages, Refal is based on pattern matching. Its pattern matching works in the forward direction rather than backwards (starting from the goal) as in Prolog. The basic data structure of Lisp and Prolog is a linear list consed up from the beginning. Refal lists are built and scanned from both ends, and pattern matching allows to match against nested lists as well as the top-level one. (In effect, the basic data structure of Refal is a tree rather than a list). According to the authors, this gives freedom and convenience in creating data structures while using only mathematically simple control mechanisms of pattern matching and substitution. Refal also includes a feature called the freezer to support efficient partial evaluation. Refal can be applied to the processing and transformation of tree structures, similarly to XSLT.","Refal, Valentin Turchin, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.refal.net, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refal",beginner to advance
+823,Yorick,"Yorick is an interpreted programming language designed for numerics, graph plotting, and steering large scientific simulation codes. It is quite fast due to array syntax, and extensible via C or Fortran routines. It was created in 1996 by David H. Munro of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.",,"website: http://yorick.github.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorick_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+824,Lightweight Directory Access Protocol,"The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol  (LDAP ) is an open, vendor-neutral, industry standard application protocol for accessing and maintaining distributed directory information services over an Internet Protocol (IP) network.  Directory services play an important role in developing intranet and Internet applications by allowing the sharing of information about users, systems, networks, services, and applications throughout the network.  As examples, directory services may provide any organized set of records, often with a hierarchical structure, such as a corporate email directory.  Similarly, a telephone directory is a list of subscribers with an address and a phone number. LDAP is specified in a series of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Standard Track publications called Request for Comments (RFCs), using the description language ASN.1. The latest specification is Version 3, published as RFC 4511 (a road map to the technical specifications is provided by RFC4510). A common use of LDAP is to provide a central place to store usernames and passwords. This allows many different applications and services to connect to the LDAP server to validate users.LDAP is based on a simpler subset of the standards contained within the X.500 standard.  Because of this relationship, LDAP is sometimes called X.500-lite.","Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol,beginner to advance
+825,Mask,,"Mask, , website, Germany",website: http://www.atmajs.com/,beginner to advance
+826,carth,,"carth, Johan Johansson, website, Sweden",website: https://carth.jo.zone/,beginner to advance
+827,mckeeman-form,,"mckeeman-form, Bill McKeeman, reference, United States",reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGizBNflVKw,beginner to advance
+828,Bucklescript,,"Bucklescript, Evan Martin, website, Unknown",website: https://bucklescript.github.io,beginner to advance
+829,Telnet,"Telnet is a protocol used on the Internet or local area network to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication facility using a virtual terminal connection. User data is interspersed in-band with Telnet control information in an 8-bit byte oriented data connection over the  Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Telnet was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15, extended in RFC 855, and standardized as Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Standard STD 8, one of the first Internet standards. The name stands for ""teletype network"".Historically, Telnet provided access to a command-line interface (usually, of an operating system) on a remote host, including most network equipment and operating systems with a configuration utility (including systems based on Windows NT). However, because of serious security concerns when using Telnet over an open network such as the Internet, its use for this purpose has waned significantly in favor of SSH. The term telnet is also used to refer to the software that implements the client part of the protocol. Telnet client applications are available for virtually all computer platforms. Telnet is also used as a verb. To telnet means to establish a connection using the Telnet protocol, either with command line client or with a programmatic interface. For example, a common directive might be: ""To change your password, telnet into the server, log in and run the passwd command."" Most often, a user will be telnetting to a Unix-like server system or a network device (such as a router) and obtaining a login prompt to a command line text interface or a character-based full-screen manager.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnet,beginner to advance
+830,Mu,,"Mu, Kartik K. Agaram, website, reference, United States","website: https://github.com/akkartik/mu, reference: http://akkartik.name/akkartik-convivial-20200607.pdf",beginner to advance
+831,TextMate,"TextMate is a general-purpose GUI text editor for Mac OS X created by Allan Odgaard. TextMate features declarative customizations, tabs for open documents, recordable macros, folding sections, snippets, shell integration, and an extensible bundle system.",,"website: http://macromates.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TextMate",beginner to advance
+832,CartoCSS,,"CartoCSS, , reference, United States",reference: https://blog.mapbox.com/the-end-of-cartocss-da2d7427cf1,beginner to advance
+833,IcedCoffeeScript,,"IcedCoffeeScript, Max Krohn, website, United States",website: https://maxtaco.github.io/coffee-script/,beginner to advance
+834,BMP file format,"The BMP file format, also known as bitmap image file or device independent bitmap (DIB) file format or simply a bitmap, is a raster graphics image file format used to store bitmap digital images, independently of the display device (such as a graphics adapter), especially on Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems. The BMP file format is capable of storing two-dimensional digital images both monochrome and color, in various color depths, and optionally with data compression, alpha channels, and color profiles. The Windows Metafile (WMF) specification covers the BMP file format. Among others, wingdi.h defines BMP constants and structures.","BMP file format, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP_file_format,beginner to advance
+835,Logica,,"Logica, Evgeny Skvortsov, website, United States",website: https://logica.dev/,beginner to advance
+836,OPL,Open Programming Language (OPL) is an embedded programming language for portable devices that run the Symbian Operating System.,"OPL, , website, wikipedia, United Kingdom","website: http://opl-dev.sourceforge.net, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Programming_Language",beginner to advance
+837,Ravenscar profile,"The Ravenscar profile is a subset of the Ada tasking features designed for safety-critical hard real-time computing. It was defined by a separate technical report in Ada 95; it is now part of the Ada 2012 Standard. It has been named after the English village of Ravenscar, the location of the 8th International Real-Time Ada Workshop (IRTAW 8).","Ravenscar profile, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenscar_profile,beginner to advance
+838,WML,"Website Meta Language (WML) and its associated command wmk are together a free and extensible web designer's off-line HTML generation toolkit for Unix, distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL v2). It works as an off-line content management system. It is written in ANSI C and Perl 5, built via a GNU Autoconf based source tree and runs out-of-the-box on all major Unix derivates. WML consists of a control frontend driving up to nine backends in a sequential pass-oriented filtering scheme. Each backend provides one particular core language. WML additionally ships with a set of include files which provide higher-level features. WML's nine backends are: Pass 1: Source Reading and Include File Expansion (ipp) Pass 2: HTML Macro Construct Expansion (mp4h) Pass 3: Perl 5 Programming Construct Expansion (eperl) Pass 4: M4 Macro Construct Expansion (gm4) Pass 5: Diversion Filter (divert) Pass 6: Character and String Substitution (asubst) Pass 7: HTML Fixup (htmlfix) Pass 8: Line Stripping and Output Fixup (htmlstrip) Pass 9: Output Splitting and Final Writing (slice)",,"website: http://thewml.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website_Meta_Language",beginner to advance
+839,TELCOMP,"TELCOMP was a programming language developed at Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) in about 1964 and in use until at least 1974. BBN offered TELCOMP as a paid service, with first revenue in October 1965.  The service was sold to a company called On-Line Systems in 1972.  In the United Kingdom, TELCOMP was offered by Time Sharing, Ltd, a partnership between BBN and an entrepreneur named Richard Evans. It was an interactive, conversational language based on JOSS, developed by BBN after Cliff Shaw from RAND visited the labs in 1964 as part of the NIH survey.  It was first implemented on the PDP-1 and was used to provide a commercial time sharing service by BBN in the Boston area and later by Time Sharing Ltd. in the United Kingdom. In 1996, Leo Beranek said ""We even developed a programming language called TELCOMP that to this day, some say was better than the programming language that the industry adopted, namely BASIC.""There were at least three versions: TELCOMP I, TELCOMP II, and TELCOMP III. TELCOMP I was implemented on the PDP-1, TELCOMP II on the PDP-7 and TELCOMP III on the PDP-10, running on DEC 's TOPS-10 operating system or on BBN's own TENEX operating system. TELCOMP programs were normally input via a paper tape reader on a Teletype Model 33, which would be connected to a PDP via a modem and acoustic telephone line.  Data could be read from the paper tape reader or from the Teletype keyboard.  Output was either printed to the Teletype or sent to the paper tape punch.  Early versions had no facility for on-line storage of programs or data. During data input using a Teletype, the user would type a response to a printed prompt. If, instead of hitting Return, the user hit Tab, another, possibly computed, prompt would be printed on the same line.  This process could be repeated for the full width of the line. This unusual feature allowed very compact data entry, comparable to full-screen CRT data entry.  It saved paper, and the input section of the form became part of the program's printed output. A later derivative of TELCOMP called STRINGCOMP was oriented towards string handling.  Another BBN JOSS-derivative called FILECOMP was developed for the GE MEDINET system, which was cancelled. The implicit file handling system it contained was influential on the MUMPS global database system. The initial research for LOGO was carried out in TELCOMP, but only the JOSS-style errors and interaction made it through to the actual language.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TELCOMP,beginner to advance
+840,Carbon,,"Carbon, , reference, United States",reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32151609,beginner to advance
+841,Jasmin,,"Jasmin, , website, United States",website: http://jasmin.sourceforge.net/,beginner to advance
+842,RenderScript,"RenderScript is a component of the Android operating system for mobile devices that offers an API for acceleration that takes advantage of heterogeneous hardware. It allows developers to increase the performance of their applications at the cost of writing more complex (lower-level) code. It provides the developer three primary tools: A simple 3D rendering API, a compute API similar to CUDA, and a C99-derived language.",,"website: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/renderscript/index.html, reference: https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/renderscript/advanced, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RenderScript",beginner to advance
+843,Literate Agda,,"Literate Agda, , reference, Sweden",reference: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-04652-0_5,beginner to advance
+844,Tagged Image File Format,"Tagged Image File Format, abbreviated TIFF or TIF, is a computer file format for storing raster graphics images, popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry, and photographers. TIFF is widely supported by scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognition, image manipulation, desktop publishing, and page-layout applications. The format was created by Aldus Corporation for use in desktop publishing. It published the latest version 6.0 in 1992, subsequently updated with an Adobe Systems copyright after the latter acquired Aldus in 1994. Several Aldus or Adobe technical notes have been published with minor extensions to the format, and several specifications have been based on TIFF 6.0, including TIFF/EP (ISO 12234-2), TIFF/IT (ISO 12639), TIFF-F (RFC 2306) and TIFF-FX (RFC 3949).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIFF,beginner to advance
+845,JOVIAL,"JOVIAL is a high-level computer programming language similar to ALGOL, but specialized for the development of embedded systems (specialized computer systems designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, usually embedded as part of a complete device including mechanical parts).","JOVIAL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOVIAL,beginner to advance
+846,Grammar,,"Grammar, Breck Yunits, website, United States and Ireland and Norway and India",website: https://jtree.treenotation.org/langs/grammar/,beginner to advance
+847,SysML,"The Systems Modeling Language (SysML) is a general-purpose modeling language for systems engineering applications. It supports the specification, analysis, design, verification and validation of a broad range of systems and systems-of-systems. SysML was originally developed by an open source specification project, and includes an open source license for distribution and use. SysML is defined as an extension of a subset of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) using UML's profile mechanism.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_Modeling_Language,beginner to advance
+848,Motif,"In computing, Motif refers to both a graphical user interface (GUI) specification and the widget toolkit for building applications that follow that specification under the X Window System on Unix and Unix-like operating systems. Motif is the toolkit for the Common Desktop Environment and IRIX Interactive Desktop, thus it was the standard widget toolkit for Unix. Closely related to Motif is the Motif Window Manager (MWM). After many years as proprietary software, Motif was released in 2012, as free software under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).","Motif, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motif_(software),beginner to advance
+849,Zuo,,"Zuo, Matthew Flatt, website, document, Various","website: https://racket-lang.org/, documentation: https://docs.racket-lang.org/zuo/index.html",beginner to advance
+850,Thymeleaf,"Thymeleaf is a Java XML/XHTML/HTML5 template engine that can work both in web (servlet-based) and non-web environments. It is better suited for serving XHTML/HTML5 at the view layer of MVC-based web applications, but it can process any XML file even in offline environments. It provides full Spring Framework integration. In web applications Thymeleaf aims to be a complete substitute for JavaServer Pages (JSP), and implements the concept of Natural Templates: template files that can be directly opened in browsers and that still display correctly as web pages. Thymeleaf is Open-Source Software, licensed under the Apache License 2.0.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymeleaf,beginner to advance
+851,Spyder,"Spyder is an open source cross-platform integrated development environment (IDE) for scientific programming in the Python language. Spyder integrates with a number of prominent packages in the scientific Python stack, including NumPy, SciPy, Matplotlib, pandas, IPython, SymPy and Cython, as well as other open source software. It is released under the MIT license.Initially created and developed by Pierre Raybaut in 2009, since 2012 Spyder has been maintained and continuously improved by a team of scientific Python developers and the community. Spyder is extensible with first- and third-party plugins, includes support for interactive tools for data inspection and embeds Python-specific code quality assurance and introspection instruments, such as Pyflakes, Pylint and Rope. It is available cross-platform through Anaconda, on Windows with WinPython and Python (x,y), on macOS through MacPorts, and on major Linux distributions such as Arch Linux, Debian, Fedora, Gentoo Linux, openSUSE and Ubuntu.Spyder uses Qt for its GUI, and is designed to use either of the PyQt or PySide Python bindings. QtPy, a thin abstraction layer developed by the Spyder project and later adopted by multiple other packages, provides the flexibility to use either backend.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyder_(software),beginner to advance
+852,contracts.coffee,,"contracts.coffee, Tim Disney, website, United States",website: https://disnet.github.io/contracts.coffee/,beginner to advance
+853,ICD-10-CM diagnosis,"ICD-10 is the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), a medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). It contains codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases. Work on ICD-10 began in 1983, became endorsed by the Forty-third World Health Assembly in 1990, and was first used by member states in 1994.Whilst WHO manages and publishes the base version of the ICD, several members states have modified it to better suit their needs. In the base classification, the code set allows for more than 14,000 different codes and permits the tracking of many new diagnoses compared to the preceding ICD-9. Through the use of optional sub-classifications ICD-10 allows for specificity regarding the cause, manifestation, location, severity and type of injury or disease. The adapted versions may differ in a number of ways, and some national editions have expanded the code set even further; with some going so far as to add procedure codes. ICD-10-CM, for example, has over 70,000 codes.The WHO provides detailed information regarding the ICD via its website – including an ICD-10 online browser and ICD training materials. The online training includes a support forum, a self learning tool and user guide.","ICD-10-CM diagnosis, , wikipedia, Switzerland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10,beginner to advance
+854,OpenSCAD,"OpenSCAD is a free software application for creating solid 3D CAD (computer-aided design) objects. It is a script-only based modeller that uses its own description language; parts can be previewed, but it cannot be interactively selected or modified by mouse in the 3D view. An OpenSCAD script specifies geometric primitives (such as spheres, boxes, cylinders, etc.) and defines how they are modified and combined (for instance by intersection, difference, envelope combination and Minkowski sums) to render a 3D model. As such, the program does constructive solid geometry (CSG). OpenSCAD is available for Windows, Linux and OS X.","OpenSCAD, , reference, wikipedia, Norway","reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSCAD, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSCAD",beginner to advance
+855,Game Maker Language,,"Game Maker Language, , reference, Scotland, United Kingdom",reference: https://docs.yoyogames.com/source/dadiospice/002_reference/001_gml%20language%20overview/index.html,beginner to advance
+856,SAM file format,"Sequence Alignment Map (SAM) is a text-based format for storing biological sequences aligned to a reference sequence developed by Heng Li and Bob Handsaker et al. It is widely used for storing data, such as nucleotide sequences, generated by next generation sequencing technologies. The format supports short and long reads (up to 128Mbp) produced by different sequencing platforms and is used to hold mapped data within the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) and across the Broad Institute, the Wellcome Sanger Institute, and throughout the 1000 Genomes Project. Sequence Alignment/Map (SAM) format for alignment of nucleotide sequences (e.g. sequencing reads) to (a) reference sequence(s). May contain base-call and alignment qualities and other data.",,"reference: https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/10246875/2723002.pdf?sequence=1, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAM_(file_format)",beginner to advance
+857,penrose,,"penrose, , website, United States",website: http://penrose.ink,beginner to advance
+858,ToffeeScript,,"ToffeeScript, Miao Jiang, website, China",website: https://github.com/jiangmiao/toffeescript,beginner to advance
+859,BlackCoffee,,"BlackCoffee, Frank van Viegen, website, The Netherlands",website: https://github.com/paiq/blackcoffee,beginner to advance
+860,heap.coffee,,"heap.coffee, Roman I. Kuzmin, website, Russia",website: https://github.com/syg/heap.coffee,beginner to advance
+861,JRuby,"JRuby is an implementation of the Ruby programming language atop the Java Virtual Machine, written largely in Java. It is free software released under a three-way EPL/GPL/LGPL license. JRuby is tightly integrated with Java to allow the embedding of the interpreter into any Java application with full two-way access between the Java and the Ruby code (similar to Jython for the Python language). JRuby's lead developers are Charles Oliver Nutter and Thomas Enebo, with many current and past contributors including Ola Bini and Nick Sieger. In September 2006, Sun Microsystems hired Enebo and Nutter to work on JRuby full-time. In June 2007, ThoughtWorks hired Ola Bini to work on Ruby and JRuby.In July 2009, the JRuby developers left Sun to continue JRuby development at Engine Yard. In May 2012, Nutter and Enebo left Engine Yard to work on JRuby at Red Hat.","JRuby, , wikipedia, Various",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JRuby,beginner to advance
+862,UberScript,,"UberScript, James Strachan, website, United Kingdom",website: https://github.com/jstrachan/coffee-script/blob/master/TypeAnnotations.md,beginner to advance
+863,Caffeine,,"Caffeine, Roman I. Kuzmin, website, Russia",website: https://github.com/ich/caffeine,beginner to advance
+864,Not Quite C,"Not Quite C (NQC) is a programming language, application programming interface (API), and native bytecode compiler toolkit for the Lego Mindstorms, Cybermaster and LEGO Spybotics systems. It is based primarily on the C language but has specific limitations, such as the maximum number of subroutines and variables allowed, which differ depending on the version of firmware the RCX has. The language was invented by David Baum. He has released two books on the subject.","Not Quite C, Nora Sandler, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Quite_C,beginner to advance
+865,CLIST,"CLIST (Command List) (pronounced ""C-List"") is a procedural programming language for TSO in MVS systems. It originated in OS/360 Release 20 and has assumed a secondary role since the availability of Rexx in TSO/E Version 2. The term CLIST is also used for command lists written by users of NetView.In its basic form, a CLIST program (or ""CLIST"" for short) can take the form of a simple list of commands to be executed in strict sequence (like a DOS batch file (*.bat) file).  However, CLIST also features If-Then-Else logic as well as loop constructs. CLIST is an interpreted language.  That is, the computer must translate a CLIST every time the program is executed.  CLISTs therefore tend to be slower than programs written in compiled languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN, or PL/1.  (A program written in a compiled language is translated once to create a ""load module"" or executable.) CLIST can read/write MVS files and read/write from/to a TSO terminal. It can read parameters from the caller and also features a function to hold global variables and pass them between CLISTs. A CLIST can also call an MVS application program (written in COBOL or  PL/I, for example). CLISTs can be run in background (by running JCL which executes the TSO control program (IKJEFT01)). TSO I/O screens and menus using ISPF dialog services can be displayed by CLISTs. Compare the function of CLIST with that provided by REXX.","CLIST, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLIST,beginner to advance
+868,LuaJIT,,"LuaJIT, Mike Pall, website, Germany and Denmark",website: http://luajit.org/luajit.html,beginner to advance
+869,Edje Data Collection,,"Edje Data Collection, , reference, Various",reference: https://phab.enlightenment.org/w/edjebasics/,beginner to advance
+870,Objective C++,,"Objective C++, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective-C,beginner to advance
+872,Speakeasy,"Speakeasy is a numerical computing interactive environment also featuring an interpreted programming language. It was initially developed for internal use at the Physics Division of Argonne National Laboratory by the theoretical physicist Stanley Cohen. He eventually founded Speakeasy Computing Corporation to make the program available commercially. Speakeasy is a very long-lasting numerical package. In fact, the original version of the environment was built around a core dynamic data repository called ""Named storage"" developed in the early 1960s, while the most recent version has been released in 2006. Speakeasy was aimed to make the computational work of the physicists at the Argonne National Laboratory easier. It was initially conceived to work on mainframes (the only kind of computers at that time), and was subsequently ported to new platforms (minicomputers, personal computers) as they became available. The porting of the same code on different platforms was made easier by using Mortran metalanguage macros to face systems dependencies and compilers deficiencies and differences. Speakeasy is currently available on several platforms : PCs running Windows, macOS, Linux, departmental computers and workstations running several flavors of Linux, AIX or Solaris. Speakeasy was also among the first interactive numerical computing environments, having been implemented in such a way on a CDC 3600 system, and later on IBM TSO machines as one was in beta-testing at the Argonne National Laboratory at the time. Almost since the beginning (as the dynamic linking functionality was made available in the operating systems) Speakeasy features the capability of expanding its operational vocabulary using separated modules, dynamically linked to the core processor as they are needed. For that reason such modules  were called ""linkules"" (LINKable-modULES). They are functions with a generalized interface, which can be written in  FORTRAN or in C. The independence of each of the new modules from the others and from the main processor is of great help in improving the system, especially it was in the old days. This easy way of expanding the functionalities of the main processor was often exploited by the users to develop their own specialized packages. Besides the programs, functions and subroutines the user can write in the Speakeasy's own interpreted language, linkules add functionalities carried out with the typical performances of compiled programs. Among the packages developed by the users, one of the most important is ""Modeleasy"", originally developed as ""FEDeasy"" in the early 1970s at the research department of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors in Washington D.C.. Modeleasy implements special objects and functions for large econometric models estimation and simulation. Its evolution led eventually to its distribution as an independent product.",,"website: http://speakeasy.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speakeasy_(computational_environment)",beginner to advance
+873,codecept,,"codecept, , website, Ukraine and India",website: http://codecept.io/,beginner to advance
+874,ooc,,"ooc, Amos Wenger, website, United States and Germany and Switzerland",website: https://ooc-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+875,Rascal,"Rascal is an experimental domain specific language for metaprogramming, such as static code analysis, program transformation and implementation of domain specific languages. It is a general meta language in the sense that it does not have a bias for any particular software language. It includes primitives from relational calculus and term rewriting. Its syntax and semantics are based on procedural (imperative) and functional programming.","Rascal, , website, wikipedia, The Netherlands","website: https://www.rascal-mpl.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RascalMPL",beginner to advance
+876,ALEF,"Alef is a discontinued concurrent programming language, designed as part of the Plan 9 operating system by Phil Winterbottom of Bell Labs. It implemented the channel-based concurrency model of Newsqueak in a compiled, C-like language.","ALEF, Phil Winterbottom, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alef_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+877,Message Queuing Telemetry Transport,"MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is an ISO standard (ISO/IEC PRF 20922) publish-subscribe-based messaging protocol. It works on top of the TCP/IP protocol. It is designed for connections with remote locations where a ""small code footprint"" is required or the network bandwidth is limited. The publish-subscribe messaging pattern requires a message broker. Andy Stanford-Clark of IBM and Arlen Nipper of Cirrus Link authored the first version of the protocol in 1999.In 2013, IBM submitted MQTT v3.1 to the OASIS specification body with a charter that ensured only minor changes to the specification could be accepted. MQTT-SN is a variation of the main protocol aimed at embedded devices on non-TCP/IP networks, such as Zigbee. Historically, the ""MQ"" in ""MQTT"" came from the IBM MQ (then 'MQSeries') message queuing product line. However, queuing itself is not required to be supported as a standard feature in all situations.Alternative message-oriented middleware includes the  Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP),  Streaming Text Oriented Messaging Protocol (STOMP), the IETF Constrained Application Protocol, XMPP, DDS, OPC UA, and Web Application Messaging Protocol (WAMP).","Message Queuing Telemetry Transport, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://mqtt.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQTT",beginner to advance
+878,Neko,"Neko is a high-level dynamically typed programming language developed by Nicolas Cannasse as part of research and development (R&D) efforts at two indie video game firms in Bordeaux, France: first at Motion Twin and then at Shiro Games.","Neko, Nicolas Cannasse, website, wikipedia, Unknown","website: https://nekovm.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neko_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+879,UNITY,"UNITY is a programming language constructed by K. Mani Chandy and Jayadev Misra for their book Parallel Program Design: A Foundation. It is a theoretical language which focuses on what, instead of where, when or how. The language contains no method of flow control, and program statements run in a nondeterministic way until statements cease to cause changes during execution. This allows for programs to run indefinitely, such as auto-pilot or power plant safety systems, as well as programs that would normally terminate (which here converge to a fixed point).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNITY_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+880,omega,,"omega, Tim Sheard, website, reference, United States","website: http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~sheard/Omega/index.html, reference: https://code.google.com/archive/p/omega",beginner to advance
+881,BLISS,"BLISS is a system programming language developed at Carnegie Mellon University by W. A. Wulf, D. B. Russell, and A. N. Habermann around 1970. It was perhaps the best known systems programming language right up until C made its debut a few years later. Since then, C took off and BLISS faded into obscurity. When C was in its infancy, a few projects within Bell Labs were debating the merits of BLISS vs. C. BLISS is a typeless block-structured language based on expressions rather than statements, and includes constructs for exception handling, coroutines, and macros. It does not include a goto statement. The name is variously said to be short for ""Basic Language for Implementation of System Software"" or ""System Software Implementation Language, Backwards"". It was sometimes called ""Bill's Language for Implementing System Software"", after Bill Wulf. The original Carnegie Mellon compiler was notable for its extensive use of optimizations, and formed the basis of the classic book The Design of an Optimizing Compiler. DEC developed and maintained BLISS compilers for the PDP-10, PDP-11, VAX, DEC Prism, MIPS, DEC Alpha, and Intel IA-32, The language did not become popular among customers and few had the compiler, but DEC used it heavily in-house into the 1980s; most of the utility programs for the VMS operating system were written in BLISS-32. After its acquisition of DEC, Compaq developed and maintained a BLISS compiler for Intel IA-64.","BLISS, William Wulf, reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4430dfe254804b19bb6a4d9fc10d5bed2932b7cc, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLISS",beginner to advance
+882,Power BI,Power BI is a business analytics service by Microsoft. It aims to provide interactive visualizations and business intelligence capabilities with an interface simple enough for end users to create their own reports and dashboards.,"Power BI, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://powerbi.microsoft.com/en-us/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_BI",beginner to advance
+883,Elvish,,"Elvish, Qi Xiao, website, Unknown",website: https://elv.sh/,beginner to advance
+884,Tableau Software,"Tableau Software ( tab-LOH) is an interactive data visualization software company founded on January 2003 by Christian Chabot, Pat Hanrahan and Chris Stolte, in Mountain View, California. The company is currently headquartered in Seattle, Washington, United States  focused on business intelligence. On June 10, 2019,  Salesforce.com announced it would be acquiring Tableau.Chabot, Hanrahan and Stolte were researchers at the Department of Computer Science at Stanford University  who specialized in visualization techniques for exploring and analyzing relational databases and data cubes. The company was started as a commercial outlet for research produced at Stanford between 1999-2002.  Tableau products query relational databases, online analytical processing cubes, cloud databases, and spreadsheets to generate graph-type data visualizations. The products can also extract, store, and retrieve data from an in-memory data engine.",,"website: https://www.tableau.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableau_Software",beginner to advance
+885,TiddlyWiki,"TiddlyWiki is an open-source single page application wiki in the form of a single HTML file that includes CSS, JavaScript, and the content. It is designed to be easy to customize and re-shape depending on application. It facilitates re-use of content by dividing it into small pieces called Tiddlers.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiddlyWiki,beginner to advance
+886,Google File System,"Google File System (GFS or GoogleFS) is a proprietary distributed file system developed by Google to provide efficient, reliable access to data using large clusters of commodity hardware. A new version of Google File System code named Colossus was released in 2010.","Google File System, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_File_System,beginner to advance
+887,Euclidean geometry,"Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to Alexandrian Greek mathematician Euclid, which he described in his textbook on geometry: the Elements. Euclid's method consists in assuming a small set of intuitively appealing axioms, and deducing many other propositions (theorems) from these. Although many of Euclid's results had been stated by earlier mathematicians, Euclid was the first to show how these propositions could fit into a comprehensive deductive and logical system. The Elements begins with plane geometry, still taught in secondary school (high school) as the first axiomatic system and the first examples of formal proof. It goes on to the solid geometry of three dimensions. Much of the Elements states results of what are now called algebra and number theory, explained in geometrical language.For more than two thousand years, the adjective ""Euclidean"" was unnecessary because no other sort of geometry had been conceived. Euclid's axioms seemed so intuitively obvious (with the possible exception of the parallel postulate) that any theorem proved from them was deemed true in an absolute, often metaphysical, sense. Today, however, many other self-consistent non-Euclidean geometries are known, the first ones having been discovered in the early 19th century. An implication of Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity is that physical space itself is not Euclidean, and Euclidean space is a good approximation for it only over short distances (relative to the strength of the  gravitational field).Euclidean geometry is an example of synthetic geometry, in that it proceeds logically from axioms describing basic properties of geometric objects such as points and lines, to propositions about those objects, all without the use of coordinates to specify those objects. This is in contrast to analytic geometry, which uses coordinates to translate geometric propositions into algebraic formulas.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_geometry,beginner to advance
+888,Lily,,"Lily, , website, Unknown",website: http://lily-lang.org,beginner to advance
+889,Streem,,"Streem, Yukihiro Matsumoto, website, Japan",website: https://github.com/matz/streem,beginner to advance
+890,Nit,,"Nit, Jean Privat, website, reference, Canada","website: https://nitlanguage.org/, reference: http://nitlanguage.org/nit.git/",beginner to advance
+891,m3db,,"m3db, Xi Chen, website, United States",website: https://www.m3db.io/,beginner to advance
+892,Blender,"Blender is a free and open-source 3D computer graphics software toolset used for creating animated films, visual effects, art, 3D printed models, interactive 3D applications and video games. Blender's features include 3D modeling, UV unwrapping, texturing, raster graphics editing, rigging and skinning, fluid and smoke simulation, particle simulation, soft body simulation, sculpting, animating, match moving, rendering, motion graphics, video editing and compositing. While current versions also feature an integrated game engine, the upcoming 2.8 release will remove it.","Blender, , wikipedia, Netherlands",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(software),beginner to advance
+893,OX,"Ox is an object-oriented matrix programming language with a mathematical and statistical function library, developed by Jurgen Doornik. It has been designed for econometric programming. It is available for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux platforms. The downloadable console version of Ox is free for academic use. A commercial version is available for non-academic use. According to its documentation, it should be cited whenever results are published.The programming environment for econometric modelling OxMetrics is based on Ox.","OX, Jurgen A. Doornik, website, wikipedia, United Kingdom","website: http://www.oxmetrics.net/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+896,clay,,"clay, KS Sreeram and Joe Groff, website, reference, Various","website: http://claylabs.com/clay, reference: https://bitbucket.org/kssreeram/clay/src/default/",beginner to advance
+897,Security Assertion Markup Language,"Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML, pronounced sam-el) is an open standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between parties, in particular, between an identity provider and a service provider. As its name implies, SAML is an XML-based markup language for security assertions (statements that service providers use to make access-control decisions).  SAML is also:  A set of XML-based protocol messages A set of protocol message bindings A set of profiles (utilizing all of the above)The single most important use case that SAML addresses is web browser single sign-on (SSO). Single sign-on is relatively easy to accomplish within a security domain (using cookies, for example) but extending SSO across security domains is more difficult and resulted in the proliferation of non-interoperable proprietary technologies. The SAML Web Browser SSO profile was specified and standardized to promote interoperability.  (For comparison, the more recent OpenID Connect protocol is an alternative approach to web browser SSO.)",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Assertion_Markup_Language,beginner to advance
+898,Perl Data Language,"Perl Data Language (abbreviated PDL) is a set of free software array programming extensions to the Perl programming language. PDL extends the data structures built into Perl, to include large multidimensional arrays, and adds functionality to manipulate those arrays as vector objects. It also provides tools for image processing, computer modeling of physical systems, and graphical plotting and presentation. Simple operations are automatically vectorized across complete arrays, and higher-dimensional operations (such as matrix multiplication) are supported.","Perl Data Language, , wikipedia, Various",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl_Data_Language,beginner to advance
+899,Sweet.js,,"Sweet.js, Tim Disney, website, United States",website: https://sweetjs.org,beginner to advance
+900,HFS Plus,"HFS Plus or HFS+ is a file system developed by Apple Inc.  It replaced the Hierarchical File System (HFS) as the primary file system of Apple computers with the 1998 release of Mac OS 8.1.  HFS+ continued as the primary Mac OS X file system until it was itself replaced with the release of the Apple File System (APFS) with macOS High Sierra in 2017. HFS+ is also one of the formats used by the iPod digital music player. It is also referred to as Mac OS Extended or HFS Extended, where its predecessor, HFS, is also referred to as Mac OS Standard or HFS Standard. During development, Apple referred to this file system with the codename Sequoia.HFS Plus is an improved version of HFS, supporting much larger files (block addresses are 32-bit length instead of 16-bit) and using Unicode (instead of Mac OS Roman or any of several other character sets) for naming items. Like HFS, HFS Plus uses B-trees to store most volume metadata, but unlike most other file systems, HFS Plus supports hard links to directories. HFS Plus permits filenames up to 255 characters in length, and n-forked files similar to NTFS, though until 2005 almost no system software took advantage of forks other than the data fork and resource fork. HFS Plus also uses a full 32-bit allocation mapping table rather than HFS's 16 bits, significantly improving space utilization with large disks.","HFS Plus, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFS_Plus,beginner to advance
+902,ROFF,,"ROFF, Joe Ossanna and Ken Thompson, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roff_(software),beginner to advance
+903,HTTP/2,"HTTP/2 (originally named HTTP/2.0) is a major revision of the HTTP network protocol used by the World Wide Web. It was derived from the earlier experimental SPDY protocol, originally developed by Google. HTTP/2 was developed by the Hypertext Transfer Protocol working group httpbis (where bis means ""second"") of the Internet Engineering Task Force. HTTP/2 is the first new version of HTTP since HTTP 1.1, which was standardized in RFC 2068 in 1997. The Working Group presented HTTP/2 to IESG for consideration as a Proposed Standard in December 2014, and IESG approved it to publish as Proposed Standard on February 17, 2015. The HTTP/2 specification was published as RFC 7540 in May 2015.The standardization effort was supported by Chrome, Opera, Firefox, Internet Explorer 11, Safari, Amazon Silk, and Edge browsers. Most major browsers had added HTTP/2 support by the end of 2015.According to W3Techs, as of  February 2019, 33.1% of the top 10 million websites supported HTTP/2.HTTP/3 is the proposed successor (Internet Draft) to HTTP/2, that builds on it.","HTTP/2, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2,beginner to advance
+904,SimCode,"CircuitMaker is electronic design automation software for printed circuit board designs targeted at the hobby, hacker, and maker community. CircuitMaker is available as freeware, and the hardware designed with it may be used for commercial and non-commercial purposes without limitations. It is currently available publicly as version 1.3 by Altium Limited, with the first non-beta release on January 17, 2016.",,"reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CircuitMaker, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCode",beginner to advance
+905,EmberScript,,"EmberScript, Michael Ficarra and Gordon L. Hempton, website, Various",website: http://emberscript.com/,beginner to advance
+908,Binary notation,"A binary code represents text, computer processor instructions, or any other data using a two-symbol system. The two-symbol system used is often ""0"" and ""1"" from the binary number system. The binary code assigns a pattern of binary digits, also known as bits, to each character, instruction, etc. For example, a binary string of eight bits can represent any of 256 possible values and can, therefore, represent a wide variety of different items. In computing and telecommunications, binary codes are used for various methods of encoding data, such as character strings, into bit strings. Those methods may use fixed-width or variable-width strings. In a fixed-width binary code, each letter, digit, or other character is represented by a bit string of the same length; that bit string, interpreted as a binary number, is usually displayed in code tables in octal, decimal or hexadecimal notation. There are many character sets and many character encodings for them. A bit string, interpreted as a binary number, can be translated into a decimal number. For example, the lower case a, if represented by the bit string 01100001 (as it is in the standard ASCII code), can also be represented as the decimal number ""97"".",,"reference: https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2013/05/dropping-in-on-gottfried-leibniz/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_code",beginner to advance
+909,SMIL,"Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL ()) is a World Wide Web Consortium recommended Extensible Markup Language (XML) markup language to describe multimedia presentations. It defines markup for timing, layout, animations, visual transitions, and media embedding, among other things. SMIL allows presenting media items such as text, images, video, audio, links to other SMIL presentations, and files from multiple web servers. SMIL markup is written in XML, and has similarities to HTML.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language,beginner to advance
+910,Stripe company,"Stripe is a US technology company  operating in over 25 countries that allows both private individuals and businesses to accept payments over the Internet. Stripe focuses on providing the technical, fraud prevention, and banking infrastructure required to operate on-line payment systems.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripe_(company),beginner to advance
+911,gleam,,"gleam, Louis Pilfold, website, reference, United States and United Kingdom","website: https://gleam.run/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=22902462",beginner to advance
+912,GCC Machine Description,,"GCC Machine Description, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_transfer_language,beginner to advance
+913,ActiveVFP,"ActiveVFP (also known as AVFP) is a server-side scripting framework designed for Web development to produce dynamic Web pages. Similar to PHP, but using the native Visual Foxpro (VFP) language and database (or other databases like Microsoft SQL and MySQL), ActiveVFP can also be used in Model-View-Controller (MVC) web applications as well as RESTful API.  ActiveVFP is completely free and open source and does not require the purchase of Microsoft Visual FoxPro or any additional software. ActiveVFP was originally created in 2001. The main implementation of ActiveVFP is now produced by the Foxpro Community at activevfp.codeplex.com and serves as the formal reference to ActiveVFP. ActiveVFP is free software released under the MIT License. ActiveVFP is unique among server-side web languages and frameworks because it has a database and database functionality built into the language.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveVFP,beginner to advance
+915,TI-BASIC,"TI-BASIC is the official name of a BASIC-like language built into Texas Instruments (TI)'s graphing calculators, including the TI-83 series, TI-84 Plus series, TI-89 series, TI-92 series (including Voyage 200), TI-73, and TI-Nspire. TI rarely refers to the language by name, but the name TI-BASIC has been used in some developer documentation. For many applications, it is the most convenient way to program any TI calculator, since the capability to write programs in TI-BASIC is built-in. Assembly language (often referred to as ""asm"") can also be used, and C compilers exist for translation into assembly: TIGCC for Motorola 68000 (68k) based calculators, and SDCC for Zilog Z80 based calculators. However, both of them are cross-compilers, not allowing on-calculator programming. TI-BASIC is considerably slower than the assembly language (because it has to be interpreted), making it better suited to writing programs to quickly solve math problems or perform repetitive tasks, rather than programming games or graphics-intensive applications. Some math instruction books even provide programs in TI-BASIC (usually for the widespread variant used by the TI-82/83/84 series). Although it is somewhat minimalist compared to programming languages used on computers, TI-BASIC is nonetheless an important factor in the programming community. Because TI graphing calculators are required for advanced mathematics classes in many high schools and universities, TI-BASIC often provides the first glimpse many students have into the world of programming.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI-BASIC,beginner to advance
+916,FM broadcasting,"FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation (FM) technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, wide-band FM is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio. FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting (under normal listening conditions), the chief competing radio broadcasting technology, so it is used for most music broadcasts. Theoretically wideband AM can offer equally good sound quality, provided the reception conditions are ideal. FM radio stations use the VHF frequencies.  The term ""FM band"" describes the frequency band in a given country which is dedicated to FM broadcasting.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting,beginner to advance
+918,Atari BASIC,"Atari BASIC is an interpreter for the BASIC programming language that shipped with the Atari 8-bit family of 6502-based home computers. Unlike most 8-bit BASICs, Atari BASIC is not a derivative of Microsoft BASIC, and differs in significant ways. It includes keywords for Atari-specific features and lacks support for string arrays, for example. The language was originally an 8 KB ROM cartridge for the first machines in the 8-bit series, the 400, 800 and 1200XL. Starting with the 600XL and 800XL, BASIC was built-in to the machines, but can be disabled by holding down the OPTION key while booting. The XEGS disables BASIC if powered without the keyboard attached. The complete annotated source code and design specifications of Atari BASIC were published as The Atari BASIC Source Book in 1983.","Atari BASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_BASIC,beginner to advance
+919,UCSD Pascal,"UCSD Pascal is a Pascal programming language system that runs on the UCSD p-System, a portable, highly machine-independent operating system. UCSD Pascal was first released in 1978. It was developed at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD).","UCSD Pascal, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSD_Pascal,beginner to advance
+920,Applesoft BASIC,"Applesoft BASIC is a dialect of Microsoft BASIC, developed by Marc McDonald and Ric Weiland,  supplied with the Apple II series of computers. It supersedes Integer BASIC and is the BASIC in ROM in all Apple II series computers after the original Apple II model. It is also referred to as FP BASIC (from ""floating point"") because of the Apple DOS command used to invoke it, instead of INT for Integer BASIC. Applesoft BASIC was supplied by Microsoft and its name is derived from the names of both Apple and Microsoft. Apple employees, including Randy Wigginton, adapted Microsoft's interpreter for the Apple II and added several features. The first version of Applesoft was released in 1977 on cassette tape and lacked proper support for high-resolution graphics. Applesoft II, which was made available on cassette and disk and in the ROM of the Apple II Plus and subsequent models, was released in 1978. It is this latter version, which has some syntax differences and support for the Apple II high-resolution graphics modes, that is usually synonymous with the term ""Applesoft.""","Applesoft BASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applesoft_BASIC,beginner to advance
+921,groff,,"groff, , website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://www.gnu.org/software/groff/groff.html, documentation: https://www.gnu.org/software/groff/manual/html_node/index.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groff_(software)",beginner to advance
+922,Cesil,"Cesil, or Computer Education in Schools Instruction Language, was a programming language designed to introduce pupils in British schools to Assembly language.  It is a low level language containing a total of fourteen instructions:  Load value - place the immediate value or the contents of the variable named in the accumulator. Store variable - place the contents of the accumulator in the variable. Jump label - transfer control to location labelled. Jineg label - transfer control to location labelled if the accumulator contains a negative value. Jizero label - transfer control to location labelled if the accumulator contains zero. Print literal - output the following string, delimited by single quotes. Line - output a carriage return In - allow user to input a numerical value from the console. Out - Output the contents of the accumulator as a decimal integer, signed if negative. Add value - add the variable or immediate integer value to the accumulator. Subtract value - subtract the variable or immediate integer from the accumulator. Multiply value - place the product of the accumulator and the variable or immediate integer in the accumulator. Divide value - place the contents of the accumulator divided by the value in the accumulator. Halt - return control to console.","Cesil, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesil,beginner to advance
+923,Praat Script,,"Praat Script, , website, The Netherlands",website: https://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/manual/Praat_script.html,beginner to advance
+924,Fibonacci,,"Fibonacci, Antonio Albano and Giorgio Ghelli and and Renzo Orsini, reference, Italy",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/3b9aa468a7bd9d75811680a3a3db1a42b73dbdf7,beginner to advance
+925,Whiley,"Whiley is an experimental programming language that combines features from the functional and imperative paradigms, and supports formal specification through function preconditions, postconditions and loop invariants. The language uses flow-sensitive typing also known as ""flow typing."" The Whiley project began in 2009 in response to the ""Verifying Compiler Grand Challenge"" put forward by Tony Hoare in 2003. The first public release of Whiley was in June, 2010.Primarily developed by David Pearce, Whiley is an open source project with contributions from a small community. The system has been used for student research projects and in teaching undergraduate classes.  It was supported between 2012 and 2014 by the Royal Society of New Zealand's Marsden Fund.The Whiley compiler generates code for the Java virtual machine and can inter-operate with Java and other JVM based languages.",,"website: http://whiley.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiley_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+927,netbeans-editor,,"netbeans-editor, pgebauer, website, United States",website: https://netbeans.apache.org,beginner to advance
+928,MVEL,"MVFLEX Expression Language (MVEL) is a hybrid dynamic/statically typed, embeddable Expression Language and runtime for the Java Platform.  Originally started as a utility language for an application framework, the project is now developed completely independently. MVEL is typically used for exposing basic logic to end-users and programmers through configuration such as XML files or annotations.  It may also be used to parse simple JavaBean expressions. The runtime allows MVEL expressions to be executed either interpretively, or through a pre-compilation process with support for runtime bytecode generation to remove overhead. Since MVEL is meant to augment Java-based software, it borrows most of its syntax directly from the Java programming language with some minor differences and additional capabilities. For example: as a side effect of MVEL's typing model, which treats class and method references as regular variables, it is possible to use both class and function pointers (but only for static methods).  MVEL also allows collections to be represented as folds (or projections) in a Lisp-like syntax.","MVEL, , wikipedia, Italy and Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVEL,beginner to advance
+931,ArkScript,,"ArkScript, Alexandre Plateau and Pierre Pharel and Natendrtfm, website, France",website: https://arkscript-lang.github.io,beginner to advance
+932,chef,,"chef, , website, reference, Australia","website: http://www.dangermouse.net/esoteric/chef.html, reference: https://esolangs.org/wiki/Chef",beginner to advance
+933,Melody,,"Melody, Yoav Lavi, website, reference, Israel","website: https://yoav-lavi.github.io/melody/book/, reference: https://reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/stpvpn/melody_a_language_that_compiles_to_regular/",beginner to advance
+934,SHA-3,"SHA-3 (Secure Hash Algorithm 3) is the latest member of the Secure Hash Algorithm family of standards, released by NIST on August 5, 2015. Although part of the same series of standards, SHA-3 is internally different from the MD5-like structure of SHA-1 and SHA-2. SHA-3 is a subset of the broader cryptographic primitive family Keccak (), designed by Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen, Michaël Peeters, and Gilles Van Assche, building upon RadioGatún. Keccak's authors have proposed additional uses for the function, not (yet) standardized by NIST, including a stream cipher, an authenticated encryption system, a ""tree"" hashing scheme for faster hashing on certain architectures, and AEAD ciphers Keyak and Ketje.Keccak is based on a novel approach called sponge construction. Sponge construction is based on a wide random function or random permutation, and allows inputting (""absorbing"" in sponge terminology) any amount of data, and outputting (""squeezing"") any amount of data, while acting as a pseudorandom function with regard to all previous inputs. This leads to great flexibility. NIST does not currently plan to withdraw SHA-2 or remove it from the revised Secure Hash Standard. The purpose of SHA-3 is that it can be directly substituted for SHA-2 in current applications if necessary, and to significantly improve the robustness of NIST's overall hash algorithm toolkit.The creators of the Keccak algorithms and the SHA-3 functions suggest using the faster function KangarooTwelve with adjusted parameters and a new tree hashing mode without extra overhead for small message sizes.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-3,beginner to advance
+935,chisel,,"chisel, , website, reference, United States","website: https://www.chisel-lang.org/, reference: https://chisel.eecs.berkeley.edu/",beginner to advance
+939,Geography Markup Language,"The Geography Markup Language (GML) is the XML grammar defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) to express geographical features. GML serves as a modeling language for geographic systems as well as an open interchange format for geographic transactions on the Internet. Key to GML's utility is its ability to integrate all forms of geographic information, including not only conventional ""vector"" or discrete objects, but coverages (see also GMLJP2) and sensor data.","Geography Markup Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language,beginner to advance
+940,MATHLAB,"MATHLAB is a computer algebra system created in 1964 by Carl Engelman at MITRE and written in  Lisp. ""MATHLAB 68"" was introduced in 1967 and became rather popular in university environments running on DECs PDP-6 and PDP-10 under TOPS-10 or TENEX. In 1969 this version was included in the DECUS user group's library (as 10-142) as royalty-free software. Carl Engelman left MITRE for Symbolics where he contributed his expert knowledge in the development of Macsyma.","MATHLAB, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/298ddf1bd24a43720211b5e9d925d00fa9d008fa, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATHLAB",beginner to advance
+941,Stan,"Stan is a probabilistic programming language for statistical inference written in C++. The Stan language is used to specify a (Bayesian) statistical model with an imperative program calculating the log probability density function. Stan is licensed under the New BSD License. Stan is named in honour of Stanislaw Ulam, pioneer of the Monte Carlo method.",,"website: http://mc-stan.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_(software)",beginner to advance
+942,T,"The T programming language is a dialect of the Scheme programming language developed in the early 1980s by Jonathan A. Rees, Kent M. Pitman, and Norman I. Adams of Yale University as an experiment in language design and implementation. T's purpose is to test the thesis developed by Steele and Sussman in their series of papers about Scheme: that Scheme may be used as the basis for a practical programming language of exceptional expressive power, and that implementations of Scheme could perform better than other Lisp systems, and competitively with implementations of programming languages, such as C and BLISS, which are usually considered to be inherently more efficient than Lisp on conventional machine architectures. In 1987 Stephen Slade published the book ""The T Programming Language: A Dialect of LISP"". T contains some features that modern Scheme does not have. For example, T is object-oriented, and it has first-class environments, called locales, which can be modified non-locally and used as a module system. T has several extra special forms for lazy evaluation and flow control, as well as an equivalent to Common Lisp's setf. T, like Scheme, supports call-with-current-continuation, but it also has a more limited form called catch. From the T manual, a hypothetical implementation of cons could be:  Through this example, we can see that objects in T are intimately related to closures and message-passing. A primitive called join puts two objects together, allowing for something resembling inheritance.","T, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+943,IP Pascal,"IP Pascal is an implementation of the Pascal programming language using the IP portability platform, a multiple machine, operating system and language implementation system.","IP Pascal, Scott Moore, website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://web.archive.org/web/20190307061527/http://www.moorecad.com/ippas/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Pascal",beginner to advance
+944,Formulating On-Line Calculations in Algebraic Language,"FOCAL is an interpreted programming language resembling JOSS. The name is an acronym for Formulating On-Line Calculations in Algebraic Language. Largely the creation of Richard Merrill, FOCAL was initially written for and had its largest impact on the Digital Equipment Corporation's (DEC's) PDP-8 computers. Merrill wrote the original (1968) and classic FOCAL-69 interpreters for the PDP-8.  Digital itself described FOCAL as ""a JOSS-like language."" Like early versions of BASIC, FOCAL was a complete programming environment in itself, requiring no operating system. As in MUMPS, most commands could be, and in practice were, abbreviated to a single letter of the alphabet. Creative choices of words were used to make each command uniquely defined by its leading character. Digital made available several European-language versions in which the command words were translated into the target language.","Formulating On-Line Calculations in Algebraic Language, Richard Merrill, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOCAL_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+945,Epigram,"Epigram is a functional programming language with dependent types. Epigram also refers to the IDE usually packaged with the language. Epigram's type system is strong enough to express program specifications. The goal is to support a smooth transition from ordinary programming to integrated programs and proofs whose correctness can be checked and certified by the compiler. Epigram exploits the propositions as types principle, and is based on intuitionistic type theory. The Epigram prototype was implemented by Conor McBride based on joint work with James McKinna. Its development is continued by the Epigram group in Nottingham, Durham, St Andrews and Royal Holloway in the UK. The current experimental implementation of the Epigram system is freely available together with a user manual, a tutorial and some background material. The system has been used under Linux, Windows and Mac OS X. It is currently unmaintained, and version 2, which was intended to implement Observational Type Theory, was never officially released, however there exists a GitHub mirror, last updated in 2012. The design of Epigram and Epigram 2 have inspired the development of other systems such as Agda, Idris and Coq.","Epigram, Conor McBride, reference, wikipedia, United Kingdom","reference: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.115.9718&rep=rep1&type=pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigram_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+946,lmdb,,"lmdb, Howard Chu, website, reference, United States","website: http://www.openldap.org/software/repo.html, reference: http://www.lmdb.tech/doc/group__mdb.html",beginner to advance
+947,Cell,,"Cell, , website, Various",website: http://cell-lang.net/,beginner to advance
+948,JOSS,"JOSS (an acronym for JOHNNIAC Open Shop System) was one of the very first interactive, time-sharing programming languages. JOSS I, developed by J. Clifford Shaw at RAND was first implemented, in beta form, on the JOHNNIAC computer in May 1963.  The full implementation was deployed in January 1964, supporting five terminals and the final version, supporting ten terminals, was deployed in January 1965.JOSS was written in a symbolic assembly language called EasyFox (E and F in the US military's phonetic alphabet of that time).  EasyFox was also developed by Cliff Shaw. JOSS was dubbed ""The Helpful Assistant"" for its conversational user interface.  Originally green/black typewriter ribbons were used in its terminals with green being used for user input and black for the computer's response. Mathematically, JOSS was interesting because it stored all numbers as an integer and a decimal exponent. This means calculations were exact decimal values, as opposed to floating point calculations. One third plus one third plus one third was exactly one. Any command that was not understood elicited the response ""Eh?"" or ""SORRY"". JOSS II, was developed by Charles L. Baker, Joseph W. Smith, Irwin D. Greenwald, and G. Edward Bryan for the PDP-6 computer between 1964 and February 1966. Many variants of JOSS were developed and implemented on a variety of platforms.  Some of these variants remained very similar to the original: TELCOMP, FOCAL, CAL, CITRAN, ISIS, PIL/I, JEAN (ICT 1900 series), AID (PDP-10); while others, such as MUMPS, developed in distinctive directions.","JOSS, Cliff Shaw, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOSS,beginner to advance
+949,ColaScript,,"ColaScript, Dan Onoshko, website, Georgia",website: https://github.com/TrigenSoftware/ColaScript/wiki/A-Tour-of-the-ColaScript,beginner to advance
+950,Laravel,"Laravel is a free, open-source PHP web framework, created by Taylor Otwell and intended for the development of web applications following the model–view–controller (MVC) architectural pattern and based on Symfony.  Some of the features of Laravel are a modular packaging system with a dedicated dependency manager, different ways for accessing relational databases, utilities that aid in application deployment and maintenance, and its orientation toward syntactic sugar.The source code of Laravel is hosted on GitHub and licensed under the terms of MIT License.","Laravel, , wikipedia, Various",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laravel,beginner to advance
+952,GraphIt,,"GraphIt, , website, United States",website: http://graphit-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+953,Cycript,,"Cycript, , website, reference, United States","website: http://www.cycript.org/, reference: https://git.saurik.com/cycript.git",beginner to advance
+954,Raku,"Raku is a member of the Perl family of programming languages. Formerly known as Perl 6, it was renamed in October 2019.While historically several interpreter and compiler implementations were being written, today only the Rakudo implementation is in active development. Raku introduces elements of many modern and historical languages. Compatibility with Perl is not a goal, though a compatibility mode is part of the specification. The design process for Raku began in 2000. In February 2015 a post on The Perl Foundation blog stated that ""The Perl6 team will attempt to get a development release of version 1.0 available for Larry's birthday in September and a Version 1.0 release by Christmas"", and on 25 December 2015, the first stable version of the specification was announced.Development on Pugs, the first high-traction implementation, began in 2005, and there have been multiple Raku implementation projects. Rakudo is based on NQP (Not Quite Perl) and can use MoarVM or the Java Virtual Machine as a runtime environment, and releases a new version every month (including precompiled Linux packages); in July 2010, the project released the first Rakudo Star distribution, a collection of a Raku implementation and related materials. Larry Wall maintains a reference grammar known as STD.pm6, written in Raku and bootstrapped with Perl.","Raku, Larry Wall, website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.raku.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raku_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+955,Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator Format,,"Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator Format, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMMPS,beginner to advance
+956,Tap code,"The tap code, sometimes called the knock code, is a way to encode text messages on a letter-by-letter basis in a very simple way. The message is transmitted using a series of tap sounds, hence its name. The tap code has been commonly used by prisoners to communicate with each other. The method of communicating is usually by tapping either the metal bars, pipes or the walls inside a cell.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_code,beginner to advance
+957,Strips,"In artificial intelligence, STRIPS (Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver) is an automated planner developed by Richard Fikes and Nils Nilsson in 1971 at SRI International. The same name was later used to refer to the formal language of the inputs to this planner. This language is the base for most of the languages for expressing automated planning problem instances in use today; such languages are commonly known as action languages. This article only describes the language, not the planner.",,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/076ae14bfc68acdbaf2ab24913e152d49540e988, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STRIPS",beginner to advance
+958,ROOT,"ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN. It was originally designed for particle physics data analysis and contains several features specific to this field, but it is also used in other applications such as astronomy and data mining.  Release 6.14.04 as of 2018-08-23",,"website: https://root.cern.ch/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROOT",beginner to advance
+959,Pure,"Pure, successor to the equational language Q, is a dynamically typed, functional programming language based on term rewriting. It has facilities for user-defined operator syntax, macros, arbitrary-precision arithmetic (multiple-precision numbers), and compiling to native code through the LLVM. Pure is free and open-source software distributed (mostly) under the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3 or later. Pure comes with an interpreter and debugger, provides automatic memory management, has powerful functional and symbolic programming abilities, and interfaces to libraries in C (e.g., for numerics, low-level protocols, and other such tasks). At the same time, Pure is a small language designed from scratch; its interpreter is not large, and the library modules are written in Pure. The syntax of Pure resembles that of Miranda and Haskell, but it is a free-format language and thus uses explicit delimiters (rather than off-side rule indents) to denote program structure. The Pure language is a successor of the equational programming language Q created formerly by the same author, Albert Gräf at the University of Mainz, Germany. Relative to Q, it offers some important new features (such as local functions with lexical scoping, efficient vector and matrix support, and the built-in C interface) and programs run much faster as they are compiled just-in-time to native code on the fly. Pure is mostly aimed at mathematical applications and scientific computing currently, but its interactive interpreter environment, the C interface and the growing set of addon modules make it suitable for a variety of other applications, such as artificial intelligence, symbolic computation, and real-time multimedia processing. Pure plug-ins are available for the Gnumeric spreadsheet and Miller Puckette's Pure Data graphical multimedia software, which make it possible to extend these programs with functions written in the Pure language. Interfaces are also provided as library modules to GNU Octave, OpenCV, OpenGL, the GNU Scientific Library, FAUST, SuperCollider, and liblo (for Open Sound Control (OSC)).","Pure, Albert Gräf, website, wikipedia, Germany","website: https://agraef.github.io/pure-lang/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+960,Committee on Uniform Security Identification Procedures,"A CUSIP is a nine-character alphanumeric code that identifies a North American financial security for the purposes of facilitating clearing and settlement of trades.  The CUSIP was adopted as an American National Standard under Accredited Standards X9.6. The CUSIP system is owned by the American Bankers Association and is operated by S&P Global Market Intelligence. The operating body, CUSIP Global Services (CGS), also serves as the national numbering agency (NNA) for North America, and the CUSIP serves as the National Securities Identification Number (NSIN) for products issued from both the United States and Canada. In its role as the NNA, CUSIP Global Services (CGS) also assigns all US-based ISINs.","Committee on Uniform Security Identification Procedures, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUSIP,beginner to advance
+961,Ch,"ChucK is a concurrent, strongly timed audio programming language for real-time synthesis, composition, and performance, which runs on Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, and iOS. It is designed to favor readability and flexibility for the programmer over other considerations such as raw performance. It natively supports deterministic concurrency and multiple, simultaneous, dynamic control rates. Another key feature is the ability to live code; adding, removing, and modifying code on the fly, while the program is running, without stopping or restarting. It has a highly precise timing/concurrency model, allowing for arbitrarily fine granularity. It offers composers and researchers a powerful and flexible programming tool for building and experimenting with complex audio synthesis programs, and real-time interactive control. ChucK was created and chiefly designed by Ge Wang as a graduate student working with Perry R. Cook. ChucK is distributed freely under the terms of the GNU General Public License on Mac OS X, Linux and Microsoft Windows. On iPhone and iPad, ChiP (ChucK for iPhone) is distributed under a limited, closed source license, and is not currently licensed to the public. However, the core team has stated that it would like to explore ""ways to open ChiP by creating a beneficial environment for everyone"".","Ch, Ge Wang, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://chuck.cs.princeton.edu, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChucK",beginner to advance
+962,LOGLAN,"Loglan is a constructed language originally designed for linguistic research, particularly for investigating the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis. The language was developed beginning in 1955 by Dr James Cooke Brown with the goal of making a language so different from natural languages that people learning it would think in a different way if the hypothesis were true. In 1960 Scientific American published an article introducing the language. Loglan is the first among, and the main inspiration for, the languages known as logical languages, which also includes Lojban. Brown founded The Loglan Institute (TLI) to develop the language and other applications of it. He always considered the language an incomplete research project, and although he released many papers about its design, he continued to claim legal restrictions on its use. Because of this, a group of his followers later formed the Logical Language Group to create the language Lojban along the same principles, but with the intention to make it freely available and encourage its use as a real language. Supporters of Lojban use the term Loglan as a generic term to refer to both their own language, and Brown's Loglan, referred to as ""TLI Loglan"" when in need of disambiguation. Although the non-trademarkability of the term Loglan was eventually upheld by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, many supporters and members of The Loglan Institute find this usage offensive, and reserve Loglan for the TLI version of the language.","LOGLAN, , reference, wikipedia, Poland","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/47f155eaa3f41f9f53995976949bec6c61325439, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loglan",beginner to advance
+963,NetRexx,"NetRexx is an open source, originally IBM's, variant of the REXX programming language to run on the Java virtual machine.  It supports a classic REXX syntax, with no reserved keywords, along with considerable additions to support object-oriented programming in a manner compatible with Java's object model, yet can be used as both a compiled and an interpreted language, with an option of using only data types native to the JVM or the NetRexx runtime package. The latter offers the standard Rexx data type that combines string processing with unlimited precision decimal arithmetic. Integration with the JVM platform is tight, and all existing Java class libraries can be used unchanged and without special setup; at the same time, a Java programmer can opt to just use the Rexx class from the runtime package for improved string handling in Java syntax source programs.NetRexx is free to download from the Rexx Language Association. IBM announced the transfer of NetRexx 3.00 source code to the Rexx Language Association (RexxLA) on June 8, 2011.","NetRexx, Mike Cowlishaw, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetRexx,beginner to advance
+965,Caché Basic,,"Caché Basic, , reference, United States",reference: https://docs.intersystems.com/latest/csp/docbook/DocBook.UI.Page.cls?KEY=TBAS_ARoutine,beginner to advance
+967,Fancy,,"Fancy, , website, wikipedia, Germany","website: http://www.fancy-lang.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fancy_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+968,PogoScript,,"PogoScript, , website, United Kingdom",website: http://pogoscript.org/,beginner to advance
+969,rant,,"rant, , website, United States",website: http://berkin.me/rant,beginner to advance
+970,manhood,,"manhood, , website, United States",website: http://berkin.me/rant,beginner to advance
+971,DokuWiki,DokuWiki is a wiki application licensed under GPLv2 and written in the PHP programming language. It works on plain text files and thus does not need a database. Its syntax is similar to the one used by MediaWiki.,"DokuWiki, , website, wikipedia, United States and Germany","website: https://www.dokuwiki.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DokuWiki",beginner to advance
+973,Ezhil,"Ezhil, in Tamil language script (எழில்), is a compact, open source, interpreted, programming language, originally designed to enable native-Tamil speaking students, K-12 age-group to learn computer programming, and enable learning numeracy and computing, outside of linguistic expertise in predominately English language-based computer systems. In the Ezhil programming language, Tamil keywords and language-grammar are chosen to easily enable the native Tamil speaker write programs in the Ezhil system. Ezhil allows easy representation of computer program closer to the Tamil language logical constructs equivalent to the conditional, branch and loop statements in modern English based programming languages. Ezhil is the first freely available programming language in the Tamil language and one of many known non-English-based programming languages. The language was officially announced in July 2009, while it has been developed since late 2007.","Ezhil, Muthu Annamalai, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://ezhillang.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezhil_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+974,Real-time Transport Protocol,"The Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is a network protocol for delivering audio and video over IP networks. RTP is used in communication and entertainment systems that involve streaming media, such as telephony, video teleconference applications including WebRTC, television services and web-based push-to-talk features. RTP typically runs over User Datagram Protocol (UDP).   RTP is used in conjunction with the RTP Control Protocol (RTCP). While RTP carries the media streams (e.g., audio and video), RTCP is used to monitor transmission statistics and quality of service (QoS) and aids synchronization of multiple streams. RTP is one of the technical foundations of Voice over IP and in this context is often used in conjunction with a signaling protocol such as the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) which establishes connections across the network. RTP was developed by the Audio-Video Transport Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and first published in 1996 as RFC 1889, superseded by RFC 3550 in 2003.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol,beginner to advance
+975,VML,"Vector Markup Language (VML) was an XML-based file format for two-dimensional vector graphics. VML was specified in Part 4 of the Office Open XML standards ISO/IEC 29500 and ECMA-376. According to the specification, VML is a deprecated format included in Office Open XML for legacy reasons only. VML was pervasively used in MS Office 2007 documents (i.e. Word, Excel and PowerPoint documents). As of 2012, with the release of Internet Explorer 10, VML became obsolete and is no longer supported by Internet Explorer standard mode. It is a legacy feature that is available in Internet Explorer 10 only when the browser is set to run in modes that emulate the functionality of previous versions of Internet Explorer 6, 7, 8, and 9.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language,beginner to advance
+976,Not eXactly C,"Not eXactly C, or NXC, is a high-level programming language for the Lego Mindstorms NXT designed by John Hansen in 2006. NXC, which is short for Not eXactly C, is based on Next Byte Codes, an assembly language. NXC has a syntax like C. The IDE for NXC is the Bricx Command Center. The NXC compiler is available under the Mozilla Public License. A sample code is as shown below:","Not eXactly C, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.hispabrickmagazine.com/pdfs/HBM009_EN/HBM009_EN-32-33.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_eXactly_C",beginner to advance
+977,Mary,"Mary was a programming language designed and implemented by RUNIT at Trondheim, Norway in the 1970s. It borrowed many features from ALGOL 68 but was designed for machine-oriented programming. An unusual feature of its syntax was that expressions were constructed using the conventional infix operators, but all of them had the same precedence and evaluation went from left to right unless there were brackets. Assignment had the destination on the right and assignment was considered just another operator. Similar to C, several language features appear to have existed to allow programmers to produce reasonably well optimised code, despite a quite primitive code generator in the compiler. These included operators similar to the += et alter  in C and explicit register declarations for variables. Notable features:  ""Dataflow syntax"" - values flow from left to right, including assignment. Most constructs could be used in expressions (blocks, IF, CASE, etc.). Text-based recursive macros. Overloaded user-defined operators, not constrained to predefined identifiers as in C++. Automatic building and dereferencing of pointers from type context. Scalar range types. Array and set enumeration in loop iterators. Dynamic array descriptors (ROW).A book describing Mary was printed in 1974 (Fourth and last edition in 1979): Mary Textbook by Reidar Conradi & Per Holager. Compilers were made for Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk's SM-4  and Norsk Data Nord-10/ND-100 mini-computers. The original Mary compiler was written in NU ALGOL, ran on the Univac-1100 series and was used to bootstrap a native compiler for ND-100/SINTRAN-III. RUNIT implemented a CHILL compiler written in Mary which ran on ND-100 and had Intel 8086 and 80286 targets. When this compiler was ported to the VAX platform, a common backend for Mary and CHILL was implemented. Later, backends for i386 and SPARC were available. Since the Mary compiler was implemented in Mary, it was possible to run the compiler on all these platforms. Mary is no longer maintained.","Mary, , wikipedia, Norway",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+978,Hindu-Arabic numeral system,"The Hindu–Arabic numeral system or Indo-Arabic numeral system  (also called the Arabic numeral system or Hindu numeral system) is a positional decimal numeral system, and is the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world.  It was invented between the 1st and 4th centuries by Indian mathematicians. The system was adopted in Arabic mathematics by the 9th century. Influential were the books of Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals, c. 825) and Al-Kindi (On the Use of the Hindu Numerals, c. 830).  The system later spread to medieval Europe by the High Middle Ages. The system is based upon ten (originally nine) glyphs. The symbols (glyphs) used to represent the system are in principle independent of the system itself. The glyphs in actual use are descended from Brahmi numerals and have split into various typographical variants since the Middle Ages. These symbol sets can be divided into three main families: Western Arabic numerals used in the Greater Maghreb and in Europe, Eastern Arabic numerals (also called ""Indic numerals"") used in the Middle East, and the Indian numerals used in the Indian subcontinent.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu–Arabic_numeral_system,beginner to advance
+979,checked-c,,"checked-c, David Tarditi, website, reference, United States","website: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/checked-c/, reference: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/checked-c/",beginner to advance
+980,WebIDL,Web IDL is an interface description language (IDL) format for describing application programming interfaces (APIs) that are intended to be implemented in web browsers.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_IDL,beginner to advance
+981,Compiler-Compiler,"In computer science, a compiler-compiler or compiler generator is a programming tool that creates a parser, interpreter, or compiler from some form of formal description of a programming language and machine. The input may be a text file containing the grammar written in BNF or EBNF that defines the syntax of a programming language, and whose generated output is some source code of the parser for the programming language, although other definitions exist. Usually, the resulting source code will have to be extended upon before a complete compiler emerges.A metacompiler is a software development tool used chiefly in the construction of compilers, translators, and interpreters for other programming languages. The input to a metacompiler is a computer program written in a specialized programming metalanguage designed chiefly for the purpose of constructing compilers. The language of the compiler produced is called the object language. The minimal input producing a compiler is a metaprogram specifying the object language grammar and semantic transformations into an object program.",,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b1f4f9e12792a745e2229eca84cfe886496bb4dd, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler-compiler",beginner to advance
+982,A-0 system,"The A-0 system (Arithmetic Language version 0), written by Grace Murray Hopper  in 1951 and 1952 for the UNIVAC I, was an early compiler related tool developed for electronic computers. The A-0 functioned more as a loader or linker than the modern notion of a compiler. A program was specified as a sequence of subroutines and arguments. The subroutines were identified by a numeric code and the arguments to the subroutines were written directly after each subroutine code. The A-0 system converted the specification into machine code that could be fed into the computer a second time to execute the said program. The A-0 system was followed by the  A-1, A-2, A-3 (released as ARITH-MATIC), AT-3 (released as MATH-MATIC) and B-0 (released as FLOW-MATIC). The A-2 system was developed at the UNIVAC division of Remington Rand in 1953 and released to customers by the end of that year.  Customers were provided the source code for A-2 and invited to send their improvements back to UNIVAC.   Thus A-2 was an early example of free and open-source software.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-0_System,beginner to advance
+983,Logtalk,"Logtalk is an object-oriented logic programming language that extends and leverages the Prolog language with a feature set suitable for programming in the large. It provides support for encapsulation and data hiding, separation of concerns and enhanced code reuse. Logtalk uses standard Prolog syntax with the addition of a few operators and directives. The Logtalk language implementation is distributed under an open source license and can run using a Prolog implementation (compliant with official and de facto standards) as the back-end compiler.","Logtalk, Paulo Moura, website, wikipedia, Portugal","website: http://logtalk.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logtalk_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+984,Mech,,"Mech, Corey Montella, website, reference, United States","website: http://mech-lang.org, reference: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12sTu7RT-s_QlAupY1v-3DfI1Mm9NEX5YMWWTDAKHLfc/edit#gid=0",beginner to advance
+985,Open Data Protcol,"In computing, Open Data Protocol (OData) is an open  protocol which allows the creation and consumption of queryable and interoperable RESTful  APIs in a simple and standard way. Microsoft initiated OData in 2007. Versions 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 are released under the Microsoft Open Specification Promise. Version 4.0 was standardized at OASIS, with a release in March 2014. In April 2015 OASIS submitted OData v4 and OData JSON Format v4 to ISO/IEC JTC 1 for approval as an international standard.The protocol enables the creation and consumption of  REST APIs, which allow  Web clients to publish and edit resources, identified using URLs and defined in a data model, using simple HTTP messages. OData shares some similarities with JDBC and with ODBC; like ODBC, OData is not limited to relational databases.","Open Data Protcol, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.odata.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol",beginner to advance
+987,Cranelift,,"Cranelift, Jakob Olesen, website, Various",website: https://cranelift.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ir.html,beginner to advance
+988,mun-lang,,"mun-lang, , website, reference, Various","website: https://mun-lang.org/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=21172980",beginner to advance
+989,Nexus file,"The NEXUS file format (usually .nex or .nxs) is widely used in bioinformatics. Several popular phylogenetic programs such as PAUP*, MrBayes, Mesquite,, MacClade and SplitsTree use this format.","Nexus file, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: http://wiki.christophchamp.com/index.php/NEXUS_file_format, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_file",beginner to advance
+990,Creative Basic,"Creative Basic (CB) is a third-generation event-driven programming language for Windows, with an integrated development environment (IDE). Current version executables are interpreted and require no runtime libraries be installed on the end-user's computer.  A planned future version will have compiled executables. Creative Basic has an extensive command set, and access to the application programming interface (API) libraries available in the Microsoft Windows operating system. Although this modern version dates from 2007, it is a development from, and is completely compatible with IBasic, which has been in use worldwide since 2002. Some notable projects are Jerry Muelver's WikiWriter, a WikiWriter to Chm Wizard by Alyce Watson, and Mike Rainey's manufacturing engineering programs. (see the Links below).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Basic,beginner to advance
+991,FreeMarker,"FreeMarker is a free Java-based template engine, originally focusing on dynamic web page generation with MVC software architecture. However, it is a general purpose template engine, with no dependency on servlets or HTTP or HTML, and is thus often used for generating source code, configuration files or e-mails.","FreeMarker, , wikipedia, Various",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_FreeMarker,beginner to advance
+993,Qalb,"قلب (Levantine Arabic: [ʔalb]), transliterated Qalb, Qlb and Alb, is a functional programming language allowing a programmer to write programs completely in Arabic. Its name means heart and is a recursive acronym in Arabic meaning Qlb: a programming language (قلب: لغة برمجة, Qlb: Lughat Barmajah). It was developed in 2012 by Ramsey Nasser, a computer scientist at the Eyebeam Art + Technology Center in New York City, as both an artistic endeavor and as a response to the Anglophone bias in the vast majority of programming languages, which express their fundamental concepts using English words. The syntax is like that of Lisp or Scheme, consisting of parenthesized lists. All keywords are appropriate Arabic terms, and program text is laid out right-to-left, like all Arabic text. The language provides a minimal set of primitives for defining functions, conditionals, looping, list manipulation, and basic arithmetic expressions. It is Turing-complete, and the Fibonacci sequence and Conway's Game of Life have been implemented. Because all program text is written in Arabic, and the connecting strokes between characters in the Arabic script can be extended to any length, it is possible to align the source code in artistic patterns, in the tradition of Arabic calligraphy. A JavaScript-based interpreter is currently hosted on herokuapp and the project can be forked on GitHub.","Qalb, Ramsey Nasser, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://qlb-repl.herokuapp.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalb_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+994,packagist-pm,,"packagist-pm, Jordi Boggiano, website, The Netherlands and Canada and Germany and Switzerland and Moscow",website: https://packagist.org/,beginner to advance
+996,Notepad++,"Notepad++ is a text editor and source code editor for use with Microsoft Windows. It supports tabbed editing, which allows working with multiple open files in a single window. The project's name comes from the C increment operator. Notepad++ is distributed as free software. At first the project was hosted on SourceForge.net, from where it has been downloaded over 28 million times, and twice won the SourceForge Community Choice Award for Best Developer Tool. The project was hosted on TuxFamily from 2010 to 2015; since 2015 Notepad++ has been hosted on GitHub. Notepad++ uses the Scintilla editor component.","Notepad++, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notepad++,beginner to advance
+998,gluon,,"gluon, , website, Australia and Sweden",website: https://gluon-lang.org,beginner to advance
+999,Impala,"Apache Impala is an open source massively parallel processing (MPP) SQL query engine for data stored in a computer cluster running Apache Hadoop. Impala has been described as the open-source equivalent of Google F1, which inspired its development in 2012.","Impala, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://impala.apache.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Impala",beginner to advance
+1000,oil,,"oil, , website, Various",website: http://www.oilshell.org/,beginner to advance
+1001,Jargon,"Jargon is a type of language that is used in a particular context and may not be well understood outside that context. The context is usually a particular occupation (that is, a certain trade, profession, or academic field), but any in group can have jargon. The main trait that distinguishes jargon from the rest of a language is special vocabulary—including some words specific to it, and often different senses or meanings of words, that out groups would tend to take in another sense—therefore misunderstanding that communication attempt. Jargon is thus ""the technical terminology or characteristic idiom of a special activity or group"". Most jargon is technical terminology, involving terms of art or industry terms, with particular meaning within a specific industry. A main driving force in the creation of technical jargon is precision and efficiency of communication when a discussion must easily range from general themes to specific, finely differentiated details without circumlocution. A side-effect of this is a higher threshold for comprehensibility, which is usually accepted as a trade-off but is sometimes even used as a means of social exclusion (reinforcing ingroup-outgroup barriers) or social aspiration (when intended as a way of showing off). The philosopher Étienne Bonnot de Condillac observed in 1782 that ""every science requires a special language because every science has its own ideas"". As a rationalist member of the Enlightenment, he continued: ""It seems that one ought to begin by composing this language, but people begin by speaking and writing, and the language remains to be composed.""Various kinds of language peculiar to ingroups can be named across a semantic field. Slang can be either culture-wide or known only within a certain group or subculture. Argot is slang or jargon purposely used to obscure meaning to outsiders. Conversely, a lingua franca is used for the opposite effect, helping communicators to overcome unintelligibility, as are pidgins and creole languages. For example, the Chinook Jargon was a pidgin. Although technical jargon's primary purpose is to aid technical communication, not to exclude outsiders by serving as an argot, it can have both effects at once and can provide a technical ingroup with shibboleths. For example, medieval guilds could use this as one means of informal protectionism. On the other hand, jargon that once was obscure outside a small ingroup can become generally known over time. For example, the terms bit, byte, and hexadecimal (which are terms from computing jargon) are now recognized by many people outside computer science.",,"reference: https://joewing.net/projects/jargon/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargon",beginner to advance
+1002,MAXScript,,"MAXScript, , website, reference, United States","website: http://docs.autodesk.com/3DSMAX/14/ENU/MAXScript%20Help%202012/, reference: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=522752",beginner to advance
+1003,Sieve mail filtering language,"Sieve is a programming language that can be used for email filtering. It owes its creation to the CMU Cyrus Project, creators of Cyrus IMAP server. The language is not tied to any particular operating system or mail architecture. It requires the use of RFC 2822-compliant messages, but otherwise should generalize to other systems that meet these criteria. The current version of Sieve's base specification is outlined in RFC 5228, published in January 2008.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_(mail_filtering_language),beginner to advance
+1004,Common Object File Format,"The Common Object File Format (COFF) is a format for executable, object code, and shared library computer files used on Unix systems. It was introduced in Unix System V, replaced the previously used a.out format, and formed the basis for extended specifications such as XCOFF and ECOFF, before being largely replaced by ELF, introduced with SVR4. COFF and its variants continue to be used on some Unix-like systems, on Microsoft Windows, in EFI environments and in some embedded development systems.","Common Object File Format, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COFF,beginner to advance
+1005,DOODLE,"A doodle is a drawing made while a person's attention is otherwise occupied. Doodles are simple drawings that can have concrete representational meaning or may just be composed of random and abstract lines, generally without ever lifting the drawing device from the paper, in which case it is usually called a ""scribble"". Doodling and scribbling are most often associated with young children and toddlers, because their lack of hand–eye coordination and lower mental development often make it very difficult for any young child to keep their coloring attempts within the line art of the subject. Despite this, it is not uncommon to see such behaviour with adults, in which case it is generally done jovially, out of boredom. Typical examples of doodling are found in school notebooks, often in the margins, drawn by students daydreaming or losing interest during class. Other common examples of doodling are produced during long telephone conversations if a pen and paper are available. Popular kinds of doodles include cartoon versions of teachers or companions in a school, famous TV or comic characters, invented fictional beings, landscapes, geometric shapes, patterns, textures, or phallic scenes.","DOODLE, , reference, wikipedia, Canada","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d08a137a91f83ccc251181f0d4bd9fda6cc62381, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doodle",beginner to advance
+1006,Esterel,"Esterel is a synchronous programming language for the development of complex reactive systems. The imperative programming style of Esterel allows the simple expression of parallelism and preemption. As a consequence, it is well suited for control-dominated model designs. The development of the language started in the early 1980s, and was mainly carried out by a team of Ecole des Mines de Paris and INRIA led by Gérard Berry. Current compilers take Esterel programs and generate C code or hardware (RTL) implementations (VHDL or Verilog). The language is still under development, with several compilers out. The commercial version of Esterel is the development environment Esterel Studio. The company that commercialize it (Synfora) initiated a normalization process with the IEEE in April 2007 however the working group (P1778) dissolved March 2011. The Esterel v7 Reference Manual Version v7 30 – initial IEEE standardization proposal is publicly available.","Esterel, , wikipedia, France",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterel,beginner to advance
+1007,PL360,"PL360 (or PL/360) is a programming language designed by Niklaus Wirth and written by Niklaus Wirth, Joseph  W.  Wells, Jr., and Edwin Satterthwaite, Jr. for the IBM System/360 computer at Stanford University. A description of PL360 was published in early 1968, although the implementation was probably completed before Wirth left Stanford in 1967.","PL360, Niklaus Wirth, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL360,beginner to advance
+1008,Pan,"The pan configuration language allows the definition of machine configuration information and an associated schema with a simple, human-accessible syntax. A pan language compiler transforms the configuration information contained within a set of pan templates to a machine-friendly XML or JSON format. The pan language is used within the Quattor toolkit to define the desired configuration for one or more machines. The language is primarily a declarative language where elements in a hierarchical tree are set to particular values. The pan syntax is human-friendly and fairly simple, yet allows system administrators to simultaneously set configuration values, define an overall configuration schema, and validate the final configuration against the schema.","Pan, Charles Loomis, website, wikipedia, Various","website: http://www.quattor.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1009,LoomScript,,"LoomScript, , website, United States",website: http://loomsdk.com/,beginner to advance
+1010,P,,"P, , website, United States",website: https://p-org.github.io/P/,beginner to advance
+1011,Luna,,"Luna, TJ Holowaychuk, website, United Kingdom",website: https://github.com/tj/luna,beginner to advance
+1012,Apache Lucene,"Apache Lucene is a free and open-source information retrieval software library, originally written completely in Java by Doug Cutting. It is supported by the Apache Software Foundation and is released under the Apache Software License. Lucene has been ported to other programming languages including Object Pascal, Perl, C#, C++, Python, Ruby and PHP.","Apache Lucene, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://lucene.apache.org/core/2_9_4/queryparsersyntax.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Lucene",beginner to advance
+1013,Property list,"In the macOS, iOS, NeXTSTEP, and GNUstep programming frameworks, property list files are files that store serialized objects. Property list files use the filename extension .plist, and thus are often referred to as p-list files. Property list files are often used to store a user's settings. They are also used to store information about bundles and applications, a task served by the resource fork in the old Mac OS.","Property list, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_list,beginner to advance
+1014,Pep8,,"Pep8, , reference, United States",reference: http://computersystemsbook.com/4th-edition/pep8/,beginner to advance
+1015,invokator,,"invokator, Yann Orlarey, website, reference, France","website: https://faust.grame.fr/, reference: http://functional-art.org/2017/slides/orlarey-farm17-slides.pdf",beginner to advance
+1016,GFA BASIC,"GFA BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language, by Frank Ostrowski.  The name is derived from the company (""GFA Systemtechnik GmbH""), which distributed the software. In the mid-1980s to the 1990s it enjoyed popularity as an advanced BASIC dialect, but has been mostly superseded by several other programming languages. Official support ended in the early 2000s.","GFA BASIC, , wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFA_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1017,ActivityPub,,"ActivityPub, Christine Lemmer-Webber and Jessica Tallon and Erin Shepherd and Amy Guy and Evan Prodromou, website, reference, document, United States","website: https://activitypub.rocks/, reference: https://w3c.github.io/activitypub/, documentation: https://w3c.github.io/activitypub/",beginner to advance
+1018,Open Shading Language,"Open Shading Language (OSL) is a shading language developed by Sony Pictures Imageworks for use in its Arnold Renderer. It is also supported by Otoy's Octane Render, V-Ray 3, and by the Cycles render engine in Blender (starting with Blender 2.65). OSL's surface and volume shaders define how surfaces or volumes scatter light in a way that allows for importance sampling; thus, it is well suited for physically-based renderers that support ray tracing and global illumination.","Open Shading Language, , website, wikipedia, Canada","website: http://openshadinglanguage.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Shading_Language",beginner to advance
+1020,Umple,"Umple is a language for both object-oriented programming and modelling with class diagrams and state diagrams. The name Umple is a portmanteau of ""UML"", ""ample"" and ""programming language"", indicating that it is designed to provide ample features to extend programming languages with UML capabilities.",,"website: http://www.umple.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umple",beginner to advance
+1021,mathics,,"mathics, , website, reference, United States","website: https://mathics.github.io/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=11459186",beginner to advance
+1022,OpenEdge ABL,"OpenEdge Advanced Business Language, or OpenEdge ABL for short, is a business application development language created and maintained by Progress Software Corporation (PSC). The language, typically classified as a fourth-generation programming language, uses an English-like syntax to simplify software development. The language was called PROGRESS or Progress 4GL up until version 9, but in 2006 PSC changed the name to OpenEdge Advanced Business Language (OpenEdge ABL) in order to overcome a presumed industry perception that 4GLs were less capable than other languages. A subset of the language, called SpeedScript, is used in the development of web applications.OpenEdge ABL helps developers to develop applications optionally using its own integrated relational database and programming tool. These applications are portable across computing systems and allow access to various popular data sources without having to learn the underlying data access methods. This means that the end-user of these products can be unaware of the underlying architecture. By combining a fourth generation language and relational database, OpenEdge ABL allows the use of the Rapid Application Development (RAD) model for developing software. A programmer and even end users can do rapid prototyping using the integrated and GUI tools of the development environment.","OpenEdge ABL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEdge_Advanced_Business_Language,beginner to advance
+1023,Pandoc,"Pandoc is a free and open-source software document converter, widely used as a writing tool (especially by scholars) and as a basis for publishing workflows. It was created by John MacFarlane, a philosophy professor at the University of California, Berkeley.","Pandoc, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://pandoc.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandoc",beginner to advance
+1024,kitten,,"kitten, Jon Purdy, website, United States",website: http://kittenlang.org/,beginner to advance
+1027,Shakespeare,"The Shakespeare Programming Language (SPL) is an esoteric programming language designed by Jon Åslund and Karl Hasselström. Like the Chef programming language, it is designed to make programs appear to be something other than programs; in this case, Shakespearean plays. A character list in the beginning of the program declares a number of stacks, naturally with names like ""Romeo"" and ""Juliet"". These characters enter into dialogue with each other in which they manipulate each other's topmost values, push and pop each other, and do I/O. The characters can also ask each other questions which behave as conditional statements. On the whole, the programming model is very similar to assembly language but much more verbose.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_%28programming_language%29,beginner to advance
+1028,SQL/PSM,"SQL/PSM (SQL/Persistent Stored Modules) is an ISO standard mainly defining an extension of SQL with a procedural language for use in stored procedures. Initially published in 1996 as an extension of SQL-92 (ISO/IEC 9075-4:1996, a version sometimes called PSM-96 or even SQL-92/PSM), SQL/PSM was later incorporated into the multi-part SQL:1999 standard, and has been part 4 of that standard since then, most recently in SQL:2016.  The SQL:1999 part 4 covered less than the original PSM-96 because the SQL statements for defining, managing, and invoking routines were actually incorporated into part 2 SQL/Foundation, leaving only the procedural language itself as SQL/PSM. The SQL/PSM facilities are still optional as far as the SQL standard is concerned; most of them are grouped in Features P001-P008. SQL/PSM standardizes syntax and semantics for control flow, exception handling (called ""condition handling"" in SQL/PSM), local variables, assignment of expressions to variables and parameters, and (procedural) use of cursors. It also defines an information schema (metadata) for stored procedures.  SQL/PSM is one language in which methods for the SQL:1999 structured types can be defined.  The other is Java, via SQL/JRT. IBM's SQL PL (used in DB2) and Mimer SQL's PSM were the first two products implementing SQL/PSM. In practice those two, and perhaps also MySQL/MariaDB's procedural language, are closest to the SQL/PSM standard. SQL/PSM resembles and is inspired by PL/SQL, as well as PL/pgSQL, so they are similar languages.  With PostgreSQL v9 some SQL/PSM features, like overloading of SQL-invoked functions and procedures are now supported.  A PostgreSQL addon implements SQL/PSM (alongside its own procedural language), although it is not part of the core product.RDF functionality in OpenLink Virtuoso was developed entirely through SQL/PSM, combined with custom datatypes (e.g., ANY for handling URI and Literal relation objects), sophisticated indexing, and flexible physical storage choices (column-wise or row-wise).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL/PSM,beginner to advance
+1029,Flutter,"Flutter is an open-source mobile application development framework created by Google. It is used to develop applications for Android and iOS, as well as being the primary method of creating applications for Google Fuchsia.","Flutter, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutter_(software),beginner to advance
+1030,FP,"FP (short for function programming) is a programming language created by John Backus to support the function-level programming paradigm. This allows eliminating named variables. The language was introduced in Backus's 1977 Turing Award lecture, ""Can Programming Be Liberated from the von Neumann Style?"", subtitled ""a functional style and its algebra of programs."" The paper sparked interest in functional programming research, eventually leading to modern functional languages, and not the function-level paradigm Backus had hoped. FP itself never found much use outside of academia. In the 1980s Backus created a successor language, FL, which remained a research project.","FP, John Backus, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FP_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1031,Please Build,,"Please Build, , website, reference, United Kingdom","website: https://please.build, reference: https://please.build/language.html",beginner to advance
+1032,desktop,,"desktop, , reference, United States",reference: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/desktop_entries#File_example,beginner to advance
+1034,MOO,"The MOO programming language is a relatively simple programming language used to support the MOO Server. It is dynamically typed and uses a prototype-based object-oriented system, with syntax roughly derived from the Algol school of programming languages.","MOO, , wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOO_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1035,Treelang,"Treelang is a ""toy"" programming language distributed with the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) to demonstrate the features of its code-generation backend. It was developed by Tim Josling, based on a language called Toy created by Richard Kenner.  During the GCC 4.3 release cycle, a patch was committed to remove the language, because of high maintenance costs outweighing its benefits and also because it was no longer considered a good front-end example by GCC developers.",,"reference: https://web.archive.org/web/20011108165657/http://www.geocities.com/timjosling/treelang.diff.txt, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treelang",beginner to advance
+1036,GRASS,"GRASS (GRAphics Symbiosis System) is a programming language created to script 2D vector graphics animations. GRASS was similar to BASIC in syntax, but added numerous instructions for specifying 2D object animation, including scaling, translation, rotation and color changes over time. It quickly became a hit with the artistic community who were experimenting with the new medium of computer graphics, and is most famous for its use by Larry Cuba to create the original ""attacking the Death Star will not be easy"" animation in Star Wars (1977). A later version that was adapted to support raster graphics was known as ZGrass.","GRASS, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRASS_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1037,Programming Language for Business,"Programming Language for Business or PL/B is a business-oriented programming language originally called DATABUS and designed by Datapoint in 1972 as an alternative to COBOL because Datapoint's 8-bit computers could not fit COBOL into their limited memory, and because COBOL did not at the time have facilities to deal with Datapoint's built-in keyboard and screen. A version of DATABUS became an ANSI standard, and the name PL/B came about when Datapoint chose not to release its trademark on the DATABUS name.","Programming Language for Business, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_Language_for_Business,beginner to advance
+1038,UBASIC,"UBASIC is a freeware (public domain software without source code) BASIC interpreter written by Yuji Kida at Rikkyo University in Japan, specialized for mathematical computing.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBASIC,beginner to advance
+1040,Almquist shell,"Almquist shell (also known as A Shell, ash and sh) is a lightweight Unix shell originally written by Kenneth Almquist in the late 1980s. Initially a clone of the System V.4 variant of the Bourne shell, it replaced the original Bourne shell in the BSD versions of Unix released in the early 1990s.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almquist_shell,beginner to advance
+1041,AviSynth,,"AviSynth, Ben Rudiak-Gould and Edwin van Eggelen and Klaus Post and Richard Berg and Ian Brabham, website, wikipedia, document, The Netherlands","website: http://avisynth.nl, documentation: http://avisynth.nl/index.php/Main_Page, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AviSynth",beginner to advance
+1042,Parrot Assembly,"The Parrot assembly language (PASM) is the basic assembly language used by the Parrot virtual machine. PASM is the lowest level assembly language in the Parrot stack. The Parrot intermediate representation (PIR) is PASM extended to simplify development of compilers. The hello world program in PASM is simply:  print ""Hello world!\n"" end  Although it appears similar to source code in some high-level programming languages, more complex PASM programs will resemble other assembly languages. The main exceptions to this low level programming in PASM are string handling and, as shown above, input and output. Additionally, PASM has automatic garbage collection from the virtual machine, and it does not allow pointer arithmetic. Parrot assembly language has more instructions than hardware assembly languages, even  CISC processors. This is because the marginal cost of creating a new instruction in Parrot is low compared to the marginal cost of doing so in hardware, and the creators of Parrot had no particular goal of minimalism.","Parrot Assembly, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot_assembly_language,beginner to advance
+1043,WebP,"WebP is an image format employing both lossy and lossless compression. It is currently developed by Google, based on technology acquired with the purchase of On2 Technologies.As a derivative of the VP8 video format, it is a sister project to the WebM multimedia container format. WebP-related software is released under a BSD license.The format was first announced on 30 September 2010 as a new open standard for lossy compressed true-color graphics on the web, producing smaller files of comparable image quality to the older JPEG scheme. On October 3, 2011 Google announced WebP support for animation, ICC profile, XMP metadata, and tiling (compositing very large images from maximum 16384×16384 tiles).On 18 November 2011 Google began to experiment with lossless compression and support for transparency (alpha channel) in both lossless and lossy modes; support has been enabled by default in libwebp 0.2.0 (16 August 2012). According to Google's measurements, a conversion from PNG to WebP results in a 45% reduction in file size when starting with PNGs found on the web, and a 28% reduction compared to PNGs that are recompressed with pngcrush and PNGOUT.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebP,beginner to advance
+1044,TIScript,,"TIScript, Andrew Fedoniouk, website, Canada",website: https://sciter.com/developers/for-web-programmers/tiscript-vs-javascript/,beginner to advance
+1045,Hackett,,"Hackett, Alexis King, website, United States",website: https://lexi-lambda.github.io/hackett/,beginner to advance
+1046,Kodu Game Lab,"Kodu, originally named Boku, is a programming integrated development environment (IDE) by Microsoft's FUSE Labs. It runs on Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10. It was released on the Xbox Live Marketplace on June 30, 2009. A Windows version is available to the general public for download from Microsoft's FUSE web portal.","Kodu Game Lab, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://kodugamelab.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodu_Game_Lab",beginner to advance
+1047,XHTML,"eXtensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) is part of the family of XML markup languages. It mirrors or extends versions of the widely used HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the language in which Web pages are formulated. While HTML, prior to HTML5, was defined as an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), a flexible markup language framework, XHTML is an application of XML, a more restrictive subset of SGML. XHTML documents are well-formed and may therefore be parsed using standard XML parsers, unlike HTML, which requires a lenient HTML-specific parser.XHTML 1.0 became a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommendation on January 26, 2000. XHTML 1.1 became a W3C recommendation on May 31, 2001. The standard known as XHTML5 is being developed as an XML adaptation of the HTML5 specification.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTML,beginner to advance
+1048,Gopher,"The Gopher protocol  is a TCP/IP application layer protocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents over the Internet. The Gopher protocol was strongly oriented towards a menu-document design and presented an alternative to the World Wide Web in its early stages, but ultimately Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) became the dominant protocol. The Gopher ecosystem is often regarded as the effective predecessor of the World Wide Web.The protocol was invented by a team led by Mark P. McCahill at the University of Minnesota.  It offers some features not natively supported by the Web and imposes a much stronger hierarchy on information stored on it. Its text menu interface is well-suited to computing environments that rely heavily on remote text-oriented computer terminals, which were still common at the time of its creation in 1991, and the simplicity of its protocol facilitated a wide variety of client implementations. More recent Gopher revisions and graphical clients added support for multimedia. Gopher was preferred by many network administrators for using fewer network resources than Web services.Gopher's hierarchical structure provided a platform for the first large-scale electronic library connections. Gopher has been described by some enthusiasts as ""faster and more efficient and so much more organized"" than today's Web services. The Gopher protocol is still in use by enthusiasts, and although it has been almost entirely supplanted by the Web, a small population of actively-maintained servers remains.","Gopher, Mark P. McCahill and Farhad Anklesaria and Paul Lindner and Daniel Torrey and Bob Alberti, reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1436, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)",beginner to advance
+1049,EXPRESS,"EXPRESS is a standard data modeling language for product data. EXPRESS is formalized in the ISO Standard for the Exchange of Product model STEP (ISO 10303), and standardized as ISO 10303-11.","EXPRESS, , wikipedia, Switzerland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language),beginner to advance
+1050,Arden syntax,,"Arden syntax, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arden_syntax,beginner to advance
+1051,ISWIM,"ISWIM is an abstract computer programming language (or a family of programming languages) devised by Peter J. Landin and first described in his article The Next 700 Programming Languages, published in the Communications of the ACM in 1966. The acronym stands for ""If you See What I Mean"" (also said to have stood for ""I See What You Mean"", but ISWYM was mistyped as ISWIM). Although not implemented, it has proved very influential in the development of programming languages, especially functional programming languages such as SASL, Miranda, ML, Haskell and their successors, and dataflow programming languages like Lucid.","ISWIM, Peter Landin, wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISWIM,beginner to advance
+1052,ARC processor,"ARC (Argonaut RISC Core) embedded processors are a family of 32-bit CPUs originally designed by ARC International. They are widely used in SoC devices for storage, home, mobile, automotive, and Internet of Things applications. ARC processors have been licensed by more than 200 organizations and are shipped in more than 1.5 billion products per year. ARC processors are now part of the Synopsys DesignWare series, and can be optimized for a wide range of uses. Designers can differentiate their products by using patented configuration technology to tailor each ARC processor instance to meet specific performance, power and area requirements. The ARC processors are also extendable, allowing designers to add their own custom instructions that can significantly increase performance or reduce power consumption. ARC processors are RISC processors, and employ the 16-/32-bit ARCompact instruction set architecture that provides good performance and code density for embedded and host SoC applications. The processors are synthesizable and can be implemented in any foundry or process, and are supported by a complete suite of development tools. Configuration of the ARC processors occurs at design time, using the ARChitect processor configurator. The core was designed to be extensible. Unlike most embedded microprocessors, extra instructions, registers and functionality can be added, in a modular fashion. Customers analyse the task, break down the operations, and then choose the appropriate extensions, or develop their own, to create their own custom microprocessor. They might optimise for speed, energy efficiency or code density. Extensions can include, for example, an MMU, a fast multiplier–accumulator, a USB Host, a Viterbi path decoder, or a user's proprietary RTL functions. The ARC concept was developed initially within Argonaut Games through a series of 3D pipeline development projects starting with the Super FX chip for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. In 1995, Argonaut was split into Argonaut Technologies Limited (ATL), which had a variety of technology projects, and Argonaut Software Limited (ASL). At the start of 1996, the General Manager of Argonaut, John Edelson, started reducing ATL projects such as BRender and motion capture and investing in the development of the ARC concept. In 1997, following investment by Apax Partners, ATL became ARC International and totally independent from Argonaut Games. Prior to their initial public offering on the London Stock Exchange, underwritten by Goldman Sachs and five other investment banks, three related technology companies were acquired: Metaware in Santa Cruz, California (development and modeling software), VAutomation in Nashua, New Hampshire (peripheral semiconductor IP), and Precise Software in Nepean, Ontario (RTOS).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARC_(processor),beginner to advance
+1054,json-graph-format,,"json-graph-format, , website, United States",website: http://jsongraphformat.info/,beginner to advance
+1055,Apache Cassandra,,"Apache Cassandra, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://cassandra.apache.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Cassandra",beginner to advance
+1056,JSON with Comments,,"JSON with Comments, Muhammad Muzzammil, reference, India",reference: https://github.com/Microsoft/node-jsonc-parser,beginner to advance
+1057,jsil-compiler,,"jsil-compiler, Kevin Gadd, website, United States",website: http://jsil.org/,beginner to advance
+1058,Post Office Protocol,"In computing, the Post Office Protocol (POP) is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used by e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a mail server.POP version 3 (POP3) is the version in common use.","Post Office Protocol, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol,beginner to advance
+1059,Script.NET,"Script.NET or S# is a metaprogramming language that provides scripting functionality in Microsoft .NET applications, allowing runtime execution of custom functionality, similar to VBA in Microsoft Office applications. The syntax of Script.NET is similar to JavaScript. It is designed to be simple and efficient scripting language allowing to customize .NET applications. The language has a true runtime interpreter, and it is executed without generating additional in-memory assemblies. Script.NET is an open-source project.",,"website: http://www.protsyk.com/scriptdotnet/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Script.NET",beginner to advance
+1060,Jolie,"Jolie (Java Orchestration Language Interpreter Engine) is an open-source programming language for developing distributed applications based on microservices. In the programming paradigm proposed with Jolie, each program is a service that can communicate with other programs by sending and receiving messages over a network. Jolie supports an abstraction layer that allows services to communicate using different mediums, ranging from TCP/IP sockets to local in-memory communications between processes.Jolie is currently supported by an interpreter implemented in the Java language, which can be run in multiple operating systems including Linux-based operating systems, OS X, and Windows. The language comes with formal semantics, meaning that the execution of Jolie programs is mathematically defined. For this reason, Jolie is used in research for the investigation of language-based techniques for the development of distributed systems, and it is also used for teaching at some Universities.The Jolie open source project was started by Fabrizio Montesi in 2006, as part of his studies at the University of Bologna. The project initially began as an implementation of the SOCK process calculus, a formal model proposed by Claudio Guidi et al. at the University of Bologna inspired by the CCS process calculus and the WS-BPEL programming language. Jolie extends SOCK with support for, e.g., tree-like data structures (inspired by XML, but with a syntax resembling that of C and Java), message types, typed session programming, integration with Java and JavaScript, code mobility, application containment, and web programming. A complete list of the project contributors is available at.The project is currently maintained by Fabrizio Montesi and its evolution is driven by Fabrizio Montesi and Claudio Guidi. Since it supports the orchestration of web services, Jolie is an alternative to XML-based orchestration languages such as WS-BPEL as it offers a concise (C-like) syntax for accessing XML-like data structures.","Jolie, Claudio Guidi and Fabrizio Montesi, website, wikipedia, Italy","website: http://jolie-lang.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolie_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1061,NATURAL,"ADABAS, a contraction of “adaptable database system"", is a database package that was developed by Software AG to run on IBM mainframes. Launched in 1971 as a non-relational software package, earnings reports for the package's vendor were being followed by The New York Times in the early 1980s.As of 2017, ADABAS is marketed for use on a wider range of platforms, including Linux, UNIX and Windows.","NATURAL, , wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATURAL,beginner to advance
+1062,ColdFusion Components,,"ColdFusion Components, , reference, United States",reference: https://helpx.adobe.com/coldfusion/developing-applications/building-blocks-of-coldfusion-applications/building-and-using-coldfusion-components/cfc-variables-and-scope.html,beginner to advance
+1063,Blockly,"Blockly is a client-side JavaScript library for creating visual block programming languages and editors. It is a project of Google and is open-source under the Apache 2.0 License. It typically runs in a web browser, and visually resembles Scratch. Blockly is also being implemented for Android and iOS; not all web browser based features are available for Android/iOS. Blockly uses visual blocks that link together to make writing code easier, and can generate JavaScript, Python, PHP or Dart code. It can also be customised to generate code in any textual computer language.","Blockly, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockly,beginner to advance
+1064,InfiniBand,,"InfiniBand, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfiniBand,beginner to advance
+1065,Bun,,"Bun, Jarred Sumner, website, reference, Various","website: https://bun.sh/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=31993429",beginner to advance
+1066,VHDL-AMS,"VHDL-AMS is a derivative of the hardware description language VHDL (IEEE standard 1076-1993). It includes analog and mixed-signal extensions (AMS) in order to define the behavior of analog and mixed-signal systems (IEEE 1076.1-1999). The VHDL-AMS standard was created with the intent of enabling designers of analog and mixed signal systems and integrated circuits to create and use modules that encapsulate high-level behavioral descriptions as well as structural descriptions of systems and components.VHDL-AMS is an industry standard modeling language for mixed signal circuits. It provides both continuous-time and event-driven modeling semantics, and so is suitable for analog, digital, and mixed analog/digital circuits. It is particularly well suited for verification of very complex analog, mixed-signal and radio frequency integrated circuits.",,"reference: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8267464, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHDL-AMS",beginner to advance
+1067,Fable,,"Fable, , website, Various",website: https://fable.io/,beginner to advance
+1068,Txt2tags,"txt2tags is a document generator software that uses a lightweight markup language. txt2tags is free software under GNU General Public License. Written in Python, it can export documents to several formats including: HTML, XHTML, SGML, LaTeX, Lout, roff, MediaWiki, Google Code Wiki, DokuWiki, MoinMoin, MagicPoint, PageMaker and plain text.",,"website: http://txt2tags.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txt2tags",beginner to advance
+1069,Blade,,"Blade, , website, United States",website: https://laravel.com/docs/5.7/blade,beginner to advance
+1071,pasukon,,"pasukon, Federico Ramirez, website, reference, Argentina","website: https://pasukon.rocks, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=24347956",beginner to advance
+1072,Extensible Embeddable Language,"The Extensible Embeddable Language (EEL) is a scripting and programming language in development by David Olofson. EEL is intended for scripting in realtime systems with cycle rates in the kHz range, such as musical synthesizers and industrial control systems, but also aspires to be usable as a platform independent general purpose programming language.","Extensible Embeddable Language, David Olofson, wikipedia, Sweden",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Embeddable_Language,beginner to advance
+1073,Operational Control Language,"Operational Control Language (OCL) is the control language of the IBM System/34 and System/36 minicomputer family. Other control languages include CL (System/38 and AS/400), JCL (System/370), and REXX (AS/400). The facility of DOS to use batch files is also control language.","Operational Control Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Control_Language,beginner to advance
+1075,MATH-MATIC,"MATH-MATIC is the marketing name for the AT-3 (Algebraic Translator 3) compiler, an early programming language for the UNIVAC I and UNIVAC II. MATH-MATIC was written beginning around 1955 by a team led by Charles Katz under the direction of Grace Hopper. A preliminary manual was produced in 1957 and a final manual the following year. Syntactically, MATH-MATIC was similar to Univac's contemporaneous business-oriented language, FLOW-MATIC, differing in providing algebraic-style expressions and floating-point arithmetic, and arrays rather than record structures.","MATH-MATIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATH-MATIC,beginner to advance
+1076,Autodesk Revit,"Autodesk Revit is building information modelling software for architects, landscape architects, structural engineers, MEP engineers, designers and contractors. The original software was developed by Charles River Software, founded in 1997, renamed Revit Technology Corporation in 2000, and acquired by Autodesk in 2002. The software allows users to design a building and structure and its components in 3D, annotate the model with 2D drafting elements, and access building information from the building model's database. Revit is 4D BIM capable with tools to plan and track various stages in the building's lifecycle, from concept to construction and later maintenance and/or demolition.","Autodesk Revit, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk_Revit,beginner to advance
+1077,TECO,"TECO (; originally an acronym for [paper] Tape editor and corrector, but later Text editor and corrector, then Text editor character oriented) is a text editor originally developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the 1960s, after which it was modified by many other people. TECO was a direct ancestor of Emacs, which was originally implemented in TECO macros.","TECO, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TECO_(text_editor),beginner to advance
+1078,Handel-C,"Handel-C is a high-level programming language which targets low-level hardware, most commonly used in the programming of FPGAs. It is a rich subset of C, with non-standard extensions to control hardware instantiation with an emphasis on parallelism.  Handel-C is to hardware design what the first high-level programming languages were to programming CPUs.  Unlike many other design languages that target a specific architecture Handel-C can be compiled to a number of design languages and then synthesised to the corresponding hardware.  This frees developers to concentrate on the programming task at hand rather than the idiosyncrasies of a specific design language and architecture.","Handel-C, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel-C,beginner to advance
+1079,Turbo Assembler,"Turbo Assembler (TASM)  is a computer assembler (software for program development) developed by Borland which runs on and produces code for 16- or 32-bit x86 DOS or Microsoft Windows. It can be used with Borland's high-level language compilers, such as Turbo Pascal, Turbo Basic, Turbo C and Turbo C++. The Turbo Assembler package is bundled with the Turbo Linker, and is interoperable with the Turbo Debugger. TASM can assemble Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM) source using its MASM mode and has an ideal mode with a few enhancements. Object-Oriented programming has been supported since version 3.0. The last version of Turbo Assembler is 5.4, with files dated 1996 and patches up to 2010; it is still supplied with Delphi and C++Builder. TASM itself is a 16-bit program; it will run on 16- and 32-bit versions of Windows, and produce code for the same versions. There are ways to run 16-bit programs such as TASM on 64-bit Windows (e.g., on a virtual machine), but it will not generate 64-bit Windows code. The Borland Turbo Assembler 5.0 package is supplied on three 3.5-inch diskettes and with three small books.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_Assembler,beginner to advance
+1080,dexvis,,"dexvis, Patrick Martin, website, reference, United States","website: http://dexvis.net/, reference: https://dexvis.wordpress.com/2012/11/19/261/",beginner to advance
+1081,M4Sugar,,"M4Sugar, , reference, United States",reference: http://www6.gnu.org/software/autoconf/manual/autoconf.pdf,beginner to advance
+1082,llhd,,"llhd, , website, reference, United Kingdom","website: http://llhd.io/, reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/envhl5/llhd_low_level_hardware_description/",beginner to advance
+1083,hurl,,"hurl, Orange S.A, website, reference, document, France","website: https://hurl.dev/, reference: https://hurl.dev/docs/running-tests.html, documentation: https://hurl.dev/docs/manual.html",beginner to advance
+1084,Opal,OPAL (OPtimized Applicative Language) is a functional programming language first developed at the Technical University of Berlin.,"Opal, , reference, wikipedia, Germany","reference: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F3-540-57840-4_34, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opal_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1085,EGL,"EGL (Enterprise Generation Language), originally developed by IBM and now available as the EDT (EGL Development Tools) Open Source project under the Eclipse Public License (EPL), is a programming technology designed to meet the challenges of modern, multi-platform application development by providing a common language and programming model across languages, frameworks, and runtime platforms. The language borrows concepts familiar to anyone using statically typed languages like Java, COBOL, C, etc. However, it borrows the concept of stereotype from Unified Modeling Language (UML) that is not typically found in statically typed programming languages. In a nutshell, EGL is a higher-level, universal application development language. EGL is similar in syntax to other common languages so it can be learned by application developers with similar previous programming background. EGL application development abstractions shield programmers from the technical interfaces of systems and middleware allowing them to focus on building business functionality. EGL applications and services are written, tested and debugged at the EGL source level, and once they are satisfactorily functionally tested they can be compiled into COBOL, Java, or JavaScript code to support deployment of business applications that can run in any of the following environments: Platforms with a Java virtual machine, such as Microsoft Windows, Linux, and UNIX, for example in the context of a Java EE servlet container (IBM WebSphere Application Server, Apache Tomcat, GlassFish) IBM System z: CICS Transaction Server, IMS, z/OS Batch, UNIX System Services, WebSphere Application Server, z/VSE, Linux IBM System i: IBM i5/OS, IBM WebSphere Application Server, Apache Tomcat, Integrated Web Application Server for i Web browsers supporting JavaScript, such as Internet Explorer, Firefox, and Safari, for Ajax rich web applications",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGL_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1087,FML,,"FML, Joe Groff, reference, United States",reference: https://gist.github.com/jckarter/2839239,beginner to advance
+1088,C2,,"C2, Bas van den Berg, website, The Netherlands",website: http://www.c2lang.org/,beginner to advance
+1089,VCF,"The Variant Call Format (VCF) specifies the format of a text file used in bioinformatics for storing gene sequence variations. The format has been developed with the advent of large-scale genotyping and DNA sequencing projects, such as the 1000 Genomes Project. Existing formats for genetic data such as General feature format (GFF) stored all of the genetic data, much of which is redundant because it will be shared across the genomes. By using the variant call format only the variations need to be stored along with a reference genome. The standard is currently in version 4.3, although the 1000 Genomes Project has developed its own specification for structural variations such as duplications, which are not easily accommodated into the existing schema. A set of tools is also available for editing and manipulating the files.",,"reference: https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/27/15/2156/402296, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variant_Call_Format",beginner to advance
+1090,Cypher Query Language,"Cypher is a declarative graph query language that allows for expressive and efficient querying and updating of a property graph. Cypher is a relatively simple but still very powerful language. Very complicated database queries can easily be expressed through Cypher. This allows users to focus on their domain instead of getting lost in database access.Cypher was largely an invention of Andrés Taylor while working for Neo4j, Inc.(formerly Neo Technology) in 2011. Cypher was originally intended to be used with the graph database Neo4j, but was opened up through the openCypher project in October 2015.","Cypher Query Language, , website, wikipedia, Various","website: https://neo4j.com/developer/cypher-query-language/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypher_Query_Language",beginner to advance
+1091,Lingo,"Lingo is a verbose object-oriented (OO) scripting language developed by John H. Thompson for use in Adobe Director (formerly Macromedia Director). Lingo is used to develop desktop application software, interactive kiosks, CD-ROMs and Adobe Shockwave content. Lingo is the primary programming language on the Adobe Shockwave platform, which dominated the interactive multimedia product market during the 1990s. Various graphic adventure games were developed with Lingo during the 1990s, including The Journeyman Project, Total Distortion, Mia's Language Adventure, Mia's Science Adventure, and the Didi & Ditto series. Hundreds of free online video games were developed using Lingo, and published on websites such as Miniclip and Shockwave.com. Lingo can be used to build user interfaces, to manipulate raster graphics, vector graphics and 3D computer graphics, and other data processing tasks. Lingo supports specialized syntax for image processing and 3D object manipulation. 3D meshes can also be created on the fly using Lingo.","Lingo, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingo_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1092,MXML,"MXML is an XML-based user interface markup language first introduced by Macromedia in March 2004. Application developers use MXML in combination with ActionScript to develop rich Internet applications, with products such as Apache Flex. Adobe Systems, which acquired Macromedia in December 2005, gives no official meaning for the acronym MXML. Some developers suggest it should stand for ""Magic eXtensible Markup Language"" (which is a backronym). It is likely that the name comes from the MX suffix given to Macromedia Studio products released in 2002 and 2004, or simply ""Macromedia eXtensible Markup Language"". MXML is used mainly to declaratively lay out the interface of applications and can also be used to implement business logic and internet application behaviors. It can contain chunks of ActionScript code, either when creating the body of an event handler function, or with data binding where the curly braces ({) syntax is used. MXML is often used with Flex Server, which dynamically compiles it into standard binary SWF files. However, the Adobe Flash Builder IDE (formerly Adobe Flex Builder) and free Flex SDK can also compile MXML into SWF files without the use of a Flex Server. There is also a PHP PEAR package called XML_MXML, which is a framework to build Adobe Flex applications. MXML is considered a proprietary standard due to its tight integration with Adobe technologies.  It is like XAML in this respect.  No published translators exist for converting an MXML document to another user interface language such as UIML, XUL, XForms, XAML, or SVG. However, there do exist third party vendor plugins for Flex Builder that are capable of generating a result other than a SWF file from Flex applications, for instance native mobile applications.","MXML, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MXML,beginner to advance
+1093,Hyperscript,,"Hyperscript, , website, United States",website: https://hyperscript.org/,beginner to advance
+1095,HL7,"Health Level Seven or HL7 refers to a set of international standards for transfer of clinical and administrative data between software applications used by various healthcare providers. These standards focus on the application layer, which is ""layer 7"" in the OSI model. The HL7 standards are produced by Health Level Seven International, an international standards organization, and are adopted by other standards issuing bodies such as American National Standards Institute and International Organization for Standardization. Hospitals and other healthcare provider organizations typically have many different computer systems used for everything from billing records to patient tracking.  All of these systems should communicate with each other (or ""interface"") when they receive new information, or when they wish to retrieve information, but not all do so. HL7 International specifies a number of flexible standards, guidelines, and methodologies by which various healthcare systems can communicate with each other. Such guidelines or data standards are a set of rules that allow information to be shared and processed in a uniform and consistent manner. These data standards are meant to allow healthcare organizations to easily share clinical information. Theoretically, this ability to exchange information should help to minimize the tendency for medical care to be geographically isolated and highly variable.HL7 International considers the following standards to be its primary standards – those standards that are most commonly used and implemented: Version 2.x Messaging Standard – an interoperability specification for health and medical transactions Version 3 Messaging Standard – an interoperability specification for health and medical transactions Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) – an exchange model for clinical documents, based on HL7 Version 3 Continuity of Care Document (CCD) – a US specification for the exchange of medical summaries, based on CDA. Structured Product Labeling (SPL) – the published information that accompanies a medicine, based on HL7 Version 3 Clinical Context Object Workgroup (CCOW) – an interoperability specification for the visual integration of user applicationsOther HL7 standards/methodologies include: Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) – a standard for the exchange of resources Arden Syntax – a grammar for representing medical conditions and recommendations as a Medical Logic Module (MLM) Claims Attachments – a Standard Healthcare Attachment to augment another healthcare transaction Functional Specification of Electronic Health Record (EHR) / Personal Health Record (PHR) systems – a standardized description of health and medical functions sought for or available in such software applications GELLO – a standard expression language used for clinical decision support","HL7, , website, reference, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.hl7.org/, reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Level_7, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Level_7",beginner to advance
+1096,Smiles,"The simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) is a specification in the form of a line notation for describing the structure of chemical species using short ASCII strings. SMILES strings can be imported by most molecule editors for conversion back into two-dimensional drawings or three-dimensional models of the molecules. The original SMILES specification was initiated in the 1980s. It has since been modified and extended. In 2007, an open standard called OpenSMILES was developed in the open-source chemistry community.  Other linear notations include the Wiswesser line notation (WLN), ROSDAL, and SYBYL Line Notation (SLN).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system,beginner to advance
+1097,ACL2,"ACL2 (A Computational Logic for Applicative Common Lisp) is a software system consisting of a programming language, an extensible theory in a first-order logic, and an automated theorem prover.  ACL2 is designed to support automated reasoning in inductive logical theories, mostly for the purpose of software and hardware verification.  The input language and implementation of ACL2 are built on Common Lisp.  ACL2 is free, open source (BSD license) software. The ACL2 programming language is an applicative (side-effect free) variant of Common Lisp.  ACL2 is untyped. All ACL2 functions are total — that is, every function maps each object in the ACL2 universe to another object in its universe. ACL2's base theory axiomatizes the semantics of its programming language and its built-in functions.  User definitions in the programming language that satisfy a definitional principle extend the theory in a way that maintains the theory's logical consistency. The core of ACL2's theorem prover is based on term rewriting, and this core is extensible in that user-discovered theorems can be used as ad-hoc proof techniques for subsequent conjectures. ACL2 is intended to be an ""industrial strength"" version of the Boyer–Moore theorem prover, NQTHM.  Toward this goal, ACL2 has many features to support clean engineering of interesting mathematical and computational theories.  ACL2 also derives efficiency from being built on Common Lisp; for example, the same specification that is the basis for inductive verification can be compiled and run natively. In 2005, the authors of the Boyer-Moore family of provers, which includes ACL2, received the ACM Software System Award ""for pioneering and engineering a most effective theorem prover (...) as a formal methods tool for verifying safety-critical hardware and software.""","ACL2, Robert S. Boyer and J Strother Moore, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACL2,beginner to advance
+1098,Object Rexx,"The Object REXX programming language is an object-oriented scripting language initially produced by IBM for OS/2. It is a follow-on to and a significant extension of the ""Classic Rexx"" language originally created for the CMS component of VM/SP and later ported to MVS, OS/2 and PC DOS. OS/2 version of IBM Object REXX is deeply integrated with SOM. On October 12, 2004, IBM released Object REXX as open source software, giving rise to Open Object Rexx (ooREXX), now available for various operating systems: Linux, Solaris, Windows. This implementation includes a WSH Scripting Engine for Rexx. The released sources however didn't include significant piece of the SOM support. Object REXX supports multiple inheritance via the use of mixin classes.","Object Rexx, Simon C. Nash, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.oorexx.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_REXX",beginner to advance
+1099,Locomotive BASIC,"Locomotive Basic is a proprietary dialect of the BASIC programming language written by Locomotive Software used only on the Amstrad CPC (where it was built-in on ROM). It was the main ancestor of Mallard BASIC, the interpreter for CP/M supplied with the Amstrad PCW.","Locomotive BASIC, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1100,Quaint,,"Quaint, Olivier Breuleux, website, Canada",website: http://breuleux.github.io/quaint/,beginner to advance
+1102,Open Database Connectivity,"In computing, Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) is a standard application programming interface (API) for accessing database management systems (DBMS). The designers of ODBC aimed to make it independent of database systems and operating systems. An application written using ODBC can be ported to other platforms, both on the client and server side, with few changes to the data access code. ODBC accomplishes DBMS independence by using an ODBC driver as a translation layer between the application and the DBMS. The application uses ODBC functions through an ODBC driver manager with which it is linked, and the driver passes the query to the DBMS. An ODBC driver can be thought of as analogous to a printer driver or other driver, providing a standard set of functions for the application to use, and implementing DBMS-specific functionality. An application that can use ODBC is referred to as ""ODBC-compliant"". Any ODBC-compliant application can access any DBMS for which a driver is installed.  Drivers exist for all major DBMSs, many other data sources like address book systems and Microsoft Excel, and even for text or comma-separated values (CSV) files. ODBC was originally developed by Microsoft and Simba Technologies during the early 1990s, and became the basis for the Call Level Interface (CLI) standardized by SQL Access Group in the Unix and mainframe field. ODBC retained several features that were removed as part of the CLI effort. Full ODBC was later ported back to those platforms, and became a de facto standard considerably better known than CLI. The CLI remains similar to ODBC, and applications can be ported from one platform to the other with few changes.","Open Database Connectivity, , wikipedia, United States and Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Database_Connectivity,beginner to advance
+1104,XBLite,"XBLite is a free Open Source BASIC programming language compiler and development system. It was started in 2001 by David Szafranski in order to provide a Windows exclusive version of the XBasic dialect. XBLite is released under the GNU GPL licensing scheme, Standard libraries are released under the GNU LGPL licensing scheme. The XBLite syntax is very similar to that of XBasic and somewhat similar to Microsoft's QuickBASIC in that it is a procedural language capable of subs and functions.  XBLite also has 64 bit integer data type, User Defined Types and the ability to have multiple modules in order to create GUI applications or games.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XBLite,beginner to advance
+1105,PEARL,"PEARL, or Process and experiment automation realtime language, is a computer programming language designed for multitasking and real-time programming. Being a high-level language, it is fairly cross-platform. Since 1977, the language has been going under several standardization steps by the Deutsches Institut für Normung. The current version is PEARL-90, which was standardized in 1998 as DIN 66253-2. PEARL is not to be confused with the similarly named Perl, an entirely unrelated programming language created by Larry Wall in 1987.","PEARL, , wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEARL_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1106,opam-pm,,"opam-pm, Fabrice Le Fessant, website, Various",website: https://opam.ocaml.org/,beginner to advance
+1107,SSI,"Server Side Includes (SSI) is a simple interpreted server-side scripting language used almost exclusively for the Web. Code is processed by web servers. The most frequent use of SSI is to include the contents of one or more files into a web page on a web server. For example, a web page containing a daily quotation could include the quotation by placing the following code into the file of the web page:  With one change of the quote.txt file, all pages that include the file will display the latest daily quotation. The inclusion is not limited to files, and may also be the text output from a program, or the value of a system variable such as the current time. Server Side Includes are useful for including a common piece of code throughout a site, such as a page header, a page footer and a navigation menu. Conditional navigation menus can be conditionally included using control directives. In order for a web server to recognize an SSI-enabled HTML file and therefore carry out these instructions, either the filename should end with a special extension, by default .shtml, .stm, .shtm, or, if the server is configured to allow this, set the execution bit of the file.As a simple programming language, SSI supports only one type: text. Its control flow is rather simple, choice is supported, but loops are not natively supported and can only be done by recursion using include or using HTTP redirect. The simple design of the language makes it easier to learn and use than most server-side scripting languages, while complicated server-side processing is often done with one of the more feature-rich programming languages. SSI is Turing complete.Apache, LiteSpeed, nginx, and IIS are the four major web servers that support this language. SSI has a simple syntax: <!--#directive parameter=value parameter=value -->. Directives are placed in HTML comments so that if SSI is not enabled, users will not see the SSI directives on the page, unless they look at its source. Note that the syntax does not allow spaces between the leading ""<"" and the directive.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Side_Includes,beginner to advance
+1108,WHOIS,"WHOIS (pronounced as the phrase ""who is"") is a query and response protocol that is widely used for querying databases that store the registered users or assignees of an Internet resource, such as a domain name, an IP address block or an autonomous system, but is also used for a wider range of other information. The protocol stores and delivers database content in a human-readable format. The WHOIS protocol is documented in RFC 3912.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS,beginner to advance
+1109,Lamdu,,"Lamdu, Eyal Lotem and Yair Chuchem, website, Israel",website: https://lamdu.org,beginner to advance
+1110,lamdu-editor,,"lamdu-editor, Eyal Lotem and Yair Chuchem, website, reference, Israel","website: https://lamdu.org, reference: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12sTu7RT-s_QlAupY1v-3DfI1Mm9NEX5YMWWTDAKHLfc/edit#gid=0",beginner to advance
+1111,Maya Embedded Language,"The Maya Embedded Language (MEL) is a scripting language used to simplify tasks in Autodesk's 3D Graphics Software Maya. Most tasks that can be achieved through Maya's GUI can be achieved with MEL, as well as certain tasks that are not available from the GUI. MEL offers a method of speeding up complicated or repetitive tasks, as well as allowing users to redistribute a specific set of commands to others that may find it useful.","Maya Embedded Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Embedded_Language,beginner to advance
+1112,Logos,,"Logos, , reference, United States",reference: https://github.com/DHowett/theos-logos-examples,beginner to advance
+1113,Carpet,,"Carpet, Giandomenico Spezzano and Domenico Talia, reference, Italy",reference: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=ec6ea12f096627857637678555a968f40a94a6d1,beginner to advance
+1114,Molfile,,"Molfile, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_table_file,beginner to advance
+1115,Google Apps Script,"Apps Script is a scripting language for light-weight application development in the G Suite platform. It is based on JavaScript 1.6 with some portions of 1.7 and 1.8 and provides subset of ECMAScript 5 API, however instead of running on the client, it gets executed in the Google Cloud. According to Google, Apps Script ""provides easy ways to automate tasks across Google products and third party services."" Apps Script is also the tool that powers the add-ons for Google Docs, Sheets and Slides.","Google Apps Script, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Apps_Script,beginner to advance
+1116,erg,,"erg, Shunsuke Shibayama, website, reference, China and Japan","website: http://erg-lang.github.io/, reference: https://reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/wo9u8j/erg_a_pythoncompatible_statically_typed_language/",beginner to advance
+1118,Kaggle,"Kaggle is an online community of data scientists and machine learners, owned by Google LLC. Kaggle allows users to find and publish data sets, explore and build models in a web-based data-science environment, work with other data scientists and machine learning engineers, and enter competitions to solve data science challenges. Kaggle got its start by offering machine learning competitions and now also offers a public data platform, a cloud-based workbench for data science, and short form AI education. On 8 March 2017, Google announced that they were acquiring Kaggle.","Kaggle, , website, wikipedia, Unknown","website: https://www.kaggle.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaggle",beginner to advance
+1119,Linotte,"Linotte is an interpreted 4th generation programming language. Linotte's syntax is in French. The language's goal is to allow French-speaking children and other francophones with little computer science experience to easily learn programming, with the slogan (in French) ""you know how to read a book, so you can write a computer program"".","Linotte, cpc6128, website, wikipedia, France","website: http://langagelinotte.free.fr/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linotte",beginner to advance
+1120,Rpm,"RPM Package Manager (RPM) (originally Red Hat Package Manager; now a recursive acronym) is a package management system. The name RPM refers to the following: the .rpm file format, files in the .rpm file format, software packaged in such files, and the package manager program itself. RPM was intended primarily for Linux distributions; the file format is the baseline package format of the Linux Standard Base. Even though it was created for use in Red Hat Linux, RPM is now used in many Linux distributions. It has also been ported to some other operating systems, such as Novell NetWare (as of version 6.5 SP3), IBM's AIX (as of version 4), CentOS, Fedora (operating system) created jointly between Red Hat and the Fedora community, and Oracle Linux. All versions or variants of the these Linux operating systems use the RPM Package Manager. An RPM package can contain an arbitrary set of files. The larger part of RPM files encountered are “binary RPMs” (or BRPMs) containing the compiled version of some software. There are also “source RPMs” (or SRPMs) files containing the source code used to produce a package. These have an appropriate tag in the file header that distinguishes them from normal (B)RPMs, causing them to be extracted to /usr/src on installation. SRPMs customarily carry the file extension “.src.rpm” (.spm on file systems limited to 3 extension characters, e.g. old DOS FAT).",,"website: http://www.rpm.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rpm_(software)",beginner to advance
+1121,I-expressions,,"I-expressions, Egil Möller, reference, Sweden",reference: https://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-49/srfi-49.html,beginner to advance
+1122,Speedcoding,"Speedcoding or Speedcode was the first high-level programming language created for an IBM computer. The language was developed by John Backus in 1953 for the IBM 701 to support computation with  floating point numbers. Here high level means symbolic and aiming for natural language expressivity as a goal as opposed to machine or hardware instruction oriented coding. The idea arose from the difficulty of programming the IBM SSEC machine when Backus was hired to calculate astronomical positions in early 1950. The speedcoding system was an interpreter and focused on ease of use at the expense of system resources. It provided pseudo-instructions for common mathematical functions: logarithms, exponentiation, and trigonometric operations. The resident software analyzed pseudo-instructions one by one and called the appropriate subroutine. Speedcoding was also the first implementation of decimal input/output operations. Although it substantially reduced the effort of writing many jobs, the running time of a program that was written with the help of Speedcoding was usually ten to twenty times that of machine code. The interpreter took 310 memory words, about 30% of the memory available on a 701.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedcoding,beginner to advance
+1124,ALGO,"ALGO is an algebraic programming language developed between 1959 and 1961 for the Bendix G-15 computer. ALGO was one of several programming languages inspired by the Preliminary Report on the Language written in Zürich in 1958. This report underwent several modifications before becoming the Revised Report on which most ALGOL implementations are based. As a result, ALGO and other early ""ALGOLs"" have a very different syntax from ALGOL 60. Other languages developed from the Zürich report include BENJAMIN, MAD (Michigan Algorithm Decoder) and NELIAC.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGO,beginner to advance
+1125,OpenNN,"OpenNN (Open Neural Networks Library) is a software library written in the C++ programming language which implements neural networks, a main area of deep learning research.",,"website: https://www.opennn.net/, documentation: https://www.opennn.net/documentation/opennn_start.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenNN",beginner to advance
+1126,SmallBASIC,SmallBASIC is a BASIC programming language dialect with interpreters released as  free software under the GNU General Public License version 2.,,"website: https://smallbasic.github.io, reference: https://sourceforge.net/projects/smallbasic/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmallBASIC",beginner to advance
+1127,bpkg-pm,,"bpkg-pm, Joseph Werle, website, Various",website: http://www.bpkg.sh/,beginner to advance
+1128,crush,,"crush, Axel Liljencrantz, reference, Sweden",reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=24079001,beginner to advance
+1130,Reko,,"Reko, John Källén, website, Sweden",website: https://uxmal.github.io/reko,beginner to advance
+1131,Query by Example,"Query by Example (QBE) is a database query language for relational databases. It was devised by Moshé M. Zloof at IBM Research during the mid-1970s, in parallel to the development of SQL. It is the first graphical query language, using visual tables where the user would enter commands, example elements and conditions. Many graphical front-ends for databases use the ideas from QBE today. Originally limited only for the purpose of retrieving data, QBE was later extended to allow other operations, such as inserts, deletes and updates, as well as creation of temporary tables. The motivation behind QBE is that a parser can convert the user's actions into statements expressed in a database manipulation language, such as SQL.  Behind the scenes, it is this statement that is actually executed. A suitably comprehensive front-end can minimize the burden on the user to remember the finer details of SQL, and it is easier and more productive for end-users (and even programmers) to select tables and columns by selecting them rather than typing in their names, In the context of information retrieval, QBE has a somewhat different meaning. The user can submit a document, or several documents, and ask for ""similar"" documents to be retrieved from a document database [see search by multiple examples]. Similarity search is based comparing document vectors (see Vector Space Model). QBE is a seminal work in end-user development, frequently cited in research papers as an early example of this topic. Currently, QBE is supported in several relational database front ends, notably Microsoft Access, which implements ""Visual Query by Example"", as well as Microsoft SQL Server Enterprise Manager. It is also implemented in several object-oriented databases (e.g. in db4o). QBE is based on the logical formalism called tableau query, although QBE adds some extensions to that, much like SQL is based on the relational algebra.","Query by Example, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f320e453ae65ddf0a3789f4383fa164481c7a8b3, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_by_Example",beginner to advance
+1132,network embedded systems C,"nesC (pronounced ""NES-see"") is a component-based, event-driven programming language used to build applications for the TinyOS platform. TinyOS is an operating environment designed to run on embedded devices used in distributed wireless sensor networks. nesC is built as an extension to the C programming language with components ""wired"" together to run applications on TinyOS. The name nesC is an abbreviation of ""network embedded systems C"".","network embedded systems C, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NesC,beginner to advance
+1135,comby,,"comby, Rijnard van Tonder, website, United States",website: https://comby.dev/,beginner to advance
+1136,XC,"In computers, XC is a programming language for real-time embedded parallel processors, targeted at the XMOS XCore processor architecture.XC is an imperative language, based on the features for parallelism and communication in occam, and the syntax and sequential features of C. It provides primitive features that correspond to the various architectural resources provided, namely: channel ends, locks, ports and timers. In combination with XCore processors, XC is used to build embedded systems with levels of I/O, real-time performance and computational ability usually attributed to field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) devices.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XC_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1139,BlooP,"BlooP and FlooP are simple programming languages designed by Douglas Hofstadter to illustrate a point in his book Gödel, Escher, Bach. BlooP is a non-Turing-complete programming language whose main control flow structure is a bounded loop (i.e. recursion is not permitted). All programs in the language must terminate, and this language can only express primitive recursive functions. FlooP is identical to BlooP except that it supports unbounded loops; it is a Turing-complete language and can express all computable functions. For example, it can express the Ackermann function, which (not being primitive recursive) cannot be written in BlooP. Borrowing from standard terminology in mathematical logic, Hofstadter calls FlooP's unbounded loops MU-loops. Like all Turing-complete programming languages, FlooP suffers from the halting problem: programs might not terminate, and it is not possible, in general, to decide which programs do. BlooP and FlooP can be regarded as models of computation, and have sometimes been used in teaching computability.","BlooP, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlooP_and_FlooP,beginner to advance
+1140,Violent ES,,"Violent ES, Matheus Dias de Souza, website, Unknown",website: https://github.com/violent-es/violent-es,beginner to advance
+1141,YAWL,"YAWL (Yet Another Workflow Language) is a workflow language based on workflow patterns. The language is supported by a software system that includes an execution engine, a graphical editor and a worklist handler. The system is available as Open source software under the LGPL license. Production-level uses of the YAWL system include a deployment by first:utility and first:telecom in the UK to automate front-end service processes, and by the Australian film television and radio school to coordinate film shooting processes. The YAWL system has also been used for teaching in more than 20 universities.",,"website: http://www.yawlfoundation.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAWL",beginner to advance
+1143,Newick format,"In mathematics, Newick tree format (or Newick notation or New Hampshire tree format) is a way of representing graph-theoretical trees with edge lengths using parentheses and commas.  It was adopted by James Archie, William H. E. Day, Joseph Felsenstein, Wayne Maddison, Christopher Meacham, F. James Rohlf, and David Swofford, at two meetings in 1986, the second of which was at Newick's restaurant in Dover, New Hampshire, US. The adopted format is a generalization of the format developed by Meacham in 1984 for the first tree-drawing programs in Felsenstein's PHYLIP package.","Newick format, , wikipedia, United States and Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newick_format,beginner to advance
+1144,IBM 1620,"The IBM 1620 was announced by IBM on October 21, 1959, and marketed as an inexpensive ""scientific computer"". After a total production of about two thousand machines, it was withdrawn on November 19, 1970. Modified versions of the 1620 were used as the CPU of the IBM 1710 and IBM 1720 Industrial Process Control Systems (making it the first digital computer considered reliable enough for real-time process control of factory equipment). Being variable word length decimal, as opposed to fixed-word-length pure binary, made it an especially attractive first computer to learn on –  and hundreds of thousands of students had their first experiences with a computer on the IBM 1620. Core memory cycle times were 20 microseconds for the (earlier) Model I, 10 microseconds for the Model II (about a thousand times slower than typical computer main memory in 2006). The Model II was introduced in 1962.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_1620,beginner to advance
+1145,leo-editor,,"leo-editor, vivainio2, website, United States and Canada",website: https://leoeditor.com,beginner to advance
+1146,Genshi,"Genshi is a template engine for XML-based vocabularies written in  Python.  Genshi is used to easily insert generated output into XML-based languages, usually HTML, and reuse elements between documents.  Genshi's syntax is based on Kid, but its architecture is different. Genshi aims to implement some of its functionality while processing templates faster, by dynamically processing templates using a stream based API, instead of compiling templates to Python code.Genshi can be used with several Python web frameworks, such as CherryPy, TurboGears, Pylons and web2py. Genshi has replaced Kid in the TurboGears 2.x web framework.","Genshi, , wikipedia, Sweden and Japan and United States and France and Germany and Switzerland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genshi_(templating_language),beginner to advance
+1147,Xgboost,"XGBoost is an open-source software library which provides a gradient boosting framework for C++, Java, Python,R, and Julia. It works on Linux, Windows, and macOS. From the project description, it aims to provide a ""Scalable, Portable and Distributed Gradient Boosting (GBM, GBRT, GBDT) Library"". Other than running on a single machine, it also supports the distributed processing frameworks Apache Hadoop, Apache Spark, and Apache Flink. It has gained much popularity and attention recently as it was the algorithm of choice for many winning teams of a number of machine learning competitions.",,"reference: https://rdrr.io/cran/xgboost/man/xgb.dump.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xgboost",beginner to advance
+1148,PDP-11,"The PDP-11 is a series of 16-bit minicomputers sold by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) from 1970 into the 1990s, one of a succession of products in the PDP series. In total, around 600,000 PDP-11s of all models were sold, making it one of DEC's most successful product lines. The PDP-11 is considered by some experts to be the most popular minicomputer ever. The PDP-11 included a number of innovative features in its instruction set and additional general-purpose registers that made it much easier to program than earlier models in the series. Additionally, the innovative Unibus system allowed external devices to be easily interfaced to the system using direct memory access, opening the system to a wide variety of peripherals.  The PDP-11 replaced the PDP-8 in many real-time applications, although both product lines lived in parallel for more than 10 years.  The ease of programming of the PDP-11 made it very popular for general purpose computing uses as well. The design of the PDP-11 inspired the design of late-1970s microprocessors including the Intel x86 and the Motorola 68000. Design features of PDP-11 operating systems, as well as other operating systems from Digital Equipment, influenced the design of other operating systems such as CP/M and hence also MS-DOS. The first officially named version of Unix ran on the PDP-11/20 in 1970. It is commonly stated that the C programming language took advantage of several low-level PDP-11–dependent programming features, albeit not originally by design.An effort to expand the PDP-11 from 16 to 32-bit addressing led to the VAX-11 design, which took part of its name from the PDP-11.","PDP-11, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11,beginner to advance
+1149,ELLA,ELLA is a Hardware description language and support toolset. Developed by the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment during the 1980s and 1990s. Includes tools to perform:  design transformation symbolic simulations formal verificationELLA is a winner of the 1989 Queen's Award for Technological Achievement.,"ELLA, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELLA_%28programming_language%29,beginner to advance
+1150,Guix Workflow Language,,"Guix Workflow Language, , website, United States",website: https://www.guixwl.org/,beginner to advance
+1152,haste,,"haste, Anton Ekblad, website, Sweden",website: http://haste-lang.org,beginner to advance
+1153,Ternary numeral system,"The ternary numeral system (also called base 3) has three as its base. Analogous to a bit, a ternary digit is a trit (trinary digit). One trit is equivalent to log2 3 (about 1.58496) bits of information. Although ternary most often refers to a system in which the three digits are all non–negative numbers, specifically 0, 1, and 2, the adjective also lends its name to the balanced ternary system, comprising the digits −1, 0 and +1, used in comparison logic and ternary computers.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_numeral_system,beginner to advance
+1155,EEX,,"EEX, , website, reference, Various","website: https://hexdocs.pm/eex/EEx.html, reference: https://github.com/elixir-lang/elixir/commits/master/lib/eex/lib/eex.ex",beginner to advance
+1156,JSX,,"JSX, , website, reference, United States","website: http://reactjs.org, reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/React_(JavaScript_library)#JSX",beginner to advance
+1157,MACRO-10,"MACRO-10 is an assembly language with extensive macro facilities for DEC's PDP-10-based Mainframe computer systems, the DECsystem-10 and the DECSYSTEM-20. MACRO-10 is implemented as a two-pass assembler.","MACRO-10, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MACRO-10,beginner to advance
+1159,Flow9,,"Flow9, Dmitry Solomennikov, website, reference, Unknown","website: https://flow9.org/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19769410",beginner to advance
+1160,femtolisp,,"femtolisp, Jeff Bezanson, reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)#Implementation,beginner to advance
+1161,Glicol,,"Glicol, Qichao Lan, website, Norway",website: https://glicol.org,beginner to advance
+1163,KRL,"KRL is a knowledge representation language, developed by Daniel G. Bobrow and Terry Winograd while at Xerox PARC and Stanford University, respectively. It is a frame-based language.   KRL was an attempt to produce a language which was nice to read and write for the engineers who had to write programs in it, processed like human memory, so you could have realistic AI programs, had an underlying semantics which was firmly grounded like logic languages, all in one, all in one language. And I think it - again, in hindsight - it just bogged down under the weight of trying to satisfy all those things at once.","KRL, Daniel G. Bobrow and Terry Winograd, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRL_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1164,Q#,,"Q#, , website, United States",website: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/quantum/quantum-qr-intro?view=qsharp-preview,beginner to advance
+1166,Sweave,"Sweave is a function in the statistical programming language R that enables integration of R code into LaTeX or LyX documents. The purpose is ""to create dynamic reports, which can be updated automatically if data or analysis change"".The data analysis is performed at the moment of writing the report, or more exactly, at the moment of compiling the Sweave code with Sweave (i.e., essentially with R) and subsequently with LaTeX. This can facilitate the creation of up-to-date reports for the author. Because the Sweave files together with any external R files that might be sourced from them and the data files contain all the information necessary to trace back all steps of the data analyses, Sweave also has the potential to make research more transparent and reproducible to others. However, this is only the case to the extent that the author makes the data and the R and Sweave code available. If the author only publishes the resulting PDF document or printed versions thereof, a report created using Sweave is no more transparent or reproducible than the same report created with other statistical and text preparation software.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweave,beginner to advance
+1167,Newspeak,"Newspeak is a programming language and platform in the tradition of Smalltalk and Self being developed by a team led by Gilad Bracha. The platform includes an IDE, a GUI library, and standard libraries. Starting in 2006, Cadence Design Systems funded its development and employed the main contributors, but ceased funding in January 2009. Newspeak is a class based language. Classes may be nested, as in BETA. This is one of the key differences between Newspeak and Smalltalk. All names in Newspeak are late-bound, and are interpreted as message sends, as in Self. Newspeak is distinguished by its unusual approach to modularity. The language has no global namespace. Top level classes act as module declarations. Module declarations are first class values (i.e., they may be stored in variables, passed as parameters, returned from methods, etc.) and are stateless.","Newspeak, Gilad Bracha, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://newspeaklanguage.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspeak_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1168,NS Basic,"NS Basic is a family of development tools for the mobile devices developed and commercially marketed by NS  BASIC Corporation in Toronto, Ontario, Canada for iOS, Android, BlackBerry OS, WebOS, Newton OS, Palm OS, Windows CE, Windows Mobile and Microsoft Windows.","NS Basic, , wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS_Basic,beginner to advance
+1169,astroml,,"astroml, Jacob Vanderplas, website, United States",website: http://www.astroml.org/,beginner to advance
+1170,kona,,"kona, , reference, United States",reference: http://www.hakank.org/k/,beginner to advance
+1171,Lux,,"Lux, Eduardo Julián, website, Dominican Republic",website: https://luxlang.github.io/lux/,beginner to advance
+1172,GNU nano,"GNU nano is a text editor for Unix-like computing systems or operating environments using a command line interface. It emulates the  Pico text editor, part of the Pine email client, and also provides additional functionality. Unlike Pico, nano is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Released as free software by Chris Allegretta in 1999, nano became part of the GNU Project in 2001.","GNU nano, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.nano-editor.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_nano",beginner to advance
+1173,3DS,"3DS is one of the file formats used by the Autodesk 3ds Max 3D modeling, animation and rendering software. It was the native file format of the old Autodesk 3D Studio DOS (releases 1 to 4), which was popular until its successor (3D Studio MAX 1.0) replaced it in April 1996. Having been around since 1990 (when the first version of 3D Studio DOS was launched), it has grown to become a de facto industry standard for transferring models between 3D programs, or for storing models for 3D resource catalogs (along with OBJ, which is more frequently used as a model archiving file format).While the 3DS format aims to provide an import/export format, retaining only essential geometry, texture and lighting data, the related MAX format (now superseded by the PRJ format) also contains extra information specific to Autodesk 3ds Max, to allow a scene to be completely saved/loaded.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.3ds,beginner to advance
+1174,CFEngine,"CFEngine is an open source configuration management system, written by Mark Burgess. Its primary function is to provide automated configuration and maintenance of large-scale computer systems, including the unified management of servers, desktops, consumer and industrial devices, embedded networked devices, mobile smartphones, and tablet computers.","CFEngine, , website, wikipedia, Norway","website: https://cfengine.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFEngine",beginner to advance
+1175,Plus,"Plus is a ""Pascal-like"" system implementation language from the University of British Columbia (UBC), Canada, based on the SUE system language developed at the University of Toronto, c. 1971.There is another programming language named PLUS, developed at Sperry Univac in Roseville, Minnesota, but the Univac PLUS is not the subject of this article.","Plus, , wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1176,exkited,,"exkited, Brandon Barber, website, United States",website: https://exkited.com,beginner to advance
+1177,Module Management System,,"Module Management System, , reference, Australia",reference: https://github.com/endlesssoftware/mmk,beginner to advance
+1179,lobster,,"lobster, Wouter van Oortmerssen, website, United States",website: http://strlen.com/lobster/,beginner to advance
+1180,XML Binding Language,"XBL (XML Binding Language) is an XML-based markup language used to declare the behavior and look of XUL-widgets and XML elements. Development of the XBL specification was abandoned by the W3C in 2012. XBL was developed by the Mozilla project for use in the Mozilla Application Suite; the language is not currently described by any formal standard and is thus proprietary to Mozilla, with the only implementation being the Gecko layout engine. XBL 2.0 is the latest version of XBL. XBL 1.0 was first developed at Netscape in 2000 and announced in 2001. In August 2015, Mozilla announced that the use of XBL for creating Firefox add-ons would be deprecated in the future in favour of WebExtensions. Pale Moon, a fork of Firefox, will continue to support XBL indefinitely.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XBL,beginner to advance
+1181,clash,,"clash, , website, The Netherlands",website: http://www.clash-lang.org,beginner to advance
+1182,Punycode,"Punycode is a representation of Unicode with the limited ASCII character subset used for Internet hostnames. Using Punycode, host names containing Unicode characters are transcoded to a subset of ASCII consisting of letters, digits, and hyphens, which is called the Letter-Digit-Hyphen (LDH) subset.  For example, München (German name for Munich) is encoded as Mnchen-3ya. While the Domain Name System (DNS) technically supports arbitrary sequences of octets in domain name labels, the DNS standards recommend the use of the LDH subset of ASCII conventionally used for host names, and require that string comparisons between DNS domain names should be case-insensitive. The Punycode syntax is a method of encoding strings containing Unicode characters, such as  internationalized domain names (IDNA), into the LDH subset of ASCII favored by DNS. It is specified in IETF Request for Comments 3492.","Punycode, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3492, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punycode",beginner to advance
+1183,1C Enterprise Script,,"1C Enterprise Script, , reference, Russia",reference: https://1c-dn.com/library/tutorials/practical_developer_guide_for_1c_enterprise_8_3/,beginner to advance
+1185,dslx,,"dslx, , reference, United States",reference: https://google.github.io/xls/dslx_reference/,beginner to advance
+1186,PLZ,,"PLZ, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a6f73d43d666ff8763b9cc97ce408243c9b95038,beginner to advance
+1187,General Purpose Simulation System,"General Purpose Simulation System (GPSS) is a discrete time simulation general-purpose programming language, where a simulation clock advances in discrete steps. A system is modelled as transactions enter the system and are passed from one service (represented by blocks) to another. It is used primarily as a process flow oriented simulation language; this is particularly well-suited for problems such as a factory.","General Purpose Simulation System, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPSS,beginner to advance
+1188,CLISP,"In computing, CLISP is an implementation of the programming language Common Lisp originally developed by Bruno Haible and Michael Stoll for the Atari ST. Today it supports the Unix and Microsoft Windows  operating systems. CLISP includes an interpreter, a bytecode compiler, debugger, socket interface, high-level foreign language interface, strong internationalization support, and two object systems: Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) and metaobject protocol (MOP). It is written in C and Common Lisp. It is now part of the GNU Project and is free software, available under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).","CLISP, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4fa23aa15e2d62ee9f3a4091d8b05b1fe4dcd1ac, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLISP",beginner to advance
+1189,Earl Grey,,"Earl Grey, Olivier Breuleux, website, Canada",website: https://web.archive.org/web/20200813015200/http://www.earl-grey.io/,beginner to advance
+1190,Rc,"rc (for ""run commands"") is the command line interpreter for Version 10 Unix and Plan 9 from Bell Labs operating systems. It resembles the Bourne shell, but its syntax is somewhat simpler. It was created by Tom Duff, who is better known for an unusual C programming language construct (""Duff's device""). A port of the original rc to Unix is part of Plan 9 from User Space.  A rewrite of rc for Unix-like operating systems by Byron Rakitzis is also available but includes some incompatible changes. Rc uses C-like control structures instead of ALGOL-like, as the original Bourne shell, except that it uses an if not construct instead of else and has a Bourne-like for loop to iterate over lists. In rc all variables are lists of strings, which eliminates the need for constructs like ""$@"".","Rc, Tom Duff, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rc,beginner to advance
+1191,F,"F is a modular, compiled, numeric programming language, designed for scientific programming and scientific computation. F was developed as a modern Fortran, thus making it a subset of Fortran 95. It combines both numerical and data abstraction features from these languages. F is also backwards compatible with Fortran 77, allowing calls to Fortran 77 programs. F was first included in the g95 compiler.","F, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1192,rason,,"rason, , website, United States",website: https://www.rason.com/,beginner to advance
+1193,Berry,,"Berry, 官文亮, website, China",website: https://github.com/berry-lang/berry,beginner to advance
+1194,Ć,,"Ć, Piotr Fusik, website, Unknown",website: https://github.com/pfusik/cito,beginner to advance
+1195,Xbasic,"XBasic is a variant of the BASIC programming language that was developed in the late 1980s for the Motorola 88000 CPU and Unix by Max Reason. In the early 1990s it was ported to Windows and Linux, and since 1999 it has been available as open source software with its runtime library under the LGPL license. It should not be confused with TI Extended BASIC, which is sometimes called XBasic or X Basic. Xbasic should also not be confused with the Xbasic language used in Alpha Software's Alpha Anywhere and Alpha Five products. Alpha Software has developed Xbasic as a proprietary language for its products. Alpha Software's Xbasic is not connected in any way at all to the version of Xbasic described in this article. Max Reason discontinued his support, and development since has been overseen by Eddie Penninkhof. Version 6.2.3 was the last official release, released on 27 October 2002.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbasic,beginner to advance
+1196,Mesa,"Mesa is a programming language developed in the late 1970s at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in Palo Alto, California, United States. The language name was a pun based upon the programming language catchphrases of the time, because Mesa is a ""high level"" programming language. Mesa is an ALGOL-like language with strong support for modular programming. Every library module has at least two source files: a definitions file specifying the library's interface plus one or more program files specifying the implementation of the procedures in the interface. To use a library, a program or higher-level library must ""import"" the definitions. The Mesa compiler type-checks all uses of imported entities; this combination of separate compilation with type-checking was unusual at the time.Mesa introduced several other innovations in language design and implementation, notably in the handling of software exceptions, thread synchronization, and incremental compilation. Mesa was developed on the Xerox Alto, one of the first personal computers with a graphical user interface, however most of the Alto's system software was written in BCPL. Mesa was the system programming language of the later Xerox Star workstations, and for the GlobalView desktop environment.  Xerox PARC later developed Cedar, which was a superset of Mesa. Mesa and Cedar had a major influence on the design of other important languages, such as Modula-2 and Java, and was an important vehicle for the development and dissemination of the fundamentals of GUIs, networked environments, and the other advances Xerox contributed to the field of computer science.","Mesa, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1197,DNS over HTTPS,"DNS over HTTPS (DoH) is a protocol for performing remote Domain Name System (DNS) resolution via the HTTPS protocol. A goal of the method is to increase user privacy and security by preventing eavesdropping and manipulation of DNS data by man-in-the-middle attacks by using the HTTPS protocol to encrypt the data between the DoH client and the DoH-based DNS resolver.  Encryption by itself does not protect privacy, encryption is simply a method to obfuscate the data.  By March of 2018,  Google and the Mozilla Foundation had started testing versions of DNS over HTTPS. In February 2020, Mozilla launched a version of Firefox that encrypts domain names by default for US-based users.In addition to improving security, another goal of DNS over HTTPS is to improve performance: testing of ISP DNS resolvers has shown that many often have slow response times, a problem that is exacerbated by the need to potentially have to resolve many hostnames when loading a single web page.","DNS over HTTPS, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_over_HTTPS,beginner to advance
+1198,TAP,"The Test Anything Protocol (TAP) is a protocol to allow communication between unit tests and a test harness. It allows individual tests (TAP producers) to communicate test results to the testing harness in a language-agnostic way. Originally developed for unit testing of the Perl interpreter in 1987, producers and parsers are now available for many development platforms.",,"website: https://testanything.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_Anything_Protocol",beginner to advance
+1199,Sinclair BASIC,Sinclair BASIC is a dialect of the programming language BASIC used in the 8-bit home computers from Sinclair Research and Timex Sinclair. The Sinclair BASIC interpreter was made by Nine Tiles Networks Ltd.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1200,PLANNER,"Planner (often seen in publications as ""PLANNER"" although it is not an acronym) is a programming language designed by Carl Hewitt at MIT, and first published in 1969. First, subsets such as Micro-Planner and Pico-Planner were implemented, and then essentially the whole language was implemented as Popler by Julian Davies at the University of Edinburgh in the POP-2 programming language. Derivations such as QA4, Conniver, QLISP and Ether (see Scientific Community Metaphor) were important tools in Artificial Intelligence research in the 1970s, which influenced commercial developments such as KEE and ART.","PLANNER, Carl Hewitt, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planner_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1201,HP BASIC for OpenVMS,"HP BASIC for OpenVMS is the latest name for a dialect of the BASIC programming language created by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and now owned by Hewlett-Packard Enterprise (HPE).  It was originally developed in the 1970s for the RSTS-11 operating system on the PDP-11 minicomputer.  It was later ported to OpenVMS, first on VAX, then Alpha, and most recently Integrity. Past names for the product include: BASIC-PLUS, Basic Plus 2 (BP2 or BASIC-Plus-2), VAX BASIC, DEC BASIC, and Compaq BASIC for OpenVMS.  Multiple variations of the titles noting the hardware platform (VAX, AlphaServer, etc.) also exist.","HP BASIC for OpenVMS, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_BASIC_for_OpenVMS,beginner to advance
+1202,SuperBASIC,"SuperBASIC is an advanced variant of the BASIC programming language with many structured programming additions. It was developed at Sinclair Research by Jan Jones during the early 1980s. Originally SuperBASIC was intended for a home computer, code-named SuperSpectrum, then under development. This project was later cancelled; however, SuperBASIC was subsequently included in the ROM firmware of the Sinclair QL microcomputer (announced in January 1984), also serving as the command line interpreter for the QL's Qdos operating system. It is notable for being the first second-generation BASIC to be integrated into a microcomputer's operating system, so making the latter user-extendable—as exemplified by Linus Torvalds in his formative years.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperBASIC,beginner to advance
+1203,Asterisk,"Asterisk is a software implementation of a telephone private branch exchange (PBX); it allows attached telephones to make calls to one another, and to connect to other telephone services, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services. Its name comes from the asterisk symbol ""*"". Asterisk is released with a dual license model, using the GNU General Public License (GPL) as a free software license and a proprietary software license to permit licensees to distribute proprietary, unpublished system components. Asterisk was created in 1999 by Mark Spencer of Digium. Originally designed for Linux, Asterisk runs on a variety of operating systems, including NetBSD, OpenBSD, FreeBSD, macOS, and Solaris, and can be installed in embedded systems based on OpenWrt and on flash drives.","Asterisk, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/display/AST/Dialplan, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterisk_(PBX)",beginner to advance
+1204,MurmurHash,"MurmurHash is a non-cryptographic hash function suitable for general hash-based lookup.  It was created by Austin Appleby in 2008 and is currently hosted on GitHub along with its test suite named 'SMHasher'. It also exists in a number of variants, all of which have been released into the public domain. The name comes from two basic operations, multiply (MU) and rotate (R), used in its inner loop. Unlike cryptographic hash functions, it is not specifically designed to be difficult to reverse by an adversary, making it unsuitable for cryptographic purposes.","MurmurHash, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MurmurHash,beginner to advance
+1205,Differential Datalog,,"Differential Datalog, Leonid Ryzhyk, reference, document, United States","reference: https://twitter.com/vmwopensource, documentation: https://github.com/vmware/differential-datalog/blob/master/doc/tutorial/tutorial.md",beginner to advance
+1206,XPages,"XPages is an IBM extension of Java Server Faces with a server side JavaScript runtime and the built-in NoSQL database IBM Domino. It allows data from IBM Notes and Relational Databases to be displayed to browser clients on all platforms. The programming model is based on web development languages and standards including JavaScript, Ajax, Java, the Dojo Toolkit, Server-side JavaScript and JavaServer Faces. XPages uses IBM Domino, IBM's rapid application development platform, including functionality such as the document-oriented database.",,"website: http://xpages.info/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPages",beginner to advance
+1207,Gentoo Ebuild,"An ebuild is a specialized bash script which automates compilation and installation procedures for software packages. The format was created by the Gentoo Linux project for use in its Portage software management system. Each version of an application or package in the Portage repository has a specific ebuild script written for it. The script is used by the emerge tool, also created by the Gentoo Linux project, to calculate any dependencies of the desired software installation, download the required files (and patch them, if necessary), configure the package (based on ""USE flag"" settings), compile, and perform a sandboxed installation (in /var/tmp/portage/[ebuild name]/image/ by default). Upon successful completion of these steps, the installed files are merged into the live system, outside the sandbox. Although most ebuilds found in the Gentoo Portage repository are used to compile programs from source code, there are also ebuilds to install binary packages, ebuilds that install only documentation or data such as fonts, and basic ebuilds called ""metabuilds"" whose sole purpose is to trigger the installation of other ebuilds (such as the GNOME or KDE metabuilds).","Gentoo Ebuild, , website, reference, wikipedia, United States","website: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Ebuild, reference: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Basic_guide_to_write_Gentoo_Ebuilds, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebuild",beginner to advance
+1208,MIRC scripting language,"The mIRC scripting language, often unofficially abbreviated to ""mSL"", is the scripting language embedded in mIRC, an IRC client for Windows.","MIRC scripting language, Khaled Mardam-Bey, website, wikipedia, Great Britain","website: http://mirc.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIRC_scripting_language",beginner to advance
+1209,HXML,,"HXML, , reference, Unknown",reference: https://haxe.org/manual/compiler-usage-hxml.html,beginner to advance
+1210,gentee,,"gentee, Alexey Krivonogov, website, Russia",website: http://gentee.org/,beginner to advance
+1211,PROMAL,"PROMAL (PROgrammer's Microapplication Language) is a structured programming language from Systems Management Associates for MS-DOS, Commodore 64, and Apple II. PROMAL features simple syntax, no line numbers, long variable names, functions and procedures with argument passing, real number type, arrays, strings, pointer, and a built-in I/O library. Like ABC and Python, indentation is part of the language syntax. The language uses a single-pass compiler to generate byte code that is interpreted when the program is run. Since the memory is very limited on these early home computers, the compiler can compile to/from disk and memory. The software package for C64 includes a full-screen editor and command shell. See also [Computer Language, Mar 1986, pp. 128–134].","PROMAL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROMAL,beginner to advance
+1212,Executable JSON,,"Executable JSON, Todd Davies, website, United Kingdom",website: https://gist.github.com/Todd-Davies/7666505#file-executable-json,beginner to advance
+1213,relax,,"relax, Makoto Murata, website, Japan",website: http://www.xml.gr.jp/relax/,beginner to advance
+1215,Stackless Python,"Stackless Python, or Stackless, is a Python programming language interpreter, so named because it avoids depending on the C call stack for its own stack. In practice, Stackless Python uses the C stack, but the stack is cleared between function calls . The most prominent feature of Stackless is microthreads, which avoid much of the overhead associated with usual operating system threads. In addition to Python features, Stackless also adds support for coroutines, communication channels and task serialization.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stackless_Python,beginner to advance
+1216,kasaya,,"kasaya, , reference, Sri Lanka",reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=22374991,beginner to advance
+1217,MASM,,"MASM, Thomas Jaeger, website, reference, United States","website: http://www.visualmasm.com, reference: http://www.visualmasm.com/",beginner to advance
+1218,miniML_error,,"miniML_error, , website, reference, Slovenia","website: http://plzoo.andrej.com/language/miniml_error.html, reference: https://github.com/andrejbauer/plzoo",beginner to advance
+1219,harlan,,"harlan, , reference, United States",reference: https://developers.slashdot.org/story/13/07/05/0136229/harlan-a-language-that-simplifies-gpu-programming,beginner to advance
+1221,FOCUS,"FOCUS is a fourth-generation programming language (4GL) computer programming language and development environment that is used to build database queries. Produced by Information Builders Inc., it was originally developed for data handling and analysis on the IBM mainframe. Subsequently versions for minicomputers and such as the VAX and other platforms were implemented. FOCUS was later extended to personal computers and (in 1997) to the World Wide Web: the WebFOCUS product.","FOCUS, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOCUS,beginner to advance
+1223,spider,,"spider, Alon Gubkin, website, Unknown",website: http://spiderlang.org/,beginner to advance
+1224,XUML,"Executable UML (xtUML or xUML) is both a software development method and a highly abstract software language. It was described for the first time in 2002 in the book ""Executable UML: A Foundation for Model-Driven Architecture"". The language ""combines a subset of the UML (Unified Modeling Language) graphical notation with executable semantics and timing rules."" The Executable UML method is the successor to the Shlaer–Mellor method. Executable UML models ""can be run, tested, debugged, and measured for performance."", and can be compiled into a less abstract programming language to target a specific implementation. Executable UML supports model-driven architecture (MDA) through specification of platform-independent models, and the compilation of the platform-independent models into platform-specific models.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_UML,beginner to advance
+1225,Z-machine,"The Z-machine is a virtual machine that was developed by Joel Berez and Marc Blank in 1979 and used by Infocom for its text adventure games. Infocom compiled game code to files containing Z-machine instructions (called story files or Z-code files) and could therefore port its text adventures to a new platform simply by writing a Z-machine implementation for that platform. With the large number of incompatible home computer systems in use at the time, this was an important advantage over using native code or developing a compiler for each system.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-machine,beginner to advance
+1226,Interlisp,"Interlisp (also seen with a variety of capitalizations) is a programming environment built around a version of the Lisp programming language. Interlisp development began in 1966 at Bolt, Beranek and Newman in Cambridge, Massachusetts with Lisp implemented for the DEC PDP-1 by Danny Bobrow and D. L. Murphy. In 1970 BBN LISP was designed, which ran on PDP-10 machines running the TENEX operating system. In 1973, when Danny Bobrow, Warren Teitelman and Ronald Kaplan moved from BBN to Xerox PARC, it was renamed Interlisp. Interlisp became a popular Lisp development tool for AI researchers at Stanford University and elsewhere in the DARPA community. Interlisp was notable for the integration of interactive development tools into the environment, such as a debugger, an automatic correction tool for simple errors (DWIM – ""do what I mean""), and analysis tools.","Interlisp, Daniel G. Bobrow and Warren Teitelman and Ronald Kaplan, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlisp,beginner to advance
+1227,NestedText,,"NestedText, Ken Kundert, website, United States",website: https://nestedtext.org,beginner to advance
+1228,JAL compiler,"JAL (Just Another Language) is a Pascal-like programming language and compiler that generates executable code for PIC microcontrollers.  It is a free-format language with a compiler that runs on Linux, MS-Windows and MS-DOS (OSX support). It is configurable and extendable through the use of libraries and can even be combined with PIC assembly language.","JAL compiler, , wikipedia, The Netherlands",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAL_(compiler),beginner to advance
+1229,Frost,,"Frost, Ethan Nicholas, website, Unknown",website: https://www.frostlang.org/,beginner to advance
+1230,Cali-Lang,,"Cali-Lang, , website, Unknown",website: https://web.archive.org/web/20160820093952/http://cali-lang.com/,beginner to advance
+1231,FAUST,"FAUST (Functional AUdio STream) is a domain-specific purely functional programming language for implementing signal processing algorithms in the form of libraries, audio plug-ins, or standalone applications. A FAUST program denotes a signal processor: a mathematical function that is applied to some input signal and then fed out.","FAUST, , website, wikipedia, France","website: http://faust.grame.fr, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAUST_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1232,Template Attribute Language,The Template Attribute Language (TAL) is a templating language used to generate dynamic HTML and XML pages. Its main goal is to simplify the collaboration between programmers and designers. This is achieved by embedding TAL statements inside valid HTML (or XML) tags which can then be worked on using common design tools. TAL was created for Zope but is used in other Python-based projects as well.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_Attribute_Language,beginner to advance
+1233,GLBasic,"GLBasic is a commercial BASIC programming language that can compile to various platforms including Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, as well as some handheld devices. The language is designed to be simple and intuitive.","GLBasic, , website, wikipedia, Unknown","website: http://www.glbasic.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLBasic",beginner to advance
+1234,EXEC,"CMS EXEC, or EXEC, is an interpreted, command procedure control, computer scripting language used by the CMS EXEC Processor supplied with the IBM Virtual Machine/Conversational Monitor System (VM/CMS) operating system. EXEC was written in 1966 by Stuart Madnick at MIT on the model of CTSS RUNCOM. He originally called this processor COMMAND, and it was later renamed EXEC. CMS EXEC has been superseded by EXEC 2 and REXX. All three — CMS EXEC, EXEC 2 and REXX — continue to be supported by the IBM CMS product.","EXEC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMS_EXEC,beginner to advance
+1235,Zonnon,"Zonnon is a programming language along the Oberon, Modula, and Pascal language line. Jürg Gutknecht is the author of the programming language.Zonnon is a general purpose programming language in the Pascal, Modula-2 and Oberon family. Its conceptual model is based on objects, definitions, implementations and modules. Its computing model is concurrent, based on active objects which interact via syntax controlled dialogs. The language is being developed at ETH Zürich Institute for Computer Systems by Prof. Jürg Gutknecht. Zonnon introduces the concept of 'active objects' which are used to represent real world concurrent objects within computer programs. The Zonnon Language Report was written by Brian Kirk (director at Robinsons Associates), and David Lightfoot (Oxford Brookes University) working with Prof. Jürg Gutknecht (ETH, Zürich) and Dr. Eugene Zueff (Евгений Зуев) (Moscow State University). The first book about Zonnon was published by the N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod (a.k.a. the Nizhni Novgorod State University).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonnon,beginner to advance
+1236,reflex-framework,,"reflex-framework, , website, United States",website: https://reflex-frp.org/,beginner to advance
+1237,tea,,"tea, Max Howell, website, reference, United States","website: https://tea.xyz/, reference: https://tea.xyz/white-paper/",beginner to advance
+1238,Knitr,"knitr is an engine for dynamic report generation with R. It is a package in the statistical programming language R that enables integration of R code into LaTeX, LyX, HTML, Markdown, AsciiDoc, and reStructuredText documents. The purpose of knitr is to allow reproducible research in R through the means of Literate Programming. It is licensed under the GNU General Public License.knitr was inspired by Sweave and written with a different design for better modularization, so it is easier to maintain and extend. Sweave can be regarded as a subset of knitr in the sense that all features of Sweave are also available in knitr. Some of knitr's extensions include the R Markdown format (used in reports published on RPubs), caching, TikZ graphics and support to other languages such as Python, Perl, C++, Shell scripts and CoffeeScript, and so on. knitr is officially supported in the RStudio IDE for R, LyX, Emacs/ESS and the Architect IDE for data science.","Knitr, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knitr,beginner to advance
+1240,hobbes,,"hobbes, Kalani Thielen, website, reference, United States","website: http://hobbes.readthedocs.io/, reference: http://lists.llvm.org/pipermail/llvm-dev/2017-June/114307.htmlreference",beginner to advance
+1241,Ch computer programming,"Ch  is a proprietary cross-platform C and C++ interpreter and scripting language environment, originally designed by Harry H. Cheng as a scripting language for beginners to learn mathematics, computing, numerical analysis (numeric methods), and programming in C/C++. Ch is now developed and marketed by SoftIntegration, Inc. A student edition is freely available. Ch Professional Edition for Raspberry Pi is free for non-commercial use. Ch can be embedded in C/C++ application programs. It has numerical computing and graphical plotting features. Ch is a combined shell and IDE. Ch shell combines the features of common shell and C language. ChIDE provides quick code navigation and symbolic debugging.  It is based on embedded Ch, Scite and Scintilla.Ch is written in C and runs on Windows, Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, AIX, Solaris, QNX, and HP-UX. It supports C90 and major C99 features, but it does not support the full set of C++ features. C99 complex number, IEEE-754 floating-point arithmetic, and variable-length array features were supported in Ch before they became part of the C99 standard. An article published by Computer Reseller News (CRN) named Ch as notable among C-based virtual machines for its functionality and the availability of third-party libraries.Ch has many toolkits that extend its functions. For example, Ch Mechanism Toolkit is used for design and analysis of commonly used mechanisms such as fourbar linkage, five-bar linkage, six-bar linkage, crank-slider mechanism, and cam-follower system. Ch Control System Toolkit is used for modeling, design, and analysis of continuous-time or discrete-time linear time invariant (LTI) control systems. Both toolkits includes the source code. Ch is now used and integrated into curriculum by many high schools and universities to teach computing and programming in C/C++. Ch has been integrated into free C-STEM Studio, a platform for learning  computing, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) with robotics. C-STEM Studio is developed by UC Davis Center for Integrated Computing and STEM Education (C-STEM). It offers the curriculum for K-12 students. Ch supports LEGO Mindstorms NXT and EV3, Arduino, Linkbot, Finch Robot, RoboTalk and Rasperry PI, Pi Zero, and ARM for robot programming and learning.It can also be embedded into the LabVIEW system-design platform and development environment.","Ch computer programming, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.softintegration.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(computer_programming)",beginner to advance
+1242,WML,"Wireless Markup Language (WML),  based on XML, is a now-obsolete markup language intended for devices that implement the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) specification, such as mobile phones. It provides navigational support, data input, hyperlinks, text and image presentation, and forms, much like HTML (HyperText Markup Language). It preceded the use of other markup languages now used with WAP, such as HTML itself, and XHTML (which are gaining in popularity as processing power in mobile devices increases).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Markup_Language,beginner to advance
+1243,Hocon,"HOCON, or Human-Optimized Config Object Notation is a format for human-readable data, and a superset of JSON and .properties. It is primarily used in conjunction with the Play framework, and is developed by Lightbend. It is also supported as a configuration format for .NET projects via Akka.NET and Puppet.","Hocon, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://github.com/lightbend/config/blob/master/HOCON.md, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOCON",beginner to advance
+1244,CIR,,"CIR, , website, reference, United States","website: https://facebookincubator.github.io/clangir/, reference: https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-an-mlir-based-clang-ir-cir/63319",beginner to advance
+1245,Parrot BASIC,"Parrot is a register-based process virtual machine designed to run dynamic languages efficiently. It is possible to compile Parrot assembly language and PIR (an intermediate language) to Parrot bytecode and execute it. Parrot is free and open source software.Parrot was started by the Perl community and is developed with help from the open source and free software communities. As a result, it is focused on license compatibility with Perl (Artistic License 2.0), platform compatibility across a broad array of systems, processor architecture compatibility across most modern processors, speed of execution, small size (around 700k depending on platform), and the flexibility to handle the varying demands made by Perl 6 and other modern dynamic languages. Version 1.0, with a stable API for development, was released on March 17, 2009.The current version is release 8.1.0 ""Andean Parakeet""","Parrot BASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1246,circle-lang,,"circle-lang, Sean Baxter, website, reference, United States","website: http://www.circle-lang.org/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=23086227",beginner to advance
+1247,cityhash-hash-function,,"cityhash-hash-function, , reference, United States",reference: https://opensource.googleblog.com/2011/04/introducing-cityhash.html,beginner to advance
+1248,Google Sheets,"Google Sheets is a spreadsheet program included as part of a free, web-based software office suite offered by Google within its Google Drive service. The service also includes Google Docs and Google Slides , a word processor and presentation program respectively. Google Sheets is available as a web application, mobile app for Android, iOS, Windows, BlackBerry, and as a desktop application on Google's ChromeOS. The app is compatible with Microsoft Excel file formats. The app allows users to create and edit files online while collaborating with other users in real-time. Edits are tracked by user with a revision history presenting changes. An editor's position is highlighted with an editor-specific color and cursor and a permissions system regulates what users can do. Updates have introduced features using machine learning, including ""Explore"", offering answers based on natural language questions in a spreadsheet.","Google Sheets, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://support.google.com/docs/table/25273?hl=en, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sheets",beginner to advance
+1249,Autocode,"Autocode is the name of a family of ""simplified coding systems"", later called programming languages, devised in the 1950s and 1960s for a series of  digital computers at the Universities of Manchester, Cambridge and London. Autocode was a generic term; the autocodes for different machines were not necessarily closely related as are, for example, the different versions of the single language FORTRAN. Today the term is used to refer to the family of early languages descended from the Manchester Mark 1 autocoder systems, which were generally similar. In the 1960s, the term autocoders was used more generically as to refer to any high-level programming language using a compiler.  Examples of languages referred to as autocodes are COBOL and Fortran.","Autocode, , wikipedia, England",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocode,beginner to advance
+1250,Smartsheet,"Smartsheet is a software as a service (SaaS) application for collaboration and work management that is developed and marketed by Smartsheet Inc. It is used to assign tasks, track project progress, manage calendars, share documents, and manage other work, using a spreadsheet-like user interface.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartsheet,beginner to advance
+1251,lispyscript,,"lispyscript, Santosh Rajan, website, reference, India","website: http://lispyscript.com, reference: http://web.archive.org/web/20180123072250/http://lispyscript.com/",beginner to advance
+1252,UnrealScript,"The Unreal Engine is a game engine developed by Epic Games, first showcased in the 1998 first-person shooter game Unreal. Although primarily developed for first-person shooters, it has been successfully used in a variety of other genres, including stealth, fighting games, MMORPGs, and other RPGs. With its code written in C++, the Unreal Engine features a high degree of portability and is a tool used by many game developers today, with it being source-available. The most recent version is Unreal Engine 4, which was released to the public in 2014.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnrealScript,beginner to advance
+1253,Grammatical Framework,"Grammatical Framework (GF) is a programming language for writing grammars of natural languages. GF is capable of parsing and generating texts in several languages simultaneously while working from a language-independent representation of meaning. Grammars written in GF can be compiled into different formats including JavaScript and Java and can be reused as software components. A companion to GF is the GF Resource Grammar Library, a reusable library for dealing with the morphology and syntax of a growing number of natural languages. Both GF itself and the GF Resource Grammar Library are open-source. Typologically, GF is a functional programming language. Mathematically, it is a type-theoretic formal system (a logical framework to be precise) based on Martin-Löf's intuitionistic type theory, with additional judgments tailored specifically to the domain of linguistics.","Grammatical Framework, , wikipedia, France",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_Framework,beginner to advance
+1254,Parser 3,"Parser is a free server-side CGI web scripting language developed by Art. Lebedev Studio and released under the GPL. Originally, Parser was merely a simple macro processing language. The latest 3rd revision (March 2006) introduced object-oriented programming features. The compiler for the language was developed in C++ by studio employees Konstantin Morshnev and Alexander Petrosyan to automate often repeated tasks, especially maintenance of already existing websites. It was used in many web projects of the studio. Since revision 3 it was released as free software and it is now used in other websites, mostly in Russia (according to a partial list at the language's website). The language supports technologies needed for common web design tasks: XML, Document Object Model (DOM), Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) and others.","Parser 3, Konstantin Morshnev, website, wikipedia, Russia","website: http://www.parser.ru/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parser_(CGI_language)",beginner to advance
+1255,BARE,,"BARE, , website, Various",website: https://baremessages.org,beginner to advance
+1256,Hierarchical File System,"Hierarchical File System (HFS) is a proprietary file system developed by Apple Inc. for use in computer systems running Mac OS. Originally designed for use on floppy and hard disks, it can also be found on read-only media such as CD-ROMs. HFS is also referred to as Mac OS Standard (or, erroneously, ""HFS Standard""), while its successor, HFS Plus, is also called Mac OS Extended (or, erroneously, ""HFS Extended""). With the introduction of Mac OS X 10.6, Apple dropped support for formatting or writing HFS disks and images, which remain supported as read-only volumes.","Hierarchical File System, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System,beginner to advance
+1257,ferret,,"ferret, Nurullah Akkaya, website, North Cyprus",website: http://ferret-lang.org,beginner to advance
+1259,International System of Quantities,"The International System of Quantities (ISQ) is a system based on seven base quantities: length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. Other quantities such as area, pressure, and electrical resistance are derived from these base quantities by clear, non-contradictory equations. The ISQ defines the quantities that are measured with the SI units and also includes many other quantities in modern science and technology. The ISQ is defined in the international standard ISO/IEC 80000, and was finalised in 2009 with the publication of ISO 80000-1. The 14 parts of ISO/IEC 80000 define quantities used in scientific disciplines such as mechanics (e.g., pressure), light, acoustics (e.g., sound pressure), electromagnetism, information technology (e.g., storage capacity), chemistry, mathematics (e.g., Fourier transform), and physiology.","International System of Quantities, , wikipedia, France",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities,beginner to advance
+1260,XSD,"XSD (XML Schema Definition), a recommendation of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), specifies how to formally describe the elements in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) document. It can be used by programmers to verify each piece of item content in a document. They can check if it adheres to the description of the element it is placed in.Like all XML schema languages, XSD can be used to express a set of rules to which an XML document must conform in order to be considered ""valid"" according to that schema. However, unlike most other schema languages, XSD was also designed with the intent that determination of a document's validity would produce a collection of information adhering to specific data types. Such a post-validation infoset can be useful in the development of XML document processing software.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C),beginner to advance
+1261,Assembly CLI,"Defined by Microsoft for use in recent versions of Windows, an assembly in the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) is a compiled code library used for deployment, versioning, and security. There are two types: process assemblies (EXE) and library assemblies (DLL). A process assembly represents a process that will use classes defined in library assemblies. CLI assemblies contain code in CIL, which is usually generated from a CLI language, and then compiled into machine language at run time by the just-in-time compiler. In the .NET Framework implementation, this compiler is part of the Common Language Runtime (CLR). An assembly can consist of one or more files. Code files are called modules. An assembly can contain more than one code module. And since it is possible to use different languages to create code modules, it is technically possible to use several different languages to create an assembly. Visual Studio however does not support using different languages in one assembly.","Assembly CLI, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_(CLI),beginner to advance
+1262,COMAL,"COMAL (Common Algorithmic Language) is a computer programming language developed in Denmark by Benedict Løfstedt and Børge R. Christensen in 1973. COMAL was one of the few structured programming languages that was available for and comfortably usable on 8-bit home computers. The ""COMAL Kernel Syntax & Semantics"" contains the formal definition of the language. Further extensions common to many implementations are described in .","COMAL, Børge R. Christensen and Benedict Løfstedt, wikipedia, Denmark",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMAL,beginner to advance
+1263,Mako,,"Mako, , website, United States",website: https://www.makotemplates.org/,beginner to advance
+1264,Rapira,"Rapira is also a name for the T-12 antitank gun. Rapira (Russian: Рапира, rapier) is an educational procedural programming language developed in the Soviet Union and implemented on Agat computer, PDP-11 clones (Electronika, DVK, BK series) and Intel-8080/Z80 clones (Korvet). It was an interpreted language with dynamic type system and high level constructions. The language originally had a Russian-based set of keywords, but English and Moldovan were added later. Also, it was more elegant and easier to use than existing Pascal implementations of the time. Rapira was used in teaching computer programming in Soviet schools. The programming environment included a text editor and an integrated debugger. Sample program:  ПРОЦ СТАРТ()     ВЫВОД: 'Привет, мир!!!' КОН ПРОЦ  The same, but using the English lexics [sic, from the article referenced below]:  proc start()      output: 'Hello, world!!!'; end proc  Rapira's ideology was based on such languages as POP-2 and SETL, with strong influences from ALGOL.","Rapira, Andrey Ershov, website, reference, wikipedia, Russia","website: http://freeduke33.github.io/rerap2, reference: http://ershov.iis.nsk.su/ru/node/772586, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapira",beginner to advance
+1265,Simple Actor Language System and Architecture,"The SALSA programming language (Simple Actor Language System and Architecture) is an actor-oriented programming language that uses concurrency primitives beyond asynchronous message passing, including token-passing, join, and first-class continuations. It also supports distributed computing over the Internet with universal naming, remote communication, and migration linguistic abstractions and associated middleware. For portability, it produces Java code.",,"website: http://wcl.cs.rpi.edu/salsa/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SALSA_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1266,Adept,,"Adept, Isaac Shelton, website, Unknown",website: https://github.com/AdeptLanguage/Adept,beginner to advance
+1267,Frink,"Frink is a computer programming language. It is, according to creator of the language, ""designed to make physical calculations simple, to help ensure that answers come out right, and to make a tool that's really useful in the real world. It tracks units of measure (feet, meters, kilograms, watts, etc.) through all calculations, allowing you to mix units of measure transparently, and helps you easily verify that your answers make sense.""","Frink, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://frinklang.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frink_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1268,Nios II,"Nios II is a 32-bit embedded-processor architecture designed specifically for the Altera family of FPGAs. Nios II incorporates many enhancements over the original Nios architecture, making it more suitable for a wider range of embedded computing applications, from DSP to system-control. Nios II is comparable to MicroBlaze, a competing softcore CPU for the Xilinx family of FPGA. Unlike Microblaze, Nios II is licensable for standard-cell ASICs through a third-party IP provider, Synopsys Designware. Through the Designware license, designers can port Nios-based designs from an FPGA-platform to a mass production ASIC-device. Nios II is a successor to Altera's first configurable 16-bit embedded processor Nios.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nios_II,beginner to advance
+1269,dub-pm,,"dub-pm, Sönke Ludwig, website, reference, United States","website: https://code.dlang.org/, reference: https://dub.pm/package-format-json",beginner to advance
+1270,atomspace,,"atomspace, , website, Various",website: https://wiki.opencog.org/w/AtomSpace,beginner to advance
+1271,bee,,"bee, Elucian Moise, website, United States",website: https://sagecode.net/bee-lang/,beginner to advance
+1272,Object Linking and Embedding,"Object Linking &  Embedding  (OLE) is a proprietary technology developed by Microsoft that allows embedding and linking to documents and other objects. For developers, it brought OLE Control Extension (OCX), a way to develop and use custom thing of users using interface elements. On a technical level, an OLE object is any object that implements the IOleObject interface, possibly along with a wide range of other interfaces, depending on the object's needs.","Object Linking and Embedding, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding,beginner to advance
+1273,NGS,,"NGS, Ilya Sher, website, Israel and Portugal",website: https://ngs-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+1274,.QL,".QL (pronounced ""dot-cue-el"") is an object-oriented query language used to retrieve data from relational database management systems. It is reminiscent of the standard query language SQL and the object-oriented programming language Java. .QL is an object-oriented variant of a logical query language called Datalog. Hierarchical data can therefore be naturally queried in .QL in a recursive manner.  Queries written in .QL are optimised, compiled into SQL and can then be executed on any major relational database management system. .QL query language is being used in SemmleCode to query a relational representation of Java programs. .QL is developed at Semmle Limited and is based on the company's proprietary technology.",".QL, , website, wikipedia, England","website: https://www.semmle.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.QL",beginner to advance
+1275,BitBake,"BitBake is a make-like  build tool with the special focus of distributions and packages for embedded Linux cross compilation, although it is not limited to that. It is inspired by Portage, which is the package management system used by the Gentoo Linux distribution. BitBake existed for some time in the OpenEmbedded project until it was separated out into a standalone, maintained, distribution-independent tool. BitBake is co-maintained by the Yocto Project and the OpenEmbedded project. BitBake recipes specify how a particular package is built. Recipes consist of the source URL (http, https, ftp, cvs, svn, git, local file system) of the package, dependencies and compile or install options. They also store the metadata for the package in standard variables. During the build process, recipes are used to track dependencies, performing native or cross-compilation of the package and package it so that it is suitable for installation on the local or a target device. It is also possible to create complete images consisting of a root file system and kernel. As a first step in a cross-build setup, the framework will attempt to create a cross-compiler toolchain suited for the target platform.","BitBake, , website, wikipedia, Various","website: https://yoctoproject.org/tools-resources/projects/bitbake, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitBake",beginner to advance
+1276,Noweb,,"Noweb, Norman Ramsey, website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/noweb/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noweb",beginner to advance
+1277,Gherkin,,"Gherkin, , website, reference, United States","website: https://docs.cucumber.io/gherkin/, reference: https://docs.cucumber.io/gherkin/reference/",beginner to advance
+1278,flagship,,"flagship, , website, Germany",website: http://www.flagship.de/,beginner to advance
+1279,Swagger,"Swagger is an open source software framework backed by a large ecosystem of tools that helps developers design, build, document, and consume RESTful Web services. While most users identify Swagger by the Swagger UI tool, the Swagger toolset includes support for automated documentation, code generation, and test case generation. Sponsored by SmartBear Software, Swagger has been a strong supporter of Open Source Software and has widespread adoption.",,"website: http://swagger.io, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swagger_(software)",beginner to advance
+1281,LUCID,"Lucid is a dataflow programming language designed to experiment with non-von Neumann programming models. It was designed by Bill Wadge and Ed Ashcroft and described in the 1985 book Lucid, the Dataflow Programming Language. pLucid was the first interpreter for Lucid.","LUCID, Edward A. Ashcroft and William W. Wadge, reference, wikipedia, Canada and United States","reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=14233054, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucid_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1282,Cayenne,"Cayenne is a dependently typed functional programming language created by Lennart Augustsson in 1998, making it one of the earliest dependently type programming language (as opposed to proof assistant or logical framework). A notable design decision is that the language allows unbounded recursive functions to be used on the type level, making type checking undecidable. Most dependently typed proof assistants and later dependently typed languages such as Agda included a termination checker to prevent the type checker from looping, while the contemporary Dependent ML restricted the expressivity of the type-level language to maintain decidability. There are very few building blocks in the language, but much syntactic sugar to make it more readable. The basic types are functions, products, and sums. Functions and products use dependent types to gain additional power. The syntax is largely borrowed from Haskell. There is no special module system, because with dependent types records (products) are powerful enough to define modules. The Cayenne implementation was written in Haskell, and it also translated to Haskell, but is currently no longer being maintained.","Cayenne, , wikipedia, Sweden",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1283,Fully Automated Compiling Technique,"FACT is an early discontinued computer programming language, created by the Datamatic Division of Minneapolis Honeywell for its model 800 series business computers in 1959.  FACT was an acronym for ""Fully Automated Compiling Technique"".  It was an influence on the design of the COBOL programming language. Some of the design of FACT was based on the linguistic project Basic English, developed about 1925 by C.K. Ogden. The software was actually designed by Computer Sciences Corporation (Fletcher Jones, Roy Nutt, and Robert L. Patrick) under contract to Richard Clippinger of Honeywell.","Fully Automated Compiling Technique, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FACT_(computer_language),beginner to advance
+1284,Schema.org,"Schema.org is an initiative launched on 2 June 2011 by Bing, Google and Yahoo! (then operators of the world's largest search engines) to “create and support a common set of schemas for structured data markup on web pages.” In November 2011 Yandex (whose search engine is the largest one in Russia) joined the initiative. They propose using the schema.org vocabulary along with the Microdata, RDFa, or JSON-LD formats to mark up website content with metadata about itself. Such markup can be recognized by search engine spiders and other parsers, thus gaining access to the meaning of the sites (see Semantic Web). The initiative also describes an extension mechanism for adding additional properties. Public discussion of the initiative largely takes place on the W3C public vocabularies mailing list. In 2012, the GoodRelations ontology was integrated into Schema.org. Much of the vocabulary on schema.org was inspired by earlier formats such as Microformats, FOAF, and OpenCyc. Microformats, with its most dominant representative hCard, continue (as of 2015) to be published widely in the Web, where the deployment of schema.org has strongly increased between 2012 and end 2014. To test the validity of the data marked up with the schemas and Microdata, such validators as the Google Structured Data Testing Tool, Yandex Microformat validator and Bing Markup Validator can be used. Some Schema markups such as Organization and Person are used to influence Google's Knowledge Graph results.",,"website: http://schema.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema.org",beginner to advance
+1285,Pyret,,"Pyret, Ben Lerner and Joe Gibbs Politz, website, United States",website: https://www.pyret.org/,beginner to advance
+1286,curv,,"curv, Doug Moen, website, reference, Canada","website: http://www.curv3d.org/, reference: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12sTu7RT-s_QlAupY1v-3DfI1Mm9NEX5YMWWTDAKHLfc/edit#gid=0",beginner to advance
+1287,Confluence,,"Confluence, , website, Australia",website: https://confluence.atlassian.com/doc/confluence-wiki-markup-251003035.html,beginner to advance
+1288,XBRL,"XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) is a freely available and global framework for exchanging business information.  XBRL allows the expression of semantic meaning commonly required in business reporting. The language is XML-based and uses the XML syntax and related XML technologies such as XML Schema, XLink, XPath, and Namespaces. One use of XBRL is to define and exchange financial information, such as a financial statement. The XBRL Specification is developed and published by XBRL International, Inc. (XII). XBRL is a standards-based way to communicate and exchange business information between business systems. These communications are defined by metadata set out in taxonomies, which capture the definition of individual reporting concepts as well as the relationships between concepts and other semantic meaning.  Information being communicated or exchanged is provided within an XBRL instance. Early users of XBRL included regulators such as the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Committee of European Banking Supervisors (CEBS).   Common functions in many countries that make use of XBRL include regulators of stock exchanges and securities, banking regulators, business registrars, revenue reporting and tax-filing agencies, and national statistical agencies. A wiki repository of XBRL projects is available to be freely explored and updated. Within the last ten years, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the United Kingdom's HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC), and Singapore's Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority (ACRA), had begun to require companies to use it, and other regulators were following suit. Development of the SEC's initial US GAAP Taxonomy was led by XBRL US and was accepted and deployed for use by public companies in 2008 in phases, with the largest filers going first: foreign companies which use International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are expected to submit their financial returns to the SEC using XBRL once the IFRS taxonomy has been accepted by the SEC. In the UK in 2011, both HMRC and Companies House accepted XBRL in the iXBRL format. XBRL was adopted by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) of India for filing financial and costing information with the Central Government.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XBRL,beginner to advance
+1289,mpl,,"mpl, , website, reference, United States","website: http://www.maximalsoftware.com/mpl/, reference: http://www.gmu.edu/schools/vse/seor/syllabi/02F/mplman.pdf",beginner to advance
+1290,Sam Coupé,"The SAM Coupé (pronounced /sæm ku:peɪ/ from its original British English branding) is an 8-bit British home computer that was first released in late 1989. It is commonly considered a clone of the Sinclair ZX Spectrum computer, since it features a compatible screen mode and emulated compatibility, and it was marketed as a logical upgrade from the Spectrum. It was originally manufactured by Miles Gordon Technology (MGT), based in Swansea in the United Kingdom.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAM_Coup%C3%A9,beginner to advance
+1291,Mond,,"Mond, Rohan Singh, website, Canada",website: https://web.archive.org/web/20160429013247/https://rohbot.net/mond/,beginner to advance
+1292,Handlebars,,"Handlebars, , website, Austria and China",website: http://handlebarsjs.com/,beginner to advance
+1293,ObjDump,"objdump is a program for displaying various information about object files on Unix-like systems. For instance, it can be used as a disassembler to view an executable in assembly form. It is part of the GNU Binutils for fine-grained control over executables and other binary data. For example,  $ objdump -D -M intel file.bin | grep main.: -A20  This performs disassembly on the file «file.bin», with the assembly code shown in Intel syntax. We then redirect it to grep, which searches the main function and displays 20 lines of its code. Example output:  objdump uses the BFD library to read the contents of object files.  Similar utilities are Borland TDUMP, Microsoft DUMPBIN and readelf.","ObjDump, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/objdump,beginner to advance
+1294,ApacheConf,,"ApacheConf, , website, reference, United States","website: https://httpd.apache.org/, reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server",beginner to advance
+1295,Orc,"Orc is a concurrent, nondeterministic computer programming language created by Jayadev Misra at the University of Texas at Austin. Orc  provides uniform access to computational services, including distributed communication and data manipulation, through sites. Using four simple concurrency primitives, the programmer orchestrates the invocation of sites to achieve a goal, while managing timeouts, priorities, and failures.","Orc, Jayadev Misra, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://orc.csres.utexas.edu/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orc_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1296,Caltech Intermediate Form,"Caltech Intermediate Form (CIF) is a file format for describing integrated circuits. CIF provides a limited set of graphics primitives that are useful for describing the two-dimensional shapes on the different layers of a chip. The format allows hierarchical description, which makes the representation concise. In addition, it is a terse but human-readable text format.","Caltech Intermediate Form, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech_Intermediate_Form,beginner to advance
+1297,Recfiles,"recfiles is a file format for human-editable, plain text databases. Databases using this file format can be edited using any text editor. recfiles allow for basic relational database operations, typing, auto-incrementing, as well as a simple join operation. Recutils is a collection of tools, like recfmt, recsel, and rec2csv used to work with recfile databases. Various software libraries support the format.","Recfiles, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.gnu.org/software/recutils/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recfiles",beginner to advance
+1298,ddfql,,"ddfql, , reference, Various",reference: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1olFm-XXjWxQ4LrTCfM42an6LbjbIgnt__V1DZxSmnuQ/edit#,beginner to advance
+1299,Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources,"Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR, pronounced ""fire"") is a draft standard describing data formats and elements (known as ""resources"") and an application programming interface (API) for exchanging electronic health records. The standard was created by the Health Level Seven International (HL7) health-care standards organization. FHIR builds on previous data format standards from HL7, like HL7 version 2.x and HL7 version 3.x.  But it is easier to implement because it uses a modern web-based suite of API technology, including a HTTP-based RESTful  protocol, HTML and Cascading Style Sheets for user interface integration, a choice of JSON, XML or RDF for data representation, and Atom for results. One of its goals is to facilitate interoperation between legacy health care systems, to make it easy to provide health care information to health care providers and individuals on a wide variety of devices from computers to tablets to cell phones, and to allow third-party application developers to provide medical applications which can be easily integrated into existing systems. FHIR provides an alternative to document-centric approaches by directly exposing discrete data elements as services.   For example, basic elements of healthcare like patients, admissions, diagnostic reports and medications can each be retrieved and manipulated via their own resource URLs.  FHIR was supported at an American Medical Informatics Association meeting by many EHR vendors which value its open and extensible nature.","Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Healthcare_Interoperability_Resources,beginner to advance
+1300,BASIC Stamp,"The BASIC Stamp is a microcontroller with a small, specialized BASIC interpreter (PBASIC) built into ROM. It is made by Parallax, Inc. and has been popular with electronics hobbyists since the early 1990s.","BASIC Stamp, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC_Stamp,beginner to advance
+1301,NuGet,,"NuGet, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.nuget.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NuGet",beginner to advance
+1302,Gerbil Scheme,,"Gerbil Scheme, , website, Unknown",website: https://cons.io/,beginner to advance
+1303,basic calculator,"bc, for basic calculator (often referred to as bench calculator), is ""an arbitrary-precision calculator language"" with syntax similar to the C programming language. bc is typically used as either a mathematical scripting language or as an interactive mathematical shell. A typical interactive usage is typing the command bc on a Unix command prompt and entering a mathematical expression, such as (1 + 3) * 2, whereupon 8 will be output. While bc can work with arbitrary precision, it actually defaults to zero digits after the decimal point, so the expression 2/3 yields 0. This can surprise new bc users unaware of this fact. The -l option to bc sets the default scale (digits after the decimal point) to 20 and adds several additional mathematical functions to the language. bc first appeared in Version 6 Unix in 1975 and was written by Robert Morris and Lorinda Cherry of Bell Labs. bc was preceded by dc, an earlier arbitrary-precision calculator written by the same authors. dc could do arbitrary-precision calculations, but its reverse Polish notation (RPN) syntax was inconvenient for users, and therefore bc was written as a front-end to dc. bc was a very simple compiler (a single yacc source file with a few hundred lines), which converted the new, C-like, bc syntax into dc's postfix notation and piped the results through dc. In 1991, POSIX rigorously defined and standardized bc. Two implementations of this standard survive today: The first is the traditional Unix implementation, a front-end to dc, which survives in Unix and Plan 9 systems. The second is the free software GNU bc, first released in 1991 by Philip A. Nelson. The GNU implementation has numerous extensions beyond the POSIX standard and is no longer a front-end to dc (it is a bytecode interpreter).","basic calculator, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bc_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1304,Revolution,"LiveCode (formerly Revolution and MetaCard) is a cross-platform rapid application development runtime environment inspired by HyperCard. It features the Transcript (formerly MetaTalk) programming language which belongs to the family of xTalk scripting languages like HyperCard's HyperTalk.The environment was introduced in 2001.  The ""Revolution"" development system was based on the MetaCard engine technology which Runtime Revolution later acquired from MetaCard Corporation in 2003. The platform won the Macworld Annual Editor's Choice Award for ""Best Development Software"" in 2004.  ""Revolution"" was renamed ""LiveCode"" in the fall of 2010.  ""LiveCode"" is developed and sold by Runtime Revolution Ltd., based in Edinburgh, Scotland. In March, 2015, the company was renamed ""LiveCode Ltd."", to unify the company name with the product. In April 2013 a free/open source version 'LiveCode Community Edition 6.0' was published after a successful crowdfunding campaign at Kickstarter. The code base was re-licensed and made available as free and open source software with a version in April 2013. LiveCode runs on iOS, Android, OS X, Windows 95 through Windows 10, Raspberry Pi and several variations of Unix, including Linux, Solaris, and BSD. It can be used for mobile, desktop and server/CGI applications. The iOS (iPhone and iPad) version was released in December 2010. The first version to deploy to the Web was released in 2009. It is the most widely used HyperCard/HyperTalk clone, and the only one that runs on all major operating systems. A developer release of v.8 was announced in New York on March 12, 2015. This major enhancement to the product includes a new, separate development language, known as ""LiveCode Builder"",  which is capable of creating new object classes called ""widgets"". In earlier versions, the set of object classes was fixed, and could only be enhanced via the use of ordinary procedural languages like C. The new language, which runs in its own IDE, is a departure from the transitional x-talk paradigm in that it permits typing of variables. But the two environments are fully integrated, and apart from the ability to create new objects, development in LiveCode proceeds in the normal way, within the established IDE. A second crowdfunding campaign to Bring HTML5 to LiveCode reached funding goals of nearly $400,000 USD on July 31, 2014. LiveCode developer release 8.0 DP4 (August 31, 2015) was the first to include a standalone deployment option to HTML5.","Revolution, Mark Waddingham, website, wikipedia, United Kingdom","website: https://livecode.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1305,Qore,"Qore is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose, garbage collected  dynamic programming language, featuring support for code embedding and sandboxing with optional strong typing and a focus on fundamental support for multithreading and SMP scalability. Qore is unique because it is an interpreted scripting language with fundamental support for multithreading (meaning more than one part of the same code can run at the same time), and additionally because it features automatic memory management (meaning programmers do not have to allocate and free memory explicitly) while also supporting the RAII idiom with destructors for scope-based resource management and exception-safe programming.  This is due to Qore's unique prompt collection implementation for garbage collection.","Qore, David Nichols, website, wikipedia, Czech Republic","website: http://qore.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qore_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1306,Avail,,"Avail, Mark van Gulik and Todd L. Smith, website, United States",website: https://www.availlang.org/,beginner to advance
+1307,neeilang,,"neeilang, Neeilan Selvalingam, reference, Unknown",reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/erqm6s/neeilang_a_small_stronglytyped_language_oop/,beginner to advance
+1309,Ren,,"Ren, , website, reference, United States","website: http://www.ren-data.org/, reference: http://pointillistic.com/ren/",beginner to advance
+1310,Pomsky,,"Pomsky, Ludwig Stecher, website, Germany",website: https://pomsky-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+1311,Dale,,"Dale, tomhrr, website, Unknown",website: https://github.com/tomhrr/dale/,beginner to advance
+1312,BASIC Programming,BASIC Programming (Model# CX2620) is an Atari 2600 cartridge that teaches simple computer programming. It was released in 1979 and was one of only a few non-gaming cartridges designed for the console. The programming language is similar to dialects of BASIC. The Atari 2600's RAM size of 128 bytes restricts the possibilities for writing programs.,"BASIC Programming, Warren Robinett, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC_Programming,beginner to advance
+1313,Wyvern,"Wyvern is a computer programming language created by Jonathan Aldrich and Alex Potanin for the development of web and mobile applications with security and assurance being number one priority. Wyvern supports object capabilities, it is structurally typed, and aims to make secure way of programming easier than insecure - as described in the Wyvern Manifesto. One of the early available features that make Wyvern special is a way to safely use multiple programming languages within the same program so programmers can use the language most appropriate for each function while at the same time increasing the program's security. It is currently in a prototype stage and distributed under a GPLv2 license.",,"website: http://wyvernlang.github.io/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyvern_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1314,Connection Machine,"A Connection Machine (CM) is a member of a series of massively parallel supercomputers that grew out of doctoral research on alternatives to the traditional von Neumann architecture of computers by Danny Hillis at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the early 1980s. Starting with CM-1, the machines were intended originally for applications in artificial intelligence and symbolic processing, but later versions found greater success in the field of computational science.","Connection Machine, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection_Machine,beginner to advance
+1315,Extended file system,"The extended file system, or ext, was implemented in April 1992 as the first file system created specifically for the Linux kernel. It has metadata structure inspired by the traditional Unix File System (UFS) and was designed by Rémy Card to overcome certain limitations of the MINIX file system. It was the first implementation that used the virtual file system (VFS), for which support was added in the Linux kernel in version 0.96c, and it could handle file systems up to 2 gigabytes (GB) in size.ext was the first in the series of extended file systems.  In 1993 it was superseded by both ext2 and xiafs, which competed for a time, but ext2 won because of its long-term viability: ext2 remedied issues with ext, such as the immutability of inodes and fragmentation.","Extended file system, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_file_system,beginner to advance
+1316,hamler,,"hamler, Feng Lee, website, reference, China","website: https://www.hamler-lang.org/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=23491516",beginner to advance
+1318,kitlang,,"kitlang, Ben Morris, website, United States",website: https://www.kitlang.org/,beginner to advance
+1319,Passerine,,"Passerine, Isaac Cayton (slightknack), website, United States",website: https://www.passerine.io/,beginner to advance
+1320,Integer BASIC,"Integer BASIC, written by Steve Wozniak, is the BASIC interpreter of the Apple I and original Apple II computers. Originally available on cassette, then included in ROM on the original Apple II computer at release in 1977, it was the first version of BASIC used by many early home computer owners.Integer BASIC was phased out in favor of Applesoft BASIC starting with the Apple II Plus in 1979. This was a licensed but modified version of Microsoft BASIC, which included the floating point support missing in Integer BASIC.","Integer BASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1321,AMOS,AMOS BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language implemented on the Amiga computer. AMOS BASIC was published by Europress Software and originally written by François Lionet with Constantin Sotiropoulos.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMOS_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1322,Z++,"Z++ is also a version of the C++ programming language (not to be confused with Z++ that this article is about).Z++  (pronounced zee plus plus) was an object-oriented extension to the Z specification language. Z++ is an object-oriented extension to the Z specification language, allowing for the definition of classes, and the relation of classes through inheritance, association or aggregation. The primary construct of Z++ is a class.  A Z++ class consists of a number of clauses which are optional. Z++ Class Structure:  CLASS ClassName   [OWNS List_of_attributes]   [FUNCTIONS constant_definitions]   [TYPE type_declaration]   [ENTENDS list_of_super_classes]   [OPERATIONS list_of_state_change_operations_definitions]   [RETURNS list_of_query_operations_definitions]   [ACTIONS all_operations_declarations]   [INVARIANT predicates]   [HISTORY RTL_predicates] END CLASS",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%2B%2B,beginner to advance
+1323,CFScript,CFScript is an extension of CFML on the ColdFusion platform. CFScript resembles JavaScript. Some ColdFusion developers prefer it since it has less visual and typographical overhead than ordinary CFML.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFScript,beginner to advance
+1324,SdlBasic,"SdlBasic is a multiplatform interpreter for BASIC, using the SDL libraries.  Its interpreter core is based on wxBasic. The interpreter can be very useful for people who are familiar with ANSI-BASIC interpreters and are curious or needing SDL library features on their coding development. Using the IDE it is possible to create an executable.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SdlBasic,beginner to advance
+1325,CSVw,,"CSVw, Ivan Herman, reference, Various",reference: https://www.w3.org/TR/tabular-data-primer/,beginner to advance
+1327,Aheui,,"Aheui, , website, Korea",website: http://aheui.github.io/aheuicon,beginner to advance
+1328,holyc,,"holyc, Terry A. Davis, reference, United States",reference: https://web.archive.org/web/20170325000321/http://www.templeos.org/Wb/Doc/HolyC.html,beginner to advance
+1329,Babylonian numerals,"Babylonian numerals were written in cuneiform, using a wedge-tipped reed stylus to make a mark on a soft clay tablet which would be exposed in the sun to harden to create a permanent record. The Babylonians, who were famous for their astronomical observations and calculations (aided by their invention of the abacus),  used a sexagesimal (base-60) positional numeral system inherited from either the Sumerian or the Eblaite civilizations. Neither of the predecessors was a positional system (having a convention for which ‘end’ of the numeral represented the units).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_numerals,beginner to advance
+1330,hashlink,,"hashlink, Nicolas Cannasse, website, Various",website: https://hashlink.haxe.org/,beginner to advance
+1331,Redcode,"Core War is a 1984 programming game created by D. G. Jones and A. K. Dewdney in which two or more battle programs (called ""warriors"") compete for control of a virtual computer. These battle programs are written in an abstract assembly language called Redcode.","Redcode, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_War,beginner to advance
+1332,JavaFX Script,"JavaFX Script is a scripting language designed by Sun Microsystems, forming part of the JavaFX family of technologies on the Java Platform. JavaFX targets the Rich Internet Application domain (competing with Adobe Flex and Microsoft Silverlight), specializing in rapid development of visually rich applications for the desktop and mobile markets. JavaFX Script works with integrated development environments such as NetBeans, Eclipse and IntelliJ IDEA. JavaFX is released under the GNU General Public License, via the Sun sponsored OpenJFX project.",,"website: http://javafx.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaFX_Script",beginner to advance
+1333,Etoys,Etoys is a child-friendly computer environment and object-oriented prototype-based programming language for use in education. Etoys is a media-rich authoring environment with a scripted object model for many different objects that runs on different platforms and is free and open source.,"Etoys, Alan Kay, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoys_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1334,Caramel,,"Caramel, Leandro Ostera, website, Sweden",website: https://caramel.run/,beginner to advance
+1335,SFC,"Sequential function chart (SFC) is a graphical programming language used for programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It is one of the five languages defined by IEC 61131-3 standard.  The SFC standard is defined as, Preparation of function charts for control systems, and was based on GRAFCET (itself based on binary Petri nets). It can be used to program processes that can be split into steps.  Main components of SFC are:  Steps with associated actions; Transitions with associated logic conditions; Directed links between steps and transitions.Steps in an SFC diagram can be active or inactive. Actions are only executed for active steps. A step can be active for one of two motives:  It is an initial step as specified by the programmer. It was activated during a scan cycle and not deactivated since.Steps are activated when all steps above it are active and the connecting transition is superable (i.e. its associated condition is true). When a transition is passed, all steps above are deactivated at once and after all steps below are activated at once. Actions associated with steps can be of several types, the most relevant ones being Continuous (N), Set (S) and Reset (R). Apart from the obvious meaning of Set and Reset, an N action ensures that its target variable is set to 1 as long as the step is active. An SFC rule states that if two steps have an N action on the same target, the variable must never be reset to 0. It is also possible to insert LD (Ladder Diagram) actions inside an SFC program (and this is the standard way, for instance, to work on integer variables). SFC is an inherently parallel language in that multiple control flows — Program Organization Units (POUs) in the standard's parlance — can be active at once. Non-standard extensions to the language include macroactions: i.e. actions inside a program unit that influence the state of another program unit. The most relevant such macroaction is ""forcing"", in which a POU can decide the active steps of another POU.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_function_chart,beginner to advance
+1336,neut,,"neut, , reference, Unknown",reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/gprche/neut_a_dependentlytyped_programming_language_with/,beginner to advance
+1337,International Chemical Identifier,"The IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI  IN-chee or  ING-kee) is a textual identifier for chemical substances, designed to provide a standard way to encode molecular information and to facilitate the search for such information in databases and on the web. Initially developed by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) and NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) from 2000 to 2005, the format and algorithms are non-proprietary. The continuing development of the standard has been supported since 2010 by the not-for-profit InChI Trust, of which IUPAC is a member. The current software version is 1.05 and was released in January 2017. Prior to 1.04, the software was freely available under the open-source LGPL license, but it now uses a custom license called IUPAC-InChI Trust License.","International Chemical Identifier, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier,beginner to advance
+1338,Memex,"The memex (originally coined ""at random"", though sometimes said to be a portmanteau of ""memory"" and ""index"") is the name of the hypothetical proto-hypertext system that Vannevar Bush described in his 1945 The Atlantic Monthly article ""As We May Think"". Bush envisioned the memex as a device in which individuals would compress and store all of their books, records, and communications, ""mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility"".  The memex would provide an ""enlarged intimate supplement to one's memory"". The concept of the memex influenced the development of early hypertext systems (eventually leading to the creation of the World Wide Web) and personal knowledge base software.  The hypothetical implementation depicted by Bush for the purpose of concrete illustration was based upon a document bookmark list of static microfilm pages and lacked a true hypertext system, where parts of pages would have internal structure beyond the common textual format. Early electronic hypertext systems were thus inspired by memex rather than modeled directly upon it.","Memex, Vannevar Bush, reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/303881/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memex",beginner to advance
+1339,vdscript,"VirtualDub is a free and open-source video capture and video processing utility for Microsoft Windows written by Avery Lee. It is designed to process linear video streams, including filtering and recompression. It uses AVI container format to store captured video.The first version of VirtualDub, written for Windows 95, to be released on SourceForge was uploaded on August 20, 2000.","vdscript, Avery Lee, website, reference, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://virtualdub.org, reference: https://sourceforge.net/projects/virtualdub, documentation: https://virtualdub.org/docs/vdscript.txt, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualDub",beginner to advance
+1343,Genero Business Development Language,,"Genero Business Development Language, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.generomobile.com/techdocs/fjs-fgl-manual/#fgl-topics/c_fgl_intro_BDL_002.html,beginner to advance
+1344,firrtl,,"firrtl, , website, United States and China",website: https://www.chisel-lang.org/firrtl/,beginner to advance
+1345,Snap!,"Snap! is a free, blocks- and browser-based educational graphical programming language that allows students to create interactive animations, games, stories, and more, while learning about mathematical and computational ideas. Snap! was inspired by Scratch, but also targets both novice and more advanced students by including and expanding Scratch's features. Since version 4.0, it is entirely browser-based, with no software that needs to be installed on the local device, much like Scratch.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap!_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1346,Semantic Patch Language,Coccinelle (French for ladybug) is an open-source utility for matching and transforming the source code of programs written in the C programming language.,,"website: http://coccinelle.lip6.fr/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccinelle_(software)",beginner to advance
+1347,CORAL,"CORAL (Computer On-line Real-time Applications Language) is a programming language originally developed in 1964 at the Royal Radar Establishment (RRE), Malvern, UK, as a subset of JOVIAL. Coral 66 was subsequently developed by I. F. Currie and M. Griffiths under the auspices of IECCA (Inter-Establishment Committee for Computer Applications). Its official definition, edited by Woodward, Wetherall and Gorman, was first published in 1970.","CORAL, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_66,beginner to advance
+1348,SISAL,"SISAL (""Streams and Iteration in a Single Assignment Language"") is a general-purpose single assignment functional programming language with strict semantics, implicit parallelism, and efficient array handling. SISAL outputs a dataflow graph in Intermediary Form 1 (IF1). It was derived from VAL (Value-oriented Algorithmic Language, designed by Jack Dennis), and adds recursion and finite streams. It has a Pascal-like syntax and was designed to be a common high-level language for numerical programs on a variety of multiprocessors.","SISAL, James McGraw, wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISAL,beginner to advance
+1349,bloom,,"bloom, , website, United States",website: http://bloom-lang.net/,beginner to advance
+1350,APT Debian,"Advanced Package Tool, or APT, is a free-software user interface that works with core libraries to handle the installation and removal of software on Debian, Ubuntu, and related Linux distributions. APT simplifies the process of managing software on Unix-like computer systems by automating the retrieval, configuration and installation of software packages, either from precompiled files or by compiling source code.","APT Debian, , wikipedia, United State",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT_(Debian),beginner to advance
+1351,General feature format,"The general feature format (gene-finding format, generic feature format, GFF) is a file format used for describing genes and other features of DNA, RNA and protein sequences. The filename extension associated with such files is .GFF and the content type associated with them is text/x-gff3. There are two versions of the GFF file format in general use:  General Feature Format Version 2.2 especially in its GTF variant Generic Feature Format Version 3 (Sequence Ontology Project)Servers that generate this format:  Clients that use this format:","General feature format, , wikipedia, United Kingdom and United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_feature_format,beginner to advance
+1352,koara,,"koara, Andy Van Den Heuvel, website, Belgium",website: https://web.archive.org/web/20160221081308/http://koara.io/projects,beginner to advance
+1353,Oxyl,,"Oxyl, J Rain De Jager, website, South Africa",website: https://www.oxyllang.org/,beginner to advance
+1354,RELAX NG,"In computing, RELAX NG (REgular LAnguage for XML Next Generation) is a schema language for XML - a RELAX NG schema specifies a pattern for the structure and content of an XML document. A RELAX NG schema is itself an XML document but RELAX NG also offers a popular compact, non-XML syntax. Compared to other XML schema languages  RELAX NG is considered relatively simple. It was defined by a committee specification of the OASIS RELAX NG technical committee in 2001 and 2002, based on Murata Makoto's RELAX and James Clark's TREX, and also by part two of the international standard ISO/IEC 19757: Document Schema Definition Languages (DSDL). ISO/IEC 19757-2 was developed by ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34 and published in its first version in 2003.","RELAX NG, , website, wikipedia, Japan","website: https://relaxng.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RELAX_NG",beginner to advance
+1355,Cirru,,"Cirru, ChenYong, website, reference, China","website: http://text.cirru.org/, reference: https://github.com/Cirru/cirru-parser/wiki/About-Cirru",beginner to advance
+1356,Ubercode,"Ubercode is a high level programming language designed by Ubercode Software and released in 2005 for Microsoft Windows. Ubercode is influenced by Eiffel and BASIC. It is commercial software and can be tried out for free for 30 days. Ubercode has the following design goals:  Compilable language—compiled into Windows EXE files. Automatic memory management—memory is allocated / freed automatically, and the language has no memory management primitives. Pre and post conditions—these are run-time assertions which are attached to function declarations, as in Eiffel. High-level data types—resizable arrays, lists and tables may contain arbitrary components. Integrated file handling—primitives for transparent handling of text, binary, CSV, XML and dBase files. Ease of use—language structure is relatively simple, making the language accessible to beginners.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubercode,beginner to advance
+1357,Jsonnet,,"Jsonnet, Dave Cunningham, website, United States",website: https://jsonnet.org/,beginner to advance
+1359,Atmel AVR instruction set,"The Atmel AVR instruction set is the machine language for the Atmel AVR, a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC single chip microcontroller which was developed by Atmel in 1996. The AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use on-chip flash memory for program storage.","Atmel AVR instruction set, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR_instruction_set,beginner to advance
+1360,S-PLUS,S-PLUS is a commercial implementation of the S programming language sold by TIBCO Software Inc.. It features object-oriented programming capabilities and advanced analytical algorithms.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-PLUS,beginner to advance
+1361,Tuple space,"A tuple space is an implementation of the  associative memory paradigm for parallel/distributed computing. It provides a repository of tuples that can be accessed concurrently. As an illustrative example, consider that there are a group of processors that produce pieces of data and a group of processors that use the data. Producers post their data as tuples in the space, and the consumers then retrieve data from the space that match a certain pattern. This is also known as the blackboard metaphor. Tuple space may be thought as a form of distributed shared memory. Tuple spaces were the theoretical underpinning of the Linda language developed by David Gelernter and Nicholas Carriero at Yale University in 1986. Implementations of tuple spaces have also been developed for Java (JavaSpaces), Lisp, Lua, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, Tcl, and the .NET framework.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuple_space,beginner to advance
+1362,Michigan Algorithm Decoder,"MAD (Michigan Algorithm Decoder) is a programming language and compiler for the IBM 704 and later the IBM 709, IBM 7090, IBM 7040, UNIVAC 1107, UNIVAC 1108, Philco 210-211, and eventually the IBM S/370 mainframe computers. Developed in 1959 at the University of Michigan by Bernard Galler, Bruce Arden and Robert M. Graham, MAD is a variant of the ALGOL language. It was widely used to teach programming at colleges and universities during the 1960s and played a minor role in the development of CTSS, Multics, and the Michigan Terminal System computer operating systems. The archives at the Bentley Historical Library of the University of Michigan contain reference materials on the development of MAD and MAD/I, including three linear feet of printouts with hand-written notations and original printed manuals.","Michigan Algorithm Decoder, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAD_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1363,WDDX,"WDDX (Web Distributed Data eXchange) is a programming language-, platform- and transport-neutral data interchange mechanism designed to pass data between different environments and different computers.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDDX,beginner to advance
+1364,Liberty BASIC,"Liberty BASIC (LB) is a commercial computer programming language and integrated development environment (IDE). It has an interpreter, developed in Smalltalk, which recognizes its own dialect of the BASIC programming language. It runs on 16- and 32-bit Windows and OS/2.","Liberty BASIC, Carl Gundel, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1365,Spec Sharp,"Spec# is a programming language with specification language features that extends the capabilities of the C# programming language with Eiffel-like contracts, including object invariants, preconditions and postconditions. Like ESC/Java, it includes a static checking tool based on a theorem prover that is able to statically verify many of these invariants. It also includes a variety of other minor extensions to the language, such as non-null reference types. The code contracts API in the .NET Framework 4.0 has evolved with Spec#. Microsoft Research developed both Spec# and C#; in turn, Spec# serves as the foundation of the Sing# programming language, which Microsoft Research also developed.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spec_Sharp,beginner to advance
+1366,COWSEL,"COWSEL (COntrolled Working SpacE Language) is a programming language designed between 1964 and 1966 by Robin Popplestone. It was based on an RPN form of Lisp combined with some ideas from CPL. COWSEL was initially implemented on a Ferranti Pegasus computer at the University of Leeds and on a Stantec Zebra at the Bradford Institute of Technology; later, Rod Burstall implemented it on an Elliot 4120 at the University of Edinburgh. COWSEL was renamed POP-1 during the summer of 1966 and development continued under that name from then on.","COWSEL, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COWSEL,beginner to advance
+1367,Lisp Machine Lisp,"Lisp Machine Lisp is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp. A direct descendant of Maclisp, it was initially developed in the mid to late 1970s as the system programming language for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Lisp machines. Lisp Machine Lisp was also the Lisp dialect with the most influence on the design of Common Lisp. Lisp Machine Lisp branched into three dialects. Symbolics named their variant ZetaLisp. Lisp Machines, Inc. and later Texas Instruments (with the TI Explorer) would share a common code base, but their dialect of Lisp Machine Lisp would differ from the version maintained at the MIT AI Lab by Richard Stallman and others.","Lisp Machine Lisp, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_Machine_Lisp,beginner to advance
+1368,F-Script,"F-Script is an object-oriented scripting programming language for Apple's macOS operating system developed by Philippe Mougin.  F-Script is an interactive language based on Smalltalk, using macOS's native Cocoa API.","F-Script, Philippe Mougin, website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://github.com/pmougin/F-Script, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-Script_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1369,Catala,,"Catala, Denis Merigoux, website, Various",website: https://catala-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+1370,TELOS,"A telos (from the Greek τέλος for ""end"", ""purpose"", or ""goal"") is an end or purpose, in a fairly constrained sense used by philosophers such as Aristotle.  It is the root of the term ""teleology"", roughly the study of purposiveness, or the study of objects with a view to their aims, purposes, or intentions.  Teleology figures centrally in Aristotle's biology and in his theory of causes.  It is central to nearly all philosophical theories of history, such as those of Hegel and Marx.  One running debate in modern philosophy of biology is to what extent teleological language (as in the ""purposes"" of various organs or life-processes) is unavoidable, or is simply a shorthand for ideas that can ultimately be spelled out non-teleologically. Philosophy of action also makes essential use of teleological vocabulary: on Davidson's account, an action is just something an agent does with an intention—that is, looking forward to some end to be achieved by the action. In contrast to telos, techne is the rational method involved in producing an object or accomplishing a goal or objective; however, the two methods are not mutually exclusive in principle.",,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c9beac8bd544384d5c5a34bbd785da04f3692429, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telos",beginner to advance
+1371,Egison,,"Egison, Satoshi Egi, website, Japan",website: https://www.egison.org/,beginner to advance
+1372,Lustre,"Lustre is a formally defined, declarative, and synchronous dataflow programming language for programming reactive systems. It began as a research project in the early 1980s. A formal presentation of the language can be found in the 1991 Proceedings of the IEEE. In 1993 it progressed to practical, industrial use in a commercial product as the core language of the industrial environment SCADE, developed by Esterel Technologies. It is now used for critical control software in aircraft, helicopters, and nuclear power plants.","Lustre, , wikipedia, France and United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1373,GNU Data Language,"The GNU Data Language (GDL) is a free alternative to IDL (Interactive Data Language). Together with its library routines, GDL is developed to serve as a tool for data analysis and visualization in such disciplines as astronomy, geosciences, and medical imaging. GDL is licensed under the GPL. Other open-source numerical data analysis tools similar to GDL include GNU Octave, NCAR Command Language (NCL), Perl Data Language (PDL), R, Scilab, SciPy, and Yorick. GDL as a language is dynamically-typed, vectorized, and has object-oriented programming capabilities. GDL library routines handle numerical calculations (e.g. FFT), data visualisation, signal/image processing, interaction with host OS, and data input/output. GDL supports several data formats, such as NetCDF, HDF (v4 & v5), GRIB, PNG, TIFF, and DICOM. Graphical output is handled by X11, PostScript, SVG, or z-buffer terminals, the last one allowing output graphics (plots) to be saved in raster graphics formats. GDL features integrated debugging facilities, such as breakpoints. GDL has a Python bridge (Python code can be called from GDL; GDL can be compiled as a Python module). GDL uses Eigen (C++ library) numerical library (similar to Intel MKL) to have excellent computing performance on multi-cores processors, with better benchmark than IDL on large matrix operations. Packaged versions of GDL are available for several Linux and BSD flavours as well as Mac OS X. The source code compiles on Microsoft Windows (since GDL 0.9.3) and other UNIX systems, including Solaris. GDL is not an official GNU package.","GNU Data Language, Marc Schellens, website, wikipedia, Various","website: http://gnudatalanguage.sourceforge.net/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Data_Language",beginner to advance
+1374,NESL,"NESL is a parallel programming language developed at Carnegie Mellon by the SCandAL project and released in 1993. It integrates various ideas from parallel algorithms, and functional programming and array programming languages. The most important new ideas behind NESL are  Nested data parallelism: this feature offers the benefits of data parallelism, concise code that is easy to understand and debug, while being well suited for irregular algorithms, such as algorithms on trees, graphs or sparse matrices. A language based performance model: this gives a formal way to calculate the work and depth of a program. These measures can be related to running time on parallel machines.The main design guideline for NESL was to make parallel programming easy and portable. Algorithms are typically significantly more concise in NESL than in most other parallel programming languages, and the code closely resembles high-level pseudocode. NESL supports nested data parallelism by using the flattening transform to convert nested data parallelism to flat data parallelism. This works by storing nested vectors as the nested data and a segment descriptor of vector lengths, separately. This flattening transform, however, can increase the asymptotic work and space complexity of the original program, leading to a much less efficient result.","NESL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NESL,beginner to advance
+1376,OCL,"The Object Constraint Language (OCL) is a declarative language describing rules applying to Unified Modeling Language (UML) models developed at IBM and is now part of the UML standard. Initially, OCL was merely a formal specification language extension for UML. OCL may now be used with any Meta-Object Facility (MOF) Object Management Group (OMG) meta-model, including UML. The Object Constraint Language is a precise text language that provides constraint and object query expressions on any MOF model or meta-model that cannot otherwise be expressed by diagrammatic notation. OCL is a key component of the new OMG standard recommendation for transforming models, the Queries/Views/Transformations (QVT) specification.","OCL, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.omg.org/spec/OCL/2.2/PDF, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language",beginner to advance
+1377,Grace,,"Grace, , website, reference, United States","website: https://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~grace/, reference: https://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~grace/doc/",beginner to advance
+1379,Crema,,"Crema, Jacob Torrey and Jared Wright, website, United States",website: https://github.com/ainfosec/crema/wiki,beginner to advance
+1380,Mouse,"The Mouse programming language is a small computer programming language developed by Dr. Peter Grogono in the late 1970s and early 1980s. It was developed as an extension of an earlier language called MUSYS, which was used to control digital and analog devices in an electronic music studio. Mouse was originally intended as a small, efficient language for microcomputers with limited memory.  It is an interpreted, stack-based language and uses Reverse Polish notation.  To make an interpreter as easy as possible to implement, Mouse is designed so that a program is processed as a stream of characters, interpreted one character at a time. The elements of the Mouse language consist of a set of (mostly) one-character symbols, each of which performs a specific function (see table below).  Since variable names are limited to one character, there are only 26 possible variables in Mouse (named A-Z).  Integers and characters are the only available data types. Despite these limits, Mouse includes a number of relatively advanced features, including:  Conditional branching Loops Pointers Macros (subroutines (which may be recursive)) Arrays Code tracingThe design of the Mouse language makes it ideal for teaching the design of a simple interpreter.  Much of the book describing Mouse is devoted to describing the implementation of two interpreters, one in Z80 assembly language, the other in Pascal.","Mouse, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://mouse.sourceforge.net, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1381,NWScript,"NWScript is the scripting language developed by BioWare for the role-playing video game Neverwinter Nights. It is based on the C programming language and is implemented in the Aurora toolset. Neverscript, an open source 3rd party editor, has been created for the Mac OS X and Linux versions of NWN because the Aurora toolset has not been ported to those platforms. NWScript is also used in the video games The Witcher, Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic and Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II The Sith Lords, which use the Odyssey Engine. Neverwinter Nights 2, the sequel to the original NWN, features a modified version of this scripting language.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWScript,beginner to advance
+1382,p4p,,"p4p, , website, reference, United States","website: https://shriram.github.io/p4p, reference: http://shriram.github.io/p4p",beginner to advance
+1383,Language Server Index Format,,"Language Server Index Format, Dan Adler, website, United States",website: https://lsif.dev/,beginner to advance
+1384,Hare,,"Hare, , website, Various",website: https://harelang.org/,beginner to advance
+1385,Ligo,,"Ligo, , website, France",website: https://ligolang.org/,beginner to advance
+1386,HAGGIS,"HAGGIS is a high-level reference programming language used primarily to examine Computing Science for Scottish pupils taking SQA courses on the subject. HAGGIS is used as a tool to bridge the gap between pseudocode and typical computer programming. HAGGIS is not based on any one language but a mixture that is intended to allow a pupil familiar with any of the many languages used in classrooms to easily understand the syntactic construct being used in an example. It has multiple programming paradigms of functional, imperative and object-oriented to suit this purpose. There are three separate language definitions, one for each level at which computing is assessed by the SQA; these are proper subsets of each other, so for example any program contained by the National 5 level language is also well-defined at Higher and Advanced Higher levels. Higher includes the definition of procedures and functions and the use of record types and files, while Advanced Higher includes object-orientation. Online HAGGIS interpreters have been developed to provide a way for examiners and teachers to check their programs are correctly defined and behave as expected.","HAGGIS, , wikipedia, Scotland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAGGIS,beginner to advance
+1387,Bucardo,,"Bucardo, Jon Jensen, website, reference, document, United States","website: https://bucardo.org/Bucardo/, reference: https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Bucardo, documentation: https://bucardo.org/Bucardo/",beginner to advance
+1388,Flavors,"Flavors, an early object-oriented extension to Lisp developed by Howard Cannon at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory for the Lisp machine and its programming language Lisp Machine Lisp, was the first programming language to include mixins. Symbolics used it for its Lisp machines, and eventually developed it into New Flavors; both the original and new Flavors were message passing OO models. It was hugely influential in the development of the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS).Implementations of Flavors are also available for Common Lisp.New Flavors replaced message sending with calling generic functions. Flavors offers :before and :after daemons with the default method combination (called :daemon).","Flavors, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavors_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1389,noulith,,"noulith, Brian Chen, website, document, United States","website: https://betaveros.github.io, documentation: https://github.com/betaveros/noulith/blob/main/README.md",beginner to advance
+1390,Livr,,"Livr, Viktor Turskyi, website, United States",website: https://livr-spec.org/,beginner to advance
+1391,QuakeC,"QuakeC is an interpreted language developed in 1996 by John Carmack of id Software to program parts of the video game Quake. Using QuakeC, a programmer is able to customize Quake to great extents by adding weapons, changing game logic and physics, and programming complex scenarios. It can be used to control many aspects of the game itself, such as parts of the AI, triggers, or changes in the level. The Quake engine was the only game engine to use QuakeC. Following engines used DLL game modules for customization written in C and C++ from id Tech 4 on.","QuakeC, John Carmack, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuakeC,beginner to advance
+1392,Amiga E,"Amiga E, or very often simply E, is a programming language created by Wouter van Oortmerssen on the Amiga. He has since moved on to develop the SHEEP programming language for the new AmigaDE platform and the CryScript language (also known as DOG) used during the development of the video game Far Cry.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_E,beginner to advance
+1393,BIND,"BIND (), or named (pronounced name-dee, short for name daemon: ), is the most widely used Domain Name System (DNS) software on the Internet. |  On Unix-like operating systems it is the de facto standard. It performs both of the main DNS server roles - acting as an authoritative name server for one or more specific domains, and acting as a recursive resolver for the DNS system generally. The software was originally designed at the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) in the early 1980s. The name originates as an acronym of Berkeley Internet Name Domain, reflecting the application's use within UCB. The software consists, most prominently, of the DNS server component, called named, a contracted form of name daemon. In addition the suite contains various administration tools, and a DNS resolver interface library. The latest version of BIND is BIND 9, first released in 2000. BIND 9 is actively maintained, with new releases issued several times a year. Starting in 2009, the Internet Software Consortium (ISC) developed a new software suite, initially called BIND10. With release version 1.2.0 the project was renamed Bundy to terminate ISC involvement in the project.","BIND, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND,beginner to advance
+1394,Potion,,"Potion, Jonathan Gillette, website, reference, wikipedia, United States and Germany and The Netherlands","website: http://perl11.org/potion/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=21176027, wikipedia: https://web.archive.org/web/20150325130627/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potion_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1396,C shell,"The C shell (csh or the improved version, tcsh) is a Unix shell created by Bill Joy while he was a graduate student at University of California, Berkeley in the late 1970s. It has been widely distributed, beginning with the 2BSD release of the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) that Joy began distributing in 1978. Other early contributors to the ideas or the code were Michael Ubell, Eric Allman, Mike O'Brien and Jim Kulp. The C shell is a command processor typically run in a text window, allowing the user to type commands. The C shell can also read commands from a file, called a script. Like all Unix shells, it supports filename wildcarding, piping, here documents, command substitution, variables and control structures for condition-testing and iteration. What differentiated the C shell from others, especially in the 1980s, were its interactive features and overall style. Its new features made it easier and faster to use. The overall style of the language looked more like C and was seen as more readable. On many systems, such as Mac OS X and Red Hat Linux, csh is actually tcsh, an improved version of csh. Often one of the two files is either a hard link or a symbolic link to the other, so that either name refers to the same improved version of the C shell. On Debian and some derivatives (including Ubuntu), there are two different packages: csh and tcsh. The former is based on the original BSD version of csh and the latter is the improved tcsh. tcsh added filename and command completion and command line editing concepts borrowed from the Tenex system, which is the source of the ""t"". Because it only added functionality and did not change what was there, tcsh remained backward compatible with the original C shell. Though it started as a side branch from the original source tree Joy had created, tcsh is now the main branch for ongoing development. tcsh is very stable but new releases continue to appear roughly once a year, consisting mostly of minor bug fixes.","C shell, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://mx.gw.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Shell",beginner to advance
+1397,Charity,"Charity is an experimental purely functional programming language, developed at the University of Calgary under the supervision of Robin Cockett. Based on ideas by Hagino Tatsuya, it is completely grounded in category theory. Disregarding interactions with the outside world, all Charity programs are guaranteed to terminate or stay productive. The language allows ordinary recursive data types, such as might be found in ML, which are required to be finite, and corecursive data types, which are allowed to be potentially infinite. The control structure for operating on recursive data types is primitive recursion or paramorphism, and the control structure for corecursive data types is primitive co-recursion or apomorphism. Neither control structure can operate over the other kind of data, so all paramorphisms terminate and all apomorphisms are productive.","Charity, , website, wikipedia, Canada","website: http://pll.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/charity1/www/home.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1398,MIMIC,"MIMIC, known in capitalized form only, is a former simulation computer language developed 1964 by H. E. Petersen, F. J. Sansom and L. M. Warshawsky of Systems Engineering Group within the Air Force Materiel Command at the Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton, Ohio, United States. It is an expression-oriented continuous block simulation language, but capable of incorporating blocks of FORTRAN-like algebra. MIMIC is a further development from MIDAS (Modified Integration Digital Analog Simulator), which represented analog computer design. Written completely in FORTRAN but one routine in COMPASS, and ran on Control Data supercomputers, MIMIC is capable of solving much larger simulation models. With MIMIC, ordinary differential equations describing mathematical models in several scientific disciplines as in engineering, physics, chemistry, biology, economics and as well as in social sciences can easily be solved by numerical integration and the results of the analysis are listed or drawn in diagrams. It also enables the analysis of nonlinear dynamic conditions. The MIMIC software package, written as FORTRAN overlay programs, executes input statements of the mathematical model in six consecutive passes. Simulation programs written in MIMIC are compiled rather than interpreted. The core of the simulation package is a variable step numerical integrator of fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Many useful functions related to electrical circuit elements exist besides some mathematical functions found in most scientific programming languages. There is no need to sort the statements in order of dependencies of the variables, since MIMIC does it internally. Parts of the software organized in overlays are:  MIMIN (input)– reads in user simulation program and data, MIMCO (compiler) – compiles the user program and creates an in-core array of instructions, MIMSO (sort)– sorts the instructions array after dependencies of variables, MIMAS (assembler) – converts the BCD instructions into machine-oriented code, MIMEX (execute)– executes the user program by integrating, MIMOUT (output)– puts out the data as a list or diagram of data.","MIMIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMIC,beginner to advance
+1399,Pawn,,"Pawn, , wikipedia, The Netherlands",wikipedia: https://web.archive.org/web/20150408071820/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawn_(scripting_language),beginner to advance
+1400,dlvm,,"dlvm, Chris Lattner, website, reference, United States","website: http://dlvm.org/, reference: https://dlvm-team.github.io/",beginner to advance
+1401,epsilon,,"epsilon, , website, Canada",website: https://www.eclipse.org/epsilon/doc/eol/,beginner to advance
+1402,lav-format,,"lav-format, , website, United States",website: http://www.bx.psu.edu/miller_lab/dist/lav_format.html,beginner to advance
+1403,GraphQL Schema Definition Language,,"GraphQL Schema Definition Language, , reference, Various",reference: https://github.com/graphql/graphql-spec/pull/90,beginner to advance
+1404,noisecraft,,"noisecraft, Maxime Chevalier-Boisvert, website, Canada",website: https://noisecraft.app/,beginner to advance
+1406,Edge Side Includes,"Edge Side Includes or ESI is a small markup language for edge level dynamic web content assembly. The purpose of ESI is to tackle the problem of web infrastructure scaling. It is an application of edge computing. It is fairly common for websites to have generated content. It could be because of changing content like catalogs or forums, or because of personalization. This creates a problem for caching systems. To overcome this problem a group of companies (Akamai, Art Technology Group, BEA Systems, Circadence Corporation, Digital Island, Inc., Interwoven, Inc., Open Market, whose ESI-related technology is now owned by FatWire Software, Oracle Corporation and Vignette Corporation) developed the ESI specification and submitted it to the W3C for approval. The proposal editor was Mark Nottingham. ESI Language Specification 1.0 was submitted to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) for approval in August 2001. The W3C has acknowledged receipt, but has not accepted the proposal.ESI is implemented by some content delivery networks, such as Akamai, and by some caching proxy servers such as Varnish, Squid and Mongrel ESI, although many do not implement the complete specification. Akamai also adds additional features to the version they support.","Edge Side Includes, , wikipedia, United States and New Zealand",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_Side_Includes,beginner to advance
+1408,eff,,"eff, , website, Slovenia",website: https://www.eff-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+1409,Linda,"In computer science, Linda is a model of coordination and communication among several parallel processes operating upon objects stored in and retrieved from shared, virtual, associative memory. It was developed by Sudhir Ahuja at AT&T Bell Laboratories in collaboration with David Gelernter and Nicholas Carriero at Yale University in 1986.","Linda, David Gelernter, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_(coordination_language),beginner to advance
+1410,Yum,"The Yellowdog Updater, Modified (YUM) is a libre and open-source command-line package-management utility for computers running the Linux operating system using the RPM Package Manager. Though YUM has a command-line interface, several other tools provide graphical user interfaces to YUM functionality. YUM allows for automatic updates and package and dependency management on RPM-based distributions. Like the Advanced Package Tool (APT) from Debian, YUM works with software repositories (collections of packages), which can be accessed locally or over a network connection. Under the hood, YUM depends on RPM, which is a packaging standard for digital distribution of software, which automatically uses hashes and digisigs to verify the authorship and integrity of said software; unlike some app stores, which serve a similar function, neither YUM nor RPM provide built-in support for proprietary restrictions on copying of packages by end-users. YUM is implemented as libraries in the Python programming language, with a small set of programs that provide a command-line interface. GUI-based wrappers such as YUM Extender (yumex) also exist.A rewrite of YUM named DNF replaced YUM as the default package manager in Fedora 22. DNF was created to improve on YUM in several ways - improved performance, better resolution of dependency conflicts, and easier integration with other software applications.",,"reference: https://webhome.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/General/yum_HOWTO/yum_HOWTO/yum_HOWTO-1.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yum_(software)",beginner to advance
+1411,XML Metadata Interchange,"The XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) is an Object Management Group (OMG) standard for exchanging metadata information via Extensible Markup Language (XML). It can be used for any metadata whose metamodel can be expressed in Meta-Object Facility (MOF). The most common use of XMI is as an interchange format for UML models, although it can also be used for serialization of models of other languages (metamodels).",,"website: https://www.omg.org/spec/XMI/About-XMI/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange",beginner to advance
+1412,CMS-2,"CMS-2 is an embedded systems programming language used by the United States Navy. It was an early attempt to develop a standardized high-level computer programming language intended to improve code portability and reusability. CMS-2 was developed primarily for the US Navy’s tactical data systems (NTDS).CMS-2 was developed by RAND Corporation in the early 1970s and stands for ""Compiler Monitor System"". The name ""CMS-2"" is followed in literature by a letter designating the type of target system. For example, CMS-2M targets Navy 16-bit processors, such as the AN/AYK-14.","CMS-2, Vincent Cecil Secades and David Clark Rummler, reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Steps-toward-a-revised-compiler-monitor-system-II-Secades-Rummler/2ea5859d3f2045a9dd3296c28a9d18a87853a083, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMS-2_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1413,Djot,,"Djot, John MacFarlane, website, reference, document, United States","website: https://djot.net, reference: https://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://github.com/jgm/djot/blob/master/doc/syntax.html, documentation: https://github.com/jgm/djot/blob/main/README.md",beginner to advance
+1414,OPS5,"OPS5 is a rule-based or production system computer language, notable as the first such language to be used in a successful expert system, the R1/XCON system used to configure VAX computers. The OPS (said to be short for ""Official Production System"") family was developed in the late 1970s by Charles Forgy while at Carnegie Mellon University. Allen Newell's research group in artificial intelligence had been working on production systems for some time, but Forgy's implementation, based on his Rete algorithm, was especially efficient, sufficiently so that it was possible to scale up to larger problems involving hundreds or thousands of rules. OPS5 uses a forward chaining inference engine; programs execute by scanning ""working memory elements"" (which are vaguely object-like, with classes and attributes) looking for matches with the rules in ""production memory"". Rules have actions that may modify or remove the matched element, create new ones, perform side effects such as output, and so forth. Execution continues until no more matches can be found. In this sense, OPS5 is an execution engine for a Petri net extended with inhibitor arcs. The OPS5 forward chaining process makes it extremely parallelizeable during the matching phase, and several automatic parallelizing compilers were created. OPS4 was an early version, while OPS83 came later. The first implementation of OPS5 was written in Lisp, and later rewritten in BLISS for speed. DEC OPS5 is an extended implementation of the OPS5 language definition, developed for use with the VMS, RISC ULTRIX, and DEC OSF/1 operating systems.","OPS5, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPS5,beginner to advance
+1415,Scribe,"Scribe is a markup language and word processing system which pioneered the use of descriptive markup. Scribe was revolutionary when it was proposed, because it involved for the first time a clean separation of presentation and content.","Scribe, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribe_(markup_language),beginner to advance
+1416,Bioconductor,,"Bioconductor, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.bioconductor.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconductor",beginner to advance
+1418,jayfor,,"jayfor, Felix Angell, website, Denmark and New Zealand and United Kingdom",website: https://ark-lang.github.io/,beginner to advance
+1419,RDF Schema,"RDF Schema (Resource Description Framework Schema, variously abbreviated as RDFS, RDF(S), RDF-S, or RDF/S) is a set of classes with certain properties using the RDF extensible knowledge representation data model, providing basic elements for the description of ontologies, otherwise called RDF vocabularies, intended to structure RDF resources. These resources can be saved in a triplestore to reach them with the query language SPARQL. The first version was published by the World-Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in April 1998, and the final W3C recommendation was released in February 2004. Many RDFS components are included in the more expressive Web Ontology Language (OWL).","RDF Schema, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF_Schema,beginner to advance
+1420,DAX,"Data Analysis Expressions (DAX) is the native formula and query language for Microsoft PowerPivot, Power BI Desktop and SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS) Tabular models. DAX includes some of the functions that are used in Excel formulas with additional functions that are designed to work with relational data and perform dynamic aggregation. It is, in part, an evolution of the Multidimensional Expression (MDX) language developed by Microsoft for Analysis Services multidimensional models (often called cubes) combined with Excel formula functions. It is designed to be simple and easy to learn, while exposing the power and flexibility of PowerPivot and SSAS tabular models.",,"website: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dax/dax-overview, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis_expressions",beginner to advance
+1422,Kit,,"Kit, , website, reference, United States","website: https://codekitapp.com/help/kit/, reference: https://www.hongkiat.com/blog/kit-language/",beginner to advance
+1423,PeopleCode,"PeopleCode is a proprietary object-oriented programming language used to express business logic for PeopleSoft applications. Syntactically, PeopleCode is similar to other programming languages, and can be found in both loosely-typed and strongly-typed forms. PeopleCode and its run-time environment is part of the larger PeopleTools framework. PeopleCode has evolved over time and its implementation through the PeopleSoft applications lack consistency. PeopleCode offers some interoperability with the Java programming language. Definition name references, for example, enable you to refer to PeopleTools definitions, such as record definitions or pages, without using hard-coded string literals. Other language features, such as PeopleCode data types and metastrings, reflect the close interaction of PeopleTools and Structured Query Language (SQL). Dot notation, classes and methods in PeopleCode are similar to other object oriented languages, like Java. Object syntax was an important feature of PeopleTools 8.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PeopleCode,beginner to advance
+1424,JS++,,"JS++, Roger Poon and Anton Rapetov, website, wikipedia, United Kingdom","website: https://onux.com/jspp/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS%2B%2B",beginner to advance
+1425,PILOT,"Programmed Instruction, Learning, or Teaching (PILOT) is a simple programming language developed in the 1960s. Like its younger sibling LOGO, it was an early foray into the technology of computer-assisted instruction","PILOT, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PILOT,beginner to advance
+1426,SCRIPT markup,"SCRIPT, any of a series of text markup languages starting with Script under Control Program-67/Cambridge Monitor System (CP-67/CMS) and Script/370 under Virtual Machine Facility/370 (VM/370); the current version, SCRIPT/VS, is part of IBM's Document Composition Facility (DCF) for IBM z/VM and z/OS systems. SCRIPT was developed for CP-67/CMS by Stuart Madnick at MIT, succeeding CTSS RUNOFF. SCRIPT is a procedural markup language. Inline commands called control words, indicated by a period in the first column of a logical line, describe the desired appearance of the formatted text. SCRIPT originally provided a 2PASS option to allow text to refer to variables defined later in the text, but subsequent versions allowed more than two passes.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCRIPT_(markup),beginner to advance
+1427,Yacas,"Yacas  is a general-purpose computer algebra system.  The name is an acronym for Yet Another Computer Algebra System. Released under the GNU Lesser General Public License, Yacas is free software. YACAS is a program for symbolic manipulation of mathematical expressions. It uses its own programming language designed for symbolic as well as arbitrary-precision numerical computations. The system has a library of scripts that implement many of the symbolic algebra operations; new algorithms can be easily added to the library. YACAS comes with extensive documentation covering the scripting language, the functionality that is already implemented in the system, and the algorithms used. Its development started in early 1999.Yacas handles input and output in plain ASCII or in OpenMath, either interactively or in batch mode.",,"website: http://www.yacas.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacas",beginner to advance
+1428,Q,"Pure, successor to the equational language Q, is a dynamically typed, functional programming language based on term rewriting. It has facilities for user-defined operator syntax, macros, arbitrary-precision arithmetic (multiple-precision numbers), and compiling to native code through the LLVM. Pure is free and open-source software distributed (mostly) under the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3 or later. Pure comes with an interpreter and debugger, provides automatic memory management, has powerful functional and symbolic programming abilities, and interfaces to libraries in C (e.g., for numerics, low-level protocols, and other such tasks). At the same time, Pure is a small language designed from scratch; its interpreter is not large, and the library modules are written in Pure. The syntax of Pure resembles that of Miranda and Haskell, but it is a free-format language and thus uses explicit delimiters (rather than off-side rule indents) to denote program structure. The Pure language is a successor of the equational programming language Q, previously created by the same author, Albert Gräf at the University of Mainz, Germany. Relative to Q, it offers some important new features (such as local functions with lexical scoping, efficient vector and matrix support, and the built-in C interface) and programs run much faster as they are compiled just-in-time to native code on the fly. Pure is mostly aimed at mathematical applications and scientific computing currently, but its interactive interpreter environment, the C interface and the growing set of addon modules make it suitable for a variety of other applications, such as artificial intelligence, symbolic computation, and real-time multimedia processing. Pure plug-ins are available for the Gnumeric spreadsheet and Miller Puckette's Pure Data graphical multimedia software, which make it possible to extend these programs with functions written in the Pure language. Interfaces are also provided as library modules to GNU Octave, OpenCV, OpenGL, the GNU Scientific Library, FAUST, SuperCollider, and liblo (for Open Sound Control (OSC)).","Q, Albert Gräf, website, wikipedia, Germany","website: https://q-lang.sourceforge.net, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(equational_programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1429,Kid templating language,"Kid is a simple template engine for XML-based vocabularies written in Python. Kid claims to have many of the best features of XSLT, TAL, and PHP, but ""with much of the limitations and complexity stamped out"". Kid initially acted as the View component of the TurboGears framework in the framework's version 1.x implementation; however, the TurboGears project team has since replaced it with Genshi, citing perceived performance advantages.Kid is used by the Fedora Project in the repoview utility  which creates a set of static HTML pages within a YUM repository.","Kid templating language, , wikipedia, Germany and United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_(templating_language),beginner to advance
+1430,REDUCE,"Reduce is a general-purpose computer algebra system geared towards applications in physics. The development of the Reduce computer algebra system was started in the 1960s by Anthony C. Hearn. Since then, many scientists from all over the world have contributed to its development under his direction. Reduce is written entirely in its own LISP dialect called Portable Standard Lisp, expressed in an ALGOL-like syntax called RLISP. The latter is used as a basis for Reduce's user-level language. Implementations of Reduce are available on most variants of Unix, Linux, Microsoft Windows, or Apple Macintosh systems by using an underlying Portable Standard Lisp or Codemist Standard LISP implementation. Reduce was open sourced in December 2008 and is available for free under a modified BSD license on SourceForge. Previously it had cost $695.","REDUCE, , website, reference, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.reduce-algebra.com, reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_C._Hearn, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REDUCE",beginner to advance
+1431,Flowgorithm,,"Flowgorithm, , website, Italy",website: http://www.flowgorithm.org/,beginner to advance
+1432,Pact,,"Pact, Stuart Popejoy, website, document, United States","website: http://kadena.io/try-pact/, documentation: https://pact-language.readthedocs.io/en/stable/",beginner to advance
+1433,Acorn Atom,"The Acorn Atom is a home computer made by Acorn Computers Ltd from 1980 to 1982, when it was replaced by the BBC Micro. The Micro began life as an upgrade to the Atom, originally known as the Proton. The Atom was a progression of the MOS Technology 6502-based machines that the company had been making from 1979. The Atom was a cut-down Acorn System 3 without a disk drive but with an integral keyboard and cassette tape interface, sold in either kit or complete form. In 1980 it was priced between £120 in kit form, £170 ready assembled, to over £200 for the fully expanded version with 12 KB of RAM and the floating point extension ROM. The minimum Atom had 2 KB of RAM and 8 KB of ROM, with the maximum specification machine having 12 KB of each.  An additional floating point ROM was also available.  The 12 KB of RAM was divided between 1 KB for the zero page, 5 KB available for programs, and 6 KB for the high resolution graphics. The zero page was used by the CPU for stack storage, by the OS, and by the Atom BASIC for storage of the 27 variables.  If high resolution graphics were not required then 5½ KB of the upper memory could be used for program storage. It had an MC6847 Video Display Generator (VDG) video chip, allowing for both text and graphics modes. It could be connected to a TV or modified to output to a video monitor. Basic video memory was 1 KB but could be expanded to 6 KB. Since the MC6847 could only output at 60 Hz, meaning that the video could not be resolved on a large proportion of European TV sets, a 50 Hz PAL colour card was later made available. Six video modes were available, with resolutions from 64×64 in 4 colours, up to 256×192 in monochrome.  At the time, 256×192 was considered to be high resolution. It had built-in BASIC (Atom BASIC), a fast but idiosyncratic version, which included indirection operators (similar to PEEK and POKE) for bytes and words (of 4 bytes each).  Assembly code could be included within a BASIC program, because the BASIC interpreter also contained an assembler for the 6502 assembly language which assembled the inline code during program execution and then executed it. This was a very unusual, but also very useful, function. In late 1982, Acorn released an upgrade ROM chip for the Atom which allowed users to switch between Atom BASIC and the more advanced BASIC used by the BBC Micro. The upgrade was purely to the programming language; the Atom's graphics and sound capabilities remained unchanged, and hence, contrary to some pre-release beliefs, the BBC BASIC ROM did not allow Atom users to run commercial BBC Micro software, since nearly all of it took advantage of the BBC machine's much more advanced graphics and sound hardware. Commercial BBC Micro cassettes could not have been loaded anyway, as they ran at a transfer rate of 1200 baud and the Atom's cassette interface only supported 300 baud. The manual for the Atom was called Atomic Theory and Practice and was written by David Johnson-Davies, subsequently Managing Director of Acornsoft. (The manual used the jargon 'pling' for exclamation mark, a term which may have originated at Acorn, and of which this may have been the first published usage.) The Acorn LAN, Econet, was first configured on the Atom. The case was designed by industrial designer Allen Boothroyd of Cambridge Product Design Ltd.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn_Atom,beginner to advance
+1434,Sibelius,"Sibelius is a scorewriter program developed and released by Sibelius Software Limited (now part of Avid Technology).  It is the world's largest selling music notation program.  Beyond creating, editing and printing music scores, Sibelius can also play the music back using sampled or synthesised sounds.  It produces printed scores, and can also publish them via the Internet for others to access. Less advanced versions of Sibelius at lower prices have been released, as have various add-ons for the software. Named after the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius, the company was founded in April 1993 by twin brothers Ben and Jonathan Finn to market the eponymous music notation program they had created. It went on to develop and distribute various other music software products, particularly for education. In addition to its head office in Cambridge and subsequently London, Sibelius Software opened offices in the US, Australia and Japan, with distributors and dealers in many other countries worldwide.   The company won numerous awards, including the Queen's Award for Innovation in 2005. In August 2006 the company was acquired by Avid, to become part of its Digidesign division, which also manufactures the leading digital audio workstation Pro Tools.  In July 2012, Avid announced plans to divest its consumer businesses, closed the Sibelius London office, and removed the original development team, despite extensive protests on Facebook and elsewhere. Avid subsequently recruited some new programmers to continue development of Sibelius.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibelius_(software),beginner to advance
+1436,ink-lang,,"ink-lang, Linus Lee, website, United States",website: https://dotink.co,beginner to advance
+1437,SIMSCRIPT,"SIMSCRIPT is a free-form, English-like general-purpose simulation language conceived by Harry Markowitz and Bernard Hausner at the RAND Corporation in 1963. It was implemented as a Fortran preprocessor on the IBM 7090 and was designed for large discrete event simulations. It influenced Simula. Though earlier versions were released into the public domain, SIMSCRIPT was commercialized by Markowitz's company, California Analysis Center, Inc., which produced proprietary versions SIMSCRIPT I.5 and SIMSCRIPT II.5.","SIMSCRIPT, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMSCRIPT,beginner to advance
+1438,POP-2,"POP-2 (also referred to as POP2) is a programming language developed around 1970 from the earlier language POP-1 (developed by Robin Popplestone in 1968, originally named COWSEL) by Robin Popplestone and Rod Burstall at the University of Edinburgh.  It drew roots from many sources: the languages LISP and ALGOL 60, and theoretical ideas from Peter J. Landin. It used an incremental compiler, which gave it some of the flexibility of an interpreted language, including allowing new function definitions at run time and modification of function definitions while a program was running (both of which are features of dynamic compilation), without the overhead of an interpreted language.","POP-2, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POP-2,beginner to advance
+1439,NixOS,"NixOS is a Linux distribution built on top of the Nix package manager. It uses declarative configuration and allows reliable system upgrades. Two main branches are offered: current Stable release and Unstable following latest development. Although NixOS started as a research project, it is a fully functional and usable operating system.NixOS has tools dedicated to DevOps and deployment tasks.","NixOS, , wikipedia, The Netherlands",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NixOS,beginner to advance
+1441,MACRO,Macro (or MACRO) may refer to:,"MACRO, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9095359f3bc65c41d3879f5ae703b567848b3046, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro",beginner to advance
+1442,oden,,"oden, Oskar Wickström, website, reference, Sweden","website: https://oden-lang.github.io, reference: https://web.archive.org/web/20160603002614/https://oden-lang.org",beginner to advance
+1443,Family BASIC,"Family BASIC or Famicom BASIC is the consumer product for programming Nintendo's Family Computer video game console of Japan. Family BASIC  was launched on June 21, 1984 to consumers in Japan by Nintendo, in cooperation with Hudson Soft and Sharp Corporation. A second version titled Family BASIC V3 was released on February 21, 1985, with greater memory and new features.","Family BASIC, , wikipedia, Japan",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1444,abs,,"abs, Alessandro Nadalin, website, United Arab Emirates",website: https://www.abs-lang.org,beginner to advance
+1445,Groovy Server Pages,,"Groovy Server Pages, , website, United States and Spain and France",website: https://gsp.grails.org/latest/guide/index.html,beginner to advance
+1446,Fun,,"Fun, Marcus Westin, website, United States",website: http://marcuswest.in/essays/fun-intro/,beginner to advance
+1447,Uniform eXchange Format,,"Uniform eXchange Format, Mark Summerfield, website, reference, United Kingdom","website: https://www.qtrac.eu, reference: https://github.com/mark-summerfield/uxf/blob/main/README.md",beginner to advance
+1448,HMMM,,"HMMM, , reference, United States",reference: https://web.cs.hacettepe.edu.tr/~bbm101/fall17/files/Hmmm.pdf,beginner to advance
+1449,VisualWorks,"VisualWorks is a cross-platform implementation of the Smalltalk language. It is implemented as a development system based on ""images"", which are dynamic collections of software objects, each contained in a system image. The lineage of VisualWorks goes back to the first Smalltalk-80 implementation by Xerox PARC. In the late 1980s, a group of Smalltalk-80 developers spun off ParcPlace Systems to further develop Smalltalk-80 as a commercial product. The commercial product was initially called ObjectWorks, and then VisualWorks. On August 31, 1999, the VisualWorks product was sold to Cincom. VisualWorks runs under many operating systems, including  Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and several versions of Unix. VisualWorks has a very active third-party developers community, with a non-commercial version available free. The non-commercial version has all the power and functionality of the commercial version. In both versions, as in all Smalltalks, the user can see all the source code. This includes all the system classes, including the browser and GUI builder. VisualWorks supports cross-platform development projects, because of its built-in multi-platform features. For example, a GUI application needs to be developed only once, and can then be switched to different widget styles. A VisualWorks application can be run on all supported platforms without any modifications. Only the virtual machine is platform-dependent.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisualWorks,beginner to advance
+1450,Plankalkul,"Plankalkül (German pronunciation: [ˈplaːnkalkyːl], ""Plan Calculus"") is a programming language designed for engineering purposes by Konrad Zuse between 1942 and 1945. It was the first high-level (non-von Neumann) programming language to be designed for a computer. ""Kalkül"" means formal system – the Hilbert-style deduction system is for example originally called ""Hilbert-Kalkül"", so Plankalkül means ""formal system for planning"".","Plankalkul, Konrad Zuse, wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankalkül,beginner to advance
+1451,WATFIV,"WATFIV, or WATerloo FORTRAN IV,  developed at the University of Waterloo, Canada is an implementation of the Fortran computer programming language. It is the successor of WATFOR. WATFIV was used from the late 1960s into the mid-1980s. WATFIV was in turn succeeded by later versions of WATFOR. Because it could complete the three usual steps (""compile-link-go"") in just one pass, the system became popular for teaching students computer programming.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WATFIV,beginner to advance
+1452,Cadence SKILL,SKILL is a Lisp dialect used as a scripting language and PCell (parameterized cells) description language used in many EDA software suites by Cadence Design Systems. It was originally put forth in an IEEE paper in 1990.,"Cadence SKILL, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: http://pwp.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/367/2016/03/Intro_to_skill_prog.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_SKILL",beginner to advance
+1453,MiniZinc,,"MiniZinc, , website, Australia",website: http://www.minizinc.org/,beginner to advance
+1454,Parallax Propeller,"The Parallax P8X32A Propeller is a multi-core processor parallel computer architecture microcontroller chip with eight 32-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) central processing unit (CPU) cores. Introduced in 2006, it is designed and sold by Parallax, Inc. The Propeller microcontroller, Propeller assembly language, and Spin interpreter were designed by one person, Parallax's cofounder and president, Chip Gracey. The Spin programming language and Propeller Tool integrated development environment (IDE) were designed by Chip Gracey and Parallax's software engineer Jeff Martin. On August 6, 2014, Parallax Inc., released all of the Propeller 1 P8X32A hardware and tools as open-source hardware and software under the GNU General Public License (GPL) 3.0. This included the Verilog code, top-level hardware description language (HDL) files, Spin interpreter, PropellerIDE and SimpleIDE programming tools, and compilers.","Parallax Propeller, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax_Propeller,beginner to advance
+1455,Jank,,"Jank, , website, United States",website: https://jank-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+1456,MUSIC/SP,"MUSIC/SP (Multi-User System for Interactive Computing/System Product; originally ""McGill University System for Interactive Computing"") was developed at McGill University in the 1970s from an early IBM time-sharing system called RAX (Remote Access Computing System). The system ran on IBM  S/360,  S/370, and  4300-series  mainframe hardware, and offered novel features (for the time) such as file access control and data compression. It was designed to allow academics and students to create and run their programs interactively on  terminals, in an era when most mainframe computing was still being done from punched cards.  Over the years, development continued and the system evolved to embrace email, the Internet and eventually the World Wide Web. At its peak in the late 1980s, there were over 250  universities, colleges and  high school districts that used the system in North and South America, Europe and Asia.","MUSIC/SP, , wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUSIC/SP,beginner to advance
+1457,MXF,Material Exchange Format (MXF) is a container format for professional digital video and audio media defined by a set of SMPTE standards. A typical example of its use is for delivering advertisements to TV stations and tapeless archiving of broadcast TV programs.,"MXF, , wikipedia, Switzerland and United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_Exchange_Format,beginner to advance
+1458,Watcom,"Watcom International Corporation was founded in 1981 by three former employees of the Computer Systems Group (Fred Crigger, Ian McPhee, and Jack Schueler) at the University of Waterloo, in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Watcom produced a variety of tools, including the well-known Watcom C/C++ compiler introduced in 1988.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watcom,beginner to advance
+1459,Oak,"Oak is a discontinued programming language created by James Gosling in 1991, initially for Sun Microsystems' set-top box project. The language later evolved to become Java. The name Oak was used by Gosling after an oak tree that stood outside his office.","Oak, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1460,Berkeley DB,"Berkeley DB (BDB) is a software library intended to provide a high-performance embedded database for key/value data. Berkeley DB is written in C with API bindings for C++, C#, Java, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, Tcl, and many other programming languages. BDB stores arbitrary key/data pairs as byte arrays, and supports multiple data items for a single key. Berkeley DB is not a relational database.BDB can support thousands of simultaneous threads of control or concurrent processes manipulating databases as large as 256 terabytes, on a wide variety of operating systems including most Unix-like and Windows systems, and real-time operating systems.  BDB was commercially supported and developed by Sleepycat Software from 1996 to 2006.  This company was acquired by Oracle Corporation in February 2006, which continues to develop and sell Berkeley DB.  Under Oracle's stewardship, ""Berkeley DB"" has become a common brand name for three distinct products: Oracle Berkeley DB, Berkeley DB Java Edition, and Berkeley DB XML.  These three products all share a common ancestry and are currently under active development.","Berkeley DB, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB,beginner to advance
+1461,hacspec,,"hacspec, Franziskus Kiefer, website, Germany",website: https://hacspec.org,beginner to advance
+1462,manool,,"manool, Alex Protasov, website, reference, Colombia","website: https://manool.org/, reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/ep8pc2/manool_practical_language_with_universal_syntax/",beginner to advance
+1463,Judoscript,Judoscript is one of several general purpose programming languages designed primarily for scripting on the Java platform. Its originator and primary developer is software engineer James Jianbo Huang.,"Judoscript, James Jianbo Huang, wikipedia, Unknown",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judoscript,beginner to advance
+1464,parasail,Parallel Specification and Implementation Language (ParaSail) is an object-oriented parallel programming language. Its design and ongoing implementation is described in a blog and on its official website.,"parasail, Seth Tucker Taft, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: http://parasail-lang.org, documentation: https://adacore.github.io/ParaSail/images/parasail_ref_manual.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParaSail_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1465,ArchieML,,"ArchieML, , website, United States",website: http://archieml.org/,beginner to advance
+1466,Finite State Language,,"Finite State Language, , reference, Various",reference: https://github.com/StoneCypher/jssm,beginner to advance
+1468,Airtable,"Airtable is a cloud collaboration service headquartered in San Francisco. It was founded in 2012 by Howie Liu, Andrew Ofstad, and Emmett Nicholas. Airtable is a spreadsheet-database hybrid, with the features of a database but applied to a spreadsheet. The fields in an Airtable table are similar to cells in a spreadsheet, but have types such as 'checkbox', 'phone number', and 'drop-down list', and can reference file attachments like images.Users can create a database, set up column types, add records, link tables to one another, collaborate, sort records and publish views to external websites.",,"website: https://airtable.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airtable",beginner to advance
+1469,Deb file format,"deb is the format, as well as extension of the software package format for the Linux distribution Debian and its derivatives.","Deb file format, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deb_(file_format),beginner to advance
+1470,GraphML,"GraphML is an XML-based file format for graphs. The GraphML file format results from the joint effort of the graph drawing community to define a common format for exchanging graph structure data. It uses an XML-based syntax and supports the entire range of possible graph structure constellations including directed, undirected, mixed graphs, hypergraphs, and application-specific attributes.","GraphML, , wikipedia, Various",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GraphML,beginner to advance
+1471,pie-lang,,"pie-lang, David Christiansen, website, Denmark",website: http://thelittletyper.com/,beginner to advance
+1472,Go!,Go! is an agent-based programming language in the tradition of logic-based programming languages like Prolog.  It was introduced in a 2003 paper by Francis McCabe and Keith Clark.,"Go!, Francis McCabe and Keith Clark, wikipedia, United Kingdom and United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go!_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1473,StarLogo,"StarLogo is an agent-based simulation language developed by Mitchel Resnick, Eric Klopfer, and others at MIT Media Lab and MIT Scheller Teacher Education Program in Massachusetts. It is an extension of the Logo programming language, a dialect of Lisp. Designed for education, StarLogo can be used by students to model the behavior of decentralized systems. The first StarLogo ran on a Connection Machine 2 parallel computer. A subsequent version ran on Macintosh computers; this version became known later as MacStarLogo (and now is called MacStarLogo Classic). The current StarLogo is written in Java and works on most computers. StarLogo is also available in a version called OpenStarLogo. The source code for OpenStarLogo is available online, although the license under which it is released is not an open source license according to the Open Source Definition, because of restrictions on the commercial use of the code. StarLogo TNG (The Next Generation) version 1.0 was released in July 2008. It provides a 3D world using OpenGL graphics and a block-based graphical language to increase ease of use and learnability. It is written in C and Java. StarLogo TNG uses ""blocks"" to put together puzzle-like pieces. StarLogo TNG reads the blocks in the order you fit them together, and sets the program in the Spaceland view. StarLogo is a primary influence for the Kedama particle system, programmed by Yoshiki Oshima, found in the  Etoys educational programming environment and language, which can be viewed as a Logo done originally in Squeak Smalltalk.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarLogo,beginner to advance
+1474,Morfik,"Morfik Technology Pty Ltd. is an Australian software company that was acquired by Altium in 2010.  The company is known for developing a set of visual designers, compilers and a Framework combined in an Integrated development environment (IDE) aimed at developing Ajax applications in a high-level language such as Java, C#, BASIC or Object Pascal.  Morfik includes visual design tools for Web interfaces, database structure, and queries.  It supports the classic client–server model, however like all Ajax applications, the client-side code runs within a browser. The Morfik development tool converts the forms that the user draws into DHTML, compiles the client-logic into JavaScript, and builds the application and database server engines to house the server-side code.","Morfik, , wikipedia, Australia",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfik,beginner to advance
+1475,Numbers,"Numbers is a spreadsheet application developed by Apple Inc. as part of the iWork productivity suite alongside Keynote and Pages. Numbers is available for iOS, and macOS High Sierra or newer. Numbers 1.0 on OS X was announced on 7 August 2007, making it the newest application in the iWork suite. The iPad version was released on 27 January 2010. The app was later updated to support iPhone and iPod Touch. Numbers uses a free-form ""canvas"" approach that demotes tables to one of many different media types placed on a page. Other media, like charts, graphics and text, are treated as peers. In comparison, traditional spreadsheets like Microsoft Excel use the table as the primary container, with other media placed within the table. Numbers also includes features from the seminal Lotus Improv, notably the use of formulas based on ranges rather than cells. However, it implements these using traditional spreadsheet concepts, as opposed to Improv's use of multidimensional databases. Numbers also includes numerous stylistic improvements in an effort to improve the visual appearance of spreadsheets. At its introductory demonstration, Steve Jobs pitched a more usable interface and better control over the appearance and presentation of tables of data.","Numbers, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_(spreadsheet),beginner to advance
+1476,astro,,"astro, , website, Nigeria",website: http://www.nairaland.com/3557200/astro-programming-language-0.2-indefinite,beginner to advance
+1477,AmigaBASIC,"AmigaBASIC was an interpreted BASIC programming language implementation for the Amiga, designed and written by Microsoft.  AmigaBASIC shipped with AmigaOS versions 1.1 to 1.3. It succeeded MetaComCo's ABasiC, which was included in AmigaOS 1.0 and 1.1, and was superseded by ARexx, a REXX-style scripting language, from AmigaOS version 2.0 onwards.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaBASIC,beginner to advance
+1478,XPL,"XPL is a programming language based on PL/I, a portable one-pass compiler written in its own language, and a parser generator tool for easily implementing similar compilers for other languages. XPL was designed in 1967 as a way to teach compiler design principles and as starting point for students to build compilers for their own languages. XPL was designed and implemented by William McKeeman and David B. Wortman at University of California, Santa Cruz and James J. Horning and others at Stanford University. XPL was first announced at the 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference. The methods and compiler are described in detail in the 1971 textbook A Compiler Generator. They called the combined work a 'compiler generator'. But that implies little or no language- or target-specific programming is required to build a compiler for a new language or new target. A better label for XPL is a translator writing system. It helps to write a compiler with less new or changed programming code.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPL,beginner to advance
+1479,MSX BASIC,"MSX BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language. It is an extended version of Microsoft Standard BASIC Version 4.5, and includes support for graphic, music, and various peripherals attached to MSX Personal Computers. Generally, MSX-BASIC is designed to follow GW-BASIC, which is one of the standard BASICs running on 16-bit computers. During the creation of MSX-BASIC, effort was made to make the system flexible and expandable.","MSX BASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSX_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1480,Facelets,"In computing, Facelets is an open-source Web template system under the Apache license and the default view handler technology (aka view declaration language) for JavaServer Faces (JSF). The language requires valid input XML documents to work. Facelets supports all of the JSF UI components and focuses completely on building the JSF component tree, reflecting the view for a JSF application. Although both JSP and JSF technologies have been improved to work better together, Facelets eliminates the issues noted in Hans Bergsten's article ""Improving JSF by Dumping JSP""Facelets draws on some of the ideas from Apache Tapestry, and is similar enough to draw comparison. The project is conceptually similar to Tapestry's, which treats blocks of HTML elements as framework components backed by Java classes. Facelets also has some similarities to the Apache Tiles framework with respect to support templating as well as composition. Facelets was originally created by Jacob Hookom in 2005 as a separate, alternative view declaration language for JSF 1.1 and JSF 1.2 that both used JSP as the default view declaration language. Starting from JSF 2.0, Facelets has been promoted by the JSF expert group to be the default view declaration language. JSP has been deprecated as a legacy fall back.","Facelets, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facelets,beginner to advance
+1481,ToonTalk,"ToonTalk is a computer programming system intended to be programmed by children.  The ""Toon"" part stands for cartoon.  The system's presentation is in the form of animated characters, including robots that can be trained by example. It is one of the few successful implementations outside academia of the concurrent constraint logic programming paradigm. It was created by Kenneth M. Kahn in 1995, and implemented as part of the ToonTalk IDE, a software package distributed worldwide between 1996 and 2009. Since 2009, its specification is scholarly published and its implementation is freely available. Beginning 2014 a JavaScript HTML5 version of ToonTalk called ToonTalk Reborn for the Web has been available. It runs on any modern web browser and differs from the desktop version of ToonTalk in a few ways. ToonTalk programs can run on any DOM element and various browser capabilities (audio, video, style sheets, speech input and output, and browser events) are available to ToonTalk programs. Web services such as Google Drive are integrated. ToonTalk Reborn is free and open source. Beyond its life as a commercial product, ToonTalk evolved via significant academic use in various research projects, notably at the London Knowledge Lab and the Institute of Education - projects Playground and WebLabs, which involved research partners from Cambridge (Logotron), Portugal (Cnotinfor and the University of Lisbon), Sweden (Royal Institute of Technology), Slovakia (Comenius University), Bulgaria (Sofia University), Cyprus (University of Cyprus), and Italy (Institute for Educational Technology of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche). It was also source of academic interest in Sweden, where Mikael Kindborg proposed a static representation of ToonTalk programs and in Portugal, where Leonel Morgado studied its potential to enable computer programming by preliterate children.ToonTalk was influenced by the Janus computer programming language and the Actor model.  The main communication abstraction in ToonTalk is the bird/nest pair.  When you (the programmer or a robot) give a thing to a bird, she flies to her nest and puts the thing in it, then returns.  If one or more things already occupy the nest, the bird puts the new one underneath the others. A ToonTalk program is a sequence of rules, where each rule has a head and a tail.  The head is a pattern that can be matched against the argument, which must be a tuple.  In ToonTalk's presentation, a rule appears as a robot, a program as a team of robots, and a tuple as a box that can have any number of holes or compartments in which things may be placed.  The alphabet of things includes number pads, text pads, other boxes, robot teams, birds, nests, and things from some other categories.  A process consists of a box with a team of robots working on it.  If none of the patterns matches the box, the process suspends.  Otherwise, the first rule that matches, fires.  The end of the tail of the rule can either destroy the process, or continue it with the same team.  In case the pattern calls for something other than an empty nest where an empty nest is present, the process suspends until some bird should place something on the nest (usually as a result of the actions of other processes).  A nest with something on it matches the pattern as though the nest were not there, just the (top) something.  The actions in the tail also manipulate the something rather than the whole nest.  Consequently, a nest can be used to program a future. ToonTalk can be given an imperative reading or a declarative reading.  If we ignore certain constructs designed to facilitate I/O, we can see ToonTalk as not having any shared access to mutable memory.  The bird/nest mechanism resembles the communication in the Actor model, but with the additional power to be able to pass nests around and for a process to hold more than one nest (which is also true in Janus).  A difference between communication in the Actor model and in ToonTalk is that ToonTalk preserves the order of the messages; however, ToonTalk can also provide an indeterministic merge of message streams.",,"website: http://www.toontalk.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ToonTalk",beginner to advance
+1482,TOM object-oriented,"TOM was an object-oriented programming language developed in the 1990s that built on the lessons learned from Objective-C. The main purpose of TOM was to allow for ""unplanned reuse"" of code via a well-developed extension mechanism. This concept was introduced seemingly by accident in Objective-C and later proved to be of wide use, and was applied aggressively in TOM. The primary changes in TOM are the addition of multiple inheritance, tuples as a first-class part of the language, cleaner syntax, free of the C requirements for header files and pre-compiler commands, and the ability to use categories (the re-use mechanism) to include anything. It is this latter ability that represents ""the whole idea"". Unlike Objective-C's categories that allowed only new methods to be built onto existing classes, TOM allowed the addition of class and instance variables, new methods, even new superclasses. This results in the redefinition of ""class"" as ""a class is defined by its main definition and any extensions"", these extensions have become a first-class citizen of the language (similarly to Ruby). The book The Pragmatic Programmer lists TOM as an example for a new language to learn. Development of the TOM language has ceased.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOM_(object-oriented_programming_language),beginner to advance
+1484,Note,,"Note, Breck Yunits, website, reference, United States","website: https://github.com/breck7/note, reference: https://breckyunits.com/introducing-note.html",beginner to advance
+1485,CHIP-8,"CHIP-8 is an interpreted programming language, developed by Joseph Weisbecker. It was initially used on the COSMAC VIP and Telmac 1800 8-bit microcomputers in the mid-1970s. CHIP-8 programs are run on a CHIP-8 virtual machine. It was made to allow video games to be more easily programmed for these computers. Roughly twenty years after CHIP-8 was introduced, derived interpreters appeared for some models of graphing calculators (from the late 1980s onward, these handheld devices in many ways have more computing power than most mid-1970s microcomputers for hobbyists). An active community of users and developers existed in the late 1970s, beginning with ARESCO's ""VIPer"" newsletter whose first three issues revealed the machine code behind the CHIP-8 interpreter.","CHIP-8, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIP-8,beginner to advance
+1486,Property Specification Language,"Property Specification Language (PSL) is a temporal logic extending Linear temporal logic with a range of operators for both ease of expression and enhancement of expressive power. PSL makes an extensive use of regular expressions and syntactic sugaring. It is widely used in the hardware design and verification industry, where formal verification tools (such as model checking) and/or  logic simulation tools are used to prove or refute that a given PSL formula holds on a given design. PSL was initially developed by Accellera for specifying properties or assertions about hardware designs. Since September 2004 the standardization on the language has been done in IEEE 1850 working group. In September 2005, the IEEE 1850 Standard for Property Specification Language (PSL) was announced.","Property Specification Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_Specification_Language,beginner to advance
+1487,HAL/S,"HAL/S (High-order Assembly Language/Shuttle)  is a real-time aerospace programming language compiler and cross-compiler for avionics applications used by NASA and associated agencies (JPL, etc.). It has been used in many U.S. space projects since 1973 and its most significant use was in the Space Shuttle program (approximately 85% of the Shuttle software is coded in HAL/S).  It was designed by Intermetrics in 1972 for NASA and delivered in 1973. HAL/S is written in XPL, a dialect of PL/I. Although HAL/S is designed primarily for programming on-board computers, it is general enough to meet nearly all the needs in the production, verification, and support of aerospace and other real-time applications. It is currently (2005) maintained by the HAL/S project of United Space Alliance.","HAL/S, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL/S,beginner to advance
+1488,Thue,"Thue ( TOO-ay) is an esoteric programming language invented by John Colagioia in early 2000. It is a meta-language that can be used to define or recognize Type-0 languages from the Chomsky hierarchy. Because it is able to define languages of such complexity, it is also Turing-complete itself. Thue is based on a nondeterministic string rewriting system called semi-Thue grammar, which itself is named after the Norwegian mathematician Axel Thue. The author describes it as follows: ""Thue represents one of the simplest possible ways to construe constraint-based programming. It is to the constraint-based paradigm what languages like OISC are to the imperative paradigm; in other words, it's a tar pit.""",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thue_%28programming_language%29,beginner to advance
+1489,GEL Genius,"Genius  (also known as the Genius Math Tool) is a free open-source numerical computing environment and programming language, similar in some aspects to MATLAB, GNU Octave, Mathematica and Maple.  Genius is aimed at mathematical experimentation rather than computationally intensive tasks.  It is also very useful as just a calculator.  The programming language is called GEL and aims to have a mathematically friendly syntax.  The software comes with a command-line interface and a GUI, which uses the GTK+ libraries.  The graphical version supports both 2D and 3D plotting.  The graphical version includes a set of tutorials originally aimed at in class demonstrations.","GEL Genius, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.jirka.org/genius.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(mathematics_software)",beginner to advance
+1491,Augeas,"Augeas is a free software  configuration-management library, written in the C programming language.  It is licensed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License. Augeas uses programs called  lenses (in reference to the Harmony Project) to map a filesystem to an XML tree which can then be parsed using an XPath syntax, using a bidirectional transformation. Writing such lenses extends the amount of files Augeas can parse.","Augeas, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://augeas.net/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augeas_(software)",beginner to advance
+1492,Claro,,"Claro, Jason Steving, website, United States",website: https://clarolang.com/,beginner to advance
+1494,Business Basic,"Business Basic is a category of variants of the BASIC computer programming language which were specialised for business use on minicomputers in the 1970s and 1980s. Business Basics added indexed file access methods to the normal set of BASIC commands, and were optimised for other input/output access, especially display terminal control. The two major families of Business Basic are MAI Basic Four and Data General Business Basic.  In addition the Point 4 company, which developed the IRIS operating system, had their own version of BASIC.  The UniBASIC owned by Dynamic Concepts of Irvine is a derivative of the Point 4 BASIC. In the 1980s, Business Basics were ported from their original proprietary environments to many Unix platforms, CP/M, and to DOS. In the 1990s, some Business Basics were ported to Linux and Windows, and Business Basic integrated development environments became available.  Business Basic continues to be widely used due to the very large base of application software.","Business Basic, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Basic,beginner to advance
+1495,PBASIC,"PBASIC is a microcontroller-based version of BASIC created by Parallax, Inc. in 1992.PBASIC was created to bring ease of use to the microcontroller and embedded processor world. It is used for writing code for the BASIC Stamp microcontrollers. After the code is written, it is tokenized and loaded into an EEPROM on the microcontroller. These tokens are fetched by the microcontroller and used to generate instructions for the processor.","PBASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBASIC,beginner to advance
+1496,KRC,"KRC (Kent Recursive Calculator) is a lazy functional language developed by David Turner from November 1979 to October 1981 based on SASL, with pattern matching, guards and ZF expressions (now more usually called list comprehensions). Two implementations of KRC were written: David Turner's original one in BCPL running on EMAS, and Simon J. Croft's later one in C under Unix, and KRC was the main language used for teaching functional programming at the University of Kent at Canterbury (UK) from 1982 to 1985. The direct successor to KRC is Miranda, which includes a polymorphic type discipline based on that of Milner's ML.","KRC, David Turner, reference, wikipedia, United Kingdom","reference: http://krc-lang.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Recursive_Calculator",beginner to advance
+1497,QUEL,"QUEL is a relational database query language, based on tuple relational calculus, with some similarities to SQL.  It was created as a part of the Ingres DBMS effort at University of California, Berkeley, based on Codd's earlier suggested but not implemented Data Sub-Language ALPHA.  QUEL was used for a short time in most products based on the freely available Ingres source code, most notably in an implementation called POSTQUEL supported by POSTGRES. As Oracle and DB2 gained market share in the early 1980s, most companies then supporting QUEL moved to SQL instead. QUEL continues to be available as a part of the Ingres DBMS, although no QUEL-specific language enhancements have been added for many years.","QUEL, Michael Stonebraker, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUEL_query_languages,beginner to advance
+1498,Casio BASIC,"Casio BASIC is a programming language used in the Casio calculators such as the Classpad, fx-9860G Series, and CFX graphing calculators. The language is a linear structured, BASIC-based programming language. It was devised to allow users to program in commonly performed calculations, such as the Pythagorean theorem and complex trigonometric calculations. Output from the program can be in the form of scrolling or located text, graphs, or by writing data to lists in the calculator memory. Casio also makes label printers which can be used with rolls of paper for the Casio BASIC calculators, and programmes, variables, data, and other items can be exchanged from one calculator to another and to and from a computer via the same kind of cable and audio-type plug used by the TI graphing calculators and/or the same type of cable and mini-USB plug used on HP calculators from the HP48 and many cellular telephones; several models of Casio graphing calculators have both portsThe Casio calculators, as with those of many of the other big three manufacturers' machines, can acquire data from instruments via a data logger to which probes for temperature, light intensity, pH, sound intensity (dBA), voltage and other electrical parameters, as well as other readings, and custom probes to attach to the data logger  can be built and configured for use with the data logger and calculator. Existing instruments can also be modified to interface with the calculator-data logger, in order to collect such data including such things as weather instruments and means of collecting data such as pulse, blood pressure, galvanic skin resistance, EKG and so on. Numerical data can be stored in the lists and matrices available on Casio calculators. This data can be used to create sprites for non-text programs. In this way, the language can also be used to create games, such as Pong, Monopoly and role-playing games.","Casio BASIC, , wikipedia, Japan",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casio_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1499,TRAC,"TRAC (for Text Reckoning And Compiling) Language is a programming language developed between 1959-1964 by Calvin Mooers and implemented on a PDP-10 in 1964 by L. Peter Deutsch. It was one of three ""first languages"" recommended by Ted Nelson in Computer Lib. TRAC T64 was used until 1984, when Mooers updated it to TRAC T84. TRAC is a purely text-based language—a kind of macro language. Unlike traditional ad hoc macro languages of the time, such as those found in assemblers, TRAC is well planned, consistent, and in many senses complete. It has explicit input and output operators, unlike the typical implicit I/O at the outermost macro level, which makes it simultaneously simpler and more versatile than older macro languages. It also differs from traditional macro languages in that TRAC numbers are strings of digits, with integer arithmetic (without specific limits on maximum values) being provided through built-in (""primitive"") functions. Arguably, one aspect of its completeness is that the concept of error is limited to events like lack of file space and requesting expansion of a string longer than the interpreter's working storage; what would in many languages be described as illegal operations are dealt with in TRAC by defining a result (often a null string) for every possible combination of a function's argument strings. The emphasis on strings as strings is so strong that TRAC provides mechanisms for handling the language's own syntactic characters either in their syntactic roles or like any other character, and self-modifying code has more the feel of a natural consequence of typical TRAC programming techniques than of being a special feature. TRAC is, like APL or LISP, an expression oriented language (in contrast to more typical procedure-oriented languages), but unlike APL, it completely lacks operators. In most respects, it is a case of pure functional programming. TRAC has in common with LISP a syntax that generally involves the presence of many levels of nested parentheses. Mooers trademarked the name TRAC in an effort to maintain his control over the definition of the language, an unusual and pioneering action at the time. At one point, he brought an intellectual property infringement suit against DEC, alleging that a contract to deliver a mini-computer with a TRAC interpreter violated his rights. ""The first issue of Dr. Dobb's Journal, one of the early publications in the personal computer field, has a vitriolic editorial against Mooers and his rapacity in trying to charge people for his computing language."" However, the trademark (#72301892) expired in 1992. The name has since been used several times for unrelated information technology projects, including a current open source project management system called Trac. There have been various languages inspired by TRAC. To avoid any trouble with Mooers, they renamed primitives and/or used different metacharacters. In SAM76's case, primitives were added, according to Claude Kagan, ""because TRAC is baby talk"". In MINT's case, primitives were added to give access to a sophisticated text editor machinery. one perceived shortcoming of TRAC was lack of full extensibility: some TRAC primitive functions are sensitive to the distinction between a null (zero-character) argument and a nonexistent (non-delimited) one, but beyond its last non-null argument, a user-defined function cannot make the distinction. SAM76 was a TRAC-like language which eliminated that limitation. Russ Nelson implemented an emacs extension language named MINT (MINT Is Not TRAC). This language is used by the FreeDOS editor FreeMACS. TRAC was used by FTP Software in its PC/TCP product as the modem dialler scripting language. TRAC was also used as a front end on Digital Productions Cray renderer for films, including The Last Starfighter.","TRAC, Calvin Mooers, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAC_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1500,Vvvv,"vvvv (German pronunciation: [faʊfiːɐ̯ ] = ""v4"") is a general purpose toolkit with a special focus on real-time video synthesis and programming large media environments with physical interfaces, real-time motion graphics, audio and video. vvvv uses a dataflow approach and a visual programming interface for rapid prototyping and developing. Applications written in vvvv are commonly called patches. Patches consist of a network of nodes. Patches can be created, edited and tested while they are running. Patches are stored on the disk in standard XML format. vvvv is written in Borland Delphi, plugins can be developed in the .NET Framework in C#. Most nodes handle data in a one-dimensional array of values, called Spreads. In addition to traditional vector algebra this allows programming of particle systems, as also rendering nodes and deal with arrays of values accordingly. If an operation has to deal with arrays of different lengths, the shorter array gets repeated to fill up the larger. vvvv includes a feature it calls boygrouping, where one computer controls a number of slave computers to operate in parallel, with all programming and editing done on the master computer. The toolkit has the ability to work with HLSL Shaders which are written in their common textual form but are embedded in the data flow language and are instantly compiled and uploaded as soon any part of their source code is changed. With a focus on video synthesis and processing, vvvv uses the toolkit DirectX and, as such, is available for Microsoft Windows systems only, although it is known to run stably under Parallels and VMWare Fusion. vvvv currently supports DirectX 9 (including PS 3 and VS 3 shader techniques) and DirectX 11. vvvv was initially developed by the Frankfurt-based media collective MESO as an in-house tool for their own projects, but was then released. vvvv is now maintained by the VVVV group. vvvv is free for non-commercial use and available for download at its website. Any commercial uses require a license.",,"website: https://vvvv.org/, reference: https://visualprogramming.net/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vvvv",beginner to advance
+1501,Structured text,"Structured text, abbreviated as ST or STX, is one of the five languages supported by the IEC 61131-3 standard, designed for programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It is a high level language that is block structured and syntactically resembles Pascal, on which it is based. All of the languages share IEC61131 Common Elements. The variables and function calls are defined by the common elements so different languages within the IEC 61131-3 standard can be used in the same program. Complex statements and nested instructions are supported:  Iteration loops (REPEAT-UNTIL; WHILE-DO) Conditional execution (IF-THEN-ELSE; CASE) Functions (SQRT(), SIN())",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_text,beginner to advance
+1502,BLAKE,"BLAKE is a cryptographic hash function based on Dan Bernstein's ChaCha stream cipher, but a permuted copy of the input block, XORed with round constants, is added before each ChaCha round. Like SHA-2, there are two variants differing in the word size. ChaCha operates on a 4×4 array of words. BLAKE repeatedly combines an 8-word hash value with 16 message words, truncating the ChaCha result to obtain the next hash value. BLAKE-256 and BLAKE-224 use 32-bit words and produce digest sizes of 256 bits and 224 bits, respectively, while BLAKE-512 and BLAKE-384 use 64-bit words and produce digest sizes of 512 bits and 384 bits, respectively. The BLAKE2 hash function, based on BLAKE, was announced in 2012. The BLAKE3 hash function, based on BLAKE2, was announced in 2020.","BLAKE, , wikipedia, Switzerland and Malaysia and Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAKE_(hash_function),beginner to advance
+1503,partiql,,"partiql, James Siri, website, reference, United States","website: https://partiql.org/, reference: https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/opensource/announcing-partiql-one-query-language-for-all-your-data/",beginner to advance
+1504,OpenType Feature File,,"OpenType Feature File, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenType,beginner to advance
+1505,Fjölnir,Fjölnir (also Fjolnir or Fjoelnir) is a programming language developed by professor Snorri Agnarsson of computer science at Háskóli Íslands (University of Iceland) that was mostly used in the 1980s. The source files usually have the extension fjo or sma.,"Fjölnir, Snorri Agnarsson, wikipedia, Iceland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjölnir_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1506,Nice,"Nice is an object-oriented programming language released under the GNU General Public License. It features a powerful type system which can help eliminate many common bugs, such as null pointer dereferences and invalid casts, by detecting potential runtime errors at compile-time; the goal of the designers was to provide safety features comparable to those found in languages such as ML and Haskell, but using a more conventional syntax. Nice aims to be feature-rich, and as such, in addition to the common features of modern object-oriented programming languages, it implements contracts in the style of Eiffel, class extensibility through multimethods, and many concepts drawn from functional programming such as anonymous functions, tuples, pattern matching (“value dispatch”), and parametric polymorphism. Source programs are compiled to Java bytecode, and can therefore interact with libraries written in Java and other programming languages targeting the Java Virtual Machine. Work on the Nice language appears to have slowed since early 2006.","Nice, Daniel Bonniot, website, reference, wikipedia, document, France","website: https://nice.sourceforge.net/, reference: https://nice.sourceforge.net/Nice-source.tar.gz, documentation: https://nice.sourceforge.net/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1508,owen-lang,,"owen-lang, Paw Møller, website, Denmark",website: http://owen-lang.org,beginner to advance
+1513,Coco,,"Coco, Satoshi Murakami, website, Japan",website: https://satyr.github.io/coco/,beginner to advance
+1514,pikelet,,"pikelet, Brendan Zabarauskas, website, Australia",website: https://pikelet-lang.github.io/pikelet/,beginner to advance
+1515,k-framework,,"k-framework, (no author), website, Various",website: http://www.kframework.org/,beginner to advance
+1516,Standard Portable Intermediate Representation,"Standard Portable Intermediate Representation (SPIR) is an intermediate language for parallel compute and graphics by Khronos Group, originally developed for use with OpenCL. SPIR was rewritten into SPIR-V in March 2015.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Portable_Intermediate_Representation,beginner to advance
+1517,Sketchpad,"Sketchpad (a.k.a. Robot Draftsman) was a computer program written by Ivan Sutherland in 1963 in the course of his PhD thesis, for which he received the Turing Award in 1988, and the Kyoto Prize in 2012.  It pioneered the way for human–computer interaction (HCI). Sketchpad is considered to be the ancestor of modern computer-aided design (CAD) programs as well as a major breakthrough in the development of computer graphics in general. For example, the graphical user interface (GUI) was derived from the Sketchpad as well as modern object oriented programming. Ivan Sutherland demonstrated with it that computer graphics could be used for both artistic and technical purposes in addition to showing a novel method of human-computer interaction.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketchpad,beginner to advance
+1518,Newsqueak,"Newsqueak is a concurrent programming language for writing application software with interactive graphical user interfaces. Newsqueak's syntax and semantics are influenced by the C language, but its approach to concurrency was inspired by C. A. R. Hoare's communicating sequential processes (CSP). However, in Newsqueak, channels are first-class objects, with dynamic process creation and dynamic channel creation. Newsqueak was developed from an earlier, smaller, language, called Squeak (not to be confused with the Smalltalk implementation Squeak). It was developed by Luca Cardelli and Rob Pike at Bell Labs in the first half of the 1980s as a language for implementing graphical user interfaces. Both languages were presented as ""a language for communicating with mice"": their main aim was to model the concurrent nature of programs interacting with multiple input devices, viz., keyboards and mice.The ideas present in Newsqueak were further developed in the programming languages Alef, Limbo, and Go.","Newsqueak, Rob Pike, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsqueak,beginner to advance
+1519,hazel,,"hazel, Cyrus Omar, website, United States",website: http://hazel.org/,beginner to advance
+1520,Li-Chen Wang,"Dr. Li-Chen Wang (born 1935) is an American computer engineer, best known for his Palo Alto Tiny BASIC for Intel 8080-based microcomputers. He was a member of the Homebrew Computer Club and made significant contributions to the software for early microcomputer systems from Tandy Corporation and Cromemco.","Li-Chen Wang, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Chen_Wang,beginner to advance
+1521,Janus,"Janus is a time-reversible programming language written at Caltech in 1982. The operational semantics of the language were formally specified, together with a program inverter and an invertible self-interpreter, in 2007 by Tetsuo Yokoyama and Robert Glück. A Janus inverter and interpreter is made freely available by the TOPPS research group at DIKU. Another Janus interpreter was implemented in Prolog in 2009. The below summarises the language presented in the 2007 paper. Janus is an imperative programming language with a global store (there is no stack or heap allocation). Janus is a reversible programming language, i.e. it supports deterministic forward and backward computation by local inversion.","Janus, Christopher Lutz and Howard Derby and Tetsuo Yokoyama and and Robert Glück, reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6592f89ddba3ee5e85b2cf0ffaf31e01d78e66e5, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus_(time-reversible_computing_programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1522,NeXML format,"NeXML is an exchange standard for representing phyloinformatic data. It was inspired by the widely used Nexus file format but uses XML to produce a more robust format for rich phylogenetic data. Advantages include syntax validation, semantic annotation, and web services. The format is broadly supported and has libraries in many popular programming languages for bioinformatics.","NeXML format, , website, wikipedia, The Netherlands and United States and Canada and India","website: http://nexml.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXML_format",beginner to advance
+1523,Basic-256,"Basic-256 is a project to learn the basics of computer programming. The project started in 2007 inspired by the article “Why Johnny can't code” by David Brin. Its main focus is to provide a simple and comprehensive environment for middle/high school students to learn the basics of computer programming. Basic-256 is a simple version of BASIC, the code editor, text output window and graphics editor window are all visible in the same screen. However the successive versions haven been adding new features, namely:  Files (Eof, Size)- Version 9.4d Mouse events - Version 9.4d Sprites handling - Version 0.9.6n Database functions - Version 0.9.6y Network - Version 0.9.6.31 Real Functions and Subroutines - Version 0.9.9.1Complete documentation is available in English, Russian, Dutch, Spanish and Portuguese.","Basic-256, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic-256,beginner to advance
+1524,XOTcl,XOTcl is an object-oriented extension for the Tool Command Language created by Gustaf Neumann and Uwe Zdun. It is a derivative of MIT OTcl. XOTcl is based on a dynamic object system with metaclasses which as influenced by CLOS. Class and method definitions are completely dynamic. XOTcl provides language support for design patterns via filters and decorator mixins.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOTcl,beginner to advance
+1525,JSL,,"JSL, , reference, United States",reference: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.433.6634&rep=rep1&type=pdf,beginner to advance
+1527,Metalang99,,"Metalang99, Sima Kinsart, website, reference, Kazakhstan","website: https://metalang99.readthedocs.io/en/latest/, reference: https://reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/lswnya/metalang99_a_functional_language_for_c99/",beginner to advance
+1528,Hodor,,"Hodor, Drew Morris, website, United States",website: http://www.hodor-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+1529,popr,,"popr, , website, United States",website: https://popr.dev,beginner to advance
+1531,Alma,,"Alma, Carl Mäsak, website, Sweden",website: http://masak.github.io/alma/,beginner to advance
+1532,IBM i Control Language,"The IBM i Control Language (CL) is a scripting language for the IBM's IBM i platform (previously called OS/400 when running on AS/400 systems) bearing a resemblance to the IBM Job Control Language and consisting of an ever-expanding set of command objects (*CMD) used to invoke traditional AS/400 programs and/or get help on what those programs do. CL can also be used to create CL programs (congruent to shell scripts) where there are additional commands that provide program-like functionality (IF/ELSE, variable declaration, file input, etc.) Although CL is a scripting language for system administration, it is used mainly to create compiled programs. The use of interpreted CL scripts through the SBMDBJOB command  is in fact extremely limited. While thousands of commands were written by IBM developers to perform system level tasks like compiling programs, backing up data, changing system configurations, displaying system object details, or deleting them, commands are not limited to systems level concerns and can be drafted for user applications as well.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_i_Control_Language,beginner to advance
+1533,kai,,"kai, , website, The Netherlands",website: http://docs.kai-lang.org,beginner to advance
+1534,Toi,"Toi is an imperative, type-sensitive language that provides the basic functionality of a programming language. The language was designed and developed from the ground-up by Paul Longtine. Written in C, Toi was created with the intent to be an educational experience and serves as a learning tool (or toy, hence the name) for those looking to familiarize themselves with the inner-workings of a programming language.",,"website: https://banna.tech/things/post/toy_language/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toi_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1535,BANCStar,"BANCStar is a specialist  computer programming language for financial applications. The language is an internal language for the National Financial Computer Services, Inc (later Broadway & Seymour) BANCStar application, which is software to automate the operations of a bank branch.The language is a fixed format four integer command language NFCS internally referred to as ""Screen Code"". It resembles an esoteric programming language; so much so that it has sometimes been mistaken for a joke language. Conceptually the BANCStar application executed ""Screen Code"" much like a primitive Virtual Machine. In the 5.1c release the only legal characters are the  numerals 0–9, the comma, the minus sign and the carriage return.  However, it is used in real commercial applications. It was originally intended as generated code from a user interface-building tool — similar to bytecode rendered in ASCII — but due to limitations in the tool, it became a directly programmed language in itself.The BANCStar 10.0 release changed the ""Screen Code"" format to binary, and rearranged the numeric codes into an opcode with a variable number of parameter integers. The 10.0 opcode encoded a bit mapped length value that indicated the length of the command in words.","BANCStar, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BANCStar_programming_language,beginner to advance
+1536,BuddyScript,"BuddyScript is a domain-specific language originally developed by ActiveBuddy. The main purpose of the language is to be able to process natural language queries and return results in natural language form. It was the core language for the SmarterChild and Windows Live Agents which were IM/Web based robots. As the Windows Live Agents SDK has been retired by Microsoft, the future of BuddyScript is uncertain. Like Python BuddyScript uses whitespace indentation to delimit blocks (also known as off-side rule).","BuddyScript, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuddyScript,beginner to advance
+1537,latino,,"latino, Primitivo R. Montero, website, Mexico",website: https://lenguaje-latino.org/,beginner to advance
+1538,fizz,,"fizz, , website, United States",website: https://f1zz.org/,beginner to advance
+1540,Linux Kernel Module,,"Linux Kernel Module, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.6/lkmpg.pdf,beginner to advance
+1541,LOLA,,"LOLA, , reference, Germany",reference: https://docplayer.net/10592589-9-amos-a-natural-language-parser-implemented-as-a-deductive-database-in-lola.html,beginner to advance
+1542,net-format,,"net-format, , reference, United States",reference: https://genome.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/help/net.html,beginner to advance
+1543,BASIC-PLUS,"BASIC-PLUS was an extended dialect of the BASIC programming language developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) for use on its RSTS/E time-sharing operating system for the PDP-11 series of 16-bit minicomputers in the early 1970s through the 1980s. BASIC-PLUS is based very closely on the original Dartmouth BASIC, although it added a number of new structures. In turn, BASIC-PLUS was the version that the original Microsoft BASIC was patterned.The language was later rewritten as a true compiler as BASIC-Plus-2, and was ported to the VAX-11 platform as that machine's native BASIC implementation. This version survived several platform changes, and is today known as HP BASIC for OpenVMS.","BASIC-PLUS, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC-PLUS,beginner to advance
+1544,VSXu,"VSXu (VSX Ultra) is an OpenGL-based (hardware-accelerated), modular programming environment with its main purpose to visualize music/audio data and create 3D effects in real-time. Available for Windows and GNU/Linux. It is currently released as free software under terms of the  GNU General Public License v2 and maintained by Vovoid Media Technologies AB. VSXu is built on a modular plug-in-based architecture so anyone can extend it and or make visualization presets (""visuals"" or ""states"").",,"website: http://vsxu.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSXu",beginner to advance
+1545,lemon,,"lemon, Zhicheng Wei, website, Singapore",website: http://www.lemon-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+1546,Lucidchart,"Lucidchart is a web-based proprietary platform that is used to allow users to collaborate on drawing, revising and sharing charts and diagrams.Lucidchart runs on browsers that support HTML5.  This means it does not require updates of third party software like flash. In 2010, the firm announced they had integrated into the Google Apps Marketplace.The company raised $1 million in ""angel funding"" in 2011.On 17 October 2018, the firm announced it had raised an additional $72 million from Meritech Capital and ICONIQ Capital.","Lucidchart, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.lucidchart.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucidchart",beginner to advance
+1547,Information Processing Language,"Information Processing Language (IPL) is a programming language created by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert A. Simon at RAND Corporation and the Carnegie Institute of Technology at about 1956.  Newell had the job of language specifier-application programmer, Shaw was the system programmer, and Simon took the job of application programmer-user. The language includes features intended to help with programs that perform simple problem solving actions such as lists, dynamic memory allocation, data types, recursion, functions as arguments, generators, and cooperative multitasking.  IPL invented the concept of list processing, albeit in an assembly-language style.","Information Processing Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Processing_Language,beginner to advance
+1548,Hush,,"Hush, Gabriel Bastos, website, Brazil",website: https://hush-shell.github.io/,beginner to advance
+1549,co-dfns,,"co-dfns, Aaron Hsu, website, reference, United States","website: https://www.patreon.com/arcfide, reference: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2627373.2627384",beginner to advance
+1550,Strongtalk,"Strongtalk is a Smalltalk environment with optional static typing support. Strongtalk can make some compile time checks, and offer ""stronger"" type safety guarantees; this is the source of its name. It is non-commercial, though it was originally a commercial project developed by a small start-up company called LongView Technologies (trading as Animorphic Systems).","Strongtalk, , website, reference, wikipedia, United States","website: http://strongtalk.org/, reference: https://wiki.c2.com/?StrongTalk, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongtalk",beginner to advance
+1551,Joule,"Joule is a concurrent dataflow programming language, designed for building distributed applications. It is so concurrent that the order of statements within a block is irrelevant to the operation of the block. Statements are executed whenever possible, based on their inputs. Everything in Joule happens by sending messages. There is no control flow. Instead, the programmer describes the flow of data, making it a dataflow programming language.   It is considered the precursor to the E programming language.","Joule, E. Dean Tribble, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1552,Euler,"Euler is a programming language created by Niklaus Wirth and Helmut Weber, conceived as an extension and generalization of ALGOL 60. The designers' goal was to create a language:  which was simpler, and yet more flexible, than ALGOL 60 that was a useful programming language processed with reasonable efficiency that can be defined with rigorous formalityAvailable sources indicate that Euler was operational by 1965.","Euler, , wikipedia, United States and Switzerland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1553,RubyGems,"RubyGems is a package manager for the Ruby programming language that provides a standard format for distributing Ruby programs and libraries (in a self-contained format called a ""gem""), a tool designed to easily manage the installation of gems, and a server for distributing them. It was created by Chad Fowler and Richard Kilmer during RubyConf 2004.The interface for RubyGems is a command-line tool called gem which can install and manage libraries (the gems). RubyGems integrates with Ruby run-time loader to help find and load installed gems from standardized library folders. Though it is possible to use a private RubyGems repository, the public repository is most commonly used for gem management. The public repository helps users find gems, resolve dependencies and install them. RubyGems is bundled with the standard Ruby package as of Ruby 1.9.",,"website: https://rubygems.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RubyGems",beginner to advance
+1554,MultiDimensional eXpressions,"Multidimensional Expressions (MDX) is a query language for online analytical processing (OLAP) using a database management system. Much like SQL, it is a query language for OLAP cubes.  It is also a calculation language, with syntax similar to spreadsheet formulas.","MultiDimensional eXpressions, Mosha Pasumansky, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiDimensional_eXpressions,beginner to advance
+1555,VisSim,"VisSim is a visual block diagram program for simulation of dynamical systems and model based design of embedded systems, with its own visual language. It is developed by Visual Solutions of Westford, Massachusetts. Visual Solutions, has been acquired by Altair in August 2015 and its products have been rebranded as solidThinking Embed as a part of solidThinking's Model Based Development Suite. With solidThinking Embed, you can develop virtual prototypes of dynamic systems. Models are built by sliding blocks into the work area and wiring them together with the mouse. Embed automatically converts the control diagrams into C-code ready to be downloaded to the target hardware. VisSim or now solidThinking Embed uses a graphical data flow paradigm to implement dynamic systems based on differential equations. Version 8 adds interactive UML OMG 2 compliant state chart graphs that are placed in VisSim diagrams. This allows the modeling of state based systems such as startup sequencing of process plants or serial protocol decoding.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisSim,beginner to advance
+1556,IBM POWER Instruction Set Architecture,"The IBM POWER ISA is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by IBM. The name is an acronym for Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC. The ISA is used as base for high end microprocessors from IBM during the 1990s and were used in many of IBM's servers, minicomputers, workstations, and supercomputers. These processors are called POWER1 (RIOS-1, RIOS.9, RSC, RAD6000) and POWER2 (POWER2, POWER2+ and P2SC). The ISA evolved into the PowerPC instruction set architecture and was deprecated in 1998 when IBM introduced the POWER3 processor that was mainly a 32/64 bit PowerPC processor but included the POWER ISA for backwards compatibility. The POWER ISA was then abandoned.","IBM POWER Instruction Set Architecture, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_POWER_Instruction_Set_Architecture,beginner to advance
+1557,ldpl,,"ldpl, Martín del Río, website, Unknown",website: https://www.ldpl-lang.org,beginner to advance
+1558,pointless,,"pointless, Avery N. Nortonsmith, website, reference, United States","website: https://ptls.dev/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=22838255",beginner to advance
+1559,JSON Lines,,"JSON Lines, Ian Ward, website, reference, Canada","website: http://jsonlines.org/, reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_streaming",beginner to advance
+1560,FaCT,,"FaCT, Deian Stefan, reference, United States and Germany and France and Spain",reference: https://ranjitjhala.github.io/static/fact_dsl.pdf,beginner to advance
+1561,MDL,"MDL (the MIT Design Language) is a descendant of the Lisp programming language. Its initial purpose was to provide high level language support for the Dynamic Modeling Group at MIT's Project MAC. It was initially developed in 1971 on the  PDP-10 computer under the Incompatible Timesharing System. The initial development team consisted of Gerald Sussman and Carl Hewitt of the Artificial Intelligence Lab, and Chris Reeve, Bruce Daniels, and David Cressey of the Dynamic Modeling  Group. Later, Stu Galley, also of the Dynamic Modeling Group, wrote the MDL documentation.MDL was initially known as ""Muddle"". This style of self-deprecating humor was not widely understood or appreciated outside of Project MAC and a few other early citadels of information technology.  So the name was sanitized to MDL.MDL provides several enhancements to classical Lisp.  It supports several built-in data types, including lists, strings and arrays, and user-defined data types.  It offers multithreaded expression evaluation and coroutines.  Variables can carry both a local value within a scope, and a global value, for passing data between scopes. Advanced built-in functions supported interactive debugging of MDL programs, incremental development, and reconstruction of source programs from object programs. Although MDL is obsolete, some of its features have been incorporated in later versions of Lisp.  Gerald Sussman went on to develop the Scheme language, in collaboration with Guy Steele, who later wrote the specifications for Common Lisp and Java.  Carl Hewitt had already published the idea for the PLANNER language before the MDL project began, but his subsequent thinking on PLANNER reflected lessons learned from building MDL.  Planner concepts influenced languages such as Prolog and Smalltalk. Smalltalk and Simula, in turn, influenced his future work on the Actor model. But the largest influence that MDL had was on the genre known as interactive fiction.  An interactive fiction game known as Zork, sometimes called Dungeon, was first written in MDL. Later, Reeve, Daniels, Galley and other members of Dynamic Modeling went on to start Infocom, a company that produced many  early commercial works of interactive fiction.","MDL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDL_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1562,Gödel (Goedel),"Gödel is a declarative, general-purpose programming language that adheres to the logic programming paradigm. It is a strongly typed language, the type system being based on many-sorted logic with parametric polymorphism. It is named after logician Kurt Gödel.","Gödel (Goedel), John Lloyd and Patricia Hill, reference, wikipedia, United Kingdom","reference: https://dtai.cs.kuleuven.be/projects/ALP/newsletter/archive_93_96/news/books/goedel-book.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gödel_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1563,cor,,"cor, Yosbel Marin, website, United States",website: http://yosbelms.github.io/cor/,beginner to advance
+1564,OEM,"The Object Exchange Model  (OEM) is a model for exchanging semi-structured data between object-oriented databases. It serves as the basic data model in numerous projects of the Stanford University Database Group, including Tsimmis, Lore, and C3. Slight variations of OEM have evolved across different Stanford projects. In Lore, labels are actually on parent-child ""links"" rather than objects. For example, if an OEM object has multiple parents, different parent objects may use different labels to identify that object. An atomic value encoding a person's name might be included in one complex object using the label ""Author"" and in another complex object using the label ""Editor."" In C3, additional attributes are required for each object to annotate the changes to the object that have occurred over time.","OEM, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Exchange_Model,beginner to advance
+1566,Invisible XML,,"Invisible XML, Steven Pemberton, website, reference, The Netherlands","website: https://invisiblexml.org/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32120230",beginner to advance
+1567,Xidoc,,"Xidoc, Adam Blažek, website, Czech Republic",website: https://xidoc.nim.town/,beginner to advance
+1568,Project Mentat,,"Project Mentat, Richard Newman, website, reference, United States","website: https://mentat.rs/, reference: https://mozilla.github.io/mentat",beginner to advance
+1570,Conceptual,,"Conceptual, , website, Unknown",website: https://github.com/Antipurity/conceptual,beginner to advance
+1571,Aime,,"Aime, Ciprian Niculescu, website, Unknown",website: https://aime-embedded.sourceforge.net/,beginner to advance
+1572,GAML,,"GAML, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b422464b08a7878c2127165c780df52dc052b2b2,beginner to advance
+1573,Bro,,"Bro, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.bro.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro",beginner to advance
+1574,YARV,"YARV (Yet another Ruby VM) is a bytecode interpreter that was developed for the Ruby programming language by Koichi Sasada. The goal of the project was to greatly reduce the execution time of Ruby programs. Since YARV has become the official Ruby interpreter for Ruby 1.9, it is also named KRI (Koichi's Ruby Interpreter), in the same vein as the original Ruby MRI, named for Ruby's creator Yukihiro Matsumoto.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YARV,beginner to advance
+1575,ASDF,,"ASDF, Perry Greenfield and Michael Droettboom and Erik M. Bray, website, United States",website: https://asdf.readthedocs.io/,beginner to advance
+1576,Geany,"Geany (IPA:ʒeːniː) is a lightweight GUI text editor using Scintilla and GTK, including basic IDE features. It is designed to have short load times, with limited dependency on separate packages or external libraries on Linux. It has been ported to a wide range of operating systems, such as BSD, Linux, macOS, Solaris and Windows. The Windows port lacks an embedded terminal window; also missing from the Windows version are the external development tools present under Unix, unless installed separately by the user. Among the supported programming languages and markup languages are C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, PHP, HTML, LaTeX, CSS, Python, Perl, Ruby, Pascal, Haskell, Erlang, Vala and many others.In contrast to traditional Unix-based editors like Emacs or Vim, Geany more closely resembles programming editors common on Microsoft Windows such as Notepad++, which also uses Scintilla.It is free software licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL version 2 or later. In 2012, the version number was increased to 1.22 from 0.21 to reflect the maturity of the product, as requested by many users.","Geany, Enrico Tröger, website, wikipedia, Various","website: https://geany.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geany",beginner to advance
+1577,Forsyth-Edwards Notation,"Forsyth–Edwards Notation (FEN) is a standard notation for describing a particular board position of a chess game. The purpose of FEN is to provide all the necessary information to restart a game from a particular position. FEN is based on a system developed by Scottish newspaper journalist David Forsyth. Forsyth's system became popular in the 19th century; Steven J. Edwards extended it to support use by computers. FEN is an integral part of the Portable Game Notation for chess games, since FEN is used to define initial positions other than the standard one. FEN does not represent sufficient information to decide whether a draw by threefold repetition may be legally claimed or a draw offer may be accepted; for that, a different format such as Extended Position Description is needed.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsyth–Edwards_Notation,beginner to advance
+1578,Algebraic modeling language,"Algebraic modeling languages (AML) are high-level computer programming languages for describing and solving high complexity problems for large scale mathematical computation (i.e. large scale optimization type problems). One particular advantage of some algebraic modeling languages like AIMMS, AMPL, GAMS,MathProg, Mosel,  and OPL is the similarity of their syntax to the mathematical notation of optimization problems. This allows for a very concise and readable definition of problems in the domain of optimization, which is supported by certain language elements like sets, indices, algebraic expressions, powerful sparse index and data handling variables, constraints with arbitrary names. The algebraic formulation of a model does not contain any hints how to process it. An AML does not solve those problems directly; instead, it calls appropriate external algorithms to obtain a solution. These algorithms are called solvers and can handle certain kind of mathematical problems like:  linear problems integer problems (mixed integer) quadratic problems mixed complementarity problems mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints constrained nonlinear systems general nonlinear problems non-linear programs with discontinuous derivatives nonlinear integer problems global optimization problems stochastic optimization problems",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_modeling_language,beginner to advance
+1579,Analytical engine,"The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage. It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's difference engine, a design for a mechanical computer. The Analytical Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first  design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete. In other words, the logical structure of the Analytical Engine was essentially the same as that which has dominated computer design in the electronic era.Babbage was never able to complete construction of any of his machines due to conflicts with his chief engineer and inadequate funding. It was not until the late 1940s that the first general-purpose computers were actually built, more than a century after Babbage had proposed the pioneering Analytical Engine in 1837.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_engine,beginner to advance
+1580,multiaddr,,"multiaddr, Juan Batiz-Benet, website, Various",website: http://multiformats.io/multiaddr/,beginner to advance
+1581,MyBB,"MyBB, formerly MyBBoard and originally MyBulletinBoard, is a free and open-source forum software developed by the MyBB Group. It is written in PHP, supports MySQL, PostgreSQL and SQLite as database systems and, in addition, has database failover support. It is available in multiple languages and is licensed under the LGPL.","MyBB, , wikipedia, Australia",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyBB,beginner to advance
+1582,RAPID,"RAPID is a high-level programming language used to control ABB industrial robots. RAPID was introduced along with S4 Control System in 1994 by ABB, superseding the ARLA programming language. Features in the language include:  Routine parameters: Procedures - used as a subprogram. Functions - return a value of a specific type and are used as an argument of an instruction. Trap routines - a means of responding to interrupts. Arithmetic and logical expressions Automatic error handling Modular programs Multi tasking",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAPID,beginner to advance
+1583,FRACTRAN,"FRACTRAN is a Turing-complete esoteric programming language invented by the mathematician John Conway. A FRACTRAN program is an ordered list of positive fractions together with an initial positive integer input n. The program is run by updating the integer n as follows: for the first fraction f in the list for which nf is an integer, replace n by nf repeat this rule until no fraction in the list produces an integer when multiplied by n, then halt. In The Book of Numbers, John Conway and Richard Guy gave a formula for primes in FRACTRAN:                                    (                                       17               91                                   ,                                       78               85                                   ,                                       19               51                                   ,                                       23               38                                   ,                                       29               33                                   ,                                       77               29                                   ,                                       95               23                                   ,                                       77               19                                   ,                                       1               17                                   ,                                       11               13                                   ,                                       13               11                                   ,                                       15               14                                   ,                                       15               2                                   ,                                       55               1                                   )                          {\displaystyle \left({\frac {17}{91}},{\frac {78}{85}},{\frac {19}{51}},{\frac {23}{38}},{\frac {29}{33}},{\frac {77}{29}},{\frac {95}{23}},{\frac {77}{19}},{\frac {1}{17}},{\frac {11}{13}},{\frac {13}{11}},{\frac {15}{14}},{\frac {15}{2}},{\frac {55}{1}}\right)}    Starting with n=2, this FRACTRAN program generates the following sequence of integers: 2, 15, 825, 725, 1925, 2275, 425, 390, 330, 290, 770, ... (sequence A007542 in the OEIS) After 2, this sequence contains the following powers of 2:                                    2                        2                             =         4         ,                             2                        3                             =         8         ,                             2                        5                             =         32         ,                             2                        7                             =         128         ,                             2                        11                             =         2048         ,                             2                        13                             =         8192         ,                             2                        17                             =         131072         ,                             2                        19                             =         524288         ,                  …                 {\displaystyle 2^{2}=4,\,2^{3}=8,\,2^{5}=32,\,2^{7}=128,\,2^{11}=2048,\,2^{13}=8192,\,2^{17}=131072,\,2^{19}=524288,\,\dots }    (sequence A034785 in the OEIS) which are the prime powers of 2.","FRACTRAN, John Conway, wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRACTRAN,beginner to advance
+1584,HP Time-Shared BASIC,"HP Time-Shared BASIC (HP TSB) is an interpreter software system that was sold by the Hewlett-Packard Company in the late 1960s and 1970s, based on their HP 2100 line of minicomputers. The system implements a dialect of the BASIC programming language and a rudimentary user account and program library system. The system is historically notable as the platform that released the first public versions of the game Star Trek. The software was also known by its versioned name, tied to the hardware version on which it ran, such as HP 2000C Time-Shared BASIC and the operating system came in different varieties — 2000A, 2000B, 2000C, High-Speed 2000C, 2000E, 2000F, and 2000/Access. Except for the 2000A and 2000E systems, the system is implemented using a dual-processor architecture. One fully configured HP 2100-series processor is used for execution of most of the system code and all of the user code, while a second, smaller HP 2100-series processor is used to handle the RS-232 serial lines through which the time-sharing users connected. Depending on the hardware configuration, the system supports up to 16 or up to 32 simultaneous remote users. The usual terminal for a TSB system was a Teletype Model 33 ASR and connected directly to the I/O processor or through a modem or acoustic coupler. Account names are a combination of one alphabetic character, followed by three decimal digits, e.g., B001. Privileged accounts started with the letter ""A"" and had some additional command and program storage capabilities. The superuser account is A000. This scheme allows up to 26,000 user accounts. (In the offshoot system created by BTI Computer Systems accounts beginning with ""@"" were superuser accounts.)During execution, user programs are swapped to fixed-head hard drive (which was physically a disk, but operated like a magnetic drum). When not executing, user programs are stored on moving-head cartridge- or pack-loaded disk storage. Privileged users can also store programs on the much-faster drum. The hard drive was backed up to magnetic tape. Program and file names consist of a mix of up to six alphabetic characters (A-Z) and numbers (0-9). Programs are stored in a tokenized format, using the SAVE command. They can also be stored in a semi-compiled format, using the CSAVE command, which allows them to start quicker. Since the system was closely tied to the use of commonly available teleprinters, line endings in files consisted of the carriage return character (ASCII CR, 0D hexadecimal), followed by the linefeed character (ASCII LF, 0A hexadecimal). The language is a fairly standard implementation of BASIC, providing an integrated editing and runtime environment. Statements are analyzed for correct syntax as they are entered and then stored in tokenized form. Each BASIC statement has to be on a uniquely numbered line, e.g., 10 PRINT ""HELLO WORLD"" and can only contain one statement, although multiple variable assignments are allowed, e.g., 20 LET A=B=C=42 (use of the word ""LET"" was optional). Line numbers are mandatory and statements are automatically placed in ascending numeric sequence. In the earliest version (2000A), the language supported the following features. Later versions added many more features. Unconditional program flow-control via GOTO statements, and subroutines via the GOSUB and RETURN statements Conditional flow-control via IF/THEN statement and simple variable-based block loop FOR and NEXT statements Calculated flow-control via the GOTO/OF and GOSUB/OF statements In-code data storage via DATA, READ, and RESTORE statements Input from and output to the user or a disc file via INPUT, READ #, PRINT, PRINT #, and IF END # statements Numeric variables of the form ""A"" or ""An"" (where A is a single letter and n a single, optional digit) stored as 32-bit floating-point numbers String variables of the form ""A$"" (where A is a single letter), storing from 0 to 72 characters One- or two-dimensional matrix (array) variables of the form ""A[x]"" or ""A[x,y]"" Matrix operations via statements (MAT READ, MAT INPUT, MAT PRINT, MAT=) and operations (+, -, *, ZER, CON, IDN, INV, TRN) Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and relational operators (<, <=, =, #, <>, >=, and >) Built-in mathematical functions including trigonometric (SIN, COS, TAN, ATN), logarithms (LOG, EXP), square root (SQR), random number generator (RND), others (ABS, INT, SGN, MIN, MAX), and user-defined functions Punched tape operations using Teletype Model 33 electromechanical teleprinter remote terminalsSubstrings within strings are accessed using a substring notation: ""A$(L,R)"" or ""A$[L,R]"", where the substring begins with the leftmost character specified by the index L and continues to the rightmost character specified by the index R, ""A$[L]"" where the substring starts at the leftmost character specified by the index L and continues to the end of the string. (TSB accepts () or [] interchangeably.) This is in sharp contrast to some later microcomputer BASICs that use functions such as LEFT$(), MID$(), and RIGHT$() to access substrings, although ANSI BASIC continues to use a similar substring syntax to that introduced by Hewlett-Packard. HP's notation can also be used on the destination side of a LET or INPUT statement to modify part of an existing string value, for example 100 A$[3,5]=""XYZ"" or 120 B$[3]=""CHANGE ALL BUT FIRST TWO CHARS"", which cannot be done with early implementations of LEFT/MID/RIGHT$(). Array and substring indices start with 1. Boolean and relational operators can be used in any mathematical expression (giving 0 for false or 1 for true), which was unusual for BASIC languages of that time, but became very popular in languages like C. Differences from Dartmouth BASIC included the use of square brackets for arrays and # for <>.","HP Time-Shared BASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_Time-Shared_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1585,Coco/R,"Coco/R is a compiler generator that takes an L-attributed Extended Backus–Naur Form (EBNF) grammar of a source language and generates a scanner and a parser for that language. The scanner works as a deterministic finite automaton.  It supports Unicode characters in UTF-8 encoding and can be made case-sensitive or case-insensitive. It can also recognize tokens based on their right-hand-side context. In addition to terminal symbols the scanner can also recognize pragmas, which are tokens that are not part of the syntax but can occur anywhere in the input stream (e.g. compiler directives or end-of-line characters). The parser uses recursive descent; LL(1) conflicts can be resolved by either a multi-symbol lookahead or by semantic checks. Thus the class of accepted grammars is LL(k) for an arbitrary k. Fuzzy parsing is supported by so-called ANY symbols that match complementary sets of tokens. Semantic actions are written in the same language as the generated scanner and parser. The parser's error handling can be tuned by specifying synchronization points and ""weak symbols"" in the grammar. Coco/R checks the grammar for completeness, consistency, non-redundancy as well as for LL(1) conflicts. There are versions of Coco/R for most modern languages (Java, C#, C++, Pascal, Modula-2, Modula-3, Delphi, VB.NET, Python, Ruby and others). The latest versions from the University of Linz are those for C#, Java and C++. For the Java version, there is an Eclipse plug-in and for C#, a Visual Studio plug-in. There are also sample grammars for Java and C#. Coco/R was originally developed at the ETHZ and moved with Hanspeter Mössenböck to University of Linz when he got his appointment there. Coco/R is distributed under the terms of a slightly relaxed GNU General Public License.","Coco/R, , website, wikipedia, Austria","website: http://ssw.jku.at/coco/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco/R",beginner to advance
+1586,NELIAC,The Navy Electronics Laboratory International ALGOL Compiler or NELIAC is a dialect and compiler implementation of the ALGOL 58 programming language developed by the Naval Electronics Laboratory in 1958. It was designed for numeric and logical computations and was the first language to provide a bootstrap implementation.,"NELIAC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NELIAC,beginner to advance
+1587,RTL/2,"RTL/2 was a high-level programming language developed at Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd by J.G.P. Barnes. It was originally used internally within ICI but was distributed by SPL International in 1974 It was designed for use in real-time computing (hence the initials RTL = real-time language). Based on concepts from Algol 68, it was intended to be a small, simple language. RTL/2 was standardised in 1980 by the British Standards Institution.RTL/2 was a strongly typed language with separate compilation. The compilation units contained one or more items known as ""bricks"", i.e.:  procedure bricks, data bricks, stack bricks.A procedure brick was a procedure, which may or may not return a (scalar) value, have (scalar) parameters, or have local (scalar) variables. The entry mechanism and implementation of local variables was re-entrant. Non-scalar data could only be accessed via reference (so-called REF variables were considered scalar). A data brick was a named static collection of scalars, arrays and records. Programmers had to implement memory management themselves (there was no heap or garbage collection). A stack brick was an area of storage reserved for running all the procedures of a single process and contained the call stack, local variables and other housekeeping items. The extent to which stack bricks were actually used varied depending upon the host environment in which RTL/2 programs actually ran. Access to the host environment of an RTL/2 program was provided via special procedure and data bricks called SVC procedures and SVC data. These were accessible in RTL/2 but implemented in some other language in the host environment.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL/2,beginner to advance
+1588,Zope,"Zope is a family of free and open-source web application servers written in Python, and their associated online community. Zope stands for ""Z Object Publishing Environment"", and was the first system using the now common object publishing methodology for the Web. Zope has been recognized as a Python killer app, an application that helped put Python in the spotlight.Over the last few years, the Zope community has spawned several additional web frameworks with disparate aims and principles, but sharing philosophy, people, and source code. Zope 2 is still the most widespread of these frameworks, largely thanks to the Plone content management system, which runs on Zope 2. BlueBream (earlier called Zope 3) is less widespread but underlies several large sites, including Launchpad. Grok was started as a more programmer-friendly framework, ""Zope 3 for cavemen"", and in 2009 Pyramid (ex BFG) gained popularity in the Zope community as a minimalistic framework based on Zope principles.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zope,beginner to advance
+1589,STOS BASIC,"STOS BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language implemented on the Atari ST computer. STOS BASIC was originally developed by Jawx, François Lionet, and Constantin Sotiropoulos and published by Mandarin Software (now known as Europress Software). STOS Basic was a version of BASIC that was designed for creating games, but the set of powerful high-level graphics and sound commands it offered made it suitable for developing multimedia-intense software without any knowledge of the internals of the Atari ST.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STOS_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1590,Sibilant,,"Sibilant, Jacob Rothstein, website, United States",website: https://sibilant.org/,beginner to advance
+1591,Function block diagram,"The Function Block Diagram  (FBD) is a graphical language for programmable logic controller design, that can describe the function between input variables and output variables. A function is described as a set of elementary blocks. Input and output variables are connected to blocks by connection lines. Inputs and outputs of the blocks are wired together with connection lines, or links. Single lines may be used to connect two logical points of the diagram:  An input variable and an input of a block An output of a block and an input of another block An output of a block and an output variableThe connection is oriented, meaning that the line carries associated data from the left end to the right end.  The left and right ends of the connection line must be of the same type. Multiple right connection, also called divergence can be used to broadcast information from its left end to each of its right ends.  All ends of the connection must be of the same type. Function Block Diagram is one of five languages for logic or control configuration supported by standard IEC 61131-3 for a control system such as a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) or a Distributed Control System (DCS).  The other supported languages are ladder logic, sequential function chart, structured text, and instruction list.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_block_diagram,beginner to advance
+1592,OpenEXR,"OpenEXR is a high dynamic range raster file format, released as an open standard along with a set of software tools created by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), under a free software license similar to the BSD license.It is notable for supporting multiple channels of potentially different pixel sizes, including 64-, 32- and 16-bit floating point values, as well as various compression techniques which include lossless and lossy compression algorithms.  It also has arbitrary channels and encodes multiple points of view such as left- and right-camera images.","OpenEXR, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEXR,beginner to advance
+1593,Gwion,,"Gwion, , website, reference, The Netherlands and United States and Turkey and France","website: https://Gwion.github.io/Gwion, reference: https://compilerspotlight.substack.com/p/language-showcase-gwion?sd=pf",beginner to advance
+1594,BPML,Business Process Modeling Language (BPML) is an XML-based language for business process modeling. It was maintained by the Business Process Management Initiative (BPMI) until June 2005 when BPMI and OMG (Object Management Group) announced the merger of their respective Business Process Management (BPM) activities to form the Business Modeling and Integration Domain Task Force (BMI DTF)[1]. It is deprecated since 2008. BPML was useful to OMG in order to enrich UML with process notation.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Process_Modeling_Language,beginner to advance
+1595,micro-mitten,,"micro-mitten, , website, United Kingdom",website: https://mitten-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+1596,Lil,,"Lil, , website, document, United States","website: https://beyondloom.com/decker/lil.html, documentation: https://beyondloom.com/decker/lil.html",beginner to advance
+1597,TriG syntax,TriG is a serialization format for RDF (Resource Description Framework) graphs. It is a plain text format for serializing named graphs and RDF Datasets which offers a compact and readable alternative to the XML-based TriX syntax.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriG_(syntax),beginner to advance
+1598,cat,,"cat, Christopher Diggins, reference, Canada",reference: https://web.archive.org/web/20150205061802/http://cat-language.com/tutorial.html,beginner to advance
+1599,DataWeave,,"DataWeave, , reference, Argentina",reference: https://docs.mulesoft.com/mule-runtime/4.1/dataweave,beginner to advance
+1600,Easytrieve,"Easytrieve is a Report generator product of CA Technologies. Easytrieve Classic and Easytrieve Plus are two available versions of this programming languages primarily designed to generate reports and are used by large corporations operating in mainframe (z/OS, z/VM, z/VSE), UNIX, Linux, and Microsoft Windows environments","Easytrieve, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easytrieve,beginner to advance
+1601,Lite-C,"Lite-C is a programming language for multimedia applications and personal computer games, using a syntax subset of the C language with some elements of the C++ language. Its main difference to C is the native implementation of multimedia and computer game related objects like sounds, images, movies, GUI elements, 2D and 3D models, collision detection and rigid body physics. Lite-C executables are compiled instead of interpreted. Lite-C runs on 32-bit and 64-bit Windows XP or Vista operating systems. Lite-C claims to allow very fast programming with a minimum of code, and easy access to non-programmers. For this, the developer provides a 25-lesson workshop that especially deals with the game and multimedia related objects of the language.  Lite-C supports the Windows API and the Component Object Model (COM); therefore OpenGL and DirectX programs can directly be written in lite-C. It has integrated the free A8 rendering engine.","Lite-C, , website, wikipedia, Germany","website: http://www.3dgamestudio.de/litec.php, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lite-C",beginner to advance
+1602,dyvil,,"dyvil, , website, Germany",website: https://reddit.com/r/Dyvil,beginner to advance
+1603,Draco,"Draco was a shareware programming language created by Chris Gray. First developed for CP/M sytems, Amiga version followed in 1987.Although Draco, a blend of Pascal and C, was well suited for general purpose programming, its uniqueness as a language was its main weak point. Gray used Draco for the Amiga to create a port of Peter Langston's game Empire.","Draco, Chris Gray, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1604,File Oriented Interpretive Language,FOIL was the name for two different programming languages.,"File Oriented Interpretive Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOIL_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1605,M2001,"M2001 is a modular educational mathematical programming language for developing and presenting mathematical algorithms, from the modern discrete to the classical continuous mathematics. M2001 is built on a semantic framework that is based in category theory and has a syntax similar to that of Pascal or Modula-2. It is designed purely for pedagogic use, so efficiency and ease of implementation have been far less important in its development than generality and range of application. It was created to play an important role in forming a formal algorithmic foundation for first-year college math students.","M2001, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2001,beginner to advance
+1606,Zimbu,"Bram Moolenaar (born 1961, in Lisse) is a Dutch computer programmer and an active member of the open-source software community. He is the original author, maintainer, release manager, and benevolent dictator for life of Vim, a text editor that is very popular among programmers and power users. Since July 2006, Moolenaar has been employed by Google, working in the Zürich office. He is able to spend part of his time maintaining Vim.",,"website: http://www.zimbu.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbu",beginner to advance
+1607,Promela,,"Promela, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promela,beginner to advance
+1608,Mscgen,,"Mscgen, , website, United Kingdom",website: http://www.mcternan.me.uk/mscgen/,beginner to advance
+1611,orca-pl,,"orca-pl, , website, reference, Unknown","website: http://wiki.xxiivv.com/orca, reference: https://git.sr.ht/~rabbits/orca",beginner to advance
+1612,CBOR,"CBOR (Concise Binary Object Representation) is a binary data serialization format loosely based on JSON. Like JSON it allows the transmission of data objects that contain name–value pairs, but in a more concise manner. This increases processing and transfer speeds at the cost of human-readability. It is defined in IETF RFC 7049.Amongst other uses, it is the recommended data serialization layer for the CoAP Internet of Things protocol suite and the data format on which COSE messages are based. It is also used in the Client-to-Authenticator Protocol (CTAP) within the scope of the FIDO2 project.","CBOR, , website, wikipedia, Germany and United States","website: https://cbor.io/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBOR",beginner to advance
+1613,Text Adventure Development System,Text Adventure Development System (TADS) is a prototype-based domain-specific programming language and set of standard libraries for creating interactive fiction (IF) games.,,"website: http://www.tads.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TADS",beginner to advance
+1614,A#,"A# is a port of the Ada programming language to the Microsoft .NET platform. A# is freely distributed by the Department of Computer Science at the United States Air Force Academy as a service to the Ada community under the terms of the GNU General Public License. AdaCore has taken over this development, and announced ""GNAT for .NET"", which is a fully supported .NET product with all of the features of A# and more.","A#, Dr. Martin C. Carlisle and Lt Col Ricky Sward and Maj Jeff Humphries, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Sharp_(.NET),beginner to advance
+1617,AIMMS,"AIMMS is a prescriptive analytics software company with offices in the Netherlands, United States, China and Singapore. AIMMS has two main product offerings that provide modeling and optimization capabilities across a variety of industries. The AIMMS Prescriptive Analytics Platform is a tool for those with an Operations Research or Analytics background. It offers unlimited flexibility to develop optimization-based applications and deploy them to business users. AIMMS SC Navigator, launched in 2017, is built on the AIMMS Prescriptive Analytics Platform and provides configurable Apps for supply chain teams. SC Navigator provides supply chain analytics to individuals without a technical or analytics background so they can get the same benefits from sophisticated analytics without needing to code or model.",,"reference: https://download.aimms.com/aimms/download/references/AIMMS-Whitepaper-COA.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIMMS",beginner to advance
+1618,LinearML,,"LinearML, Julien Verlaguet, website, United States",website: https://github.com/pikatchu/LinearML,beginner to advance
+1619,Cone,,"Cone, Jonathan Goodwin, website, Australia and Belgium and France and Sweden and Indonesia",website: http://cone.jondgoodwin.com/,beginner to advance
+1620,N-Triples,"N-Triples is a format for storing and transmitting data. It is a line-based, plain text serialisation format for RDF (Resource Description Framework) graphs, and a subset of the Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language) format. N-Triples should not be confused with Notation3 which is a superset of Turtle. N-Triples was primarily developed by Dave Beckett at the University of Bristol and Art Barstow at the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).N-Triples was designed to be a simpler format than Notation3 and Turtle, and therefore easier for software to parse and generate. However, because it lacks some of the shortcuts provided by other RDF serialisations (such as CURIEs and nested resources, which are provided by both RDF/XML and Turtle) it can be onerous to type out large amounts of data by hand, and difficult to read.","N-Triples, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Triples,beginner to advance
+1621,COMIT,"COMIT was the first string processing language (compare SNOBOL, TRAC, and Perl), developed on the IBM 700/7000 series computers by Dr. Victor Yngve and collaborators at MIT from 1957 to 1965.  Yngve created the language for supporting computerized research in the field of linguistics, and more specifically, the area of machine translation for natural language processing. The creation of COMIT led to the creation of SNOBOL.","COMIT, Victor Yngve, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMIT,beginner to advance
+1622,Basic4ppc,"Basic4ppc (pronounced ""Basic for PPC"") is a programming language for Pocket PC handheld computers running Windows Mobile operating system, by Anywhere Software. The language is based on a BASIC-like syntax, taking advantage of Microsoft's .NET technology, to allow additional libraries, graphical user interface design of windows forms, rapid application development (RAD), and .NET framework compatible compilation. The language implements a unique way of adding objects to a program without being object-oriented. Its advantages are simplicity, development pace and the integration with .NET framework. A special version of the integrated development environment (IDE) allows developing straight onto the Windows Mobile device. With the demise of Windows Mobile operating system and the devices running it Basic4PPC came to the end of its life in about 2012. For owners of Basic4PPC it remains a useful Windows-desktop BASIC compiler as it runs code directly in the Windows environment and it can compile a project to a Windows 'exe' file for use as a Windows program.","Basic4ppc, Erel Uziel, wikipedia, Israel",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic4ppc,beginner to advance
+1623,hakaru,,"hakaru, , website, reference, United States","website: http://hakaru-dev.github.io/, reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/hejono/hakaru_a_simplytyped_probabilistic_programming/",beginner to advance
+1624,cuneiform,,"cuneiform, , website, European Union",website: http://www.cuneiform-lang.org,beginner to advance
+1627,Caché ObjectScript,"Caché ObjectScript is a part of the Caché database system sold by InterSystems. The language is a functional superset of the ANSI-standard MUMPS programming language. Since Caché is at its core a MUMPS implementation, it can run ANSI MUMPS routines with no change. To appeal as a commercial product, Caché implements support for object-oriented programming, a macro preprocessing language, embedded SQL for ANSI-standard SQL access to M's built-in database, procedure and control blocks using C-like brace syntax, procedure-scoped variables, and relaxed whitespace syntax limitations. The language has private and public variables and globals. Global has a different meaning in this language than in most; such variables are global across routines, processes, and sessions. Thus, editing a global variable is making permanent and immediate changes to a system-universal database (which survives reboots, etc.).  The scope of a private variable is the local function, the scope of a public variable is the entire process. Variables, private and public, may be single elements or complete multi-dimensional arrays. The great majority of Caché's feature-set is inherited from the ANSI MUMPS standard.  See that article for details on how data is represented and the different ways a programmer can think about the data during development.","Caché ObjectScript, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caché_ObjectScript,beginner to advance
+1628,elena,,"elena, Alex Rakov, website, reference, Germany","website: http://elenalang.sourceforge.net/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=24222038",beginner to advance
+1630,Document Structure Description,"Document Structure Description, or DSD, is a schema language for XML, that is, a language for describing valid XML documents. It's an alternative to DTD or the W3C XML Schema. An example of DSD in its simplest form:  <dsd xmlns=""http://www.brics.dk/DSD/2.0""  xmlns:my=""http://example.com"">    <if><element name=""my:foo""/>   <declare>    <attribute name=""first""/>    <attribute name=""second""/>    <contents>     <element name=""my:bar""/>    </contents>   </declare>  </if>    <if><element name=""my:bar""/>   <declare>    <contents>    </contents>   </declare>  </if>   </dsd>  This says that element named ""foo"" in the XML namespace ""http://example.com"" may have two attributes, named ""first"" and ""second"". A ""foo"" element may not have any character data. It must contain one subelement, named ""bar"", also in the ""http://example.com"" namespace. A ""bar"" element is not allowed any attributes, character data or subelements. One XML document that would be valid according to the above DSD would be:  <foo xmlns=""http://example.com"" second=""2"">  <bar/> </foo>","Document Structure Description, , website, reference, wikipedia, United States and Denmark","website: https://www.brics.dk/DSD/, reference: https://www.brics.dk/DSD/dsd.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Structure_Description",beginner to advance
+1631,Breccia,,"Breccia, Michael Allan, website, Canada",website: http://reluk.ca/project/Breccia/,beginner to advance
+1632,Atomese,,"Atomese, , website, reference, Various","website: https://wiki.opencog.org/w/Atomese, reference: https://opencog.org/",beginner to advance
+1633,Jevko,,"Jevko, , website, reference, Poland","website: https://jevko.org/, reference: https://github.com/jevko/parsejevko.js",beginner to advance
+1634,mint,,"mint, , website, Poland and Hungary and United States",website: https://www.mint-lang.com,beginner to advance
+1636,Manchester syntax,,"Manchester syntax, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: http://webont.org/owled/2006/acceptedLong/submission_9.pdf,beginner to advance
+1637,Maude,,"Maude, , reference, Spain and United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a9c022579be9dcff685682c1876f8a4532ac02cf,beginner to advance
+1638,WMLScript,"WMLScript is a procedural programming language and dialect of JavaScript used for WML pages and is part of the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). WMLScript is a client-side scripting language and is similar to JavaScript. Just like JavaScript WMLScript is used for tasks such as user input validation, generation of error message and other Dialog boxes etc. WMLScript is based on ECMAScript (European Computer Manufacturers Association Script), which is JavaScript's standardized version. Thus the syntax of WMLScript is similar to JavaScript but not fully compatible.Despite the syntactical similarities, they are two different languages.  WMLScript does not have objects or array, which JavaScript has.  On the other hand, it allows you to declare and include external functions from other scripts.   WMLScript is optimised for low power devices, and is a compiled language.",,"reference: https://www.developershome.com/wap/wmlscript/wmlscriptIntro.asp, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMLScript",beginner to advance
+1639,POPLOG,"Poplog is a reflective, incrementally compiled software development environment for the programming languages POP-11, Common Lisp, Prolog, and Standard ML, originally created in the UK for teaching and research in artificial intelligence at the University of Sussex.","POPLOG, , reference, wikipedia, United Kingdom","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/804beaedcc3577a60b2f1bc177a96723fe70a888, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplog",beginner to advance
+1640,Quicken Interchange Format,Quicken Interchange Format (QIF) is an open specification for reading and writing financial data to media (i.e. files).,"Quicken Interchange Format, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicken_Interchange_Format,beginner to advance
+1641,quicklisp-pm,,"quicklisp-pm, Zach Beane, website, United States",website: https://www.quicklisp.org/beta/,beginner to advance
+1642,Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language,"This article is about the programming language. For the university, see Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral.ESPOL (short for Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language) was a superset of ALGOL 60 that provided capabilities of what would later be known as Mohols, machine oriented high order languages, such as interrupting a processor on a multiprocessor system (the Burroughs large systems were multiprocessor processor systems). ESPOL was used to write the MCP (Master Control Program) on Burroughs computer systems from the B5000 to the B6700. The single-pass compiler for ESPOL could compile over 250 lines per second. ESPOL was superseded by NEWP.","Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Systems_Problem_Oriented_Language,beginner to advance
+1643,Color BASIC,"Color BASIC is the implementation of Microsoft BASIC that is included in the ROM of the Tandy/Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Computers manufactured between 1980 and 1991. BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a high level language with simple syntax that makes it easy for novices to write simple programs. Color BASIC is interpreted, that is, decoded as it is run. Because of this, it is simple to edit and debug but performance is significantly lower than a compiled language such as C or assembly language.","Color BASIC, Bill Gates, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1644,QtScript,"QtScript is a scripting engine that has been part of the Qt cross-platform application framework since version 4.3.0. The scripting language is based on the ECMAScript standard with a few extensions, such as QObject-style signal and slot connections. The library contains the engine, and a C++ API for evaluating QtScript code and exposing custom QObject-derived C++ classes to QtScript. The QtScript Binding Generator provides bindings for the Qt API to access directly from ECMAScript. QtScript and the binding generator are used for Amarok 2's scripting system. The current (as of Qt 4.7) implementation uses JavaScriptCore and will not be further developed. The module is deprecated as of Qt 5.5.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QtScript,beginner to advance
+1645,Interchange File Format,"Interchange File Format (IFF), is a generic container file format originally introduced by the Electronic Arts company in 1985 (in cooperation with Commodore) in order to facilitate transfer of data between software produced by different companies. IFF files do not have any standard extension.  On many systems that generate IFF files, file extensions are not important (the OS stores file format metadata separately from the file name).  An .iff extension is commonly used for ILBM format files, which use the IFF container format. Resource Interchange File Format is a format developed by Microsoft and IBM in 1991 that is based on IFF, except the byte order has been changed to little-endian to match the x86 processor architecture. Apple's AIFF is a big-endian audio file format developed from IFF. The TIFF image file format is unrelated.","Interchange File Format, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange_File_Format,beginner to advance
+1646,HuJSON,,"HuJSON, David Crawshaw, reference, Various",reference: https://nigeltao.github.io/blog/2021/json-with-commas-comments.html,beginner to advance
+1647,Kal,,"Kal, , website, United States",website: http://rzimmerman.github.io/kal,beginner to advance
+1648,Visual Objects,"Visual Objects is an object-oriented computer programming language that is used to create computer programs that operate primarily under Windows. Although it can be used as a general-purpose programming tool, it is almost exclusively used to create database programs. The original Visual Objects project (code-named Aspen) was started as part of Nantucket's attempts to bring the Clipper language to Windows, and move from the procedural to the object-oriented style. It also converted Clipper from a p-code system to being a true native compiler and introduced more elements of the C language (such as typed variables), while including Windows extensions (such as COM, ODBC, and later ADO). With its symbol datatype, it offers the ability to form name-based linkages, which may be used to connect menu events to object methods or form direct linkages between server columns and controls. The Windows version was finally brought to market by Computer Associates.  Unfortunately it was released before it was market-ready and in almost head-to-head competition with the first release of Borland's Delphi product. The language is still in use however the last release by GrafX Software was in 2012 of version 2.8 sp4 (version number 2838). GrafX announced that after this no new versions would be released. The next incarnation of the Visual Objects language is Vulcan.NET, written by GrafX from scratch to be both Visual Objects compatible and be a true CLS compliant .NET language, taking full advantage of the .NET framework.",,"reference: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!search/$20ca$20%22visual$20objects%22/comp.lang.basic.visual/nZWXZwqt3Lw/TIKnJWhYikgJ, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Objects",beginner to advance
+1649,THEOS,"THEOS, which translates from Greek as ""God"", is an operating system which started out as OASIS, a microcomputer operating system for small computers that use the Z80 processor. Originally written in the late 1970s by Timothy S. Williams as a low-cost alternative to the more expensive mini- and mainframe- computers that were popular in the day, OASIS provided time-sharing multiuser facilities to allow several users to utilise the resources of one computer. Similar in concept to MP/M or UNIX, THEOS uses external device drivers rather than a kernel, allowing it to be more portable to other environments, though support has been primarily directed towards industry-standard hardware (i.e. PC's).  THEOS is specifically aimed at small business users, with a wide range of vertical-market applications packages being developed and supported by individuals and companies. THEOS operating systems have been distributed by THEOS Software Corporation in Walnut Creek, California, since 1983. As of 2003, Phase One Systems publishes software development tools for THEOS(R) systems. As well as porting tools, Phase One Systems distributed the Freedom query package and Control database package for THEOS systems, used to bring SQL-like data extraction tools to third-party software packages. The languages distributed with THEOS include THEOS Multi-User Basic and C. A powerful EXEC shell language can be used for task automation or to produce a turnkey system. When the operating system was launched for the IBM Personal Computer/AT in 1982, the decision was taken to change the name from OASIS to THEOS, short for THE Operating System. A number of security features exist, including dynamic passwords (where the password includes part of the date or time, or client IP address, or other dynamic elements), allow/deny security, a comprehensive inbound and outbound firewall, and an option to require a certain level of encryption in the workstation connection. In addition, the object file format is proprietary, and the operating system uses Intel ""protected mode"" to further increase defence against buffer overrun attacks. THEOS was introduced in Europe by Fujitsu and other hardware manufacturers 30 years ago, and is distributed by a number of distributors in Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Italy and more. The 'current' version is THEOS Corona Commercial Release 6, which was released in December 2008, and a number of updates have been released since that time. The current Windows Workstation Client (as of May 2009) is version 3.16 from July 2003.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THEOS,beginner to advance
+1652,LC-3,"Little Computer 3, or LC-3, is a type of computer educational programming language, an assembly language, which is a type of low-level programming language. It features a relatively simple instruction set, but can be used to write moderately complex assembly programs, and is a theoretically viable target for a C compiler. The language is less complex than x86 assembly but has many features similar to those in more complex languages. These features make it useful for beginning instruction, so it is most often used to teach fundamentals of programming and computer architecture to computer science and computer engineering students. The LC-3 was developed by Yale N. Patt at the University of Texas at Austin and Sanjay J. Patel at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Their specification of the instruction set, the overall architecture of the LC-3, and a hardware implementation can be found in the second edition of their textbook. Courses based on the LC-3 and Patt and Patel's book are offered in many computer engineering and computer science departments.","LC-3, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC-3,beginner to advance
+1653,dedukti,,"dedukti, , website, France",website: https://deducteam.github.io,beginner to advance
+1654,Uniface,"Uniface is a development and deployment platform for enterprise applications that can run in a large range of runtime environments, including mobile, mainframe, web, Service-oriented architecture (SOA), Windows, Java EE and .NET.  Uniface is a model-driven, Rapid Application Development (RAD) environment used to create mission-critical applications. Uniface applications are database- and platform-independent. Uniface provides an integration framework that enables Uniface applications to integrate with all major DBMS products such as Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL and IBM DB2. In addition, Uniface also supports file systems such as RMS (HP OpenVMS), Sequential files, operating system text files  and a wide range of other technologies, such as mainframe-based products (CICS, IMS), web services, SMTP and POP email, LDAP directories, .NET, ActiveX, Component Object Model (COM), C(++) programs, and Java. Uniface operates under Microsoft Windows, Windows Mobile, various flavors of Unix and Linux, VMS, IBM iSeries, and  z/OS. Uniface can be used in complex systems that maintain critical enterprise data supporting mission-critical business processes such as point-of sale and web-based online shopping, financial transactions, salary administration, and inventory control. It is currently used by thousands of companies in more than 30 countries, with an effective installed base of millions of end-users. Uniface applications range from client/server to web, and from data entry to workflow, as well as portals that are accessed locally, via intranets and the internet. Originally developed in the Netherlands by Inside Automation, later Uniface B.V., the product and company were acquired by Detroit-based Compuware Corp in 1994, and in 2014 was acquired by Marlin Equity Partners and is now an independent company. Uniface B.V. global headquarters are in Amsterdam.",,"website: http://uniface.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniface_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1656,Pod6,,"Pod6, Aliaksandr Zahatski, website, Unknown",website: https://pod6.in,beginner to advance
+1657,Fuzuli,,"Fuzuli, Mehmet Hakan Satman, website, Turkey",website: https://web.archive.org/web/20170121211733/http://fuzuliproject.org/,beginner to advance
+1658,Topaz,,"Topaz, m-schm, website, Unknown",website: https://github.com/m-schm/topaz,beginner to advance
+1659,concurnas,,"concurnas, , website, reference, England","website: http://concurnas.com/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=23321096",beginner to advance
+1660,PML,,"PML, Christian Neumanns, website, reference, Unknown","website: https://www.pml-lang.dev/, reference: https://medium.com/@christian.ppl",beginner to advance
+1663,Turbo-Basic XL,"This article is about the language for Atari 8-bit computers. Not to be confused with Borland's unrelated Turbo Basic.Turbo-Basic XL is an advanced version of BASIC for the Atari 8-bit family of home computers. It is a compatible superset of the Atari BASIC that was built-in to most Atari machines of the era. Turbo-Basic XL's most notable feature was vastly improved execution speed. An Atari BASIC program loaded into Turbo-BASIC, with no changes made, would generally run about three times as fast. A Turbo-Basic XL compiler was also available that created binary executables, further speeding up program performance to about ten times faster than Atari BASIC. Turbo-Basic XL was developed by Frank Ostrowski and published in the December 1985 issue of German computer magazine Happy Computer. A version for the 400/800 models was released shortly after, known as Frost Basic 1.4.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo-Basic_XL,beginner to advance
+1664,minikanren,,"minikanren, , website, United States",website: http://minikanren.org/,beginner to advance
+1665,PTX,"Parallel Thread Execution (PTX, or NVPTX) is a pseudo-assembly language used in Nvidia's CUDA programming environment.  The nvcc compiler translates code written in CUDA, a C++-like language, into PTX, and the graphics driver contains a compiler which translates the PTX into a binary code which can be run on the processing cores.",,"website: https://llvm.org/docs/NVPTXUsage.html, reference: https://www.nvidia.com/content/cuda-ptx_isa_1.4.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_Thread_Execution",beginner to advance
+1666,FL,"FL (short for Function Level) is a functional programming language created at the IBM Almaden Research Center by John Backus, John Williams, and Edward Wimmers in the 1980s and documented in a report from 1989. FL was designed as a successor of Backus' earlier FP language, providing specific support for what Backus termed function-level programming. FL is a dynamically typed strict functional programming language with throw and catch exception semantics much like in ML. Each function has an implicit history argument which is used for doing things like strictly functional input/output (I/O), but is also used for linking to C code. For doing optimization, there exists a type-system which is an extension of Hindley–Milner type inference. Many of the language’s innovative ideas have since been implemented in Kenneth E. Iverson’s J language.","FL, John Backus, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FL_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1667,Jeeves,,"Jeeves, Jean Yang, website, United States",website: http://projects.csail.mit.edu/jeeves/,beginner to advance
+1668,MAGMA,"Magma is a computer algebra system designed to solve problems in algebra, number theory, geometry and combinatorics. It is named after the algebraic structure magma. It runs on Unix-like operating systems, as well as Windows.","MAGMA, , website, wikipedia, Australia","website: http://magma.maths.usyd.edu.au, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma_(computer_algebra_system)",beginner to advance
+1669,TAL,"Transaction Application Language or TAL (originally ""Tandem Application Language"") is a block-structured, procedural language optimized for use on Tandem hardware. TAL resembles a cross between C and Pascal. It was the original system programming language for the Tandem CISC machines, which had no assembler. The design concept of TAL, an evolution of Hewlett Packard's SPL, was intimately associated and optimized with a microprogrammed CISC instruction set. Each TAL statement could easily compile into a sequence of instructions that manipulated data on a transient floating register stack. The register stack itself floated at the crest of the program's memory allocation and call stack. The language itself has the appearance of ALGOL or Pascal, with BEGIN and END statements. However, its semantics are far more like C. It does not permit indefinite levels of procedure nesting, it does not pass complex structured arguments by value, and it does not strictly type most variable references. Programming techniques are much like C using pointers to structures, occasional overlays, deliberate string handling and casts when appropriate. Available datatypes include 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit and (introduced later) 64 bit integers. Microcode level support was available for null terminated character strings. However, this is not commonly used. Originally the Tandem NonStop operating system was written in TAL. Recently much of it has been rewritten in C and TAL has been deprecated for new development. In the migration from CISC to RISC TAL was updated/replaced with pTAL - compilers allowed TAL to be accelerated/re-compiled into Native RISC Applications. In the current migration from RISC to Intel Itanium 2 TAL and pTAL has been replaced with epTAL, again - compilers allow TAL and pTAL code to be accelerated/re-compiled into native Itanium Applications.  This article is based on material taken from  the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing  prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the ""relicensing"" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Application_Language,beginner to advance
+1670,ASIC,"ASIC is a programming language, a BASIC dialect and shareware compiler for DOS systems.  Written by Dave Visti of 80/20 Software, it achieved brief popularity in the 1990s as one of the few BASIC compilers legally available for download from BBSes.  However, ASIC understood only a small subset of the BASIC language, with most versions having little or no support for logical operators, control structures, and floating-point arithmetic.  These shortcomings are the reason for the software's tongue-in-cheek motto, ""ASIC: It's almost BASIC!""Notably, however, ASIC did feature a rudimentary integrated development environment and an RS-232 communications library for writing terminal and BBS software, as well not requiring line numbers.  The last release of ASIC, version 5.00, was more compatible with GW-BASIC and offered a utility to convert GW-BASIC programs to ASIC syntax. ASIC allows compiling to a DOS EXE file or COM file. The low overhead of the COM file format lets ASIC make one of the smallest compiled executables of the Hello world program, typically 360 bytes.","ASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIC_programming_language,beginner to advance
+1672,infusion-framework,,"infusion-framework, , website, reference, Various","website: http://fluidproject.org/infusion.html, reference: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12sTu7RT-s_QlAupY1v-3DfI1Mm9NEX5YMWWTDAKHLfc/edit#gid=0",beginner to advance
+1673,buzz,,"buzz, Benoit Giannangeli, document, France",documentation: https://github.com/buzz-language/buzz/blob/main/README.md,beginner to advance
+1674,Pyrex,Pyrex is a programming language developed to aid in creating Python modules. Its syntax is very close to Python. The goal is to make it easy for Python programmers to write the non-Python supporting code usually required for interfacing modules in a language which is as close to Python as possible.,"Pyrex, , website, wikipedia, New Zealand","website: http://www.cosc.canterbury.ac.nz/greg.ewing/python/Pyrex/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrex_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1675,AUTOCODER,Autocoder was the name given to certain assemblers for a number of IBM computers of the 1950s and 1960s. The first Autocoders appear to have been the earliest assemblers to provide a macro facility.,"AUTOCODER, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocoder,beginner to advance
+1677,KUKA Robot Language,"The KUKA Robot Language, also known as KRL, is a proprietary programming language similar to Pascal and used to control KUKA robots.","KUKA Robot Language, , wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUKA_Robot_Language,beginner to advance
+1678,Structured Query Reporter,"SQR (Hyperion SQR Production Reporting, Part of OBIEE) is a programming language designed for generating reports from database management systems. The name is an acronym of Structured Query Reporter, which suggests its relationship to SQL (Structured Query Language). Any SQL statement can be embedded in an SQR program.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQR,beginner to advance
+1679,orange,,"orange, Robert Fratto, website, United States",website: https://web.archive.org/web/20191002000130/http://orange-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+1680,Heron,,"Heron, Christopher Diggins, website, Canada",website: https://cdiggins.github.io/heron-language,beginner to advance
+1682,Blacklight,,"Blacklight, Anthony M. Cook, website, Unknown",website: http://blog.anthonymcook.com/blacklight/,beginner to advance
+1683,jiyu,,"jiyu, Josh Huelsman, website, reference, Unknown","website: https://jiyu.handmade.network/, reference: https://machinamentum.github.io/Jiyu-A-Programming-Language/",beginner to advance
+1684,gura,,"gura, Yutaka Saito, website, Japan",website: http://www.gura-lang.org,beginner to advance
+1685,Visual Tool Markup Language,"Visual Tool Markup Language, a user interface markup language used by Macromedia HomeSite, ColdFusion Studio and JRun Studio. VTML is used for tag editors and custom dialogs shipped with these applications and can be used to extend the user interface and to support additional tag-based languages. It is documented in help files included with these applications or available online, notably in the ""VTML Reference"" and ""Customizing the Development Environment"" sections. Wizard Markup Language (WIZML) is a sub-language of VTML that defines the logic used by user interface wizards and tag editors.",,"reference: http://www.ulitzer.com/node/41770, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTML",beginner to advance
+1686,CEEMAC,"CEEMAC is a programming language developed in the 1980s for the Apple II family of computers.  It was authored by Brooke Boering and published by Vagabondo Enterprises,CEEMAC was designed to be a visual composition language in which the programmer designed dynamic ""scores"" by programatically controlling color, shape, sound and movement. Additionally, a programmer could then ""perform"" their score through use of the Apple II keyboard or paddle input devices to introduce additional variation.CEEMAC syntax loosely resembled a combination of BASIC and Pascal and include control commands such as GOTO, GOSUB, DO, AGAIN, FOR, SKIP, EXIT and loop control structures such as IF/WHILE and TIL/UNLESS. Additionally, 30 predefined macros were included in CEEMAC to aid in score composition.The following is a small CEEMAC sample score: 		    SCORE: KT       			:FIRE ORGAN  KEY T       			SPEED [0,0]       			: - BUT 0       			0       			CLEAR [0,0]       			XY1 = $80;$80      			: MAIN LOOP       			F      			:FORGND SYMMETRY 0-3       			VC = RND3 ORA 3       			: SAVE FORGND ROTATION       			VD = ROTEZ       			:FORGND COLOR       			COLOR = NXTCOL CEEMAC was originally marketed through distribution of a free demonstration program entitled Fire Organ.  This program contained several scores create by Boering and other programmers to demonstrate some of the capabilities of the language.","CEEMAC, Brooke Boering, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEEMAC,beginner to advance
+1687,hoon,,"hoon, , website, reference, Unknown","website: https://developers.urbit.org/reference/glossary/hoon, reference: https://github.com/cgyarvin/urbit/blob/master/doc/book/3-syntax.markdown",beginner to advance
+1689,MessagePack,"MessagePack is a computer data interchange format. It is a binary form for representing simple data structures like arrays and associative arrays. MessagePack aims to be as compact and simple as possible. The official implementation is available in a variety of languages such as C, C++, C#, D, Erlang, Go, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Lua, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scala, Smalltalk, and Swift.","MessagePack, , website, wikipedia, Various","website: https://msgpack.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MessagePack",beginner to advance
+1691,Links,,"Links, , website, wikipedia, United Kingdom and France","website: http://www.links-lang.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Links_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1692,Model 204,"Model 204 (M204) is a database management system for IBM and compatible mainframe computers, “born” 1965 October 13, and first deployed in 1972. It incorporates a programming language and an environment for application development.  Implemented in assembly language for IBM System/360 and its successors, M204 can deal with very large databases and transaction loads of 1000 TPS.","Model 204, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_204,beginner to advance
+1693,Matrix protocol,,"Matrix protocol, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(protocol),beginner to advance
+1694,Notation3,"Notation3, or N3 as it is more commonly known, is a shorthand non-XML serialization of Resource Description Framework models, designed with human-readability in mind: N3 is much more compact and readable than XML RDF notation. The format is being developed by Tim Berners-Lee and others from the Semantic Web community. A formalization of the logic underlying N3 was published by Berners-Lee and others in 2008.N3 has several features that go beyond a serialization for RDF models, such as support for RDF-based rules. Turtle is a simplified, RDF-only subset of N3.","Notation3, Tim Berners-Lee, reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/N3Resources, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation3",beginner to advance
+1695,Euclid,"Euclid is an imperative programming language for writing verifiable programs. It was designed by Butler Lampson and associates at the Xerox PARC lab in the mid-1970s. The implementation was led by Ric Holt at the University of Toronto and James Cordy was the principal programmer for the first implementation of the compiler. It was originally designed for the Motorola 6809 microprocessor. It was considered innovative for the time; the compiler development team had a $2 million budget over 2 years and was commissioned by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. Department of Defense and the Canadian Department of National Defence. It was used for a few years at I. P. Sharp Associates, MITRE Corporation, SRI International and various other international institutes for research in systems programming and secure software systems. Euclid is descended from the Pascal programming language. Functions in Euclid are closed scopes, may not have side effects, and must explicitly declare imports. Euclid also disallows gotos, floating point numbers, global assignments, nested functions and aliases, and none of the actual parameters to a function can refer to the same thing. Euclid implements modules as types. Descendants of Euclid include the Mesa programming language, the Concurrent Euclid programming language and the Turing programming language.","Euclid, Butler Lampson, wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1696,Semantic Web Rule Language,"The Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) is a proposed language for the Semantic Web that can be used to express rules as well as logic, combining OWL DL or OWL Lite with a subset of the Rule Markup Language (itself a subset of Datalog).The specification was submitted in May 2004 to the W3C by the National Research Council of Canada, Network Inference (since acquired by webMethods), and Stanford University in association with the Joint US/EU ad hoc Agent Markup Language Committee. The specification was based on an earlier proposal for an OWL rules language.SWRL has the full power of OWL DL, but at the price of decidability and practical implementations. However, decidability can be regained by restricting the form of admissible rules, typically by imposing a suitable safety condition.Rules are of the form of an implication between an antecedent (body) and consequent (head). The intended meaning can be read as: whenever the conditions specified in the antecedent hold, then the conditions specified in the consequent must also hold.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web_Rule_Language,beginner to advance
+1697,OK,,"OK, Jesse Duffield, reference, Australia",reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32640918,beginner to advance
+1698,Parlog,"Parlog is a logic programming language designed for efficient utilization of parallel computer architectures. Its semantics is based on first order predicate logic. It expresses concurrency, interprocess communication, indeterminacy and synchronization within the declarative language framework.It was designed at Imperial College, London by Steve Gregory and Keith L. Clark, as a descendant of IC Prolog and Relational Language.","Parlog, Steve Gregory and Keith L. Clark, wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlog,beginner to advance
+1699,CSpydr,,"CSpydr, Spydr06, website, Germany",website: https://github.com/spydr06/cspydr,beginner to advance
+1700,Ripple,,"Ripple, Yuya Watari, website, reference, Japan","website: https://github.com/Ripple-Lang/Ripple, reference: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-98809-2_9",beginner to advance
+1701,maraca-lang,,"maraca-lang, Jon Whitehead, website, reference, United Kingdom","website: https://maraca-lang.org, reference: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12sTu7RT-s_QlAupY1v-3DfI1Mm9NEX5YMWWTDAKHLfc/edit#gid=0",beginner to advance
+1702,Ook,,"Ook, David Morgan-Mar, website, reference, Australia","website: https://www.dangermouse.net/esoteric/ook.html, reference: https://esolangs.org/wiki/Ook!",beginner to advance
+1704,jcard,,"jcard, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCard,beginner to advance
+1705,jplace,,"jplace, , reference, United States and Germany",reference: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0031009,beginner to advance
+1707,GorillaScript,,"GorillaScript, Cameron Knight, website, United States",website: https://ckknight.github.io/gorillascript,beginner to advance
+1708,baysick,,"baysick, Michael Fogus, website, United States",website: http://blog.fogus.me/2009/03/26/baysick-a-scala-dsl-implementing-basic/,beginner to advance
+1709,Balanced ternary,"Balanced ternary is a non-standard positional numeral system (a balanced form), used in some early computers and useful in the solution of balance puzzles. It is a ternary (base 3) number system in which the digits have the values –1, 0, and 1, in contrast to the standard (unbalanced) ternary system, in which digits have values 0, 1 and 2.  Balanced ternary can represent all integers without using a separate minus sign; the value of the leading non-zero digit of a number has the sign of the number itself. While binary numerals with digits 0 and 1 provide the simplest positional numeral system for natural numbers (or for positive integers if using 1 and 2 as the digits), balanced ternary provides the simplest self-contained positional numeral system for integers. Different sources use different glyphs used to represent the three digits in balanced ternary. In this article, T (which resembles a ligature of the minus sign and 1) represents −1, while 0 and 1 represent themselves. Other conventions include using '−' and '+' to represent −1 and 1 respectively, or using Greek letter theta (Θ), which resembles a minus sign in a circle, to represent −1. In publications about the Setun computer, −1 is represented as overturned 1: ""1"".Balanced ternary makes an early appearance in Michael Stifel's book Arithmetica Integra (1544). It also occurs in the works of Johannes Kepler and Léon Lalanne. Related signed-digit schemes in other bases have been discussed by John Colson, John Leslie, Augustin-Louis Cauchy, and possibly even the ancient Indian Vedas.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_ternary,beginner to advance
+1710,C/AL,"C/AL (Client/server Application Language) is the programming language used within C/SIDE the Client/Server Integrated Development Environment in Microsoft Dynamics NAV (Formerly known as Navision Attain). C/AL is a Database specific programming language, and is primarily used for retrieving, inserting and modifying records in a Navision database. C/AL resembles the Pascal language on which it is based. The original C/AL compiler was written by Michael Nielsen.","C/AL, Michael Nielsen, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/AL,beginner to advance
+1711,HyTime,"HyTime (Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language) is a markup language that is an application of SGML. HyTime defines a set of hypertext-oriented element types that, in effect, supplement SGML and allow SGML document authors to build hypertext and multimedia presentations in a standardized way. HyTime is an international standard published by the ISO and IEC. The first edition was published in 1992, and the second edition was published in 1997.","HyTime, , wikipedia, Switzerland and United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyTime,beginner to advance
+1712,Linden Scripting Language,"Second Life is an online virtual world, developed and owned by the San Francisco-based  firm Linden Lab and launched on June 23, 2003. By 2013, Second Life had approximately one million regular users. In many ways, Second Life is similar to massively multiplayer online role-playing games; however, Linden Lab is emphatic that their creation is not a game: ""There is no manufactured conflict, no set objective"".The virtual world can be accessed freely via Linden Lab's own client programs or via alternative third-party viewers. Second Life users, also called residents, create virtual representations of themselves, called avatars, and are able to interact with places, objects and other avatars. They can explore the world (known as the grid), meet other residents, socialize, participate in both individual and group activities, build, create, shop, and trade virtual property and services with one another. The platform principally features 3D-based user-generated content. Second Life also has its own virtual currency, the Linden Dollar, which is exchangeable with real world currency.Second Life is intended for people aged 16 and over, with the exception of 13–15-year-old users, who are restricted to the Second Life region of a sponsoring institution (e.g., a school).Built into the software is a 3D modeling tool based on simple geometric shapes that allows residents to build virtual objects. There is also a procedural scripting language, Linden Scripting Language, which can be used to add interactivity to objects.  Sculpted prims (sculpties), mesh, textures for clothing or other objects, animations, and gestures can be created using external software and imported. The Second Life terms of service provide that users retain copyright for any content they create, and the server and client provide simple digital rights management (DRM) functions. However, Linden Lab changed their terms of service in August 2013 to be able to use user-generated content for any purpose. The new terms of service prevent users from using textures from third-party texture services, as some of them pointed out explicitly.","Linden Scripting Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linden_Scripting_Language,beginner to advance
+1713,PLEX,"PLEX (Programming Language for EXchanges) is a special-purpose, concurrent, real-time programming language.  The PLEX language is closely tied to the architecture of Ericsson's AXE telephone exchanges which it was designed to control. PLEX was developed by Göran Hemdahl at Ericsson in the 1970s,  and it has been continuously evolving since then. PLEX was described in 2008 as ""a cross between Fortran and a macro assembler.""The language has two variants: Plex-C used for the AXE Central Processor (CP) and Plex-M used for Extension Module Regional Processors (EMRP).","PLEX, , reference, wikipedia, Sweden","reference: https://www.erlang-factory.com/upload/presentations/416/MikeWilliams.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEX_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1714,datafun,,"datafun, Michael Arntzenius, website, reference, United Kingdom and Canada","website: http://www.rntz.net/datafun/, reference: http://www.rntz.net/files/datafun.pdf",beginner to advance
+1716,GEORGE,"GEORGE is a programming language invented by Charles Leonard Hamblin in 1957.It was designed around a push-down pop-up stack for arithmetic operations, and employed reverse Polish notation. The language included loops, subroutines, conditionals, vectors, and matrices. Algebraic expressions were written in reverse Polish notation; thus,                         a         +         b                 {\displaystyle a+b}    was written a b +, and similarly for the other arithmetic operations of subtraction, multiplication, and division. The algebraic expression                         a                    x                        2                             +         b         x         +         c                 {\displaystyle ax^{2}+bx+c}    was written a x dup × × b x × + c +, where 'dup' meant 'duplicate the value'. Following the reverse Polish form, an assignment statement to evaluate the formula                         y         =         a                    x                        2                             +         b         x         +         c                 {\displaystyle y=ax^{2}+bx+c}    was written as a x dup × × b x × + c + (y). The computer evaluated the expression as follows: the values of a, then x, were pushed onto the top of the accumulator stack; 'dup' caused a copy of the top-most value (x) to be pushed onto the top of the accumulator stack; Multiply (×) caused the top two values, namely, x and x, to be removed (popped) and multiplied, returning the product to the top of the accumulator stack.  The second multiply (×) then caused the top two values on the stack (namely, a and x**2) to be popped and multiplied, and the product (a×x**2) to be pushed onto the top of the accumulator stack.  And so on the remaining components of the expression.  The final operation, namely (y), returned the value of the expression to storage without changing the status of the accumulator stack. Assuming that the value on the top of the accumulator stack was not required immediately, it would be removed (cleared) by using the operator (;). The following program reads in eight values and forms their sum:  0, 1, 8 rep (j)    R + ] (P)  The first line initialises the sum by pushing the value zero onto the top of the accumulator stack. The second line introduces a loop, is spoken as ""for 1 to 8 repeat for j"", and is terminated by the square bracket. In the third line, R causes one number to be read in and pushed onto the top of the accumulator stack, and the plus sign (+) causes that value to be added to the (partial) sum, leaving only the partial sum on the top of the accumulator stack. After the loop terminates, the (P) causes the final sum to be punched on a card.Manipulation of vectors and matrices requires subscript notation.  In GEORGE, the subscript(s) preceded the vector or matrix name.  Thus A(j) was written j | A. The following program reads in vector a of 10 values, then forms the squares of those values, and finally prints those values.  1, 10 R1 (a) 1, 10 rep (j)    j | a dup * j | (a) ; ] 1, 10 P1 (a)  In the program, the first line is a vector read that reads in the ten values into a(1) through a(10). The second line introduces a loop to run through the ten values of j. The third line fetches a(j), duplicates it, multiplies those two values giving the square, and then stores it in  a(j).  Note the semicolon (;), which clears (or cancels) the top entry in the accumulator stack.  Were this not done, the accumulator would gradually fill up with the squares of the values. The final line is a vector punch (i.e., print) to write out the ten squares.The above GEORGE coding table assisted in transcribing a program onto punch cards. Conditional operations were written as jumps, as follows: if a > 0 go to 5 (which transfers to label 5 if a is greater than zero) would be written  0 a > 5 ↑  Label 5 was indicated by including *5 elsewhere in the program. Unconditional transfers were written 5↑ Subroutine calls were made with the down arrow, .g., to call subroutine labelled 17, write 17↓, where the label 17 was encoded using column 3 of the above table.","GEORGE, , wikipedia, Australia",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEORGE_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1717,Matrix Market Coordinate Format,"The Matrix Market exchange formats are a set of human readable, ASCII-based file formats designed to facilitate the exchange of matrix data.  The file formats were designed and adopted for the Matrix Market, a NIST repository for test data for use in comparative studies of algorithms for numerical linear algebra.","Matrix Market Coordinate Format, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://math.nist.gov/MatrixMarket/formats.html#MMformat, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_Market_exchange_formats",beginner to advance
+1718,praxis-lang,,"praxis-lang, Richard Evans, reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://versublog.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/versu.pdf,beginner to advance
+1719,SYNAPSE,"SyNAPSE is a DARPA program that aims to develop electronic neuromorphic machine technology, an attempt to build a new kind of cognitive computer with form, function, and architecture similar to the mammalian brain.  Such artificial brains would be used in robots whose intelligence would scale with the size of the neural system in terms of total number of neurons and synapses and their connectivity. SyNAPSE is a backronym standing for Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics. The name alludes to synapses, the junctions between biological neurons. The program is being undertaken by HRL Laboratories (HRL), Hewlett-Packard, and IBM Research.  In November 2008, IBM and its collaborators were awarded $4.9 million in funding from DARPA while HRL and its collaborators were awarded $5.9 million in funding from DARPA.  For the next phase of the project, DARPA added $16.1 million more to the IBM effort while HRL received an additional $10.7 million. In 2011, DARPA added $21 million more to the IBM project. and an additional $17.9 million to the HRL project. The SyNAPSE team for IBM is led by Dharmendra Modha, manager of IBM's cognitive computing initiative. The SyNAPSE team for HRL is led by Narayan Srinivasa, manager of HRL's Center for Neural and Emergent Systems.The initial phase of the SyNAPSE program developed nanometer scale electronic synaptic components capable of adapting the connection strength between two neurons in a manner analogous to that seen in biological systems (Hebbian learning), and simulated the utility of these synaptic components in core microcircuits that support the overall system architecture. Continuing efforts will focus on hardware development through the stages of microcircuit development, fabrication process development, single chip system development, and multi-chip system development. In support of these hardware developments, the program seeks to develop increasingly capable architecture and design tools, very large-scale computer simulations of the neuromorphic electronic systems to inform the designers and validate the hardware prior to fabrication, and virtual environments for training and testing the simulated and hardware neuromorphic systems.",,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/20c4d5f1148f4c058189ae2502a402045aa96069, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SyNAPSE",beginner to advance
+1720,Optimized Systems Software,"Optimized Systems Software (OSS) was a company that produced disk operating systems, programming languages, and applications primarily for the Atari 8-bit family of home computers, but some products were also sold for the Apple II. OSS was best known for their enhanced versions of Atari BASIC and the MAC/65 assembler (both of which are much faster than Atari's products) and the Action! programming language. OSS transitioned to other platforms with Personal Pascal for the Atari ST and Personal Prolog for Macintosh (which was also advertised for the Atari ST, but may not have been released). OSS was not as significant in those markets.","Optimized Systems Software, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimized_Systems_Software,beginner to advance
+1721,NEWP,"NEWP (or the New Executive Programming Language) is a high-level programming language used on the Unisys MCP systems. The language is used to write the operating system and other system utilities, although it can also be used to write user software as well. Several constructs separate it from extended ALGOL on which it is based. Language operators such as MEMORY which allows direct memory access are strictly used by programs running as the MCP.","NEWP, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEWP,beginner to advance
+1722,fructure-editor,,"fructure-editor, , website, United States and United Kingdom",website: https://fructure-editor.tumblr.com/,beginner to advance
+1723,Smile data interchange format,"Smile is a computer data interchange format based on JSON. It can also be considered a binary serialization of the generic JSON data model, which means tools that operate on JSON may be used with Smile as well, as long as a proper encoder/decoder exists for the tool. The name comes from first 2 bytes of the 4 byte header, which consist of Smiley "":)"" followed by a linefeed: choice made to make it easier to recognize Smile-encoded data files using textual command-line tools.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smile_(data_interchange_format),beginner to advance
+1724,Fossil,"Fossil is a distributed version control system, bug tracking system and wiki software server for use in software development created by D. Richard Hipp.","Fossil, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://fossil-scm.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_(software)",beginner to advance
+1725,SipHash,"SipHash is an add–rotate–xor (ARX) based family of pseudorandom functions created by Jean-Philippe Aumasson and Daniel J. Bernstein in 2012, in response to a spate of ""hash flooding"" denial-of-service attacks in late 2011.Although designed for use as a hash function in the computer science sense, SipHash is fundamentally different from cryptographic hash functions like SHA in that it is only suitable as a message authentication code: a keyed hash function like HMAC.  That is, SHA is designed so that it is difficult for an attacker to find two messages X and Y such that SHA(X) = SHA(Y), even though anyone may compute SHA(X).  SipHash instead guarantees that, having seen Xi and SipHash(Xi, k), an attacker who does not know the key k cannot find (any information about) k or SipHash(Y, k) for any message Y ∉ {Xi} which they have not seen before.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SipHash,beginner to advance
+1726,GNU Guix,"GNU Guix () is a cross-platform package manager and a tool to instantiate and manage Unix-like operating systems, based on the Nix package manager with Guile Scheme APIs and specializes in providing exclusively free software. Differing from traditional package managers, Guix (like Nix) utilizes a purely functional deployment model where software is installed into unique directories generated through cryptographic hashes. Dependencies from each software are included within each hash, solving the problem of dependency hell. This approach to package management promises to generate more reliable, reproducible, and portable packages.Guix packages are defined through functional Guile Scheme APIs specifically designed for package management. Dependencies are tracked directly in this language through special values called ""derivations"" which are evaluated by the Guix daemon lazily. Guix keeps track of these references automatically so that installed packages can be garbage collected when no other package depends on them. At the cost of greater storage requirements, all upgrades in Guix are guaranteed to be both atomic and efficiently rolled back. This also enables multiple users to safely install software on the same system without administrator privileges. The extra storage requirements translates to greater bandwidth usage when binary substitutes are downloaded compared to distributions such as Debian. If the user chooses to build everything from source even larger storage space and bandwidth is required.  The development of GNU Guix is intertwined with Guix System (until Guix 1.0: Guix System Distribution [GuixSD]), a complete installable GNU system using the Linux-libre kernel and GNU Shepherd init system.The roll-back feature of Guix is inherited from the design of Nix and is not found in any of the popular Linux distributions such as Debian and its derivatives, Arch Linux and its derivatives, or in other major distributions such as Fedora, CentOS or OpenSUSE. The project is coordinated over the Internet by a team of volunteers and is incorporated in the French non-profit Guix Europe with members of the community.","GNU Guix, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Guix,beginner to advance
+1727,SDF,SDF may refer to:,,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/869172852497052bc81d041c914c328bb16561ca, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDF",beginner to advance
+1728,HyPhy,,"HyPhy, , website, United States",website: http://hyphy.org/w/index.php/HyPhy_Batch_Language,beginner to advance
+1729,mimium,,"mimium, Tomoya Matsuura, website, reference, Japan","website: https://mimium.org, reference: https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icfp/MatsuuraJ21",beginner to advance
+1730,Quake,,"Quake, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.computer-dictionary-online.org/definitions-q/quake.html,beginner to advance
+1731,Ohayo,,"Ohayo, Breck Yunits, website, United States",website: https://ohayo.computer/,beginner to advance
+1732,SMX,"SMX (from Server Macro Expansion) is a macro processing language designed to embed macros in web pages. Originally shipped with the popular Internet Factory's Commerce Builder software, it has been ported as an Apache module.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMX_%28computer_language%29,beginner to advance
+1733,Action Code Script,"Action Code Script (ACS) is a scripting language used in video games such as HeXen and some modern Doom source ports, such as ZDoom. It is syntactically similar to C, but less flexible. As its name implies, most of the core logic for script functionality comes in the form of ""scripts"", which are traditionally identified with a numerical value. Later revisions of the ACS compiler added support for ""named"" scripts (which utilize a String in lieu of the numerical identifier), and simple functions.  Similar to traditional code, ACS is compiled using ACC (an homage to C's gcc utility) for use in Doom, Hexen, etc... Scripts can be executed in a variety of methods, such as being attached to in-game actors, execution through level triggers around each map, or invocation from other scripts or functions. As the entire scripting language is built as a hack on top of the Doom id Tech's engine, there is no formal support for any Object-oriented programming principles.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Code_Script,beginner to advance
+1734,CobolScript,"CobolScript is a programming language created by Matthew Dean and Charles Schereda of Deskware in 1999. The language was intended to provide web-enabled COBOL, and was targeted at businesses using legacy software written in that language.","CobolScript, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://web.archive.org/web/20010402110850/http://deskware.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CobolScript",beginner to advance
+1735,Đ,,"Đ, Compl Yue, website, China",website: https://github.com/e-wrks/edh,beginner to advance
+1737,DAP FORTRAN,"DAP FORTRAN was an extension of the non IO parts of FORTRAN with constructs that supported parallel computing for the ICL Distributed Array Processor (DAP). The DAP had a Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) architecture with 64x64 single bit processors. DAP FORTRAN had the following major features:  It had matrix and vector operations. Assignments could be performed under a logical mask so only some elements in the target of an assignment were changed. On the negative side - operations were performed using the size of the underlying hardware i.e. on a 64x64 matrix or 64 element vector.In a declaration either one or two extents could be omitted as in:  The omitted dimension was taken as 64, the size of one side of the DAP. The speed of arithmetic operations depended strongly on the number of bits in the value. INTEGER*n reserved 8n bits where n is 1 to 8, and REAL*n reserved 8n bits where n is 3 to 8. LOGICAL reserved a single bit. However, DAP FORTRAN fell between two conflicting objectives. It needed to effectively exploit the DAP facilities. But also had to be accessible to the scientific computing community whose primary language, with a design closely tied to serial architectures, was FORTRAN. The dialect used was ICL's 2900-series FORTRAN which was based on an early version of the FORTRAN 77 standard and had mismatches with both FORTRAN 77 and the older FORTRAN 66 standard. DAP FORTRAN was significantly different from either standard FORTRAN and the machine was not capable of accepting or optimising standard FORTRAN programs. On the other hand, compared with other contemporary languages which were by design extensible (notably ALGOL-68), FORTRAN was less than well suited to this task. The result was noticeably inelegant and did require a great deal of new learning. Operationally, there was an overhead to transfer computational data into and out of the array, and problems which did not fit the 64x64 matrix imposed additional complexity to handle the boundaries (65x65 was perhaps the worst case!) – but for problems which suited the architecture, it could outperform the current Cray pipeline architectures by two orders of magnitude. A later version of the DAP used Fortran-Plus instead which was based on FORTRAN 77 and had more flexible indexing. In particular it automatically mapped user sized arrays onto the underlying hardware.","DAP FORTRAN, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAP_FORTRAN,beginner to advance
+1738,Project MAC’s SYmbolic MAnipulator,"Macsyma (Project MAC’s  SYmbolic MAnipulator) is one of the oldest general purpose computer algebra systems which is still widely used. It was originally developed from 1968 to 1982 at MIT's Project MAC. In 1982, Macsyma was licensed to Symbolics and became a commercial product. In 1992, Symbolics Macsyma was spun off to Macsyma, Inc., which continued to develop Macsyma until 1999. That version is still available for Microsoft's Windows XP operating system. The 1982 version of MIT Macsyma remained available to academics and US government agencies, and it is distributed by the US Department of Energy (DOE). That version, DOE Macsyma, was maintained by Bill Schelter. Under the name of Maxima, it was released under the GPL in 1999, and remains under active maintenance.","Project MAC’s SYmbolic MAnipulator, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MACSYMA,beginner to advance
+1739,BeBasic,,"BeBasic, BBK, website, China",website: https://github.com/wenerme/bbvm,beginner to advance
+1740,Aardvark,,"Aardvark, Hg0428 and JustCoding123 and CompilingCoder and TheBoys619 and PlasDev and ZDev1, website, South Korea",website: https://docs.programit.repl.co,beginner to advance
+1741,LispWorks,,"LispWorks, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LispWorks,beginner to advance
+1742,Processor Technology,"Processor Technology Corporation was a personal computer company founded in April 1975 by Gary Ingram and Bob Marsh in Berkeley, California. Their first product was a 4K byte RAM board that was compatible with the MITS Altair 8800 computer but more reliable than the MITS board. This was followed by a series of memory and I/O boards including a video display module.Popular Electronics magazine wanted a feature article on an intelligent computer terminal and Technical Editor Les Solomon asked Marsh and Lee Felsenstein to design one. It was featured on the July 1976 cover and became the Sol-20 Personal Computer.  The first units were shipped in December 1976 and the Sol-20 was a very successful product. The company failed to develop next generation products and ceased operations in May 1979.","Processor Technology, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_Technology,beginner to advance
+1743,Haxe Library Manager,,"Haxe Library Manager, , website, Unknown",website: https://lib.haxe.org/,beginner to advance
+1744,Visual Paradigm,"Visual Paradigm (VP-UML) is a UML CASE Tool supporting UML 2, SysML and Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) from the Object Management Group (OMG). In addition to modeling support, it provides report generation and code engineering capabilities including code generation. It can reverse engineer diagrams from code, and provide round-trip engineering for various programming languages.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Paradigm,beginner to advance
+1745,X BitMap,"In computer graphics, the X Window System used X BitMap (XBM), a plain text binary image format, for storing cursor and icon bitmaps used in the X GUI. The XBM format is superseded by XPM, which first appeared for X11 in 1989.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_BitMap,beginner to advance
+1746,Gremlin,"Gremlin is a graph traversal language and virtual machine developed by Apache TinkerPop of the Apache Software Foundation. Gremlin works for both OLTP-based graph databases as well as OLAP-based graph processors. Gremlin's automata and functional language foundation enable Gremlin to naturally support imperative and declarative querying, host language agnosticism, user-defined domain specific languages, an extensible compiler/optimizer, single- and multi-machine execution models, hybrid depth- and breadth-first evaluation, as well as Turing Completeness. As an explanatory analogy, Apache TinkerPop and Gremlin are to graph databases what the JDBC and SQL are to relational databases. Likewise, the Gremlin traversal machine is to graph computing as what the Java virtual machine is to general purpose computing.","Gremlin, Marko A. Rodriguez, wikipedia, Various",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlin_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1747,Winbatch,"Winbatch is a Microsoft Windows scripting language originally developed by Wilson WindowWare and currently supported, maintained and enhanced by Island Lake Consulting LLC. Its environment includes an interpreter and a code editor along with a dialog designer and optional compiler to create self-contained executables. Its language structure and syntax is a cross between DOS batch command, Basic, Fortran, and C.   It has been developed over the years with functions added and support for things like .Net, ActiveX controls, COM (OLE), Unicode, UAC and code signing.",,"website: http://www.winbatch.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winbatch",beginner to advance
+1748,Small-C,"Small-C is both a subset of the C programming language, suitable for resource-limited microcomputers and embedded systems, and an implementation of that subset. Originally valuable as an early compiler for microcomputer systems available during the late 1970s and early 1980s, the implementation has also been useful as an example simple enough for teaching purposes. The original compiler, written in Small-C for the Intel 8080 by Ron Cain, appeared in the May 1980 issue of Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia. James E. Hendrix improved and extended the original compiler, and wrote The Small-C Handbook. Ron bootstrapped Small-C on the SRI International PDP 11/45 Unix system with an account provided by John Bass for Small C development. The provided source code was released with management permission into the public domain. Small-C was important for tiny computers in a manner somewhat analogous to the importance of GCC for larger computers. Just like its Unix counterparts, the compiler generates assembler code, which then must be translated to machine code by an available assembler. Small-C is a retargetable compiler. Porting Small-C requires only that the back-end code generator be rewritten for the target processor.",,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2f227e7312a4176b28168e024f80303a6e8890b4, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-C",beginner to advance
+1749,Functional PHP Preprocessor,,"Functional PHP Preprocessor, Sascha-Oliver Prolic, website, Paraguay",website: https://github.com/prolic/fpp,beginner to advance
+1750,SDTM,"SDTM (Study Data Tabulation Model) defines a standard structure for human clinical trial (study) data tabulations and for nonclinical study data tabulations that are to be submitted as part of a product application to a regulatory authority such as the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Submission Data Standards team of Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) defines SDTM. On July 21, 2004, SDTM was selected as the standard specification for submitting tabulation data to the FDA for clinical trials and on July 5, 2011 for nonclinical studies. Eventually, all data submissions will be expected to conform to this format. As a result, clinical and nonclinical Data Managers will need to become proficient in the SDTM to prepare submissions and apply the SDTM structures, where appropriate, for operational data management.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDTM,beginner to advance
+1751,Conway chained arrow notation,"Conway chained arrow notation, created by mathematician John Horton Conway, is a means of expressing certain extremely large numbers. It is simply a finite sequence of positive integers separated by rightward arrows, e.g.                         2         →         3         →         4         →         5         →         6                 {\displaystyle 2\to 3\to 4\to 5\to 6}   . As with most combinatorial notations, the definition is recursive. In this case the notation eventually resolves to being the leftmost number raised to some (usually enormous) integer power.","Conway chained arrow notation, John Conway, wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_chained_arrow_notation,beginner to advance
+1752,crmsh,,"crmsh, Dejan Muhamedagic, website, Various",website: http://crmsh.github.io/,beginner to advance
+1753,juvix,,"juvix, Christopher Goes, website, Various",website: https://juvix.org,beginner to advance
+1755,DML,"Dependent ML is an experimental functional programming language proposed by Hongwei Xi (Xi 2007) and Frank Pfenning. Dependent ML extends ML by a restricted notion of dependent types: types may be dependent on static indices of type Nat (natural numbers). Dependent ML employs a constraint theorem prover to decide a strong equational theory over the index expressions. DML's types are not dependent on runtime values - there is still a phase distinction between compilation and execution of the program. By restricting the generality of full dependent types type checking remains decidable, but type inference becomes undecidable. Dependent ML has been superseded by ATS and is no longer under active development.","DML, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_ML,beginner to advance
+1756,Parenscript,,"Parenscript, Manuel Odendahl and Edward Marco Baringer, website, United States and Italy",website: https://common-lisp.net/project/parenscript/,beginner to advance
+1759,ODRL,"The Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL) is a policy expression language that provides a flexible and interoperable information model, vocabulary, and encoding mechanisms for representing statements about the usage of content and services.  An example of ODRL policy follows, which can be intepreted as ""John can play mysong.mp3"".","ODRL, , wikipedia, Australia",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODRL,beginner to advance
+1760,Forte 4GL,"Forté 4GL was a proprietary application server that was developed by Forté Software and used for developing scalable, highly available, enterprise applications.","Forte 4GL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forte_4GL,beginner to advance
+1761,XPL0,"XPL0 is a computer programming language that is essentially a cross between Pascal and C. It was created in 1976 by Peter J. R. Boyle who wanted a high-level language for his microcomputer and wanted something more sophisticated than BASIC, which was the dominant language for personal computers at the time. XPL0 is based on PL/0, an example compiler in the book Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs by Niklaus Wirth. The first XPL0 compiler was written in ALGOL. It generated instructions for a pseudo-machine that was implemented as an interpreter on a Digital Group computer based on the 6502 microprocessor. The compiler was converted from ALGOL to XPL0 and was then able to compile itself and run on a microcomputer. XPL0 soon proved its worth in a variety of products based on the 6502. These embedded systems would otherwise have had their code written in assembly language, which is much more tedious to do. Boyle used XPL0 to write a disk operating system called Apex. Beginning in 1980 this was sold, along with XPL0, as an alternative to Apple DOS for the Apple II computer, which was based on the 6502. Since those early years XPL0 has migrated to other processors and many features have been added. Open source versions of the compilers for IBM-style PCs are available from the link below.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPL0,beginner to advance
+1762,kumir,,"kumir, , website, Russia",website: https://www.niisi.ru/kumir/,beginner to advance
+1763,ISETL,SETL (SET Language) is a very high-level programming language based on the mathematical theory of sets.  It was originally developed by (Jack) Jacob T. Schwartz at the New York University (NYU) Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences in the late 1960s.,"ISETL, Jacob T. Schwartz, reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/32550542f523856c16c49b66b1251485e7fe916e, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISETL_%28programming_language%29",beginner to advance
+1764,P*,,"P*, Atle Solbakken, website, Norway",website: https://www.p-star.org/home,beginner to advance
+1766,BrightScript,,"BrightScript, , website, Australia",website: http://docs.brightsign.biz/display/DOC/BrightScript,beginner to advance
+1767,Hspec,,"Hspec, , website, Various",website: https://hspec.github.io/,beginner to advance
+1768,Markdeep,,"Markdeep, , website, Canada",website: https://casual-effects.com/markdeep/,beginner to advance
+1769,opengraph,,"opengraph, , website, United States",website: https://ogp.me/,beginner to advance
+1772,Linker Script,,"Linker Script, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.eecs.umich.edu/courses/eecs373/readings/Linker.pdf,beginner to advance
+1773,rbs,,"rbs, , reference, United States",reference: https://developer.squareup.com/blog/the-state-of-ruby-3-typing/,beginner to advance
+1775,Short Code computer language,"Short Code was one of the first higher-level languages ever developed for an electronic computer. Unlike machine code, Short Code statements represented mathematic expressions rather than a machine instruction. Also known as an automatic programming, the source code was not compiled but executed through an interpreter to simplify the programming process; the execution time was much slower though.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Code_(computer_language),beginner to advance
+1776,Edinburgh IMP,"Edinburgh IMP is a development of ATLAS Autocode, initially developed around 1966-1969 at Edinburgh University, Scotland.  IMP was a general-purpose programming language which was used heavily for systems programming. Expressively, IMP is extremely similar to Algol and includes all the Algol-style block structure, reserved keywords, and datatypes such as arrays and records.  It adds to Algol-style languages a string type (akin to a flex array of char) and built-in operators for string manipulation and character handling. IMP provides significant control over the storage mapping of data, plus commands for addressing within parts of words.  Most IMP compilers offer compiler-generated run-time checks and a backtrace facility by default, even in production code. IMP allows the programmer to inline machine language instructions in the IMP source code. Early IMP compilers were developed for the English Electric KDF9,  ICL System 4, UNIVAC 1108, IBM 360, DEC PDP-9, DEC PDP-15 and CTL Modular One computers. IMP was used to implement the EMAS operating system.  In later years a version of IMP called IMP77 was developed by Peter Robertson within the Computer Science department at Edinburgh which was a portable compiler that brought IMP to even more platforms.  In 2002 the IMP77 language was resurrected by the Edinburgh Computer History Project for Intel x86 hardware running DOS, Windows and Linux and is once again in use by Edinburgh graduates and ex-pats. The diverged IMP and IMP77 were later consolidated into a single language with the introduction of the IMP80 standard supported by implementations from the Edinburgh Regional Computer Centre.  IMP80 has also been ported to several platforms including Intel and was actively in use into the 1990s. Edinburgh IMP is unrelated to the later IMP extensible syntax programming language developed by Irons for the CDC 6600, which was the main language used by the NSA for many years.","Edinburgh IMP, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_IMP,beginner to advance
+1777,never,,"never, , website, Spain",website: https://never-lang.readthedocs.io,beginner to advance
+1778,Gist,"In computing, GiST or Generalized Search Tree, is a data structure and API that can be used to build a variety of disk-based search trees.  GiST is a generalization of the B+ tree, providing a concurrent and recoverable height-balanced search tree infrastructure without making any assumptions about the type of data being stored, or the queries being serviced.  GiST can be used to easily implement a range of well-known indexes, including B+ trees, R-trees, hB-trees, RD-trees, and many others; it also allows for easy development of specialized indexes for new data types. It cannot be used directly to implement non-height-balanced trees such as quad trees or prefix trees (tries), though like prefix trees it does support compression, including lossy compression. GiST can be used for any data type that can be naturally ordered into a hierarchy of supersets. Not only is it extensible in terms of data type support and tree layout, it allows the extension writer to support any query predicates that they choose.  The most widely used GiST implementation is in the PostgreSQL relational database; it was also implemented in the Informix Universal Server, and as a standalone library, libgist. GiST is an example of software extensibility in the context of database systems: it allows the easy evolution of a database system to support new tree-based indexes.  It achieves this by factoring out its core system infrastructure from a narrow API that is sufficient to capture the application-specific aspects of a wide variety of index designs. The GiST infrastructure code manages the layout of the index pages on disk, the algorithms for searching indexes and deleting from indexes, and complex transactional details such as page-level locking for high concurrency and write-ahead logging for crash recovery. This allows authors of new tree-based indexes to focus on implementing the novel features of the new index type — for example, the way in which subsets of the data should be described for search — without becoming experts in database system internals. Although originally designed for answering Boolean selection queries, GiST can also support nearest-neighbor search, and various forms of statistical approximation over large data sets. The PostgreSQL GiST implementation includes support for variable length keys, composite keys, concurrency control and recovery; these features are inherited by all GiST extensions. There are several contributed modules developed using GiST and distributed with PostgreSQL. For example:  rtree_gist, btree_gist - GiST implementation of R-tree and B-tree intarray - index support for one-dimensional array of int4's tsearch2 - a searchable (full text) data type with indexed access ltree - data types, indexed access methods and queries for data organized as a tree-like structures hstore - a storage for (key,value) data cube - data type, representing multidimensional cubesThe PostgreSQL GiST implementation provides the indexing support for the PostGIS (geographic information system) and the BioPostgres bioinformatics system.","Gist, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/51e62e71588bce8b05c4b041561304062d656f38, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GiST",beginner to advance
+1779,WinWrap Basic,"WinWrap Basic (WWB) by Polar Engineering, Inc. is a third-party macro language based on Visual Basic used with programmes of various types  which its vendor touts as an alternative to ActiveX (e.g. VBScript, JScript, PerlScript, Rexx-based WSH engines and others), Visual Basic for Applications, and VSTA for this purpose. The WWB software package is used in conjunction with Microsoft development tools including Visual Studio, Visual Studio.NET, and the ActiveX scripting engines.  The default file extension for programmes written in this language is .wwb   WWB 10 has Windows Scripting Host functionality,  i.e. it contains a scripting engine similar to the default and third-party language implementations for WSH.  This engine is able to access both the .NET framework and the Component Object Model. The current version, 10.01, is available for different combinations of OS and platform. At this time there are four types of WWB, those being WWB.NET for the .NET object model (used with Visual Studio.NET 2005 and 2008 and Vista), .WWB-COM for the COM object model (Visual Studio and Visual Studio.NET earlier versions), both of which are used with all Windows 32 and 64-bit operating systems from Windows 95 to Windows Vista; the other two packages are for Windows CE and PocketPC & Windows Mobile. Earlier versions of WWB ran under Windows 3.1 and ostensibly OS/2 Warp 3 as well. WWB is integrated into many software packages including most categories of PC and server software (e.g. earlier versions of Host Explorer, which now uses two proprietary scripting languages, Hummingbird QuickScript and Hummingbird Basic)   as well as software used to run various types of equipment like mass spectrometers and other lab equipment.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WinWrap_Basic,beginner to advance
+1780,Sawzall,"Sawzall is a procedural domain-specific programming language, used by Google to process large numbers of individual log records. Sawzall was first described in 2003, and the szl runtime was open-sourced in August 2010. However, since the MapReduce table aggregators have not been released, the open-sourced runtime is not useful for large-scale data analysis of multiple log files off the shelf. Sawzall has been replaced by Lingo (logs in Go) for most purposes within Google.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawzall_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1781,Irvine Dataflow,"Irvine Dataflow (Id) is a general-purpose parallel programming language, started at the University of California at Irvine in 1975 by Arvind and K. P. Gostelow. Arvind continued work with Id at MIT into the 1990s. The major subset of Id is a purely functional programming language with non-strict semantics. Features include: higher-order functions, a Milner-style statically type-checked polymorphic type system with overloading, user defined types and pattern matching, and prefix and infix operators. It led to the development of pH, a parallel dialect of Haskell. Id programs are fine grained implicitly parallel. The MVar synchronisation variable abstraction in Haskell is based on Id's M-structures.","Irvine Dataflow, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1782,ALGOL 68-R,"ALGOL 68-R was the first implementation of the Algorithmic language ALGOL 68. In December 1968 the report on the Algorithmic language ALGOL 68 was published.  On 20–24 July 1970 a working conference was arranged by the IFIP to discuss the problems of implementation of the language, a small team from the Royal Radar Establishment attended to present their compiler, written by I.F. Currie, Susan G. Bond and J.D. Morrison.  In the face of estimates of up to 100 man-years to implement the language, using up to 7 pass compilers they described how they had already implemented a one-pass compiler which was in production use in engineering and scientific applications.",,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/32fd282fa40e4cbb20eca00e57805a298598bb0a, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL_68-R",beginner to advance
+1783,jeebox,,"jeebox, Theodore H. Smith, website, Unknown",website: http://jeebox.org/,beginner to advance
+1785,Continuity of Care Document,"The Continuity of Care Document (CCD) specification is an XML-based markup standard intended to specify the encoding, structure, and semantics of a patient summary clinical document for exchange.","Continuity of Care Document, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_of_Care_Document,beginner to advance
+1786,CBASIC,CBASIC is a compiled version of the BASIC programming language written for the CP/M operating system by Gordon Eubanks in 1976–1977. It is an enhanced version of BASIC-E.,"CBASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBASIC,beginner to advance
+1787,Atlas Autocode,"Atlas Autocode (AA) was a programming language developed around 1965 at Manchester University. A variant of the ALGOL programming language, it was developed by Tony Brooker and Derrick Morris for the Atlas Computer.  (""Autocode"" was basically an early term for ""programming language""; different autocodes could be totally different).","Atlas Autocode, , wikipedia, England",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Autocode,beginner to advance
+1788,DATABUS,"Programming Language for Business or PL/B is a business-oriented programming language originally called DATABUS and designed by Datapoint in 1972[2] as an alternative to COBOL because Datapoint's 8-bit computers could not fit COBOL into their limited memory, and because COBOL did not at the time have facilities to deal with Datapoint's built-in keyboard and screen.","DATABUS, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: http://www.rpdms.com/datapoint.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_Language_for_Business",beginner to advance
+1789,OGNL,"Object-Graph Navigation Language (OGNL) is an open-source Expression Language (EL) for Java, which, while using simpler expressions than the full range of those supported by the Java language, allows getting and setting properties (through defined setProperty and getProperty methods, found in JavaBeans), and execution of methods of Java classes. It also allows for simpler array manipulation. It is aimed to be used in Java EE applications with taglibs as expression language. OGNL was created by Luke Blanshard and Drew Davidson of OGNL Technology. OGNL development was continued by OpenSymphony, which closed in 2011. OGNL is developed now as a part of the Apache Commons.","OGNL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGNL,beginner to advance
+1792,Pycket,,"Pycket, Sam Tobin-Hochstadt, reference, Germany",reference: https://reddit.com/r/Racket/comments/upim61/pycket_a_racketscheme_implementation_that_is/,beginner to advance
+1793,Energy Systems Language,"The Energy Systems Language, also referred to as Energese, Energy Circuit Language, or Generic Systems Symbols, was developed by the ecologist Howard T. Odum and colleagues in the 1950s during studies of the tropical forests funded by the United States Atomic Energy Commission. They are used to compose energy flow diagrams in the field of systems ecology.","Energy Systems Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Systems_Language,beginner to advance
+1794,Flowcode,"Flowcode is a Microsoft Windows-based development environment commercially produced by Matrix TSL for programming embedded devices based on PIC, AVR (including Arduino) and ARM technologies using graphical programming styles (such as flowcharts) and imperative programming styles (through C and Pseudocode). It is currently in its eighth revision. Flowcode is dedicated to simplifying complex functionality such as Bluetooth, Mobile Phones Communications, USB communications etc. by using pre-developed dedicated component libraries of functions. This is achieved by dragging virtual representations of hardware onto a visual panel, providing access to associated libraries. Flowcode is therefore ideal for speeding up software development times and allowing those with little programming experience to get started and help with projects. This makes it appropriate for the formal teaching of principles of programming microcontrollers .. Flowcode allows the user to develop and view their program using four different visual modes. These are the Flowchart view, the Blocks view (a graphical programming paradigm inspired by Blockly), the C code view and the Pseudocode view. Flowcode also has compatibility with Solidworks.There is a large and helpful online community based at the Matrix user forums. There is also a dedicated Wiki.","Flowcode, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowcode,beginner to advance
+1795,Rocky Mountain BASIC,"Rocky Mountain BASIC (also RMB or RM-BASIC) is a dialect of the BASIC programming language created by Hewlett-Packard.  It was especially popular for control of automatic test equipment using GPIB.  It has several features which are or were unusual in BASIC dialects, such as event-driven operation, extensive external I/O support, complex number support, and matrix manipulation functions.  Today, RMB is mainly used in environments where an investment in RMB software, hardware, or expertise already exists.","Rocky Mountain BASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1796,Python for S60,"The Python for S60 also called PyS60 (Unix name), was Nokia’s port of the general Python programming language to its S60 software platform, originally based on Python 2.2.2 from 2002. The latest final version, PyS60-2.0.0, released on 11 February 2010 updated the python core to version 2.5.4.","Python for S60, Guido van Rossum, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_for_S60,beginner to advance
+1797,Pharen,,"Pharen, Tamreen Khan, website, United States",website: http://www.pharen.org,beginner to advance
+1798,A+,"A+ is an array programming language descendent from the programming language A, which in turn was created to replace APL in 1988. Arthur Whitney developed the A portion of A+, while other developers at Morgan Stanley extended it, adding a graphical user interface and other language features. A+ is a high-level, interactive, interpreted language, designed for numerically intensive applications, especially those found in financial applications.  A+ runs on many Unix variants, including Linux. It is free and open source software released under a GNU General Public License. A+ provides an extended set of functions and operators, a graphical user interface with automatic synchronizing of widgets and variables, asynchronous executing of functions associated with variables and events, dynamic loading of user compiled subroutines, and other features. A newer graphical user interface has not yet been ported to all supported platforms The A+ language implements the following changes to the APL language:  an A+ function may have up to nine formal parameters A+ code statements are separated by semicolons, so a single statement may be divided into two or more physical lines The explicit result of a function or operator is the result of the last statement executed A+ implements an object called a dependency, which is a global variable (the dependent variable) and an associated definition that is like a function with no arguments. Values can be explicitly set and referenced in exactly the same ways as for a global variable, but they can also be set through the associated definition.Interactive A+ development is primarily done in the Xemacs editor, through extensions to the editor. Because A+ code uses the original APL symbols, displaying A+ requires a font with those special characters; a font named kapl is provided on the web site for that purpose. Arthur Whitney went on to create a proprietary array language named K.  Like J, K omits the APL character set.  It lacks some of the perceived complexities of A+, such as the existence of statements and two different modes of syntax.","A+, Arthur Whitney, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.aplusdev.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A+_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1799,Clinical Document Architecture,"The HL7 Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) is an XML-based markup standard intended to specify the encoding, structure and semantics of clinical documents for exchange. In November 2000, HL7 published Release 1.0. The organization published Release 2.0 with its ""2005 Normative Edition.""","Clinical Document Architecture, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Document_Architecture,beginner to advance
+1800,Axiom,"Axiom is a free, general-purpose computer algebra system.  It consists of an interpreter environment, a compiler and a library, which defines a strongly typed, mathematically (mostly) correct type hierarchy.","Axiom, , wikipedia, Various",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_%28computer_algebra_system%29,beginner to advance
+1801,Vyxal,,"Vyxal, ""lyxal"", website, document, Australia","website: http://vyxal.pythonanywhere.com, documentation: https://github.com/Vyxal/Vyxal/tree/main/documents",beginner to advance
+1802,Literate Haskell,,"Literate Haskell, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/literate.html,beginner to advance
+1803,RHTML,,"RHTML, , reference, Various",reference: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/ruby-on-rails/rails-and-rhtml.htm,beginner to advance
+1804,Homa,,"Homa, John Ousterhout, website, reference, document, United States","website: https://web.stanford.edu/~ouster/cgi-bin/home.php, reference: https://web.stanford.edu/~ouster/cgi-bin/papers/replaceTcp.pdf, documentation: https://homa-transport.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/HOMA/overview",beginner to advance
+1805,Gellish,"Gellish is a formal language that is natural language independent, although its concepts have 'names' and definitions in various natural languages. Any natural language variant, such as Gellish Formal English is a controlled natural language. Information and knowledge can be expressed in such a way that it is computer-interpretable, as well as system-independent and natural language independent. Each natural language variant is a structured subset of that natural language and is suitable for information modeling and knowledge representation in that particular language. All expressions, concepts and individual things are represented in Gellish by (numeric) unique identifiers (Gellish UID's). This enables software to translate expressions from one formal natural language to any other formal natural language. Gellish is a universal and extendable conceptual data modeling language. Because it includes domain-specific terminology and definitions, it is also a semantic data modelling language and the Gellish modeling methodology is a member of the family of semantic modeling methodologies. Gellish started out as an engineering modeling language (""Generic Engineering Language"", hence the name, ""Gellish"") and was subsequently developed into a language with general applications.","Gellish, , wikipedia, United Kingdom and Switzerland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gellish,beginner to advance
+1806,ObjectScript,,"ObjectScript, unitpoint, website, reference, Russia","website: http://objectscript.org, reference: https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/466907/%2FArticles%2F466907%2FObjectScript-A-new-programming-language",beginner to advance
+1807,aretext,,"aretext, Will Daly, website, reference, document, United States","website: https://aretext.org, reference: https://aretext.org/docs/#getting-started, documentation: https://aretext.org/docs/#getting-started",beginner to advance
+1808,Candy,,"Candy, Jonas Wanke and Marcel Garus, website, Germany",website: https://github.com/candy-lang/Candy,beginner to advance
+1809,Pnuts,"Pnuts is a dynamic scripting language for the Java platform. It is designed to be used in a dual language system with the Java programming language. The goals of the Pnuts project are to provide a small, fast scripting language that has tight integration with the Java language. Pnuts uses syntax that is simple and friendly to Java developers, while also being very expressive.","Pnuts, , wikipedia, Japan",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pnuts,beginner to advance
+1810,Interactive C Interpreter,"ICI is a general purpose interpreted, computer programming language originally developed by Tim Long in the late 1980s. It has dynamic typing and flexible data types, with the basic syntax, flow control constructs and operators of C. It can be considered broadly similar to Perl, with which it is roughly contemporary. Like Perl, it also has tight integration with regular expressions. ICI is not an acronym.Primitive data types in ICI include integers, reals, strings, files, safe pointers, and regular expressions. Aggregate data types are arrays, sets, and associative tables. Sets can be heterogeneous, nested, and support the usual set operations: union, intersection, etc. The language supports subroutines and nested modules. All variables are lexically scoped at the subroutine or module level, but unlike most structured languages, ICI allows the current scope to be adjusted (Tcl also allows this, for example). ICI is not object-based, many object programming features can be emulated in the language by using a data structure inheritance feature called super-structures. To support application development, ICI has C-like file I/O and system interface support, as well as a high-level event trigger facility. The language also has a modest standard library of built-in functions. It is also notable for its generous license, which permits use for any purpose, including commercial and alteration and resale.","Interactive C Interpreter, , website, wikipedia, document, Australia","website: http://atrn.org/ici/, documentation: http://atrn.org/ici/documentation.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICI_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1811,ApeScript,"ApeScript is an interpreted procedural dynamic-typed language. It was developed for the Noble Ape Simulation through mid-2005 by Tom Barbalet. ApeScript was designed with the following specifications;  simple language, stable memory footprint, minimal crashes, and, small code size.ApeScript is defined in the Noble Ape Simulation manual. Additional ApeScript tutorials are on the Noble Ape site.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ApeScript,beginner to advance
+1813,Céu,,"Céu, Francisco Sant'Anna, website, reference, Brazil","website: http://www.ceu-lang.org, reference: http://www.ceu-lang.org/chico/ceu_sensys11.pdf",beginner to advance
+1814,Bla,,"Bla, Wouter Van Oortmerssen, website, Netherlands",website: http://strlen.com/bla-language/,beginner to advance
+1815,D2,,"D2, , website, reference, United States","website: https://d2-lang.com/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32652291",beginner to advance
+1817,FALSE,,"FALSE, Wouter Van Oortmerssen, website, United States",website: http://www.strlen.com/false-language/,beginner to advance
+1818,Lexon,,"Lexon, , website, Uruguay",website: http://lexon.tech/,beginner to advance
+1819,Low*,,"Low*, , website, United States and France",website: https://fstarlang.github.io/lowstar/html/LowStar.html,beginner to advance
+1822,Portable Bit Map Format,,"Portable Bit Map Format, , reference, Unknown",reference: http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pbm.html,beginner to advance
+1823,Graphics BASIC,"Graphics BASIC is a third-party extension to the Commodore BASIC V2.0 programming language of the Commodore 64 computer. It was originally written in 1983 by Ron Gilbert and Tom McFarlane. The program was licensed to Hesware, who briefly sold the program in 1984 as part of their product line before going out of business. The program was later extended by Ken Rose and Jack Thornton, and repackaged and sold in 1985 by Epyx under the title Programmers BASIC Toolkit.  Graphics BASIC adds over 100 new commands to the BASIC language, providing an easy-to-use API to the relatively advanced (at the time) graphics and sound hardware capabilities of the Commodore 64. The only access to these features with Commodore BASIC alone is through the cumbersome use of PEEK and POKE commands. Graphics BASIC was delivered on a single 5.25"" floppy disk, containing the language itself and numerous, very simple demo programs showing off the new features of the language. A cartridge version was also available.","Graphics BASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1824,IMP,"IMP is an early systems programming language that was developed by Edgar T. Irons in the late 1960s through early 1970s. Unlike most other systems programming languages, IMP was an extensible syntax programming language. Even though its designer refers to the language as ""being based on ALGOL"", IMP excludes many defining features of that language, while supporting a very non-ALGOL-like one: syntax extensibility. A compiler for IMP existed as early as 1965 and was used for programming the CDC 6600 time-sharing system, which was in use at the Institute for Defense Analyses since 1967. Although the compiler is slower than comparable ones for non-extensible languages, it has been used for practical production work. IMP compilers were developed for the CDC-6600, Cray, PDP-10 and PDP-11 computers. Important IMP versions were IMP65, IMP70, and IMP72.","IMP, Edgar T. Irons, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMP_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1825,Lazy ML,"Lazy ML (LML) is a functional programming language developed in the early 1980s by Lennart Augustsson and Thomas Johnsson at Chalmers University of Technology, prior to Miranda and Haskell. LML is a strongly typed, statically scoped implementation of ML, with lazy evaluation. The key innovation of LML was to demonstrate how to compile a lazy functional language. Until then, lazy languages had been implemented via interpreted graph reduction. LML compiled to G-machine code. LML is also notable as the language in which HBC, the Haskell B Compiler, was implemented.","Lazy ML, , wikipedia, Sweden",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_ML,beginner to advance
+1826,Mortran,"Mortran (More Fortran) is an extension of the Fortran programming language used for scientific computation. It introduces syntax changes, including the use of semicolons to end statements, in order to improve readability and flexibility. Mortran code is macro-processed into Fortran code for compilation. Note that Mortran, like many preprocessors, does not make a complete analysis of the Fortran source and, like many preprocessors, may not always make its assumptions/requirements explicit.  Consider, for example, Mortran multiple assignment.  From the Mortran User Guide:  produces the following FORTRAN statements:  In this example, the produced Fortran implements the multiple assignment correctly only if X is not aliased to I or to A(I,K), assuming the multiple assignment semantics are left to right.","Mortran, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortran,beginner to advance
+1827,EXEC 2,"EXEC 2 is an interpreted, command procedure control, computer scripting language used by the EXEC 2 Processor supplied with the IBM Virtual Machine/System Product (VM/SP) operating system.EXEC 2 is similar to EXEC with the following enhancements: There is no 8-byte restriction on token length. Statements can be up to 255 characters long. EXEC 2 can issue commands to subcommand environments as well as CMS and CP. EXEC 2 has additional built-in functions. EXEC 2 commands may include subroutines and functions. EXEC 2 has extra debugging facilities. CMS programs can manipulate EXEC 2 variables.","EXEC 2, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/370/VM_SP/Release_1/SX24-5124-0_VM_SP_EXEC_2_Language_Reference_Summary_Jul80.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXEC_2",beginner to advance
+1828,Phel,,"Phel, Jens Haase, website, United States",website: https://phel-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+1829,ΜC++,"μC++, also called uC++, is a programming language, an extension of C++ designed for concurrent programming. Among other features, it adds coroutines, tasks, and monitors, and extends existing language constructs to integrate with them. Its compiler, named u++, operates as a source-to-source translator targeting C++. μC++ is part of the μSystem project, of the University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, a large-scale project led by professor Peter Buhr with the goal to create a ""highly-concurrent shared-memory programming system"".It is used in course CS 343 in University of Waterloo.Every μC++ program should include the uC++.h header file before any other header, although this is not necessary for more recent versions. uC++ is now open source, available on GitHub.","ΜC++, pabuhr, website, wikipedia, Canada","website: https://plg.uwaterloo.ca/usystem/uC++.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia-on-ipfs.org/wiki/%CE%9CC%2B%2B",beginner to advance
+1830,Instruction list,Instruction List (IL) is one of the 5 languages supported by the IEC 61131-3 standard. It is designed for programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It is a low level language and resembles assembly. All of the languages share IEC61131 Common Elements. The variables and function call are defined by the common elements so different languages can be used in the same program. Program control (control flow) is achieved by jump instructions and function calls (subroutines with optional parameters). The file format has now been standardized to XML by PLCopen.,"Instruction list, , wikipedia, Switzerland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_list,beginner to advance
+1831,DDA,"DDA may refer to:  Dda (DNA-dependent ATPase), a DNA helicase Delhi Development Authority, the planning agency for Delhi, India Demand-driven acquisition, a model of library collection development Digital differential analyzer, a digital implementation of a differential analyzer Digital differential analyzer (graphics algorithm), a method of drawing lines on a computer screen Disability Discrimination Act 1992, Australian legislation Disability Discrimination Act 1995, UK legislation Discontinuous Deformation Analysis, an analysis procedure used in physics and engineering Discrete dipole approximation, method for computing scattering of radiation by particles of arbitrary shape Division on Dynamical Astronomy, a branch of the American Astronomical Society Doha Development Agenda of the World Trade Organization Dual Dynamic Acceleration, an Intel technology for increasing single-threaded performance on multi-core processors Dutch Dakota Association, a Dutch organisation dedicated to preserving and operating classic aircraft Dynamic difficulty adjustment or dynamic game difficulty balancing, a method of automatically adjusting video game difficulty based on player ability","DDA, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b04b06cb21e0ab8636d5fdcc3d7cd73f6905b8f2, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDA",beginner to advance
+1832,Synon,"Synon was a software company which, at its height, dominated the worldwide market for third-party application development tools for the IBM System i (formerly AS/400) platform. Its products continue to be widely used in that sector today, distributed and supported by CA Inc.. Synon pioneered what is now sometimes called Architected Rapid Application Development (ARAD).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synon,beginner to advance
+1833,XCAS,"Xcas is a user interface to Giac, a free, basic Computer Algebra System (CAS) for Microsoft Windows, Apple macOS and Linux/Unix. Giac can be used directly inside software written in C++. Giac has a compatibility mode with Maple and MuPAD and Qcas and ExpressionsinBar software and TI-89, TI-92, Voyage 200 and TI-Nspire calculators. Users can use Giac/Xcas as well as a free software compatible with Maple to develop formal algorithms or use it in other software. Among other things Xcas can solve equations and draw graphs. CmathOOoCAS, an OpenOffice.org plugin which allows formal calculation in Calc spreadsheet and Writer word processing, uses Xcas to perform calculations.",,"reference: https://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/giac.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcas",beginner to advance
+1834,PL/P,"The PL/P programming language (an acronym of Programming Language for Prime (computers)) is a mid-level programming language developed by Prime Computer to serve as their second primary system programming language after Fortran IV.  PL/P was a subset of PL/I. Additions to the PRIMOS operating system for Prime 50 Series computers were written mostly in PL/P in later years.  Certain PRIMOS modules written in Fortran IV during PRIMOS's early years were rewritten in PL/P.  PL/P was the most widespread compiled programming language used for commercial PRIMOS applications, outpacing the use of the Prime C compiler, the CPL (PRIMOS) scripting language, and the Fortran IV compiler in commercial applications.","PL/P, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/P,beginner to advance
+1835,categorical-query-language,,"categorical-query-language, , website, The Netherlands",website: https://www.categoricaldata.net/,beginner to advance
+1836,Simons' BASIC,"This product is widely, but incorrectly, called ""Simon's BASIC"", because of confusion between the first name ""Simon"" and the surname ""Simons"".Simons' BASIC was an extension to BASIC 2.0 for the Commodore 64 home computer. Written by 16-year-old British programmer David Simons in 1983, it was distributed by Commodore in cartridge format.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simons%27_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1837,MetaComCo,"MetaComCo (MCC) was a computer systems software company started in 1981 and based in Bristol, England by Peter Mackeonis and Derek Budge. A division of Tenchstar, Ltd. MetaComCo's first product was an MBASIC compatible interpreter for IBM PCs, which was licensed by Peter Mackeonis to Digital Research in 1982, and issued as the Digital Research Personal Basic, or PBASIC, running under CP/M. Other computer languages followed, also licensed by Digital Research and MetaComCo established an office in Pacific Grove, California, to service their United States customers. In 1984 Dr. Tim King joined the company, bringing with him a version of the operating system TRIPOS for the Motorola 68000 processor which he had previously worked on whilst a researcher at the University of Cambridge. This operating system was used as the basis of AmigaDOS (file-related functions of AmigaOS); MetaComCo won the contract from Commodore because the original planned Amiga disk operating system called Commodore Amiga Operating System (CAOS) was behind schedule; timescales were incredibly tight and TRIPOS provided a head start for a replacement system. MetaComCo also developed ABasiC for the Amiga which was initially provided with Amigas. Much to Commodore's annoyance MetaComCo also worked with Atari to produce the BASIC that was initially provided with the Atari ST — ST BASIC. The company also sold the Lattice C compiler for the Sinclair QL and the Atari ST and range of other languages  (e.g. Pascal, BCPL) for m68k-based computers. MetaComCo also represented LISP and REDUCE software from the RAND Corporation. Several of the team at MetaComCo went on to found Perihelion Software. Mackeonis founded Triangle Publishing, the software publishing company responsible for creating the ST Organizer for the Atari ST and PC Organizer and Counterpoint (a GUI system) for Amstrad Computers and GoldStar computers.","MetaComCo, , wikipedia, England",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetaComCo,beginner to advance
+1838,jinx,,"jinx, JamesBoer, website, Unknown",website: https://jamesboer.github.io/Jinx/,beginner to advance
+1840,Laning and Zierler system,"The Laning and Zierler system (sometimes called ""George"" by its users) was one of the first operating algebraic compilers, that is, a system capable of accepting mathematical formulae in algebraic notation and producing equivalent machine code (the term compiler had not yet been invented and the system was referred to as ""an interpretive program""). It was implemented in 1952 for the MIT WHIRLWIND by J. Halcombe Laning and Neal Zierler. It is preceded by the UNIVAC A-2, IBM Speedcoding and a number of systems that were proposed but never implemented.","Laning and Zierler system, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laning_and_Zierler_system,beginner to advance
+1842,redprl,,"redprl, Jonathan Sterling, website, Various",website: http://www.redprl.org/,beginner to advance
+1843,Advanced Authoring Format,"The Advanced Authoring Format (AAF) is a file format for professional cross-platform data interchange, designed for the video post-production and authoring environment. It was created by the Advanced Media Workflow Association (AMWA), and is now being standardized through the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Authoring_Format,beginner to advance
+1844,SAC,"SAC (Single Assignment C) is a strict purely functional programming language whose design is focused on the needs of numerical applications. Emphasis is laid on efficient support for array processing. Efficiency concerns are essentially twofold. On the one hand, efficiency in program development is to be improved by the opportunity to specify array operations on a high level of abstraction. On the other hand, efficiency in program execution, i.e. the runtime performance of programs, in time and memory consumption, is still to be achieved by sophisticated compilation schemes. Only as far as the latter succeeds, the high-level style of specifications can actually be called useful. To facilitate compiling to efficiently executable code, certain functional language features which are not considered essential for numerical applications, e.g. higher-order functions, polymorphism, or lazy evaluation, are not (yet) supported by SAC. These may be found in general-purpose functional languages, e.g. Haskell, Clean, Miranda, or ML. To overcome the acceptance problems encountered by other functional or array based languages intended for numerical / array intensive applications, e.g. SISAL, NESL, Nial, APL, J, or K, particular regard is paid to ease the transition from a C / Fortran like programming environment to SAC. In more detail, the basic language design goals of SAC are to:  provide a purely functional language with a syntax very similar to that of C in order to ease, for a large community of programmers, the transition from an imperative to a functional programming style; support multi-dimensional arrays as first class objects; allow the specification of shape- and dimension-invariant array operations; provide high-level array operations that liberate programming from tedious and error-prone specifications of starts, stops and strides for array traversals thereby improving code reusability and programming productivity, in general. incorporate a module system that allows for separate compilation, separate name spaces, and abstract data types, and, additionally, provides an interface to foreign languages in order to enable reuse of existing code; provide means for a smooth integration of states and state modifications into the functional paradigm based on uniqueness types; use the module system, the foreign language interface, and the integration of states in order to create a standard library which provides a functionality similar to that of the standard C libraries, e.g. powerful I/O facilities or mathematical functions; facilitate the compilation to host machine code which can be efficiently executed both in terms of time and space demand; facilitate the compilation for non-sequential program execution in multiprocessor environments.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAC_programming_language,beginner to advance
+1845,IDL specification language,"IDL (Interface Description Language) is a software interface description language (also referred to as Interface Descriptor Language) created by William Wulf and John Nestor of Carnegie Mellon University and David Lamb of Queen's University, Canada. Like other interface description languages, IDL defined interfaces in a language- and machine- independent way, allowing the specification of interfaces between components written in different languages, and possibly executing on different machines using remote procedure calls. The Karlsruhe Ada compilation system used IDL resp. DIANA and its predecessor AIDA, and for marshalling the vanilla IDL External Representation. BiiN's DBMS used IDL as well, and for marshalling a more compact binary IDL External Representation.","IDL specification language, , wikipedia, United States and Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDL_specification_language,beginner to advance
+1847,inko,,"inko, Yorick Peterse, website, The Netherlands",website: http://inko-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+1848,Glyph,,"Glyph, , website, reference, United States","website: http://www.pointwise.com/glyph2/files/Glyph/cxx/GgGlyph-cxx.html, reference: https://www.cfd-online.com/Wiki/Pointwise",beginner to advance
+1849,WebDNA,"WebDNA is a server-side scripting, interpreted language with an embedded database system, specifically designed for the World Wide Web. Its primary use is in creating database-driven dynamic web page applications. Released in 1995, the name was registered as a trademark in 1998. WebDNA is currently maintained by WebDNA Software Corporation.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebDNA,beginner to advance
+1850,Scsh,"Scsh (a Scheme shell) is computer software, a type of shell for an operating system. It is a Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) application programming interface (API) layered on the programming language Scheme, in a manner to make the most of Scheme's ability for scripting. Scsh is limited to 32-bit platforms but there is a development version against the latest Scheme 48 that works in 64-bit mode. It is free and open-source software released under a BSD license.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scsh,beginner to advance
+1851,Kamby,,"Kamby, Henrique Gogó, website, reference, Brazil","website: https://kamby.org/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32761113",beginner to advance
+1852,Nickle,"Nickle is a numeric oriented programming language by Keith Packard and Bart Massey. Originally used for desktop calculation, it has since expanded for prototyping of complicated algorithms.","Nickle, , website, reference, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.nickle.org/, reference: https://keithp.com/cgit/nickle.git/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickle_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1853,Sugar,,"Sugar, Sébastien Pierre, website, New Zealand",website: https://github.com/sebastien/sugar/blob/master/Documentation/sugar-quickref.pdf,beginner to advance
+1855,Nuua,,"Nuua, , website, Spain",website: https://nuua.io,beginner to advance
+1857,Urbiscript,"urbiscript is a programming language for robotics.  It features syntactic support for concurrency and event-based programming.  It is a prototype-based object-oriented scripting language.  It is dynamic: name resolution is performed during the program execution (late binding); slots (member variables) can be added/removed at runtime, and even prototypes (superclasses) of an object can be changed at runtime. Memory management is performed by reference counting. Tightly bound to the Urbi platform it supports seamless integration of C++/Java components.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbiscript,beginner to advance
+1858,Mudlle,"Numerous computer and video games have been inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien's works set in Middle-earth. Titles have been produced by studios such as Electronic Arts, Sierra, Melbourne House, and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, which currently owns the gaming rights.","Mudlle, MUME user, website, reference, wikipedia, Switzerland","website: https://mume.org/download/mudlle/, reference: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6931851, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudlle",beginner to advance
+1859,blz,,"blz, , website, United States",website: https://blazingk.in/blz,beginner to advance
+1860,FOAF,,"FOAF, , reference, wikipedia, Various","reference: http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOAF",beginner to advance
+1861,G-Portugol,,"G-Portugol, Thiago Silva, reference, Portugal",reference: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Portugol,beginner to advance
+1862,Macchiato,,"Macchiato, Eddie aka. tamamu, website, Japan",website: https://github.com/tamamu/macchiato,beginner to advance
+1863,The Dog Programming Language,,"The Dog Programming Language, , website, reference, United States","website: https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/the-dog-programming-language/overview/, reference: http://salmanahmad.com/files/Dog-UIST2013.pdf",beginner to advance
+1865,ca65 Assembly,,"ca65 Assembly, , reference, Germany",reference: https://cc65.github.io/doc/ca65.html,beginner to advance
+1866,ctalk-lang,,"ctalk-lang, , reference, France",reference: http://kiwi.emse.fr/JJG/INTALK/ctalk.txt,beginner to advance
+1867,GUIDE,,"GUIDE, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0c77c5a8d458da76e8e142c7c2737811b3dddcd6,beginner to advance
+1868,IRC chat logs,,"IRC chat logs, , reference, United States",reference: http://microformats.org/wiki/chat-examples,beginner to advance
+1871,MLAB,"mLab is a fully managed cloud database service that hosts MongoDB databases. mLab runs on cloud providers Amazon, Google, and Microsoft Azure, and has partnered with platform-as-a-service providers. In May 2011, mLab secured $3 million in first-round funding from Foundry Group, Baseline Ventures, Upfront Ventures, Freestyle Capital and David Cohen.In October 2012, mLab received a follow-on investment of $5 million  and shortly thereafter, mLab was named by Network World as one of the 10 most useful cloud databases along with Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud SQL, Microsoft Azure, Rackspace, and others. In June 2014, MongoDB Inc. announced a fully managed highly available MongoDB-as-a-Service Add-On offering on the Microsoft Azure store. The offering is delivered in collaboration with Microsoft and mLab.In February 2016, mLab changed its name from MongoLab to mLab to expand into new areas and products.In October 2018, mLab announced that it will be acquired by MongoDB Inc., citing reasons of a shared vision and engineering culture. All engineers at mLab have been invited to join MongoDB Inc. All of mLab's customers will be transitioned to MongoDB Atlas instances.. The acquisition ""is expected to close in the fourth quarter of MongoDB’s fiscal year ending Jan. 31, 2019"".","MLAB, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2f1db51bcb66ba9073de6a402b01cbdfb8d3192a, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLab",beginner to advance
+1872,CHICKEN,"Chicken (stylized as CHICKEN) is a programming language, specifically a compiler and interpreter which implement a dialect of the programming language Scheme, and which compiles Scheme source code to standard C. It is mostly R5RS compliant and offers many extensions to the standard. The newer R7RS standard is supported through an extension library. Chicken is free and open-source software available under a BSD license. It is implemented mostly in Scheme, with some parts in C for performance or to make embedding into C programs easier.","CHICKEN, Felix Winkelmann, wikipedia, Various",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHICKEN_(Scheme_implementation),beginner to advance
+1873,Tahoe-LAFS,"Tahoe-LAFS (Tahoe Least-Authority File Store) is a free and open, secure, decentralized, fault-tolerant, distributed data store and distributed file system. It can be used as an online backup system, or to serve as a file or Web host similar to Freenet, depending on the front-end used to insert and access files in the Tahoe system. Tahoe can also be used in a RAID-like fashion using multiple disks to make a single large Redundant Array of Inexpensive Nodes (RAIN) pool of reliable data storage. The system is designed and implemented around the ""principle of least authority"" (POLA). Strict adherence to this convention is enabled by the use of cryptographic capabilities that provide the minimum set of privileges necessary to perform a given task by asking agents. A RAIN array acts as a storage volume; these servers do not need to be trusted by confidentiality or integrity of the stored data.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahoe-LAFS,beginner to advance
+1874,3D Manufacturing Format,"3D Manufacturing Format or 3MF is a file format developed and published by the 3MF Consortium. 3MF is an XML-based data format designed for using additive manufacturing, including information about materials, colors, and other information that cannot be represented in the STL format. As of today, CAD software related companies such as Autodesk, Dassault Systems and Netfabb are part of the 3MF Consortium. Other firms in the 3MF Consortium are Microsoft (for Operating system support), SLM and HP, whilst Shapeways are also included to give insight from a 3D Printing background. Other key players in the 3D printing and additive manufacturing business, such as Materialise, 3D Systems, Siemens PLM Software and Stratasys have recently joined the consortium.",,"website: http://www.3mf.io/specification/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_Manufacturing_Format",beginner to advance
+1875,little,,"little, Larry McVoy, website, United States",website: http://www.little-lang.org,beginner to advance
+1876,Yabasic,"Yabasic (Yet Another BASIC) is a free and open-source BASIC interpreter for Windows and Unix platforms. Yabasic was originally developed by Marc-Oliver Ihm, who released the last stable version 2.77.3 in 2016. From version 2.77.1, the project has adopted the MIT Licence as well as the source code being moved to GitHub to encourage others to participate in its development.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yabasic,beginner to advance
+1877,CRAM file format,"CRAM is a compressed columnar file format for storing biological sequences aligned to a reference sequence, initially devised by Markus Hsi-Yang Fritz et al.CRAM was designed to be an efficient reference-based alternative to the Sequence Alignment Map (SAM) and Binary Alignment Map (BAM) file formats.  It optionally uses a genomic reference to describe differences between the aligned sequence fragments and the reference sequence, reducing storage costs.  Additionally each column in the SAM format is separated into its own blocks, improving compression ratio.  CRAM files typically vary from 30 to 60% smaller than BAM, depending on the data held within them.","CRAM file format, , wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRAM_(file_format),beginner to advance
+1878,BEAM Erlang virtual machine,"BEAM is the virtual machine at the core of the Erlang Open Telecom Platform (OTP). BEAM is part of the Erlang Run-Time System (ERTS), which compiles Erlang and Elixir source code into bytecode, which is then executed on the BEAM. BEAM bytecode files have the .beam file extension.Originally BEAM was short for Bogdan's Erlang Abstract Machine, named after Bogumil ""Bogdan"" Hausman, who wrote the original version, but the name may also be referred to as Björn's Erlang Abstract Machine, after Björn Gustavsson, who wrote and maintains the current version. Both developers worked on the system while at Ericsson.","BEAM Erlang virtual machine, Bogumil Hausman, reference, wikipedia, Sweden","reference: https://www.erlang.org/blog/a-brief-beam-primer/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEAM_(Erlang_virtual_machine)",beginner to advance
+1879,MHEG-5,"MHEG-5, or ISO/IEC 13522-5, is part of a set of international standards relating to the presentation of multimedia information, standardised by the Multimedia and Hypermedia Experts Group (MHEG). It is most commonly used as a language to describe interactive television services.","MHEG-5, , wikipedia, Switzerland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHEG-5,beginner to advance
+1880,Chinese BASIC,Chinese BASIC (Chinese: 中文培基; pinyin: Zhōngwén Péijī) is the name given to several Chinese-localized versions of the BASIC programming language in the early 1980s.,"Chinese BASIC, , wikipedia, Taiwan",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1881,lift,,"lift, , website, Scotland and Germany",website: https://www.lift-project.org/,beginner to advance
+1882,Basic4android,"Basic4Android (currently known as B4A) is a rapid application development tool for native Android applications, developed and marketed by Anywhere Software Ltd. B4A is an alternative to programming with Java.B4A includes a visual designer that simplifies the process of building user interfaces that target phones and tablets with different screen sizes. Compiled programs can be tested in AVD Manager emulators or on real Android devices using Android Debug Bridge and B4A Bridge. The language itself is similar to Visual Basic and Visual Basic .Net though it is adapted to the native Android environment. B4A is an object-based and event-driven language. B4A generates standard signed Android applications which can be uploaded to app stores like Google Play, Samsung Apps and Amazon Appstore. There are no special dependencies or runtime frameworks required.","Basic4android, , wikipedia, Israel",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic4android,beginner to advance
+1883,SequenceL,"SequenceL is a general purpose functional programming language and auto-parallelizing (Parallel computing) compiler and tool set, whose primary design objectives are performance on multi-core processor hardware, ease of programming, platform portability/optimization, and code clarity and readability.  Its main advantage is that it can be used to write straightforward code that automatically takes full advantage of all the processing power available, without programmers needing to be concerned with identifying parallelisms, specifying vectorization, avoiding race conditions, and other challenges of manual directive-based programming approaches such as OpenMP. Programs written in SequenceL can be compiled to multithreaded code that runs in parallel, with no explicit indications from a programmer of how or what to parallelize. As of  2015, versions of the SequenceL compiler generate parallel code in C++ and OpenCL, which allows it to work with most popular programming languages, including C, C++, C#, Fortran, Java, and Python.  A platform-specific runtime manages the threads safely, automatically providing parallel performance according to the number of cores available, currently supporting x86, OpenPOWER/POWER8, and ARM platforms.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SequenceL,beginner to advance
+1884,Atari Microsoft BASIC,"The Atari Microsoft BASIC and Atari Microsoft BASIC II variants of the BASIC programming language were ROM cartridge or floppy disk packaged versions of the Microsoft BASIC dialect ported to the Atari 8-bit machines. Atari originally licensed Microsoft BASIC for use in their 8-bit computers, but were unable to fit it in an 8 KB ROM cartridge, the largest cartridge size available at the time. They outsourced to another company, Shepardson Microsystems Inc. (SMI), who had similar problems fitting the language onto an 8k cartridge. SMI proposed creating an entirely new version of BASIC for the new platforms, and built Atari BASIC instead. Atari Microsoft BASIC, unlike Atari BASIC, didn't allow abbreviations for keywords; keywords had to be fully spelled out. Syntax checking occurred after running a program, not immediately after entering the line. Also, arithmetic operations with integers resulted in an integer result.  Atari Microsoft BASIC came in two packages:  Floppy disk – CX8126 ROM cartridge – RX8035. Since the cartridge could only hold 16 KB, the remaining 11 KB file was included on an ""extension"" disk. The cartridge version was called Atari Microsoft BASIC II.Although more feature filled than Atari BASIC, Microsoft BASIC never had the popularity that Atari BASIC had. The biggest problems were:  increased memory needed (at least 32 KB) disk drive required performance (faster than Atari BASIC, but slower than Turbo-Basic XL and BASIC XL) not compatible with Atari BASIC added costThe cartridge version eliminated the first two requirements, but a disk drive was needed for all of its features.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_Microsoft_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1885,Le-Lisp,"Le Lisp (also Le_Lisp and Le-Lisp) is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp.It was developed at the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA), to be an implementation language for a very large scale integration (VLSI) workstation being designed under the direction of Jean Vuillemin. Le Lisp also had to run on various incompatible platforms (mostly running Unix operating systems) that were used by the project. The main goals for the language were to be a powerful post-Maclisp version of Lisp that would be portable, compatible, extensible, and efficient.Jérôme Chailloux led the Le Lisp team, working with Emmanuel St. James, Matthieu Devin, and Jean-Marie Hullot in 1980. The dialect is historically noteworthy as one of the first Lisp implementations to be available on both the Apple II and the IBM PC.","Le-Lisp, , reference, wikipedia, France","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/64fc9c227da975bc762a88a13668e924c26b1e05, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Lisp",beginner to advance
+1886,PL/C,"PL/C is a computer programming language developed at Cornell University with the specific goal of being used for teaching programming.  It is based on  IBM's PL/I language, and was designed in the early 1970s.  Cornell also developed a compiler for the language that was based on its earlier CUPL compiler, and it was widely used in college-level programming courses.  The two researchers and academic teachers who designed PL/C were Richard W. Conway and Thomas R. Wilcox. They submitted the famous article ""Design and implementation of a diagnostic compiler for PL/I"" published in the Communications of ACM in March 1973, pages 169-179.   PL/C eliminated some of the more complex features of PL/I, and added extensive debugging and error recovery facilities. PL/C is a subset of PL/I.   A program that runs without error under the PL/C compiler should run under PL/I and produce the  same results, unless certain incompatible diagnostic features, such as a  macro section (begun by a $MACRO statement and finished by a $MEND statement), were used.The PL/C compiler had the unusual capability of never failing to compile any program, through the use of extensive automatic correction of many syntax errors and by converting any remaining syntax errors to output statements.","PL/C, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/C,beginner to advance
+1887,Google Data Protcol,"GData (Google Data Protocol) provides a simple protocol for reading and writing data on the Internet, designed by Google. GData combines common XML-based syndication formats (Atom and RSS) with a feed-publishing system based on the Atom Publishing Protocol, plus some extensions for handling queries. It relies on XML or JSON as a data format. Google provides GData client libraries for Java, JavaScript, .NET, PHP, Python, and Objective-C.","Google Data Protcol, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/google-help-dataapi, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GData",beginner to advance
+1888,Frank,,"Frank, Sam Lindley and Conor McBride and Craig McLaughlin and Lukas Convent, website, United Kingdom",website: https://github.com/frank-lang/frank/,beginner to advance
+1889,clarity,,"clarity, , website, United States",website: https://docs.blockstack.org/core/smart/overview.html,beginner to advance
+1891,De Bruijn index,"In mathematical logic, the de Bruijn index is a tool invented by the Dutch mathematician Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn for representing terms of lambda calculus without naming the bound variables. Terms written using these indices are invariant with respect to α-conversion, so the check for α-equivalence is the same as that for syntactic equality. Each de Bruijn index is a natural number that represents an occurrence of a variable in a λ-term, and denotes the number of binders that are in scope between that occurrence and its corresponding binder. The following are some examples:  The term λx. λy. x, sometimes called the K combinator, is written as λ λ 2 with De Bruijn indices. The binder for the occurrence x is the second λ in scope. The term λx. λy. λz. x z (y z) (the S combinator), with de Bruijn indices, is λ λ λ 3 1 (2 1). The term λz. (λy. y (λx. x)) (λx. z x) is λ (λ 1 (λ 1)) (λ 2 1). See the following illustration, where the binders are coloured and the references are shown with arrows. De Bruijn indices are commonly used in higher-order reasoning systems such as automated theorem provers and logic programming systems.","De Bruijn index, Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn, reference, wikipedia, Netherlands","reference: http://alexandria.tue.nl/repository/freearticles/597619.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bruijn_index",beginner to advance
+1892,Pro*C,"Pro*C (also known as Pro*C/C++) is an embedded SQL programming language used by Oracle Database database management systems.  Pro*C uses either C or C++ as its host language.  During compilation, the embedded SQL statements are interpreted by a precompiler and replaced by C or C++ function calls to their respective SQL library.  The output from the Pro*C precompiler is standard C or C++ code that is then compiled by any one of several C or C++ compilers into an executable.","Pro*C, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://docs.oracle.com/cd/A97630_01/win.920/a96111/intro.htm, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro*C",beginner to advance
+1893,SP/k,"SP/k is a programming language developed circa 1974 by R.C. Holt, D.B. Wortman, D.T. Barnard and J.R. Cordy as a subset of the PL/I programming language designed for teaching programming. It was used for about a decade at over 40 universities, schools, and research laboratories in Canada and the United States. SP/k was one of the first languages specifically designed to encourage structured programming. The features of SP/k were chosen to encourage structured problem solving by computers, to make the language easy to learn and use, to eliminate confusing and redundant constructs, and to make the language easy to compile.The resulting language was suitable for introducing programming concepts used in various applications, including business data processing, scientific calculations and non-numeric computation.  SP/k is actually a sequence of language subsets called SP/1, SP/2, … SP/8. Each subset introduces new programming language constructs while retaining all the constructs of preceding subsets, forming a stepwise system for teaching computer programming. Each subset is precisely defined and self-contained, and can be learned or implemented without the following subsets. This allows for various levels of programming education. The design and philosophy of SP/k was a strong influence on the Turing programming language.","SP/k, Ric Holt and D.B. Wortman and D.T. Barnard and James Cordy, wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SP/k,beginner to advance
+1894,Binary Alignment Map,"Binary Alignment Map (BAM) is the comprehensive raw data of genome sequencing; it consists of the lossless, compressed binary representation of the Sequence Alignment Map.BAM is the compressed binary representation of SAM (Sequence Alignment Map). BAM is in compressed BGZF format.","Binary Alignment Map, , wikipedia, Various",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_Alignment_Map,beginner to advance
+1895,Atari ST BASIC,"Atari ST BASIC (or ST Basic) was the first dialect of BASIC that was produced for the Atari ST line of computers. It was bundled with all new STs in the early years of the ST's lifespan, and quickly became the standard BASIC for that platform. However, many users disliked it, and improved dialects of BASIC quickly came out to replace it.","Atari ST BASIC, , wikipedia, England",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_ST_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1896,Obliq,"Obliq is an interpreted, object-oriented programming language designed to make distributed, and locally multi-threaded, computation simple and easy for the programmer, while providing program safety and implicit type system. The interpreter is written in Modula-3, and provides Obliq with full access to Modula-3's network objects capabilities. A type inference algorithm for record concatenation, subtyping and recursive types has been developed for Obliq, more important it has been proved to be NP-complete  and its lowest complexity to be Ο(n3) or if under other modeling up to certain conditions down to Ο(n2)  and its best known implementation runs in Ο(n5). Obliq's syntax is very similar to Modula-3, the biggest difference being that Obliq has no need of explicit typed variables (i.e., a variable can hold any data type allowed by the type checker and if does not accepts one, i.e., a given expression execution error will be thrown) although explicit type declarations are allowed and ignored by the interpreter. The basic data types in the language include booleans, integers, reals, characters, strings, and arrays. Obliq supports the usual set of sequential control structures (conditional, iteration, and exception handling forms), as well as special control forms for concurrency (mutexes and guarded statements). Besides that Obliq's objects are able to be cloned and safely copied remotely by any machine in a distributed network object and it can be done in a transparent way. Obliq's large standard library provides strong support for mathematical operations, I/O, persistence, thread control, graphics, and animation. Distributed computation is object-based: objects hold a state, which is local to a particular process. Scope of objects and other variables is purely lexical. Objects can call methods of other objects, even if those objects are on another machine on the network. Obliq objects are simply collections of named fields (similar to slots in Self and Smalltalk), and support inheritance by delegation (like Self). The common uses of Obliq involve programming over networks, 3D animation, and distributed computation over Ethernet LAN as. Obliq is included free with the DEC Modula-3 distribution, but other free versions exist elsewhere including pre-compiled binaries for several operating systems.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obliq,beginner to advance
+1897,PEAR,,"PEAR, , website, reference, wikipedia, Unknown","website: http://pear.php.net/, reference: https://github.com/pear/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEAR",beginner to advance
+1898,CYCL,"CycL in computer science and artificial intelligence is an ontology language used by Doug Lenat's Cyc artificial intelligence project. Ramanathan V. Guha was instrumental in the design of early versions of the language. There is a close variant of CycL known as MELD. The original version of CycL was a frame language, but the modern version is not.  Rather, it is a declarative language based on classical first-order logic, with extensions for modal operators and higher order quantification. CycL is used to represent the knowledge stored in the Cyc Knowledge Base, available from Cycorp.  The source code written in CycL released with the OpenCyc system is licensed as open source, to increase its usefulness in supporting the semantic web.","CYCL, , website, reference, wikipedia, United States","website: https://cyc.com/, reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fc1584ebf311e8343c91dcc9ad8e5ef19d815bda, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CycL",beginner to advance
+1900,A++,"A++ stands for abstraction plus reference plus  synthesis which is used as a name for the minimalistic  programming language that is built on ARS. ARS is an abstraction from the Lambda Calculus, taking its three basic operations, and giving them a more general meaning, thus providing a foundation for the three major programming paradigms: functional programming, object-oriented programming and imperative programming. ARS Based Programming is used as a name for programming which consists mainly of applying patterns derived from ARS to programming in any language. The  technical texts in this article are taken from the online version of the 1st edition of the A++-book.The 2nd edition of the book A++ The Smallest Programming Language in the World (292 pages) was published in 2018.","A++, , wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A++,beginner to advance
+1901,Prograph,"Prograph is a visual, object-oriented, dataflow, multiparadigm programming language that uses iconic symbols to represent actions to be taken on data. Commercial Prograph software development environments such as Prograph Classic and Prograph CPX were available for the Apple Macintosh and Windows platforms for many years but were eventually withdrawn from the market in the late 1990s. Support for the Prograph language on macOS has recently reappeared with the release of the Marten software development environment.","Prograph, , wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prograph,beginner to advance
+1902,Gren,,"Gren, evancz, website, Unknown",website: https://gren-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+1903,ATLAS Transformation Language,"ATL (ATLAS Transformation Language) is a model transformation language and toolkit developed and maintained by OBEO and AtlanMod. It was initiated by the AtlanMod team (previously called ATLAS Group). In the field of Model-Driven Engineering (MDE), ATL provides ways to produce a set of target models from a set of source models. Released under the terms of the Eclipse Public License, ATL is an M2M (Eclipse) component, inside of the Eclipse Modeling Project (EMP).","ATLAS Transformation Language, , website, wikipedia, Canada","website: https://www.eclipse.org/atl/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATLAS_Transformation_Language",beginner to advance
+1904,Tandem Advanced Command Language,TACL (the Tandem Advanced Command Language) is the scripting programming language used in Tandem Computers. TACL is the shell.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TACL,beginner to advance
+1905,Stockholm format,"Stockholm format is a multiple sequence alignment format used by Pfam and Rfam to disseminate protein and RNA sequence alignments. The alignment editors Ralee  and Belvu support Stockholm format as do the probabilistic database search tools, Infernal and HMMER, and the phylogenetic analysis tool Xrate. A simple example of an Rfam alignment (UPSK RNA) with a pseudoknot in Stockholm format is shown below: # STOCKHOLM 1.0 #=GF ID    UPSK #=GF SE    Predicted; Infernal  #=GF SS    Published; PMID 9223489 #=GF RN    [1] #=GF RM    9223489 #=GF RT    The role of the pseudoknot at the 3' end of turnip yellow mosaic #=GF RT    virus RNA in minus-strand synthesis by the viral RNA-dependent RNA #=GF RT    polymerase. #=GF RA    Deiman BA, Kortlever RM, Pleij CW; #=GF RL    J Virol 1997;71:5990-5996.  AF035635.1/619-641             UGAGUUCUCGAUCUCUAAAAUCG M24804.1/82-104                UGAGUUCUCUAUCUCUAAAAUCG J04373.1/6212-6234             UAAGUUCUCGAUCUUUAAAAUCG M24803.1/1-23                  UAAGUUCUCGAUCUCUAAAAUCG #=GC SS_cons                   .AAA....<<<<aaa....>>>> //  Here is a slightly more complex example showing the Pfam CBS domain:  # STOCKHOLM 1.0 #=GF ID CBS #=GF AC PF00571 #=GF DE CBS domain #=GF AU Bateman A #=GF CC CBS domains are small intracellular modules mostly found #=GF CC in 2 or four copies within a protein. #=GF SQ 5 #=GS O31698/18-71 AC O31698 #=GS O83071/192-246 AC O83071 #=GS O83071/259-312 AC O83071 #=GS O31698/88-139 AC O31698 #=GS O31698/88-139 OS Bacillus subtilis O83071/192-246          MTCRAQLIAVPRASSLAEAIACAQKMRVSRVPVYERS #=GR O83071/192-246 SA  9998877564535242525515252536463774777 O83071/259-312          MQHVSAPVFVFECTRLAYVQHKLRAHSRAVAIVLDEY #=GR O83071/259-312 SS  CCCCCHHHHHHHHHHHHHEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE O31698/18-71            MIEADKVAHVQVGNNLEHALLVLTKTGYTAIPVLDPS #=GR O31698/18-71 SS    CCCHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEHHH O31698/88-139           EVMLTDIPRLHINDPIMKGFGMVINN..GFVCVENDE #=GR O31698/88-139 SS   CCCCCCCHHHHHHHHHHHHEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEH #=GC SS_cons            CCCCCHHHHHHHHHHHHHEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEH O31699/88-139           EVMLTDIPRLHINDPIMKGFGMVINN..GFVCVENDE #=GR O31699/88-139 AS   ________________*____________________ #=GR O31699/88-139 IN   ____________1____________2______0____ //  A minimal well formed Stockholm files should contain the header which states the format and version identifier, currently '# STOCKHOLM 1.0'. Followed by the sequences and corresponding unique sequence names:  <seqname> <aligned sequence> <seqname> <aligned sequence> <seqname> <aligned sequence>  '<seqname>' stands for ""sequence name"", typically in the form ""name/start-end"" or just ""name"". Finally, the ""//"" line indicates the end of the alignment. Sequence letters may include any characters except whitespace. Gaps may be indicated by ""."" or ""-"".",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_format,beginner to advance
+1906,Miva,"Miva Script is a proprietary computer scripting language mainly used for internet applications such as e-commerce. As of 2015, it is developed, maintained and owned by Miva Merchant, Inc., based in San Diego, California. Many web hosting companies support Miva Script on their servers, but it is significantly less widespread than other popular web languages.","Miva, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.mivascript.com, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIVA_Script",beginner to advance
+1907,CLAIRE,"Claire is a high-level functional and object-oriented programming language with rule processing abilities. It was designed by Yves Caseau at Bouygues' e-Lab research laboratory, and received its final definition in 2004. Claire provides:  a simple object system with parametric classes and methods polymorphic and parametric functional programming production rules triggered by events versioned snapshots of the state of the whole system, or any part, supporting rollback and easy exploration of search spaces explicit relations between entities; for example, two entities might be declared inverses of one another first-class sets with convenient syntax for set-based programming an expressive set-based type system allowing both second-order static and dynamic typingClaire's reference implementation, consisting of an interpreter and compiler, was fully open-sourced with the release of version 3.3.46 in February 2009. Another implementation, WebClaire, is commercially supported.","CLAIRE, Yves Caseau, wikipedia, France",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1908,Rebeca Modeling Language,"Rebeca (acronym for Reactive Objects Language) is an actor-based modeling language with a formal foundation, designed in an effort to bridge the gap between formal verification approaches and real applications. It can be considered as a reference model for concurrent computation, based on an operational interpretation of the actor model. It is also a platform for developing object-based concurrent systems in practice. Besides having an appropriate and efficient way for modeling concurrent and distributed systems, one needs a formal verification approach to ensure their correctness. Rebeca is supported by a set of verification tools. Earlier tools provided a front-end to work with Rebeca code, and to translate the Rebeca code into input languages of well-known and mature model checkers (like SPIN and NuSMV) and thus, were able to verify their properties. Rebeca, since 2005, is supported by a direct model checker based on Modere (the Model checking Engine of Rebeca). Modular verification and abstraction techniques are used to reduce the state space and make it possible to verify complicated reactive systems. Besides these techniques, Modere supports partial order reduction and symmetry reduction.","Rebeca Modeling Language, Marjan Sirjani, website, reference, wikipedia, Iran","website: https://rebeca-lang.org, reference: https://rebeca-lang.org/assets/theses/Mapping-UML-Diagrams-to-the-Reactive-Object-Language-(Rebeca).pdf#glo%3Arebeca, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeca_Modeling_Language",beginner to advance
+1909,CLPR,CLP(R) is a declarative programming language. It stands for constraint logic programming (Real) where real refers to the real numbers. It can be considered and is generally implemented as a superset or add-on package for a Prolog implementation.,"CLPR, , wikipedia, Australia",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLP(R),beginner to advance
+1910,ProbeVue,"ProbeVue is IBM's implementation of a lightweight dynamic tracing environment introduced in AIX version 6.1. ProbeVue provides the ability to probe running processes in order to provide statistical analysis as well as retrieve data from the probed process. The dynamic nature of ProbeVue allows it to be used as a global system performance tool while retaining the ability to drill into very specific events on a single process or thread. Because modifications are not required of a probed process or system and the lightweight design of ProbeVue as a tracing tool, it is suitable for use in a production environment where previous tracing tools would have been performance prohibitive.","ProbeVue, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/undefined,beginner to advance
+1911,iCalendar,"The Internet Calendaring and Scheduling Core Object Specification (iCalendar) is a MIME type which allows users to store and exchange calendaring and scheduling information such as events, to-dos, journal entries, and free/busy information. Files formatted according to the specification usually have an extension of .ics. With supporting software, such as an email reader or calendar application, recipients of an iCalendar data file can respond to the sender easily or counter-propose another meeting date/time. The file format is specified in a proposed internet standard (RFC 5545) for calendar data exchange.iCalendar is used and supported by many products, including Google Calendar, Apple Calendar (formerly iCal), IBM Notes (formerly Lotus Notes), Yahoo! Calendar, Evolution (software), eM Client, Lightning extension for Mozilla Thunderbird and SeaMonkey, and partially by Microsoft Outlook and Novell GroupWise. iCalendar is designed to be independent of the transport protocol. For example, certain events can be sent by traditional email or whole calendar files can be shared and edited by using a WebDav server, or SyncML. Simple web servers (using just the HTTP protocol) are often used to distribute iCalendar data about an event and to publish busy times of an individual.  Publishers can embed iCalendar data in web pages using hCalendar, a 1:1 microformat representation of iCalendar in semantic (X)HTML.","iCalendar, , wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/iCalendar,beginner to advance
+1913,dllup,,"dllup, Daniel Lawrence Lu, website, United States",website: http://www.dllu.net/programming/dllup/,beginner to advance
+1914,Dashrep,,"Dashrep, Richard Fobes, website, United States",website: http://www.dashrep.org/,beginner to advance
+1915,Acme,,"Acme, , website, United States",website: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~acme/docs/language_overview.html,beginner to advance
+1916,AspectC++,,"AspectC++, , website, Various countries in Western Europe",website: http://aspectc.org/,beginner to advance
+1917,frame,,"frame, , website, United States",website: http://frame-lang.org,beginner to advance
+1918,Plot,,"Plot, David A. Moon, website, reference, United States","website: http://users.rcn.com/david-moon/PLOT/, reference: http://users.rcn.com/david-moon/PLOT/Moon-ILC09.pdf",beginner to advance
+1920,Fortran 90,,"Fortran 90, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d896513025079fa1e7a8d6aa44843c39bbf2b6ff,beginner to advance
+1921,Netpbm grayscale image format,,"Netpbm grayscale image format, , reference, Unknown",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netpbm_format,beginner to advance
+1922,ESC/P,"ESC/P, short for Epson Standard Code for Printers and sometimes styled Escape/P, is a printer control language developed by Epson to control computer printers. It was mainly used in dot matrix printers and some inkjet printers, and is still widely used in many receipt printers. During the era of dot matrix printers, it was also used by other manufacturers (e.g., NEC), sometimes in modified form. At the time, it was a popular mechanism to add formatting to printed text, and was widely supported in software.","ESC/P, , wikipedia, Japan",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESC/P,beginner to advance
+1923,OQL,"Object Query Language (OQL) is a query language standard for object-oriented databases modeled after SQL.  OQL was developed by the Object Data Management Group (ODMG). Because of its overall complexity nobody has ever fully implemented the complete OQL. OQL has influenced the design of some of the newer query languages like JDOQL and EJB QL, but they can't be considered as different flavors of OQL.","OQL, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: http://tech.novosoft-us.com/products/oql_book.htm, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Query_Language",beginner to advance
+1924,Coda web development software,"Coda is a commercial and proprietary web development application for macOS, developed by Panic. It was first released on April 23, 2007 and won the 2007 Apple Design Award for Best User Experience. Coda version 2.0 was released on 24 May 2012, along with an iPad version called Diet Coda. Although formerly available on the Mac App Store, it was announced on May 14, 2014 that the update to Coda 2.5 would not be available in the Mac App Store due to sandboxing restrictions.","Coda web development software, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.panic.com/coda/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_(web_development_software)",beginner to advance
+1925,Hotdog,"HotDog is an HTML editor developed by Sausage Software in the mid-1990s. At the time of its development, there were only a small number of HTML editors available on the market (such as HoTMetaL) and HotDog gathered significant interest due to its ease of use. The program was developed by the New Zealand Internet entrepreneur Steve Outtrim. In 2000, the ownership of the product was sold from Sausage Software and, despite still being called Sausage Software, is now run by a company unrelated to the Outtrim-founded Sausage Software.","Hotdog, , reference, wikipedia, New Zealand","reference: https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/programming-in-the/0201770180/0201770180_app06.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HotDog",beginner to advance
+1926,Apple ProDOS,"ProDOS is the name of two similar operating systems for the Apple II series of personal computers.  The original ProDOS, renamed ProDOS 8 in version 1.2, is the last official operating system usable by all 8-bit Apple II series computers, and was distributed from 1983 to 1993.  The other, ProDOS 16, was a stop-gap solution for the 16-bit Apple IIGS that was replaced by GS/OS within two years.ProDOS was marketed by Apple as meaning Professional Disk Operating System, and became the most popular operating system for the Apple II series of computers 10 months after its release in January 1983.","Apple ProDOS, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_ProDOS,beginner to advance
+1927,Meta Expressions,"In computer programming, M-expressions (or meta-expressions) were an early proposed syntax for the Lisp programming language, inspired by contemporary languages such as Fortran  and ALGOL.","Meta Expressions, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-expression,beginner to advance
+1928,Kaffeine,,"Kaffeine, Jonah Fox, website, Ireland",website: https://web.archive.org/web/20201111200507/http://learn-krft.studioamplify.com/kaffeine/,beginner to advance
+1929,General-purpose macro processor,"A general-purpose macro processor or general purpose preprocessor is a macro processor that is not tied to or integrated with a particular language or piece of software. A macro processor is a program that copies a stream of text from one place to another, making a systematic set of replacements as it does so. Macro processors are often embedded in other programs, such as assemblers and compilers. Sometimes they are standalone programs that can be used to process any kind of text. Macro processors have been used for language expansion (defining new language constructs that can be expressed in terms of existing language components), for systematic text replacements that require decision making, and for text reformatting (e.g. conditional extraction of material from an HTML file).","General-purpose macro processor, , website, wikipedia, Various","website: http://gema.sourceforge.net/new/index.shtml, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_macro_processor",beginner to advance
+1930,SenseTalk,"SenseTalk is an English-like scripting language derived from the HyperTalk language used in HyperCard. SenseTalk was originally developed as the scripting language within the HyperSense multimedia authoring application on the NeXTStep and OpenStep platforms.  SenseTalk resurfaced in 2002 as the scripting language in eggPlant, the first commercial Mac OS X and cross-platform GUI testing application.",,"website: http://sensetalk.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SenseTalk",beginner to advance
+1931,CodeGear Delphi,"Delphi is an integrated development environment (IDE) for rapid application development of desktop, mobile, web, and console software, developed by Embarcadero Technologies. It is also an event-driven language.  Delphi's compilers use their own Object Pascal dialect of Pascal and generate native code for Microsoft Windows, macOS (IA-32 only), iOS, Android and Linux (x64 only). Since 2016, there have been new releases of Delphi every six months, with new platforms being added approximately every second release.Delphi includes a code editor, a visual designer, an integrated debugger, a source code control component, and support for third-party plugins. The code editor features Code Insight (code completion), Error Insight (real-time error-checking), and refactoring. The visual forms designer has traditionally used Visual Component Library (VCL) for native Windows development, but the FireMonkey (FMX) platform was later added for cross-platform development. Database support in Delphi is very strong. A Delphi project of a million lines to compile in a few seconds – one benchmark gave 170,000 lines per second. Delphi was originally developed by Borland as a rapid application development tool for Windows as the successor of Turbo Pascal. Delphi added full object-oriented programming to the existing language, and since then the language has grown to support generics and anonymous methods, and native Component Object Model (COM) support. In 2006, Borland’s developer tools section was transferred from Borland to a wholly owned subsidiary known as CodeGear, which was sold to Embarcadero Technologies in 2008. In 2015, Embarcadero was purchased by Idera Software, but the Embarcadero mark was retained for the developer tools division. Delphi and its C++ counterpart, C++Builder, are interoperable. They share many core components, notably the IDE, VCL, and much of the runtime library. In addition, they can be used jointly in a project. For example, C++Builder 6 and later can consume Delphi source code and C++ in one project, while packages compiled with C++Builder can be used from within Delphi. In 2007, the products were released jointly as RAD Studio, a shared host for Delphi and C++Builder, which can be purchased with either or both.","CodeGear Delphi, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CodeGear_Delphi,beginner to advance
+1932,Ruby Document format,"RD (Ruby Document) is a lightweight markup language for writing Ruby-related documents. It can be embedded in Ruby source code. RD is a traditional format. In modern Ruby, developers tend to write documents in RDoc instead of RD.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Document_format,beginner to advance
+1933,Dink Smallwood,"Dink Smallwood is an action role-playing video game, developed by Robinson Technologies, at the time consisting of Seth Robinson, Justin Martin, and Greg Smith. It was first released in 1998 before being released as freeware on October 17, 1999. Mitch Brink composed several of the game's music tracks, while others are MIDI forms of classical music, such as Debussy's ""Reverie"". The game has a small but constant fan following that continues to develop add-ons for the game more than a decade after its release. The game is also notable for its humorous dialogue and surrealistic themes in various scenes between the gameplay.","Dink Smallwood, Seth Robinson, wikipedia, Japan",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dink_Smallwood,beginner to advance
+1934,Nadesiko,,"Nadesiko, kujirahand, website, Japan",website: https://nadesi.com/,beginner to advance
+1935,Netlib,,"Netlib, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://netlib.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netlib",beginner to advance
+1936,MAI Basic Four,"MAI Basic Four (sometimes written as Basic/Four Corporation or Basic 4) refers to a variety of Business Basic, the computers that ran it, and the company that sold them (its name at various times given as MAI Basic Four Inc., MAI Basic Four Information Systems, and MAI Systems Corporation). MAI Systems Corporation became a wholly owned subsidiary of Softbrands Inc. in 2006.  Basic/Four Corporation was created as a subsidiary of Management Assistance, Inc. in Irvine, California. Basic/Four sold small business minicomputers that were assembled from Microdata Corporation CPUs. MAI Basic Four Business Basic was one of the first commercially available business BASIC interpreters. MAI Basic Four (the company) originally sold minicomputers but later offered superminicomputers and microcomputers. The computers ran an operating system with the BASIC interpreter integrated. In 1985, Wall Street financier Bennett S. LeBow purchased the company after it had experienced significant operating financial losses. In 1988,  LeBow used the company as a platform for an unsuccessful attempted hostile takeover of much larger Prime Computer.The company released accounting software for third-party microcomputers in the mid 1980's.  In 1988 it released its own 80286-based workstation.  The Basic4 system was utilized by many small banks and credit unions. In 1990 the company changed its name to  MAI Systems Corp. and changed its business to be a system integrator instead of a combined hardware and software manufacturer, reselling third-party computers but installing their own customer-specific software system.","MAI Basic Four, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAI_Basic_Four,beginner to advance
+1937,Crystallographic Information File,"Crystallographic Information File (CIF) is a standard text file format for representing crystallographic information, promulgated by the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr). CIF was developed by the IUCr Working Party on Crystallographic Information in an effort sponsored by the IUCr Commission on Crystallographic Data and the IUCr Commission on Journals. The file format was initially published by Hall, Allen, and Brown and has since been revised, most recently version 1.1. Full specifications for the format are available at the IUCr website. Many computer programs for molecular viewing are compatible with this format, including Jmol.  Closely related is mmCIF, macromolecular CIF, which is intended as an alternative to the Protein Data Bank (PDB) format. Also closely related is Crystallographic Information Framework, a broader system of exchange protocols based on data dictionaries and relational rules expressible in different machine-readable manifestations, including, but not restricted to, Crystallographic Information File and XML.","Crystallographic Information File, , reference, wikipedia, United Kingdom and Germany","reference: https://www.iucr.org/resources/cif/spec/version1.1/cifsyntax, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallographic_Information_File",beginner to advance
+1938,candor,,"candor, Fedor Indutny, website, United States",website: http://candor-lang.org,beginner to advance
+1939,Dasm,,"Dasm, , website, United States and Germany and Canada",website: https://dasm-assembler.github.io/,beginner to advance
+1940,ARITH-MATIC,"You may have been looking for arithmetic, a branch of mathematics.ARITH-MATIC is an extension of Grace Hopper's  A-2 programming language, developed around 1955. ARITH-MATIC was originally known as A-3, but was renamed by the marketing department of Remington Rand UNIVAC.","ARITH-MATIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARITH-MATIC,beginner to advance
+1941,IBM BASICA,"The IBM Personal Computer Basic, commonly shortened to IBM BASIC, is a programming language first released by IBM with the IBM Personal Computer (model 5150) in 1981. IBM released four different versions of the Microsoft BASIC interpreter, licensed from Microsoft for the PC and PCjr. They are known as Cassette BASIC, Disk BASIC, Advanced BASIC (BASICA), and Cartridge BASIC. Versions of Disk BASIC and Advanced BASIC were included with IBM PC DOS up to PC DOS 4. In addition to the features of an ANSI standard BASIC, the IBM versions offered support for the graphics and sound hardware of the IBM PC line. Source code could be typed in with a full screen editor, and very limited facilities were provided for rudimentary program debugging. IBM also released a version of the Microsoft BASIC compiler for the PC, concurrently with the release of PC DOS 1.10 in 1982.","IBM BASICA, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_BASICA,beginner to advance
+1942,ABC 80,"The ABC 80 (Advanced BASIC Computer 80) was a personal computer engineered by the Swedish corporation Dataindustrier AB (DIAB) and manufactured by Luxor in Motala, Sweden in the late 1970s and early 1980s. It was introduced on the market in August 1978. The ABC 80 was based on an earlier modular computer system from the same company and built around a Z80 and 16 KB of ROM containing a fast semi-compiling BASIC interpreter. It had 16-32 KB of RAM as main memory and a dedicated (included) tape recorder for program and data storage, but could also be expanded to handle disk drives as well as many other peripherals.  The ROM could be extended in increments of 1 or 4KB in order to handle such so called ""options"". The monitor was a black and white TV set modified for the purpose, an obvious choice since Luxor also made TVs. The ABC 80 was used in schools and officies around Scandinavia and parts of Europe. It was also used for industrial automation, scientific measurement and control systems. Like its successor, the ABC 800, the computer had an unusually quick and usable BASIC with excellent I/O response times, something that was often discovered when trying to switch to IBM PC-based personal computers. Due to its roots in an industrial computer system, the ABC 80 also had a flexible bus extension system with many (external) expansion and peripheral cards available for various purposes and applications, as well as high quality support and documentation. ABC 80 was also manufactured on license as BRG ABC80 by Budapesti Rádiótechnikai Gyár in Hungary. It used the same keyboard, but the case was metal instead of plastic.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_80,beginner to advance
+1943,Lawvere,,"Lawvere, James Henri Haydon, reference, Japan",reference: https://reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/lls7q9/lawvere_a_categorical_programming_language_with/,beginner to advance
+1944,Margin,,"Margin, Alex Gamburg, website, United States",website: https://margin.love,beginner to advance
+1945,ecsharp,,"ecsharp, , website, Canada",website: http://ecsharp.net/,beginner to advance
+1946,SpiderBasic,,"SpiderBasic, , website, France",website: https://www.spiderbasic.com/,beginner to advance
+1947,Silicon Graphics Image,Silicon Graphics Image (SGI) or the RGB file format is the native raster graphics file format for Silicon Graphics workstations. The format was invented by Paul Haeberli. It can be run-length encoded (RLE). Among others FFmpeg and ImageMagick support this format.,"Silicon Graphics Image, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://media.xiph.org/svt/SGIIMAGESPEC, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics_Image",beginner to advance
+1948,Schematron,"Schematron is a rule-based validation language for making assertions about the presence or absence of patterns in XML trees.  It is a structural schema language expressed in XML using a small number of elements and XPath. In a typical implementation, the Schematron schema XML is processed into normal XSLT code for deployment anywhere that XSLT can be used. Schematron is capable of expressing constraints in ways that other XML schema languages like XML Schema and DTD cannot. For example, it can require that the content of an element be controlled by one of its siblings. Or it can request or require that the root element, regardless of what element that is, must have specific attributes. Schematron can also specify required relationships between multiple XML files. Constraints and content rules may be associated with ""plain-English"" validation error messages, allowing translation of numeric Schematron error codes into meaningful user error messages. The current ISO recommendation is Information technology, Document Schema Definition Languages (DSDL), Part 3: Rule-based validation, Schematron (ISO/IEC 19757-3:2016).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schematron,beginner to advance
+1949,METAPOST,"MetaPost refers to both a programming language and the interpreter of the MetaPost programming language. Both are derived from Donald Knuth's Metafont language and interpreter. MetaPost produces vector graphic diagrams from a geometric/algebraic description. The language shares Metafont's declarative syntax for manipulating lines, curves, points and geometric transformations. However,  Metafont is set up to produce fonts, in the form of image files (in .gf format) with associated font metric files (in .tfm format), whereas MetaPost produces EPS, SVG, or PNG files The output of Metafont consists of the fonts at a fixed resolution in a raster-based format, whereas MetaPost's output is vector-based graphics (lines, Bézier curves) Metafont output is monochrome, whereas MetaPost uses RGB or CMYK colors. The MetaPost language can include text labels on the diagrams, either strings from a specified font, or anything else that can be typeset with TeX. Starting with version 1.8, Metapost allows floating-point arithmetic with 64 bits (default: 32 bit fixed-point arithmetic)Many of the limitations of MetaPost derive from features of Metafont. For instance, MetaPost does not support all features of PostScript. Most notably, paths can have only one segment (so that regions are simply connected), and regions can be filled only with uniform colours. PostScript level 1 supports tiled patterns and PostScript 3 supports Gouraud shading.","METAPOST, John D. Hobby, reference, wikipedia, Various","reference: https://www.tug.org/docs/metapost/mpman.pdf#targetText=MetaPost%20is%20a%20programming%20language,for%20creating%20and%20manipulating%20pictures., wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetaPost",beginner to advance
+1950,IBM Informix-4GL,Informix-4GL is a 4GL programming language developed by Informix during the mid-1980s.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Informix-4GL,beginner to advance
+1951,video,,"video, Leif Andersen, website, document, United States","website: https://lang.video/, documentation: https://docs.racket-lang.org/video@video/index.html",beginner to advance
+1953,MUDDL,"Multi-User Dungeon, or MUD (referred to as MUD1, to distinguish it from its successor, MUD2, and the MUD genre in general) is an early MUD and one of the oldest examples of a virtual world in existence.","MUDDL, Lars Brinkhoff, wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUDDL,beginner to advance
+1954,Dolittle,Dolittle (Japanese ドリトル doritoru) is a programming language developed at the Osaka Electro-Communication University . Unlike the majority of programming languages it uses keywords based on Japanese and written in Japanese script. It is named after the character Dr Dolittle. It is easier for learners whose native language is Japanese to make early progress in understanding programming.,"Dolittle, , website, wikipedia, Japan","website: http://dolittle.eplang.jp/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolittle_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1955,Sing Sharp,"Spec# is a programming language with specification language features that extends the capabilities of the C# programming language with Eiffel-like contracts, including object invariants, preconditions and postconditions. Like ESC/Java, it includes a static checking tool based on a theorem prover that is able to statically verify many of these invariants. It also includes a variety of other minor extensions to the language, such as non-null reference types. The code contracts API in the .NET Framework 4.0 has evolved with Spec#. Microsoft Research developed both Spec# and C#; in turn, Spec# serves as the foundation of the Sing# programming language, which Microsoft Research also developed.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Sharp,beginner to advance
+1956,Leda,"Leda is a multiparadigm programming language whose goal is to successfully mix imperative, object-oriented, functional, and logic-based programming features into one language. It is described in the book Multiparadigm Programming in Leda written by the principal designer Dr. Timothy Budd at Oregon State University.","Leda, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leda_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1957,MACRO-11,"MACRO-11 is an assembly language with macro facilities for PDP-11 minicomputers from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).  It is the successor to PAL-11 (Program Assembler Loader), an earlier version of the PDP-11 assembly language without macro facilities. The MACRO-11 assembly language was designed for the PDP-11 minicomputer family.  It was supported on all DEC PDP-11 operating systems. PDP-11 Unix systems also include an assembler (called ""as""), structurally similar to MACRO-11 but with different syntax and fewer features.","MACRO-11, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MACRO-11,beginner to advance
+1958,json->url,,"json->url, Tim Bray, website, reference, wikipedia, document, Canada","website: https://jsonurl.org, reference: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8259, documentation: https://github.com/jsonurl/specification, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON%E2%86%92URL",beginner to advance
+1959,MakeDoc,"MakeDoc is a lightweight markup language created in 2000 by Carl Sassenrath for creating documentation and web pages using simple text notations. The language is used extensively in the REBOL community for documentation, websites, and wikis.","MakeDoc, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MakeDoc,beginner to advance
+1960,Namespace-based Validation Dispatching Language,"Namespace-based Validation Dispatching Language (NVDL) is an XML schema language for validating XML documents that integrate with multiple namespaces. It is an ISO/IEC standard, and it is Part 4 of the DSDL schema specification. Much of the work on NVDL is based on the older Namespace Routing Language.","Namespace-based Validation Dispatching Language, , wikipedia, United States and Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namespace-based_Validation_Dispatching_Language,beginner to advance
+1961,Chrome,"Oxygene (formerly known as Chrome) is a programming language developed by RemObjects Software for Microsoft's Common Language Infrastructure, the Java Platform and Cocoa. Oxygene is Object Pascal-based, but also has influences from  C#, Eiffel, Java, F# and other languages. Compared to the now deprecated Delphi.NET, Oxygene does not emphasize total backward compatibility, but is designed to be a ""reinvention"" of the language, be a good citizen on the managed development platforms, and leverage all the features and technologies provided by the .NET and Java runtimes. Oxygene is a commercial product, and offers full integration into Microsoft's Visual Studio IDE on Windows, as well as its own IDE, Fire for use on macOS. The command line compiler is available free. Oxygene is one of four languages supported by the underlying Elements Compiler toolchain, next to C#, Swift and Java). From 2008 to 2012, RemObjects Software has licensed its compiler and IDE technology to Embarcadero to be used in their Embarcadero Prism product. Starting in the Fall of 2011, Oxygene became available in two separate editions, with the second edition adding support for the Java and Android runtimes.  Starting with the release of XE4, Embarcadero Prism is no longer part of the RAD Studio SKU. Numerous support and upgrade paths for Prism customers exist to migrate to Oxygene. As of 2016, there is only one edition of Oxygene, which allows development on Windows or macOS, and which can create executables for Windows .NET, iOS, Android, Java and macOS.","Chrome, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_%28programming_language%29,beginner to advance
+1962,Nord Programming Language,"Nord Programming Language, commonly abbreviated NPL, was a programming language by the Norwegian minicomputer manufacturer Norsk Data. It shipped as a standard component of the operating system SINTRAN III. The language was also used to implement SINTRAN III. I.e. the core and file system of SINTRAN III was written in NPL. The NPL compiler was also written in NPL and some core applications was early on written in NPL until PLANC came and linker and other software was rewritten in PLANC. The NPL compiler was also special in that it did not produce object code as most compilers do. Instead it produced assembler code which then had to be assembled using the Norsk Data Assembler. The registers of the CPU were available in NPL as predefined variables. Thus you could write:  X + T =: A  and the compiler would generate:  COPY SX DA RADD ST DA  Functions could be declared with multiple entry points:  FUNC FUN1, FUN2  FUN1: T := 1 FUN2:  code here  END  FUN1 could be called to set T to 1 before falling into FUN2 or T could be set to something else and call FUN2. If T register specified which file handle to write to then either FUN1 could be called to always output to terminal or T could be specified to handle a file itself in T and call FUN2 to output to that file.","Nord Programming Language, , reference, wikipedia, Norway","reference: http://gunkies.org/wiki/NORD_PL, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_Programming_Language",beginner to advance
+1963,funl,,"funl, Anssi Halmeaho, website, reference, Finland","website: https://programmingfunl.wordpress.com/, reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/ghqob0/funl_simple_dynamic_functional_language/",beginner to advance
+1964,FCL,,"FCL, , wikipedia, Denmark",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_chart_language,beginner to advance
+1966,plink-ped-format,,"plink-ped-format, , website, reference, South Korea","website: https://www.cog-genomics.org/plink2/formats#ped, reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929707613524",beginner to advance
+1968,Binary Lambda Calculus,,"Binary Lambda Calculus, John Tromp, website, Netherlands",website: http://tromp.github.io/cl/Binary_lambda_calculus.html,beginner to advance
+1969,myrddin,,"myrddin, , website, United States",website: https://myrlang.org,beginner to advance
+1971,OMG IDL,,"OMG IDL, , website, United States",website: https://www.omg.org/spec/IDL/About-IDL/,beginner to advance
+1974,chain-format,,"chain-format, , reference, United States",reference: https://genome.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/help/chain.html,beginner to advance
+1976,HAL Format,,"HAL Format, , reference, Unknown",reference: https://genome.ucsc.edu/FAQ/FAQformat.html#format1,beginner to advance
+1977,Chipmunk Basic,"Chipmunk Basic is a freeware version of the BASIC programming language maintained by developer Ron Nicholson. Chipmunk basic was originally developed for the Apple Macintosh and has been ported to Linux and Windows. The ""windowed"" Macintosh version includes a wide variety of graphics drawing commands. It also has object-oriented capabilities. The current version of Chipmunk Basic (and its spinoff products for Palm OS, cBasPad and HotPaw BASIC) was based on a public domain, Pascal implementation by David Gillespie, author of the Pascal translation tool p2c. In January 2015, a Cocoa version was released that may lack features from the older Carbon-based OS X port.","Chipmunk Basic, , website, reference, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.nicholson.com/rhn/basic/, reference: http://www.nicholson.com/rhn/basic/basic.man.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipmunk_Basic",beginner to advance
+1978,ILBM,"Interleaved Bitmap (ILBM) is an image file format conforming to the Interchange File Format (IFF) standard. The format originated on the Amiga platform, and on IBM-compatible systems, files in this format or the related PBM (Planar Bitmap) format are typically encountered in games from late 1980s and early 1990s that were either Amiga ports or had their graphical assets designed on Amiga machines.A characteristic feature of the format is that it stores bitmaps in the form of interleaved bit planes, which gives the format its name; this reflects the way the Amiga graphics hardware natively reads graphics data from memory. A simple form of compression is supported to make ILBM files more compact.On the Amiga, these files are not associated with a particular file extension, though as they started being used on PC systems where extensions are systematically used, they employed a .lbm or occasionally a .bbm extension.","ILBM, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILBM,beginner to advance
+1979,FXML,"FXML is an XML-based user interface markup language created by Oracle Corporation for defining the user interface of a JavaFX application.It provides a convenient alternative to constructing such graphs in procedural code, and is ideally suited to defining the user interface of a JavaFX application, since the hierarchical structure of an XML document closely parallels the structure of the JavaFX scene graph. However anything that is created or implemented in FXML can be expressed using JavaFX directly.","FXML, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FXML,beginner to advance
+1980,Daisy Systems,"Daisy Systems Corporation incorporated in 1981 in Mountain View, California, was a computer-aided engineering, company, a pioneer in the electronic design automation (EDA) industry. It was a manufacturer of computer hardware and software for EDA, including schematic capture, logic simulation, parameter extraction and other tools for printed circuit board design and semiconductor chip layout. In mid-1980s, it had a subsidiary in Germany, Daisy Systems GmbH and one in Israel. The company merged with Cadnetix Corporation of Boulder, Colorado in 1988, with the resulting company then known officially as Daisy/Cadnetix, Inc. with the trade name DAZIX. It filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the Federal Bankruptcy Code in 1990 and was acquired by Intergraph later that year. Intergraph incorporated DAZIX into its EDA business unit, which was later spun off as an independent subsidiary named VeriBest, Inc. VeriBest was ultimately acquired by Mentor Graphics in late 1999. Daisy Systems was founded by Aryeh Finegold and David Stamm; its original investors were Fred Adler and Oak Investment Partners. Daisy along with Valid Logic Systems and Mentor Graphics, collectively known as DMV, added front end design to the existing computer-aided design aspects of computer automation.","Daisy Systems, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Systems,beginner to advance
+1981,Preferred Executable Format,"The Preferred Executable Format is a file format that specifies the format of executable files and other object code. PEF executables are also called Code Fragment Manager files (CFM). PEF was developed by Apple Computer for use in its classic Mac OS operating system. It was optimised for RISC processors. In macOS, the Mach-O file format is the native executable format. However, PEF is still supported on PowerPC-based Macintoshes running Mac OS X and is used by some Carbon applications ported from earlier versions for classic Mac OS, so that the same binary can be run on classic Mac OS and Mac OS X. BeOS on PowerPC systems also uses PEF, although x86 systems do not.","Preferred Executable Format, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!search/preferred-executable-format/comp.sys.powerpc/FmjbgTCFSkE/-5xj762g-v4J, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferred_Executable_Format",beginner to advance
+1982,Common Data Format,Common Data Format (CDF) is a library and toolkit that was developed by the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) at NASA starting in 1985. The software is an interface for the storage and manipulation of multi-dimensional data sets.,"Common Data Format, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Data_Format,beginner to advance
+1983,SCM,"SCM is a programming language, a dialect of the language Scheme. It is written in the  language C, by Aubrey Jaffer, the author of the SLIB Scheme library and the JACAL interactive computer algebra (symbolic mathematics) program. It conforms to the standards R4RS, R5RS, and IEEE P1178. It is free and open-source software released under a GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).SCM runs on many different operating systems such as AmigaOS (also emulation), Linux, Atari-ST, macOS (SCM Mac), DOS, OS/2, NOS/VE, Unicos, VMS, Unix, and similar systems. SCM includes Hobbit, a Scheme-to-C compiler written originally in 2002 by Tanel Tammet. It generates C files which binaries can be dynamically or statically linked with an SCM executable. SCM includes linkable modules for SLIB features like sequence comparison, arrays, records, and byte-number conversions, and modules for Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) system calls and network sockets, Readline, curses, and Xlib. On some platforms, SCM supports unexec (developed for Emacs and bash), which dumps an executable image from a running SCM. This results in a fast startup for SCM. SCM developed from Scheme In One Defun (SIOD) in about 1990. GNU Guile developed from SCM in 1993.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCM_(Scheme_implementation),beginner to advance
+1984,Split-C,"Split-C is a parallel extension of the C programming language. The Split-C project website describes Split-C as:  a parallel extension of the C programming language that supports efficient access to a global address space on current distributed memory multiprocessors. It retains the ""small language"" character of C and supports careful engineering and optimization of programs by providing a simple, predictable cost model. Development of Split-C appears to be at a standstill since 1996.  Split-C is similar to Cilk.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-C,beginner to advance
+1985,RapidQ,"RapidQ (also known as Rapid-Q) is a free, cross-platform, semi-object-oriented dialect of the BASIC programming language. It can create console, graphical user interface, and Common Gateway Interface applications. The integrated development environment includes a drag-and-drop form designer, syntax highlighting, and single-button compilation. Versions are available for Microsoft Windows, Linux, Solaris, and HP-UX. Additional functionality not normally seen in BASIC languages are function callbacks and primitive object-orientation. The language is called semi-object-oriented by its author because there are only two levels of the class hierarchy: built-in classes, and user-defined classes derived from those; the latter cannot be extended further. The ability to call external shared libraries is available, thus giving full access to the underlying operating system's application program interface. Other capabilities include built-in interfaces to DirectX and MySQL. RapidQ features a bytecode compiler that produces standalone executables by binding the generated bytecode with the interpreter. No external run time libraries are needed; the bytecode interpreter is self-contained. The file sizes of executable files created by RapidQ are about 150 kilobytes or larger for console applications. RapidQ's author, William Yu, sold the source code to REAL Software, the makers of REALbasic, in 2000.The freely distributed program has been improved and many additional components have been created by an active user group.","RapidQ, , wikipedia, Unknown",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RapidQ,beginner to advance
+1986,GRAAL,"Graal may refer to:  A style of glassblowing Holy Grail, or ""Graal"" in older forms Graal-Müritz, a health resort by the Baltic Sea in Germany Graal Radio - internet streaming radio GraalVM, a Java virtual machine extension aiming to support more languages and execution modes Graal (album), an album by Polish rapper Tau (AKA Medium) Graal Online, an MMORPG for Windows, Linux, OS X, and iOS. The German Wikipedia has an article here.","GRAAL, , reference, wikipedia, France","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f23da962c4fc590b08a374e9a79ea66f52d55f44, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graal",beginner to advance
+1987,Charcoal,,"Charcoal, somebody1234, website, Unknown",website: https://github.com/somebody1234/Charcoal/,beginner to advance
+1989,Beta BASIC,"Beta BASIC is a BASIC interpreter for the Sinclair Research ZX Spectrum microcomputer, written by Dr Andy Wright in 1983 and sold by his one-man software house BetaSoft. BetaSoft also produced a regular newsletter/magazine, BetaNews. Originally it started as a BASIC toolkit but over time it grew into a full replacement.","Beta BASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1990,CECIL,"Cecil is a pure object-oriented programming language that was developed by Craig Chambers at the University of Washington in 1992 to be part of the Vortex project there. Cecil has many similarities to other object-oriented languages, most notably Objective-C, Modula-3, and Self. The main goals of the project were extensibility, orthogonality, efficiency, and ease-of-use. The language supports multiple dispatch and multimethods, dynamic inheritance, and optional static type checking. Unlike most other OOP systems, Cecil allows subtyping and code inheritance to be used separately, allowing run-time or external extension of object classes or instances. Like Objective-C, all object services in Cecil are invoked by message passing, and the language supports run-time class identification. These features allow Cecil to support dynamic, exploratory programming styles. Parameterized types and methods (generics, polymorphism), garbage collection, and delegation are also supported. Cecil also supports a module mechanism for isolating independent libraries or packages. Cecil does not presently support threads or any other form of concurrency. A standard library for Cecil is also available and includes various collection, utility, system, I/O, and GUI classes. The Diesel language was the successor of Cecil.There was also an assembler type language known as Cesil (Computer Education in Schools Instructional Language) used in the late-1970s developed by ICL. It was quite similar to the later language MASM.","CECIL, Craig Chambers, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1991,Meditech Interpretive Information System,"MIIS (Meditech Interpretive Information System) is a MUMPS-like programming language that was created by A.Neil Pappalardo and Curt W. Marble, on a DEC PDP at Mass General Hospital from 1964 to 1968. MUMPS evolution took two major directions: MUMPS proper and MIIS. MUMPS became an ANSI and ISO-standard language. When many MUMPS implementations standardized to be compatible, MIIS did not standardize, but became a proprietary system instead. As an example of the differences between MUMPS and MIIS, the value of a logical expression in MUMPS may be false = zero (0) or true = non-zero, canonically, one (1). In MIIS, the value false is the empty string and the value of true is a string consisting of the ASCII delete character (code 127 decimal). There is also a philosophical difference between the dialects.  MIIS often takes the approach that code should march along, regardless of possible errors, where MUMPS will error out to prevent more serious problems.  For example, when encountering an undefined variable, MUMPS generates an error where MIIS treats it as nil. In the 1980s Brigham and Women's Hospital in Massachusetts used MIIS to program their Data General Mainframe. In 1986, SCAMC reported that Vancouver General Hospital also had an Integrated Cardiology Patient Management System written in MIIS. The MIIS language has been used in programming library systems as well as health industry systems. The OCLC's library system is one example. It has also been used to create financial systems for insurance brokers, as seen in Ireland and the UK in the late 1970s.","Meditech Interpretive Information System, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIIS_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1992,Ease,"Ease is a general purpose parallel programming language. It is designed by Steven Ericsson-Zenith, a researcher at Yale University, the Institute for Advanced Science & Engineering in Silicon Valley, California, the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, and the Pierre and Marie Curie University, the science department of the Sorbonne.The book Process Interaction Models is the Ease language specification. Ease combines the process constructs of communicating sequential processes (CSP) with logically shared data structures called contexts. Contexts are parallel data types that are constructed by processes and provide a way for processes to interact. The language includes two process constructors. A cooperation includes an explicit barrier synchronization and is written:                         ∥         P         (         )         ∥         Q         (         )         ;                 {\displaystyle \parallel P()\parallel Q();}   If one process finishes before the other, then it will wait until the other processes are finished. A subordination creates a process that shares the contexts that are in scope when created and finishes when complete (it does not wait for other processes) and is written:                                                 /                                                          /                  P         (         )         ;                 {\displaystyle {\big /}\!\!/P();}   Subordinate processes stop if they attempt to interact with a context that  has completed because the parent process has stopped. This enables speculative processes to be created that will finish if their result is not needed. Powerful replication syntax allows multiple processes to be created. For example,                         ∥                    i                                      f           o           r                                      n                  :         P         (         i         )         ;                 {\displaystyle \parallel {i}\;{for}\;{n}:P(i);}   creates n synchronized processes each with a local constant i. Processes cannot share local variables and cooperate in the construction of shared contexts. Certain context types, called resources, ensure call-reply semantics. There are four functions upon contexts:  read (context, variable) – copies a value from the shared context to the variable. write (context, expression) – copies the value of expression to the shared context. put (context, name) – moves the value bound to name to the shared context. The value of name is subsequently undefined. get (context, name) – moves a value from context and binds it to name. The value is removed from the context.Context types are Singletons, Bags or Streams and can be subscripted arrays. Ease has a semiotic definition. This means that it accounts for the effect the language has on the programmer and how they develop algorithms. The language was designed to ease the developing of parallel programs.","Ease, Steven Ericsson-Zenith, wikipedia, United States and France",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ease_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+1993,JOSS Extended and Adapted for Nineteen-hundred,"JEAN was a dialect of the JOSS programming language developed for and used on ICT 1900 series computers in the late 1960s and early 1970s; it was implemented under the MINIMOP operating system. It was used at the University of Southampton. JEAN was an acronym derived from ""JOSS Extended and Adapted for Nineteen-hundred"". It was operated from a Teletype terminal.","JOSS Extended and Adapted for Nineteen-hundred, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEAN,beginner to advance
+1994,ELAN,"ELAN is an educational programming language for learning and teaching systematic programming. It was developed in 1974 by C.H.A. Koster and a group at the Technical University of Berlin as an alternative to BASIC in teaching, and approved for use in secondary schools in Germany by the ""Arbeitskreis Schulsprache"". It is in use in a number of schools in Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Hungary for informatics teaching in secondary education, and used at the Radboud University Nijmegen in the Netherlands for teaching systematic programming to students from various disciplines and in teacher courses. The language design focuses strongly on structured programming, and has a special construction for stepwise refinement, allowing students to focus on top-down design, and bottom-up coding.","ELAN, , website, wikipedia, Germany","website: http://www.cs.ru.nl/elan/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELAN_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+1995,IPTSCRAE,"Iptscrae is a stack-oriented scripting language used to give additional functionality to The Palace software and servers. Its name comes from the pronunciation of ""script"" in Pig Latin. [1] The language was created by Jim Bumgardner, who in turn was inspired by Forth, another stack-based language.  Bumgardner chose this style of language because it is extremely easily to implement an interpreter, since there is no need to support parenthetical groupings or operator precedence. The name ""iptScrae"" was borrowed by Bumgardner from a former colleague and mentor, Kevin Bjorke, who came up with the name ""iptscray"" for a freeware Forth interpreter a few years previously.  Bumgardner originally created Iptscrae for Idaho, an in-house multi-media authoring system, similar to HyperCard, which he created while an employee at Warner New Media.  He then reused and modified the IptScrae compiler for the Palace project, which was developed in 1994. Although it is a scripting language, many have used it to provide additional functionality to many other programs and functions. Forums can be created with Iptscrae while embedding it with JavaScript, as many factions of Iptscrae fans have done in the past. It's fully possible to implement Iptscrae with other languages, even if they're not on the same dynamic principles. For example, Iptscrae has, in the past, been webbed together with Java, JavaScript, HTML, and other artificial languages, including other scripting languages, programming languages, specification languages, query languages, and markup languages to add more end-user interactions and commands to other programs, without sacrificing user-friendliness. In the past years, Iptscrae has even been utilized in computer peer groups through open-source language compilers, using not only transformation and hardware description languages, but also combining it with several other genres of computer languages to create an intertwined web of user-friendliness and application compatibility.","IPTSCRAE, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTSCRAE,beginner to advance
+1996,moinmoin,,"moinmoin, , website, Germany",website: http://moinmo.in/HelpOnMoinWikiSyntax,beginner to advance
+1997,CodeStudAssembler,,"CodeStudAssembler, , reference, Various",reference: https://v8.dev/blog/csa,beginner to advance
+1998,Run BASIC,"Run BASIC is a web application server, based on the Liberty BASIC version of the BASIC programming language.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_BASIC,beginner to advance
+1999,Magik,"Magik is an object-oriented programming language that supports multiple inheritance, polymorphism and is dynamically typed. It was designed implemented in 1989 by Arthur Chance, of Smallworld Systems Ltd, as part of Smallworld Geographical Information System (GIS). Following Smallworld's acquisition in 2000, Magik is now is provided by GE Energy, still as part of its Smallworld technology platform. Magik (Inspirational Magik) was originally introduced in 1990 and has been improved and updated over the years. Its current version is 5.1. In July 2012, Magik developers announced that they were in the process of porting Magik language on the Java virtual machine. The successful porting was confirmed by Oracle Corporation in November of the same year.","Magik, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magik_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2000,moya,,"moya, Will McGugan, website, United Kingdom",website: https://www.moyaproject.com/,beginner to advance
+2001,TUTOR,"TUTOR (also known as PLATO Author Language) is a programming language developed for use on the PLATO system at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign around 1965. TUTOR was initially designed by Paul Tenczar for use in computer assisted instruction (CAI) and computer managed instruction (CMI) (in computer programs called ""lessons"") and has many features for that purpose. For example, TUTOR has powerful answer-parsing and answer-judging commands, graphics, and features to simplify handling student records and statistics by instructors. TUTOR's flexibility, in combination with PLATO's computational power (running on what was considered a supercomputer in 1972), also made it suitable for the creation of many non-educational lessons—that is, games—including flight simulators, war games, dungeon style multiplayer role-playing games, card games, word games, and medical lesson games such as Bugs and Drugs (BND).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUTOR_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2002,Refer,"refer is a program for managing bibliographic references, and citing them in troff documents.  It is implemented as a troff preprocessor. refer was written by Mike Lesk at Bell Laboratories in or before 1978, and is now available as part of most Unix-like operating systems.  A free reimplementation exists as part of the groff package. As of 2015, refer sees little use, primarily because troff itself is not used much for longer technical writing that might need software support for reference and citation management.  As of 2016, some reference management software (for instance, RefWorks) will import refer data.","Refer, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refer_(software),beginner to advance
+2003,RLaB,"Rlab is an interactive, interpreted numerical computation program and its core programming language, written by Ian Searle. Rlab (the language) is very high level and is intended to provide fast prototyping and program development, as well as easy data-visualization, and processing. Rlab was not designed as a clone of MATLAB. However, as Rlab (the program) is intended to provide a good experimental environment (or laboratory) in which to do matrix math, the programming language possesses similar operators and concepts and could be called MATLAB-like. Rlab borrows some of the best features of the MATLAB language but provides them through a different syntax that has been modified in order to be more expressive while reducing ambiguity. The variable scoping rules facilitate the creation of larger programs and re-usable program libraries. A heterogeneous associative array datatype has been added to allow users to create and operate on arbitrary data structures. The fundamental data type is the dense floating point matrix (either real or complex), though string and sparse numerical matrices (both real and complex) are also provided. Rlab 2.1 is no longer under active development. Binary versions are available for Linux and for Windows, and source code is available under the GPL. Rlab 2.2 has been released as a part of the project rlabplus by Marijan Koštrun.","RLaB, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://web.archive.org/web/19990428033158/https://www.eskimo.com/~ians/rlab.html, wikipedia: https://web.archive.org/web/20170310231827/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rlab",beginner to advance
+2004,Flatline,,"Flatline, , website, United States",website: http://bigmlcom.github.io/flatline,beginner to advance
+2005,OptimJ,"OptimJ is an extension of the Java with language support for writing optimization models and abstractions for bulk data processing. The extensions and the proprietary product implementing the extensions were developed by Ateji which went out of business in September 2011. OptimJ aims at providing a clear and concise algebraic notation for optimization modeling, removing compatibility barriers between optimization modeling and application programming tools, and bringing software engineering techniques such as object-orientation and modern IDE support to optimization experts. OptimJ models are directly compatible with Java source code, existing Java libraries such as database access, Excel connection or graphical interfaces. OptimJ is compatible with development tools such as Eclipse, CVS, JUnit or JavaDoc. OptimJ is available free with the following solvers: lp_solve, glpk, LP or MPS file formats and also supports the following commercial solvers: Gurobi, MOSEK, IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OptimJ,beginner to advance
+2006,Kaleidoscope,"The Kaleidoscope programming language is a constraint programming language embedding constraints into an imperative object-oriented language.  It adds keywords always, once, and assert..during (formerly while..assert) to make statements about relational invariants. Objects have constraint constructors, which are not methods, to enforce the meanings of user-defined datatypes. There are three versions of Kaleidoscope which show an evolution from declarative to an increasingly imperative style. Differences between them are as follows.","Kaleidoscope, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleidoscope_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2007,Small,"SMALL, Small Machine Algol Like Language, is a programming language developed by Dr. Nevil Brownlee of Auckland University.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMALL,beginner to advance
+2008,3APL,"An Abstract Agent Programming Language or Artificial Autonomous Agents Programming Language or 3APL (pronounced triple-A-P-L) is an experimental tool and programming language for the development, implementation and testing of multiple cognitive agents using the Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) approach.",,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5167cbb780bac55456a0f69c16f175eb61269c8d, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3APL",beginner to advance
+2009,Enterprise Mashup Markup Language,"EMML, or Enterprise Mashup Markup Language, is an XML markup language for creating enterprise mashups, which are software applications that consume and mash data from variety of sources, often performing logical or mathematical operations as well as presenting data. Mashed data produced by enterprise mashups are presented in graphical user interfaces as mashlets, widgets, or gadgets. EMML can also be considered a declarative mashup domain-specific language (DSL). A mashup DSL eliminates the need for complex, time-consuming, and repeatable procedural programming logic to create enterprise mashups. EMML also provides a declarative language for creating visual tools for enterprise mashups.   The primary benefits of EMML are mashup design portability and interoperability of mashup solutions. These benefits are expected to accelerate the adoption of enterprise mashups by creating transferable skills for software developers and reducing vendor lock-in. The introduction of EMML is expected to help accelerate the trend toward the integration of Web-based applications and service-oriented architecture (SOA) technologies. Bank of America was a high-profile early supporter of EMML. Other prominent early supporters included Hewlett-Packard, Capgemini, Adobe Systems, and Intel.","Enterprise Mashup Markup Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Mashup_Markup_Language,beginner to advance
+2010,System Automatycznego Kodowania Operacji,"SAKO (PL: System Automatycznego Kodowania Operacji - EN: Automatic Operation Encoding System) is a non-English-based programming language written for Polish computers XYZ, ZAM-2, ZAM-21 and ZAM-41.","System Automatycznego Kodowania Operacji, , wikipedia, Poland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAKO_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2011,mimix-stream-language,,"mimix-stream-language, Rommel MARTINEZ, website, reference, United States","website: https://mimix.io/dev/msl, reference: https://mimix.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/MSL-Specifications-2020.pdf",beginner to advance
+2013,AmbientTalk,,"AmbientTalk, , website, Belgium",website: https://code.google.com/p/ambienttalk,beginner to advance
+2014,Devicetree,,"Devicetree, , website, England",website: https://www.devicetree.org/,beginner to advance
+2015,Objective-S,,"Objective-S, , website, reference, Germany","website: https://objective.st/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32444300",beginner to advance
+2016,protium,,"protium, Diarmuid Pigott, website, reference, Australia","website: http://www.protiumblue.com/, reference: http://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3468524",beginner to advance
+2017,Make,,"Make, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/40cf2b47de20d0b930cd4b5184febe40bdc681c8,beginner to advance
+2018,Robots.txt,,"Robots.txt, Martijn Koster, reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robots_exclusion_standard,beginner to advance
+2020,Augment,Augment or augmentation may refer to:,"Augment, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/10d89b3b16ec56053272895b1f996f713a3d80ac, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augment",beginner to advance
+2021,IBM BASIC,"The IBM Personal Computer Basic, commonly shortened to IBM BASIC, is a programming language first released by IBM with the IBM Personal Computer (model 5150) in 1981. IBM released four different versions of the Microsoft BASIC interpreter, licensed from Microsoft for the PC and PCjr. They are known as Cassette BASIC, Disk BASIC, Advanced BASIC (BASICA), and Cartridge BASIC. Versions of Disk BASIC and Advanced BASIC were included with IBM PC DOS up to PC DOS 4. In addition to the features of an ANSI standard BASIC, the IBM versions offered support for the graphics and sound hardware of the IBM PC line. Source code could be typed in with a full screen editor, and very limited facilities were provided for rudimentary program debugging. IBM also released a version of the Microsoft BASIC compiler for the PC, concurrently with the release of PC DOS 1.10 in 1982.","IBM BASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_BASIC,beginner to advance
+2022,DarkBASIC,"The Game Creators Ltd (formerly Dark Basic Software Limited) is a British software house based in Macclesfield, England, which specialises in software for video game development. The company was established in March 1999 through a partnership between programmers Lee Bamber and Richard Vanner.","DarkBASIC, , website, reference, wikipedia, United Kingdom","website: https://www.thegamecreators.com/, reference: https://github.com/TheGameCreators/Dark-Basic-Pro, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DarkBASIC",beginner to advance
+2023,Apple BASIC,"Integer BASIC, written by Steve Wozniak, is the BASIC interpreter of the Apple I and original Apple II computers. Originally available on cassette, then included in ROM on the original Apple II computer at release in 1977, it was the first version of BASIC used by many early home computer owners.Integer BASIC was phased out in favor of Applesoft BASIC starting with the Apple II Plus in 1979. This was a licensed but modified version of Microsoft BASIC, which included the floating point support missing in Integer BASIC.","Apple BASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_BASIC,beginner to advance
+2024,Cambridge Algebra System,"Cambridge Algebra System (CAMAL) is a computer algebra system written in Cambridge University by David Barton, Steve Bourne, and John Fitch. It was initially used for computations in celestial mechanics and general relativity. The foundation code was written in Titan computer assembler,.  In 1973, when Titan was replaced with an IBM370/85, it was rewritten in ALGOL 68C and then BCPL where it could run on IBM mainframes and assorted microcomputers.","Cambridge Algebra System, , wikipedia, England",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Algebra_System,beginner to advance
+2025,PACT I,"PACT was a series of compilers for the IBM 701 and IBM 704 scientific computers. Their development was conducted jointly by IBM and a committee of customers starting in 1954. PACT I was developed for the 701, and PACT IA for the 704. The emphasis in that early generation of compilers was minimization of the memory footprint, because memory was a very expensive resource at the time. The word ""compiler"" was not in widespread use at the time, so most of the 1956 papers described it as an ""(automatic) coding system"", although the word compiler was also used in some papers.","PACT I, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PACT_I,beginner to advance
+2026,LINC 4GL,"LINC (""Logic and Information Network Compiler"") is a fourth-generation programming language, used mostly on Unisys computer systems.","LINC 4GL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINC_4GL,beginner to advance
+2027,Spice Lisp,"Spice Lisp is a Lisp dialect and its implementation originally written by CMU's Spice Lisp Group which targeted the microcode of the 16-bit PERQ workstation and its Accent operating system; it used that workstation's microcode abilities (it provided microcodes for Pascal, C, and Ada besides) to implement a stack architecture to store its data structures as 32-bit objects and to enable runtime type-checking. It would later be popular on other workstations. Spice Lisp evolved into CMUCL, a Common Lisp implementation.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Lisp,beginner to advance
+2028,Dataflex,,"Dataflex, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: http://www.dataflex.wiki/index.php/DataFlex, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataFlex",beginner to advance
+2029,semicolon,,"semicolon, Pavan Kumar Sunkara, website, document, India","website: https://pksunkara.com/semicolon, documentation: https://esolangs.org/wiki/Semicolon",beginner to advance
+2030,lever,,"lever, , website, Finland",website: http://leverlanguage.com/,beginner to advance
+2032,Kalyn,,"Kalyn, Radon Rosborough, website, United States",website: https://intuitiveexplanations.com/tech/kalyn,beginner to advance
+2033,Piet,"An esoteric programming language (sometimes shortened to esolang) is a programming language designed to test the boundaries of computer programming language design, as a proof of concept, as software art, as a hacking interface to another language (particularly functional programming or procedural programming languages), or as a joke.  The use of esoteric distinguishes these languages from programming languages that working developers use to write software. Usually, an esolang's creators do not intend the language to be used for mainstream programming, although some esoteric features, such as visuospatial syntax,  have inspired practical applications in the arts.  Such languages are often popular among hackers and hobbyists. Usability is rarely a goal for esoteric programming language designers—often it is quite the opposite.  Their usual aim is to remove or replace conventional language features while still maintaining a language that is Turing-complete, or even one for which the computational class is unknown.","Piet, , wikipedia, Australia",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_%28programming_language%29,beginner to advance
+2034,Slony,"Slony-I is an asynchronous master-slave replication system for the PostgreSQL DBMS, providing support for cascading and failover. Asynchronous means that when a database transaction has been committed to the master server, it is not yet guaranteed to be available in slaves. Cascading means that replicas can be created (and updated) via other replicas, i.e. they needn't directly connect to the master.","Slony, Steve Singer, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://www.slony.info/, documentation: https://www.slony.info/documentation/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slony-I",beginner to advance
+2035,obsidian,,"obsidian, Michael Coblenz, website, United States",website: http://obsidian-lang.com,beginner to advance
+2036,Text Executive Programming Language,"In 1979, Honeywell Information Systems announced a new programming language for their time-sharing service named TEX, an acronym for the Text Executive text processing system. TEX was a first generation scripting language, developed around the time of AWK and used by Honeywell initially as an in-house system test automation tool. TEX extended the Honeywell Time-Sharing service (TSS) line editor with programmable capabilities which allowed the user greater latitude in developing ease-of-use editing extensions as well as write scripts to automate many other time-sharing tasks formerly done by more complex TSS FORTRAN programs.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_Executive_Programming_Language,beginner to advance
+2037,Wirth syntax notation,"Wirth syntax notation (WSN) is a metasyntax, that is, a formal way to describe formal languages. Originally proposed by Niklaus Wirth in 1977 as an alternative to Backus–Naur form (BNF). It has several advantages over BNF in that it contains an explicit iteration construct, and it avoids the use of an explicit symbol for the empty string (such as <empty> or ε).WSN has been used in several international standards, starting with ISO 10303-21. It was also used to define the syntax of EXPRESS, the data modelling language of STEP.",,"reference: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/359863.359883, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirth_syntax_notation",beginner to advance
+2038,egel,,"egel, , website, Unknown",website: https://egel-lang.github.io/,beginner to advance
+2039,QOIR,,"QOIR, Nigel Tao, website, reference, document, Australia","website: https://nigeltao.github.io, reference: https://nigeltao.github.io/blog/2022/qoir.html, documentation: https://github.com/nigeltao/qoir#readme",beginner to advance
+2040,Formula language,"The Formula language is a scripting language used by Lotus Notes. It is often referred to as @Formula language (pronounced at-formula) because many language elements start with the @-character. Here is an example of a selection formula:  SELECT @NoteId = ""NT0050D26""  It was created by Ray Ozzie during the early development of Lotus Notes. He borrowed the compiler and decompiler from the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet, but unlike the spreadsheet language Formula Language was designed primarily for string and list processing, not numerical processing.  It was originally a Functional programming language with unique text list-handling features inspired by Ray Ozzie's prior use of Icon and Lisp. The Formula language engine was rewritten by Damien Katz for Notes and Domino 6. New features were added to the language, such as looping and dynamic execution, and performance was improved.The Formula language has two parts:  @Functions for calculations and simple logic @Commands for performing actions in the user interface@Functions can be used in several places throughout Lotus Notes. The most important uses are:  to select documents to show to the user in a view (a kind of index) or to select documents for further processing. In this case, the formula will evaluate to a 'true' (selected) or 'false' value (not selected) for each document. to provide default values for fields, to transform the data entered by the user (like stripping off redundant spaces) and to validate this data. to get a list of values from a Notes database or even from a relational database (using ODBC). This may be used to provide a user with a list of values to choose from. to process a set of documents. The formula is placed in an agent, a program or macro that can be started by a user or by the Notes server according to a schedule. When the agent is triggered, the formula executes for each selected document (this a very limited form of a loop). This is an efficient way of changing lots of documents, if the logic is not too complicated. In case of complicated changes, LotusScript is used.@Commands are like menu commands: they perform actions in the Lotus Notes client. Examples of actions are:  opening a Notes database creating an e-mail putting the cursor in a specific data-entry field closing a window starting an agent@Commands are primarily used in formulas that are triggered by user action, such as in button formulas. It is possible to combine them with @Functions, for example by making execution of an @command conditional on a field value.","Formula language, , website, reference, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSVRGU_9.0.1/basic/H_NOTES_FORMULA_LANGUAGE.html, reference: https://searchdomino.techtarget.com/tutorial/What-is-Lotus-Formula-language, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_language",beginner to advance
+2041,NilScript,,"NilScript, Ricci Adams, website, United States",website: https://github.com/musictheory/NilScript,beginner to advance
+2042,OBJ,"OBJ is a programming language family introduced by Joseph Goguen in 1976. It is a family of declarative ""ultra high-level"" languages. It features abstract types, generic modules, subsorts (subtypes with multiple inheritance), pattern-matching modulo equations, E-strategies (user control over laziness), module expressions (for combining modules), theories and views (for describing module interfaces) for the massively parallel RRM (rewrite rule machine). Members of the OBJ family of languages include CafeOBJ, Eqlog, FOOPS, Kumo, Maude and OBJ3.","OBJ, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBJ_%28programming_language%29,beginner to advance
+2043,CMS Pipelines,CMS Pipelines implements the pipeline concept under the VM/CMS operating system. The programs in a pipeline operate on a sequential stream of records. A program writes records that are read by the next program in the pipeline. Any program can be combined with any other because reading and writing is done through a device independent interface.,,"reference: https://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=pub1sl26001805, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMS_Pipelines",beginner to advance
+2044,DEVIL,"Developer's Image Library or DevIL started by Denton Woods, is a cross-platform image library which aims to provide a common API for different image file formats. It consists of three parts: the main library (IL), the utility library (ILU) and the utility toolkit (ILUT), mirroring the corresponding parts of OpenGL (although the OpenGL Utility Toolkit is not part of the OpenGL specification).It was originally called OpenIL; the name was changed at a request from Silicon Graphics, Inc.DevIL currently supports 43 file formats for reading and 17 for writing; among those with read-write support are BMP, DDS, JPEG, PCX, PNG, raw, TGA, and TIFF. The actual supported formats depend on compilation settings, in particular, external libraries like libjpeg and libpng.On June 9, 2010, Woods announced that he had submitted a request to change the licensing terms from the GNU LGPL to a BSD license. According to the website (as well as the source repository), DevIL is still licensed under the terms of the LGPL. DevIl is listed in the directory of the Free Software Foundation as Free Software.","DEVIL, , reference, wikipedia, China","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5eab2aa7f9c00db214e1335c2c19033dbf68f831, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DevIL",beginner to advance
+2047,mdl,,"mdl, Reid Tatge, website, reference, document, United States","website: https://github.com/MPACT-ORG, reference: https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-mdl-a-micro-architecture-description-language-for-llvm/66409/4, documentation: https://llvm.org/docs/GettingStarted.html",beginner to advance
+2048,JCOF,,"JCOF, Martin Dørum, reference, Norway",reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32109406,beginner to advance
+2049,IPL,,"IPL, Johan Georg Granström, website, reference, Switzerland","website: http://intuitionistic.org/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=31964766",beginner to advance
+2050,Astatine,,"Astatine, Spydr06, website, Germany",website: https://github.com/Spydr06/astatine/,beginner to advance
+2051,emfatic,,"emfatic, , website, Canada",website: https://www.eclipse.org/epsilon/doc/articles/emfatic/,beginner to advance
+2052,git-config,,"git-config, , website, United States",website: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-config#_syntax,beginner to advance
+2053,LARP,,"LARP, Marco Lavoie, website, Canada",website: http://www.marcolavoie.ca/larp/en/default.htm,beginner to advance
+2054,Lazy K,,"Lazy K, , website, reference, The Netherlands","website: https://tromp.github.io/cl/lazy-k.html, reference: http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/406",beginner to advance
+2055,Liso,,"Liso, Olivier Breuleux, website, reference, Canada","website: http://breuleux.net/blog/liso.html, reference: http://breuleux.net/blog/oexprs.html",beginner to advance
+2056,CBOR data definition language,,"CBOR data definition language, , reference, Germany",reference: https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-cbor-cddl-00,beginner to advance
+2057,hop,,"hop, , reference, France",reference: https://www.lri.fr/~conchon/TER/2012/3/dls06.pdf,beginner to advance
+2058,Ion Schema Language,,"Ion Schema Language, , reference, United States",reference: https://amzn.github.io/ion-schema/docs/spec.html,beginner to advance
+2059,ppm-format,,"ppm-format, , reference, United States",reference: http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/ppm.html,beginner to advance
+2060,Portable Standard Lisp,"Portable Standard Lisp (PSL) is a tail-recursive dynamically bound dialect of Lisp inspired by its predecessor, Standard Lisp and the Portable Lisp Compiler. It was developed by researchers at the University of Utah in 1980, which released PSL 3.1; development was handed over to developers at Hewlett-Packard in 1982 who released PSL 3.3 and up. Portable Standard Lisp was available as a kit containing a screen editor, a compiler, and an interpreter for the 68000 processor architecture, DEC-20s, CRAY-1s, and the VAX architecture (among many others). Today, PSL is mainly developed by and available from Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin.  Its main modern use is as underlying language for implementations of Reduce.Like most older lisps, PSL in the first step compiles Lisp to LAP code, which is a platform independent language in its own.  However, where older lisps mostly compiled LAP directly to assembler or some architecture dependent intermediate,  PSL compiles the LAP to C code, which would run in a virtual machine language; so programs written in it in principle are as portable as C itself, which is very portable. The compiler itself was written in PSL or a more primitive dialect dubbed ""System Lisp""/""SYSLISP"" as ""an experiment in writing a production-quality Lisp in Lisp itself as much as possible, with only minor amounts of code written by hand in assembly language or other systems languages"", so the whole ensemble could bootstrap itself, and improvements to the compiler improved the compiler itself as well. Some later releases had a compatibility package for Common Lisp, but this is not sustained in the modern versions.","Portable Standard Lisp, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Standard_Lisp,beginner to advance
+2061,Polymorphic Programming Language,"The Polymorphic Programming Language (PPL) was developed in 1969 at Harvard University by Thomas A. Standish. It is an interactive, extensible language with a base language similar to the language APL.The assignment operator <- (or ←) has influenced the language S.","Polymorphic Programming Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphic_Programming_Language,beginner to advance
+2062,Stalin,"Stalin (STAtic Language ImplementatioN) is an aggressive optimizing batch whole-program Scheme compiler written by Jeffrey Mark Siskind.  It uses advanced flow analysis and type inference and a variety of other optimization techniques to produce code. Stalin is intended for production use in generating an optimized executable. The compiler itself runs slowly, and there is little or no support for debugging or other niceties.  Full R4RS Scheme is supported, with a few minor and rarely encountered omissions.  Interfacing to external C libraries is straightforward.  The compiler itself does lifetime analysis and hence does not generate as much garbage as might be expected, but global reclamation of storage is done using the Boehm garbage collector. The name is a joke: ""Stalin brutally optimizes."" Stalin is free software, licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), and is available online.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalin_(Scheme_implementation),beginner to advance
+2063,Cullinet,"Cullinet was a software company whose products included the database management system IDMS and the integrated software package Goldengate. In 1989, the company was bought by Computer Associates. Cullinet was headquartered at 400 Blue Hill Drive in Westwood, Massachusetts.","Cullinet, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullinet,beginner to advance
+2064,Knowledge Interchange Format,"Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) is a computer language designed to enable systems to share and re-use information from knowledge-based systems. KIF is similar to frame languages such as KL-One and LOOM but unlike such language its primary role is not intended as a framework for the expression or use of knowledge but rather for the interchange of knowledge between systems. The designers of KIF likened it to PostScript. PostScript was not designed primarily as a language to store and manipulate documents but rather as an interchange format for systems and devices to share documents. In the same way KIF is meant to facilitate sharing of knowledge across different systems that use different languages, formalisms, platforms, etc. KIF has a declarative semantics. It is meant to describe facts about the world rather than processes or procedures. Knowledge can be described as objects, functions, relations, and rules. It is a formal language, i.e., it can express arbitrary statements in first order logic and can support reasoners that can prove the consistency of a set of KIF statements. KIF also supports non-monotonic reasoning. KIF was  created by Michael Genesereth, Richard Fikes and others participating in the DARPA knowledge Sharing Effort.Although the original KIF group intended to submit to a formal standards body, that did not occur.  A later version called Common Logic has since been developed for submission to ISO and has been approved and published. A variant called SUO-KIF is the language in which the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology is written.","Knowledge Interchange Format, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Interchange_Format,beginner to advance
+2065,Nimskull,,"Nimskull, Andreas Rumpf, website, reference, Various","website: https://nim-works.github.io/nimskull/index.html, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32021299",beginner to advance
+2066,Tynker,"Tynker is an educational programming platform aimed at teaching children how to make games and programs.  Instead of typing the source code, you visually drag blocks of code and snap them together. The visual design and principles are based on the free Scratch, just like Hopscotch and Snap!. Tynker is based on HTML5 and JavaScript, and can be used in the browser without plugins, as well as on tablets and smartphones. Another difference is that Scratch is a free open source project, while Tynker is a commercial product, aimed at selling courses. Tynker offers self-paced online courses for children to learn coding at home, as well as an engaging programming curriculum for schools and camps. It makes it easier for kids to learn coding as it teaches kids coding through creating games like Minecraft, Hour of Code etc.",,"website: https://www.tynker.com/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynker",beginner to advance
+2067,XBEL,"The XML Bookmark Exchange Language (XBEL), is an open XML standard for sharing Internet URIs, also known as bookmarks (or favorites in Internet Explorer). An example of XBEL use is the XBELicious application, which stores Del.icio.us bookmarks in XBEL format. The Galeon, Konqueror, Arora and Midori web browsers use XBEL as the format for storing user bookmarks. The SiteBar bookmark server can import and export bookmarks in XBEL format. XBEL was created by the Python XML Special Interest Group ""to create an interesting, fun project which was both useful and would demonstrate the Python XML processing software which was being developed at the time"".It is also used by Nautilus and gedit of the GNOME desktop environment.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XBEL,beginner to advance
+2068,HP-GL,"HP-GL, short for Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language and often written as HPGL, is a printer control language created by Hewlett-Packard (HP). HP-GL was the primary printer control language used by HP plotters. It later became a standard for almost all plotters. Hewlett-Packard's printers also usually support HP-GL/2 in addition to PCL.","HP-GL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-GL,beginner to advance
+2069,Game Oriented Assembly Lisp,"Game Oriented Assembly Lisp (or GOAL) is a video game programming language developed by Andy Gavin and the Jak and Daxter team at Naughty Dog. It was written using Allegro Common Lisp and used in the development of the entire Jak and Daxter series of games. Syntactically GOAL resembles Scheme, though with many idiosyncratic features such as classes, inheritance, and virtual functions. GOAL encourages an imperative programming style: programs tend to consist of a sequence of events to be executed rather than the functional programming style of functions to be evaluated recursively. This is a diversion from Scheme, which allows such side-effects but does not encourage imperative style. GOAL does not run in an interpreter, but instead is compiled directly into PlayStation 2 machine code for execution. It offers limited facilities for garbage collection, relying extensively on runtime support. It offers dynamic memory allocation primitives designed to make it well-suited to running in constant memory on a video game console. GOAL has extensive support for inlined assembly code using a special rlet form, allowing programmers to freely mix assembly and higher-level constructs within the same function. The GOAL compiler is implemented in Allegro Common Lisp. It supports a long term compiling listener session which gives the compiler knowledge about the state of the compiled and therefore running program, including the symbol table. This, in addition to dynamic linking, allows a function to be edited, recompiled, uploaded, and inserted into a running game without having to restart. The process is similar to the ""edit and continue"" feature offered by some C++ compilers, but allows the programmer to replace arbitrary amounts of code (even up to entire object files), and does not interrupt the running game with the debugger. This feature was used to implement code as well as level streaming in the Jak and Daxter games. GOAL's first use was for the Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy game. The predecessor language, Game Oriented Object Lisp (GOOL), was also developed by Andy Gavin for the Crash Bandicoot game. Since Naughty Dog no longer employs GOAL's primary development and maintenance engineer and they were under pressure from their new parent company (Sony) to share technology between studios, Naughty Dog transitioned away from Lisp. However, they have since resumed using it for scripting on some PlayStation 3 games, including The Last of Us.","Game Oriented Assembly Lisp, Andy Gavin, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Oriented_Assembly_Lisp,beginner to advance
+2070,P′′,P′′ is a primitive computer programming language created by Corrado Böhm in 1964 to describe a family of Turing machines.,"P′′, Corrado Böhm, wikipedia, Italy",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P′′,beginner to advance
+2072,Steinhaus-Moser notation,"In mathematics, Steinhaus–Moser notation is a notation for expressing certain large numbers. It is an extension of Hugo Steinhaus's polygon notation, devised by Leo Moser.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinhaus–Moser_notation,beginner to advance
+2073,MML,"A man-machine language or MML is a specification language.  MML typically are defined to standardize the interfaces for managing a telecommunications or network device from a console. ITU-T Z.300 series recommendations define an MML, that has been extended by Telcordia Technologies (formerly Bellcore) to form Transaction Language 1.","MML, , reference, wikipedia, Switzerland","reference: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1095582, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MML_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+2074,Content Assembly Mechanism,"Content Assembly Mechanism (CAM) is an XML-based standard for creating and managing information exchanges that are interoperable and deterministic descriptions of machine-processable information content flows into and out of XML structures. CAM is a product of the OASIS Content Assembly Technical Committee. The CAM approach aligns with the National Information Exchange Model (NIEM) approach and assists with producing Information Exchange Package Documentation (IEPD). The camprocessor tools enable creation of realistic XML examples from XSD schema structure definitions. These XML samples simulate test cases for use in interoperability testing and determination of templates for use in actual business information exchanges. The single most important problem that CAM is solving is simpler and more reliable interoperability for business information exchanges. Today's electronic commerce via the internet is extremely limited in the amount of automation or integration that is occurring. The ability to share accurate concise and verifiable information exchange definitions is a critical next step in enabling easier and cheaper global commerce. CAM is emerging as the definitive standard underlying effective management of information exchanges through the critical mass being generated by the open source solution.A broad range of OASIS standard definitions are now being documented, validated and enhanced using the CAM open source toolset and approach. To date these include EDXL, CIQ, and EML. CAM use is also extending to external industry groups such as PESC, MISMO, STAR Automotive, CAQH and then for government uses including stratML, LEXS and NIEM. Each group faces the same challenges in promoting localizations of their overall standards in ways that can be quickly verified and adopted. Using CAM they are able to take their existing XSD schema work and rapidly develop localization templates, XML test cases, new subset schemas for use with web services and create re-usable want lists and content hints. In addition CAM templates are used to build domain dictionaries directly from the XSD schema definitions and then produce cross-reference spreadsheets for individual templates to the master dictionary definitions. All these capabilities are aimed at improving the quality and speed of implementation and interoperability using business information exchanges based on XML.","Content Assembly Mechanism, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Assembly_Mechanism,beginner to advance
+2075,ColorForth,"colorForth is a programming language from the Forth language's original designer, Charles H. Moore, developed in the 1990s. There was an earlier predecessor called 386 OK which appeared for sale at Silicon Valley Forth Interest Group (SVFIG) meetings in 1992.An idiosyncratic programming environment, the colors simplify Forth's semantics, speed compiling, and are said to aid Moore's own poor eyesight: colorForth uses different colors in its source code (replacing some of the punctuation in standard Forth) to determine how different words are treated. colorForth was originally developed as the scripting language for Moore's own homebrew VLSI CAD program OKAD, with which he develops custom Forth processors. As the language gained utility, he rewrote his CAD program in it, spruced up the environment, and released it to the public. It has since gained a small following, spurred much debate in the Forth community, and sprung offshoots for other processors and operating environments. The language's roots are closer to the Forth machine languages Moore develops for his processors than to the mainstream standardized Forths in more widespread use. The language comes with its own tiny (63K) operating system. Practically everything is stored as source code and compiled as and when needed. The current colorForth environment is limited to running on Pentium grade PCs with limited support for lowest-common-denominator motherboards, AGP video, disk, and network hardware. Coloring in colorForth has semantic meaning. Red words start a definition and green words are compiled into the current definition. Thus, colorForth would be rendered in standard Forth as:   : color forth ;  Moore developed Forth in the early 1970s and created a series of implementations of the language. In the 1980s he diverged from (or rather ignored) the standardization of the language, instead continuing to evolve it. He developed a series of Forth-like languages, each fairly extreme in its simplicity: Machine Forth, OK, colorForth. There is some controversy about colorForth marginalizing color blind programmers, but Moore has stated that color is only one option for displaying the language. One of Moore's papers on colorForth was printed in black and white, but used italics and other typographical conventions to present source code.","ColorForth, Charles H. Moore, website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://colorforth.github.io/cf.htm, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ColorForth",beginner to advance
+2076,ZBasic,"ZBasic is a compiler which was first released by Simutek (Tucson, Arizona) in 1980.  The combined efforts of Andrew Gariepy, Scott Terry, David Overton, Greg Branche, and Halbert Laing led to versions for MS-DOS,  Apple II, Macintosh, CP/M, and TRS-80 computers. ZBasic is a very fast, efficient and quite advanced BASIC compiler with an integrated development environment. It aims to be used as a cross-platform development system, where the same source code can be compiled to different platforms without any modifications. ZBasic features device independent graphics: the same compiled code can work on different display resolutions and colors, and even in text mode. Original PC versions include graphical support up to EGA for MS-DOS. A special feature of ZBasic is BCD (binary coded decimal) math with accuracy up to 54 digits. Another special feature is INDEX$ array, an array of variable length strings that could be easily sorted, searched etc. In 1991, Harry Gish and 32 Bit Software Inc. of Dallas, Texas purchased the MS-DOS version. Nando Favaro expanded it to include 16- and 32-bit-specific machine code as well as VGA and VESA video. Zedcor concentrated on the Apple Macintosh market and renamed it FutureBASIC.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZBasic,beginner to advance
+2077,SIGNAL,"SIGNAL is a programming language based on synchronized data-flow (flows + synchronization): a process is a set of equations on elementary flows describing both data and control. The SIGNAL formal model provides the capability to describe systems with several clocks  (polychronous systems) as relational specifications. Relations are useful as partial specifications and as specifications of non-deterministic devices (for instance a non-deterministic bus) or external processes (for instance an unsafe car driver). Using SIGNAL allows one to specify an application, to design an architecture, to refine detailed components down to RTOS or hardware description. The SIGNAL model supports a design methodology which goes from specification to implementation, from abstraction to concretization, from synchrony to asynchrony. SIGNAL has been mainly developed in INRIAEspresso team since the 1980s, at the same time as similar programming languages, Esterel and Lustre.","SIGNAL, , wikipedia, France",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGNAL_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2078,MARK IV,"MARK IV is a Fourth-generation programming language that was created by Informatics, Inc.  in the 1960s. Informatics took advantage of IBM's decision to unbundle their software; MARK IV was the first ""software product to have cumulative sales of $10 million"". MARK IV was developed for IBM Systems (360 and 370) and for the RCA Spectra 70. Its main benefit was allowing faster application development on the order of 6 to 10 times faster than doing a system using a 3GL, such as COBOL. MARK IV, being an early 4GL, allowed user development of systems related to business. In a 1971 ad by Informatics, there are several quotes from customers, such as:  We conservatively estimate that the benefits derived from the MARK IV System have completely returned  the cost of our investment in a period of less than 3 months. MARK IV runs ... handle Accounts Receivable, Inventory, Sales Analyses, etc. on about 26 different factories.MARK IV went to Sterling Software in 1985 as part of that company's acquisition of Informatics General.  As VISION:BUILDER it is now part of the product suite from Computer Associates.","MARK IV, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARK_IV_(software),beginner to advance
+2079,TTM,"TTM is a string oriented, general purpose macro processing programming language developed in 1968 by Steven Caine and E. Kent Gordon at the California Institute of Technology.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTM_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2080,Corman Common Lisp,Corman Common Lisp is a commercial implementation of the Common Lisp programming language featuring support for the Windows operating system.,"Corman Common Lisp, Scott Fahlman and Richard P. Gabriel and David A. Moon and Kent Pitman and Guy Steele and Dan Weinreb and Roger Corman, website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://groups.google.com/g/cormanlisp, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corman_Common_Lisp",beginner to advance
+2081,QUIKSCRIPT,"QUIKSCRIPT is a simulation language derived from SIMSCRIPT, based on 20-GATE.","QUIKSCRIPT, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIKSCRIPT,beginner to advance
+2082,ISBL,"ISBL (Information Systems Base Language) is the relational algebra notation that was invented for PRTV, one of the earliest database management systems to implement E.F. Codd's relational model of data.","ISBL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBL,beginner to advance
+2083,Croma,"Croma may refer to:  Croma (programming language), a dialect of the Lisp programming language Cromā, an Indian retailer of consumer electronics Giulio Croma (died 1632), an Italian painter Fiat Croma, a car Italian for an eighth note in music","Croma, , wikipedia, Ireland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croma,beginner to advance
+2084,Mobl,,"Mobl, Zef Hemel, website, The Netherlands",website: https://www.mobl-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+2085,UBJSON,"Universal Binary JSON (UBJSON) is a computer data interchange format. It is a binary form directly imitating JSON, but requiring fewer bytes of data. It aims to achieve the generality of JSON, combined with being much easier to process than JSON.",,"website: http://ubjson.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBJSON",beginner to advance
+2086,cperl,,"cperl, Reini Urban, website, Various",website: http://perl11.github.io/,beginner to advance
+2087,Tree and Tabular Combined Notation,"TTCN is a programming language used for testing of communication protocols and web services. A TTCN test suite consists of many test cases written in the TTCN programming language. Until version 2 the language was written in tables and called Tree and Tabular Combined Notation. Reading and editing this language required special TTCN editors. Beginning with version 3 TTCN was renamed to Testing and Test Control Notation. It is now closer to current programming languages and can be edited with traditional editors. TTCN-3 is more flexible than TTCN-2 in that it can be used for protocol testing as well as testing traditional software. All versions of TTCN need dedicated compilers or interpreters for execution. TTCN is widely used, for example; ETSI, ITU for the testing of telecommunication protocols. Conformance test cases of ETSI standards like ISDN, DECT, GSM, EDGE, 3G, DSRC have also been written in TTCN. Recently it has also been used for testing various protocol standards e.g. Bluetooth, IP. Execution of those test cases against products (e.g. phones, mobile phones, service enablers or network elements) is used to verify that the protocol implementation in those products meet the requirements defined by telecommunication standards. TTCN is often combined with ASN.1.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTCN,beginner to advance
+2088,keli,,"keli, Wong Jia Hau, website, reference, Malaysia and Germany","website: https://keli-language.gitbook.io/doc/specification/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=24331635",beginner to advance
+2089,BASIC A+,"BASIC A+ was developed by Optimized Systems Software of Cupertino, California, United States, to provide the Atari 8-bit family with an extended BASIC compatible with, but faster than, the simpler ROM-based Atari BASIC. While Atari BASIC came on an 8 KB ROM cartridge, BASIC A+ was delivered on floppy disk and took 15 KB of the computer's RAM, leaving 23 KB available for user programs in a 48 KB Atari 800. BASIC A+ was offered at a price of US$80.00 in 1983, including the products OS/A+ and EASMD (Editor/Assembler), and being an extension of Atari BASIC, came with a supplement to the latter's reference manual as its documentation. In addition to being faster than its ROM-bound counterpart, BASIC A+ provided a number of extra commands for DOS operations, player/missile graphics, and debugging.","BASIC A+, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC_A%2B,beginner to advance
+2090,Mallard BASIC,"Mallard BASIC is a BASIC interpreter for CP/M written by Locomotive Software and supplied with the Amstrad PCW range of small business computers, the ZX Spectrum +3 version of CP/M Plus, and the Acorn BBC Micro Z80 second Processor. In the 1980s, it was standard industry practice to bundle a BASIC interpreter with microcomputers, and the PCW followed this practice.  While it was primarily a wordprocessor for business use, it was not a dedicated WP: it also ran the CP/M operating system. Though there were existing implementations of BASIC for CP/M, such as Digital Research's CBASIC and the third-party ZBasic, they followed the earlier 1970s model of compilers, fed source code prepared in a separate text editor. Mallard was more like a traditional micro ROM BASIC, with an integrated editor which was tailored for the PCW's non-standard 90-column screen. Although the PCW actually had excellent monochrome graphics support for its time and specification, closely comparable to the Hercules Graphics Card for the PC, Mallard BASIC had no graphics support whatsoever. Instead, Locomotive optimised it for business use, with, for instance, full ISAM random-access file support, making it easier to write database applications. It was also optimised for speed –  it is named after the LNER A4 class 4468 Mallard locomotive, the fastest steam locomotive in the world, once again displaying the company's fondness for railway-oriented nomenclature. (For instance, see the company name itself.) In fact the Locomotive name came from the phrase ""To run like a train"" and it was this theme that was used to name Mallard BASIC –  no other Locomotive product was named after anything railway-oriented. The Acorn version was designed simply to run the Compact Software small business accounting products Acorn was including to target its Z80 second processor at small businesses. Mallard's major innovation designed specifically for Acorn was the addition of the Jetsam B*-tree keyed access filing system to give similar (but superior) features to the Miksam product Compact had originally designed around. Graphics could be implemented by loading the GSX extension to CP/M, but this was cumbersome for BASIC programmers. The lack of graphics support was rectified by several BASIC toolkits, of which the most popular was LEB: Lightning Extended BASIC. This patched Mallard BASIC, replacing the redundant LET keyword with LEB, which could be followed by a wide variety of parameters to allow sophisticated graphics (for the time) to be drawn on screen, saved to disc, printed, et cetera. Probably the most widespread Mallard application ever was RPED, the text editor supplied with the PCW. The name was short for Roland Perry's EDitor, the program being put together quickly by Roland Perry, the Amstrad executive running the computer product development, when it was realised that CP/M-80 came with no usable full-screen editor, but users had a requirement to edit configuration files. The same problem was apparent with DOS Plus and MS-DOS supplied with IBM-compatible Amstrad computers, but the RPED for those machines was written in 8086 assembler, and not Mallard BASIC. The PC version of Mallard Basic is still available from LocoScript Software as an MS-DOS program which will run under Windows as a Disc only version with licence or with the full Introduction & Reference manual.","Mallard BASIC, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallard_BASIC,beginner to advance
+2091,Janus,"Janus is the two-faced Roman god of gates, doors, doorways, beginnings, and endings. Janus may also refer to:","Janus, Ken Kahn, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus_(concurrent_constraint_programming_language),beginner to advance
+2092,LISP 2,"For Lisp-2, Lisp systems with separate function namespaces, see Lisp-1 vs. Lisp-2LISP 2 was a programming language proposed in the 1960s as the successor to Lisp. It had largely Lisp-like semantics and Algol 60-like syntax. Today it is mostly remembered for its syntax, but in fact it had many features beyond those of early Lisps. Early Lisps had many limitations, including limited data types and slow numerics. Its use of fully parenthesized notation was also considered a problem. The inventor of Lisp, John McCarthy, expected these issues to be addressed in a later version, called notionally Lisp 2. Hence the name Lisp 1.5 for the successor to the earliest Lisp.Lisp 2 was a joint project of the System Development Corporation and Information International, Inc., and was intended for  the IBM built AN/FSQ-32 military computer. Development later shifted to the IBM 360/67 and the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-6. The project was eventually abandoned.","LISP 2, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7a578a2bbf9a8d14a246ac8e6f46ee49b9a7dae7, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LISP_2",beginner to advance
+2093,Ratfiv,"Ratfiv is an enhanced version of the Ratfor programming language, a preprocessor for Fortran designed to give it C-like capabilities. Fortran was widely used for scientific programming but had very basic control-flow primitives (""do"" and ""goto"") and no ""macro"" facility which limited its expressiveness. The name of the language is a pun (Ratfor (RATional FORtran) -> ""Rat Four"" -> ""Rat Five"" -> RatFiv). Ratfiv was developed by Bill Wood at the Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA in the early 1980s and released on several DECUS (Digital Equipment Users Group) SIG (Special Interest Group) tapes.  It is based on the original Ratfor by B. Kernighan and P. J. Plauger, with rewrites and enhancements by David Hanson and friends (U. of Arizona), Joe Sventek and Debbie Scherrer (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory). Ratfiv V2.1 was distributed on the DECUS RSX82a SIG tape.","Ratfiv, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratfiv,beginner to advance
+2094,mlatu,,"mlatu, Caden Haustein, website, United States",website: https://mlatu-lang.github.io/mlatu,beginner to advance
+2096,Steel Bank Common Lisp,"Steel Bank Common Lisp (SBCL) is a free Common Lisp implementation that features a high-performance native compiler, Unicode support and threading. The name ""Steel Bank Common Lisp"" is a reference to Carnegie Mellon University Common Lisp from which SBCL forked: Andrew Carnegie made his fortune in the steel industry and Andrew Mellon was a successful banker.",,"website: http://www.sbcl.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Bank_Common_Lisp",beginner to advance
+2097,JIS X 0201,"JIS X 0201, a Japanese Industrial Standard developed in 1969 (then called JIS C 6220 until the JIS category reform), was the first Japanese electronic character set to become widely used.  It is either 7-bit encoding or 8-bit encoding, although 8-bit encoding is dominant for modern use. The full name of this standard is 7-bit and 8-bit coded character sets for information interchange (7ビット及び8ビットの情報交換用符号化文字集合). The first 96 codes comprise an ISO 646 variant, mostly following ASCII with some differences, while the second 96 character codes represent the phonetic Japanese katakana signs. Since the encoding does not provide any way to express hiragana or kanji, it is only capable of expressing simplified written Japanese. Nevertheless, it is possible to express, at least phonetically, the full range of sounds in the language.  In the 1980s, this was acceptable for media such as text mode computer terminals, telegrams, receipts or other electronically handled data. JIS X 0201 was supplanted by subsequent encodings such as Shift JIS (which combines this standard and JIS X 0208) and later Unicode.","JIS X 0201, , wikipedia, Japan",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS_X_0201,beginner to advance
+2098,Just Another Scripting Syntax,JASS and JASS2 (sometimes said to stand for Just Another Scripting Syntax) is a scripting language provided with an event-driven API created by Blizzard Entertainment. It is used extensively by their games Warcraft III (JASS2) and StarCraft (JASS) for scripting events in the game world. Map creators can use it in the Warcraft III World Editor and the Starcraft Editor to create scripts for triggers and AI (artificial intelligence) in custom maps and campaigns. Blizzard Entertainment has replaced JASS with Galaxy in Starcraft II.,"Just Another Scripting Syntax, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JASS,beginner to advance
+2099,Forml,,"Forml, Andrew Stein, website, United States",website: http://texodus.github.io/forml/,beginner to advance
+2100,Ciao,"Ciao is a general-purpose programming language which supports logic, constraint, functional, higher-order, and object-oriented programming styles. Its main design objectives are high expressive power, extensibility, safety, reliability, and efficient execution.","Ciao, , website, wikipedia, Spain and United States","website: http://ciao-lang.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciao_%28programming_language%29",beginner to advance
+2101,PICO,"See also Pico (disambiguation).Pico is a programming language developed at the Software Languages Lab at Vrije Universiteit Brussel. The language was created to introduce the essentials of programming to non-computer science students. Pico can be seen as an effort to generate a palatable and enjoyable language for people who do not want to study hard for the elegance and power of a language. They have done it by adapting Scheme's semantics. While designing Pico, the Software Languages Lab was inspired by the Abelson and Sussman's book ""Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs"". Furthermore, they were influenced by the teaching of programming at high school or academic level. Pico should be interpreted as 'small', the idea was to create a small language for educational purposes.","PICO, , website, wikipedia, Belgium","website: http://pico.vub.ac.be, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+2102,Slideshow,,"Slideshow, Matthew Flatt and Robert Bruce Findler, document, United States",documentation: https://docs.racket-lang.org/slideshow,beginner to advance
+2103,Join Java,Join Java is a programming language based on the join-pattern that extends the standard Java programming language with the join semantics of the join-calculus.  It was written at the University of South Australia within the Reconfigurable Computing Lab by Dr. Von Itzstein.,"Join Java, G. Stewart von Itzstein, wikipedia, Australia",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_Java,beginner to advance
+2104,juniper,,"juniper, Caleb Helbling, website, United States",website: http://www.juniper-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+2105,RascalMPL,"Rascal is an experimental domain specific language for metaprogramming, such as static code analysis, program transformation and implementation of domain specific languages. It is a general meta language in the sense that it does not have a bias for any particular software language. It includes primitives from relational calculus and term rewriting. Its syntax and semantics are based on procedural (imperative) and functional programming.","RascalMPL, , website, wikipedia, The Netherlands","website: http://www.rascal-mpl.org, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RascalMPL",beginner to advance
+2106,TScript,"TScript is an object-oriented embeddable scripting language for C++ that supports hierarchical transient typed variables (TVariable). Its main design criterion is to create a scripting language that can interface with C++, transforming data and returning the result. This enables C++ applications to change their functionality after installation.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TScript,beginner to advance
+2107,huginn,,"huginn, Marcin Konarski, website, Poland",website: https://huginn.org/,beginner to advance
+2109,VlibTemplate,"vlibTemplate is a template engine written in PHP. Programmers and web developers may use it for web development. vlibTemplate is a PHP class that is intended to make splitting PHP from HTML a simple and natural task, using markup tags. This class allows users to set values for variables, loops, if statements, etc. which are declared in the template. vlibTemplate is a part of vLIB. It has an interface to vlibDate and vlibMimeMail.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VlibTemplate,beginner to advance
+2110,Dern,,"Dern, , website, Unknown",website: https://octaspire.io/dern-manual.html,beginner to advance
+2111,HCard,,"HCard, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCard,beginner to advance
+2114,Fardlang,,"Fardlang, CompilingCoder and JustCoding123 and zplusfour and Hg0428, website, South Korea and United States",website: https://github.com/Sarang0218/ResearchAndDevFor_Fardlang,beginner to advance
+2115,HUGO,,"HUGO, Juhana Leinonen, website, reference, document, Unknown","website: https://hugoif.github.io/, reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_fiction#Software, documentation: https://github.com/hugoif/hugo-by-example/blob/gh-pages/README.md",beginner to advance
+2116,BML,,"BML, , website, Various",website: http://www.mindmakers.org/projects/bml-1-0/wiki,beginner to advance
+2118,Procfile,,"Procfile, , website, United States",website: https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/procfile#procfile-format,beginner to advance
+2119,quorum,,"quorum, , website, reference, United States","website: https://quorumlanguage.com/, reference: https://bitbucket.org/stefika/quorum-language",beginner to advance
+2123,Joyfully Universal Language for (Inline) Assembly,,"Joyfully Universal Language for (Inline) Assembly, , reference, United States",reference: https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.4.21/julia.html,beginner to advance
+2124,LIFE,,"LIFE, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/418ce5b267c6efbbaef687d0fc7ef6d7bf65ca68,beginner to advance
+2125,Myghty,,"Myghty, , reference, United States",reference: https://pypi.org/project/Myghty/,beginner to advance
+2126,UIML,"UIML (User Interface Markup Language) is an XML-based user interface markup language for defining user interfaces on computers. Basically UIML tries to reduce the work needed to develop user interfaces. It allows you to describe the user interface in declarative terms (i.e. as text) and abstract it. Abstracting means that you don't exactly specify how the user interface is going to look, but rather what elements are to be shown, and how should they behave. For example, to describe a message window, you could write:  In theory then you could use that description to generate user interfaces for different platforms, like PDAs. In practice, the different capabilities of those different platforms make a complete translation difficult. Other less ambitious domain-specific programming languages attempt only to describe the user interfaces (or other parts of the application or process) in a domain (for example Windows). See for example the Microsoft language XAML. These languages do a better job usually, but are less flexible. Today, UIML is being standardized by OASIS.A separate effort with the same goals as UIML is UsiXML.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UIML,beginner to advance
+2127,Chomski,"chomski virtual machine  (named after the noted linguist Noam Chomsky) and pp (the pattern parser) refer to both a command line computer language and utility (interpreter for that language) which can be used to parse and transform text patterns. The utility reads input files character by character (sequentially), applying the operation which has been specified via the command line or a pp script, and then outputs the line. It was developed from 2006 as a Unix and Windows utility, and is available today for Windows and Linux systems. Pp has derived a number of ideas and syntax elements from Sed, a command line text stream editor.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomski,beginner to advance
+2128,Visual Test,"Visual Test, originally known as MS-Test, was an automated testing tool for Windows applications developed by Microsoft and later sold to Rational Software.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Test,beginner to advance
+2129,Argus,"Argus is a programming language created at MIT by Barbara Liskov between 1982 and 1988, in collaboration with Maurice Herlihy, Paul Johnson, Robert Scheifler, and William Weihl.  It is an extension of the CLU language, and utilizes most of the same syntax and semantics.  Argus was designed to support the creation of distributed programs, by encapsulating related procedures within objects called guardians, and by supporting atomic operations called actions.","Argus, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2130,GameMonkey Script,"GameMonkey Script is a small, cross-platform scripting language designed for embedding into games. GameMonkey bears many similarities to Lua, except the syntax is more similar to that of C.","GameMonkey Script, , wikipedia, Australia",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameMonkey_Script,beginner to advance
+2131,LiteScript,,"LiteScript, Lucio M. Tato, website, Argentina",website: https://github.com/luciotato/LiteScript,beginner to advance
+2132,Om,,"Om, Jason Erb, website, Canada",website: https://www.om-language.org/,beginner to advance
+2133,Avionics Architecture Design Language,"The Architecture Analysis & Design Language (AADL) is an architecture description language standardized by SAE. AADL was first developed in the field of avionics, and was known formerly as the Avionics Architecture Description Language.The Architecture Analysis & Design Language is derived from MetaH, an architecture description language made by the Advanced Technology Center of Honeywell. AADL is used to model the software and hardware architecture of an embedded, real-time system. Due to its emphasis on the embedded domain, AADL contains constructs for modeling both software and hardware components (with the hardware components named ""execution platform"" components within the standard). This architecture model can then be used either as a design documentation, for analyses (such as schedulability and flow control) or for code generation (of the software portion), like UML.",,"website: http://www.aadl.info/aadl/currentsite/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_Analysis_%26_Design_Language",beginner to advance
+2134,Trellis,Trellis may refer to:,,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f59e74f6a5c8e3cff7e4278e54b123b6d931cea8, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trellis",beginner to advance
+2135,Kawa,"Kawa  is a language framework written in the programming language Java that implements the programming language Scheme, a dialect of Lisp, and can be used to implement other languages to run on the Java virtual machine (JVM). It is a part of the GNU Project. The name Kawa comes from the Polish word for coffee; a play on words, since Java is another familiar name for coffee.","Kawa, Per Bothner, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawa_%28Scheme_implementation%29,beginner to advance
+2136,Data General Business Basic,"Data General Business Basic was a BASIC interpreter (based on MAI Basic Four's version) developed by Data General for their Nova minicomputer in the 1970s, and later ported to the Data General Eclipse MV and AViiON computers. Most business applications for the Nova were developed in Business Basic. Business Basic was an integer-only language inspired by COBOL, and contained powerful string-handling functions and the ability to manipulate indexed files very quickly. It also provided full control over the display screen, with cursor positioning, attribute setting, and region-blanking commands. Business Basic could interface to Data General's INFOS II database, and make calls directly to the operating system. A lock server gave multiple concurrent users efficient access to database records. Small business programs could be developed and debugged rapidly with Business Basic because of the interactive nature of the interpreter, but the language did not provide many structured programming features, and as programs grew larger, maintenance became a problem. There was limited memory space for Business Basic programs on the Nova, and programmers often resorted to tricks such as self-modifying programs, which was easy to program in Business Basic, but complicated to debug. The original version of the language was ""double precision"", i.e. 32-bit (and so each integer used two 16-bit Nova words). When Data General ported the language to the MV line, they included two copies of the language, one ""double precision"", and one ""triple precision"". Unfortunately the two were incompatible with each other in subtle ways. Although Data General improved the language in some ways, such as adding multiple-line IF THEN ELSE END IF statements, they failed to lift many of the constraints of the language on the MV machines, such as a 9,999 line maximum, 384 variable limit, and maximum of 16 open files.","Data General Business Basic, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_General_Business_Basic,beginner to advance
+2137,SnapTag,"SnapTag, invented by SpyderLynk, is a 2D mobile barcode alternative similar to a QR code, but that uses an icon or company logo and code ring rather than a square pattern of black dots.Similar to a QR code, SnapTags can be used to take consumers to a brand’s website, but can also facilitate mobile purchases, coupon downloads, free sample requests, video views, promotional entries,  Facebook Likes, Pinterest Pins, Twitter Follows, Posts and Tweets.  SnapTags offer back-end data mining capabilities.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SnapTag,beginner to advance
+2138,Transaction Language 1,"Transaction Language 1 (TL1) is a widely used management protocol in telecommunications. It is a cross-vendor, cross-technology man-machine language, and is widely used to manage optical (SONET) and broadband access infrastructure in North America. TL1 is used in the input and output messages that pass between Operations Support Systems (OSSs) and Network Elements (NEs). Operations domains such as surveillance, memory administration, and access and testing define and use TL1 messages to accomplish specific functions between the OS and the NE. TL1 is defined in Telcordia Technologies (formerly Bellcore) Generic Requirements document GR-831-CORE.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Language_1,beginner to advance
+2139,Gene transfer format,"The Gene transfer format (GTF) is a file format used to hold information about gene structure.  It is a tab-delimited text format based on the general feature format (GFF), but contains some additional conventions specific to gene information.  A significant feature of the GTF that can be validated: given a sequence and a GTF file, one can check that the format is correct.  This significantly reduces problems with the interchange of data between groups.","Gene transfer format, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_transfer_format,beginner to advance
+2140,MEDUSA,"MEDUSA, (since 2004 MEDUSA4) is a CAD program used in the areas of mechanical and plant engineering by manufacturers and Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) companies. The system's history is closely tied to the beginnings of mainstream CAD and the research culture fostered by Cambridge University and the UK government as well as the resulting transformation of Cambridge into a world-class tech centre in the 1980s.","MEDUSA, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEDUSA,beginner to advance
+2141,polyglot-compiler,,"polyglot-compiler, Nick Mathewson, website, United States",website: https://www.cs.cornell.edu/projects/polyglot/,beginner to advance
+2142,Aztec C,"Aztec C is a C compiler for MS-DOS, Apple II DOS 3.3 and ProDOS, Commodore 64, early Macintosh, CP/M-80, Amiga, and Atari ST.","Aztec C, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_C,beginner to advance
+2143,ΛProlog,"λProlog, also written lambda Prolog, is a logic programming language featuring polymorphic typing, modular programming, and higher-order programming.  These extensions to Prolog are derived from the higher-order hereditary Harrop formulas used to justify the foundations of λProlog.  Higher-order quantification, simply typed λ-terms, and higher-order unification gives λProlog the basic supports needed to capture the λ-tree syntax approach to higher-order abstract syntax, an approach to representing syntax that maps object-level bindings to programming language bindings.  Programmers in λProlog need not deal with bound variable names: instead various declarative devices are available to deal with binder scopes and their instantiations.  Since 1986, λProlog has received numerous implementations.  As of 2013, the language and its implementations are still actively being developed. The Abella theorem prover has been designed to provide an interactive environment for proving theorems about the declarative core of λProlog.","ΛProlog, , wikipedia, France",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9BProlog,beginner to advance
+2144,Scratchpad,"Scratchpad may refer to:  A pad of paper, such as a notebook, for preliminary notes, sketches, or writings Scratchpad memory, also known as scratchpad, scratchpad RAM or local store. is a high-speed internal memory used for temporary storage of calculations, data, and other work in progress Scratchpad, the former name of Axiom, a free, general-purpose computer algebra system",,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/80eec44180b427c5468b26a8c905031715fffc88, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratchpad",beginner to advance
+2145,Vilnius BASIC,"Vilnius BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language running on the Elektronika BK-0010-01/BK-0011M and UKNC computers.It was a quite advanced BASIC and featured a runtime threaded code compiler that compiled the program when one entered the RUN command. The dialect was very close to MSX BASIC. The major differences were the lack of the PLAY, SOUND, VPOKE and PUT SPRITE operators, the inability to open several files at the same time, and the inability to use more than one operator on one line. Only the UKNC version had a full-screen editor. Machine-dependent features, like graphics operators parameters  and PEEK/POKE addresses were also different. The software was developed at Vilnius University, located in Lithuania which was a republic of the Soviet Union at the time.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius_BASIC,beginner to advance
+2146,Jisp,,"Jisp, Nelo Mitranim, website, Unknown",website: https://mitranim.com/jisp/,beginner to advance
+2147,Integrated Data Store,IDS may refer to:,"Integrated Data Store, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Data_Store,beginner to advance
+2148,DYNAMO,"DYNAMO (DYNAmic MOdels) is a discontinued a simulation language and accompanying graphical notation developed within the system dynamics analytical framework.  It was originally for industrial dynamics but was soon extended to other applications, including population and resource studies and urban planning.DYNAMO was initially developed under the direction of Jay Wright Forrester in the late 1950s, by Dr. Phyllis Fox, Alexander L. Pugh III, Grace Duren, and others at the M.I.T. Computation Center. The earliest versions were written in assembly language for the IBM 704, then for the IBM 709 and IBM 7090.  DYNAMO II was written in AED-0, an extended version of Algol 60. Dynamo II/F, in 1971, generated portable FORTRAN code and both Dynamo II/F and Dynamo III improved the system's portability by being written in FORTRAN.DYNAMO was used for the system dynamics simulations of global resource-depletion reported in the Club of Rome's Limits to Growth. Originally designed for batch processing on mainframe computers, it was made available on minicomputers in the late 1970s, and became available as ""micro-Dynamo"" on personal computers in the early 1980s. The language went through several revisions from DYNAMO II up to DYNAMO IV in 1983, but has since fallen into disuse.","DYNAMO, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DYNAMO_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2149,Eurisko,"Eurisko (Gr., I discover) is a discovery system written by Douglas Lenat in RLL-1, a representation language itself written in the Lisp programming language. A sequel to Automated Mathematician, it consists of heuristics, i.e. rules of thumb, including heuristics describing how to use and change its own heuristics. Lenat was frustrated by Automated Mathematician's constraint to a single domain and so developed Eurisko; his frustration with the effort of encoding domain knowledge for Eurisko led to Lenat's subsequent (and, as of  2014, continuing) development of Cyc. Lenat envisions ultimately coupling the Cyc knowledgebase with the Eurisko discovery engine.","Eurisko, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4e047dd2a91dd7d9342a819b91722c2148afcab5, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurisko",beginner to advance
+2150,RamdaScript,,"RamdaScript, Yosbel Marín, website, United States",website: https://yosbelms.github.io/ramdascript/,beginner to advance
+2151,Gforth,"Gforth is a free and portable implementation of the Forth programming language for Unix-like systems, Microsoft Windows, and other operating systems. A primary goal of Gforth is to adhere to the ANS Forth standard. Gforth is free software as part of the GNU Project.","Gforth, , website, wikipedia, Various","website: https://www.gnu.org/software/gforth/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gforth",beginner to advance
+2152,mythryl,,"mythryl, , website, Unknown",website: https://mythryl.org,beginner to advance
+2154,Alma-0,"Alma-0 is a multi-paradigm computer programming language. This language is an augmented version of the imperative Modula-2 language with logic-programming features and convenient backtracking capability. It is small, strongly typed, and combines constraint programming, a limited number of features inspired by logic programming and supports imperative paradigms. The language advocates declarative programming. The designers claim that search-oriented solutions built with it are substantially simpler than their counterparts written in purely imperative or logic programming style. [1] Alma-0 provides natural, high-level constructs for the construction of search trees.",,"website: http://www.cwi.nl/en/alma/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma-0",beginner to advance
+2155,CHILL,"In computing, CHILL (an acronym for CCITT High Level Language) is a procedural programming language designed for use in telecommunication switches (the hardware used inside telephone exchanges). The language is still used for legacy systems in some telecommunication companies and for signal box programming. The CHILL language is similar in size and complexity to the original Ada language. The first specification of the CHILL language was published in 1980, a few years before Ada. ITU provides a standard CHILL compiler. A free CHILL compiler was bundled with GCC up to version 2.95, however, was removed from later versions. An object-oriented version, called Object CHILL, was developed also. ITU is responsible for the CHILL standard, known as ITU-T Rec. Z.200. The equivalent ISO standard is ISO/IEC 9496:2003. (The text of the two documents is the same). In late 1999 CCITT stopped maintaining the CHILL standard. CHILL was used in systems of Alcatel System 12 and Siemens EWSD, for example.","CHILL, , wikipedia, Switzerland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHILL,beginner to advance
+2156,Abbreviated Test Language for All Systems,Abbreviated Test Language for All Systems (ATLAS) is a MILSPEC language for automatic testing of avionics equipment. It is a high-level computer language and can be used on any computer whose supporting software can translate it into the appropriate low-level instructions.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviated_Test_Language_for_All_Systems,beginner to advance
+2157,Proteus,"Proteus (PROcessor for TExt Easy to USe) is a fully functional, procedural programming language created in 1998 by Simone Zanella. Proteus incorporates many functions derived from several other languages: C, BASIC, Assembly, Clipper/dBase;  it is especially versatile in dealing with strings, having hundreds of dedicated functions; this makes it one of the richest languages for text manipulation. Proteus owes its name to a Greek god of the sea (Proteus), who took care of Neptune's crowd and gave responses; he was renowned for being able to transform himself, assuming different shapes. Transforming data from one form to another is the main usage of this language.","Proteus, , wikipedia, Italy",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteus_%28programming_language%29,beginner to advance
+2158,JSONScript,,"JSONScript, Evgeny Poberezkin, website, United Kingdom",website: https://www.jsonscript.org/,beginner to advance
+2159,CGOL,"CGOL (pronounced ""see goll"") is an alternative syntax featuring an extensible algebraic notation for the Lisp programming language. It was designed for MACLISP by Vaughan Pratt and subsequently ported to Common Lisp.The notation of CGOL is a traditional infix notation, in the style of ALGOL, rather than Lisp's traditional, uniformly-parenthesized prefix notation syntax. The CGOL parser is based on Pratt's design for top-down operator precedence parsing, sometimes informally referred to as a ""Pratt parser"". Semantically, CGOL is essentially just Common Lisp, with some additional reader and printer support.","CGOL, Vaughan Ronald Pratt, reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/ai-repository/ai/lang/lisp/code/syntax/cgol/0.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGOL",beginner to advance
+2160,ZENO,"Zeno (after pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea) is an imperative procedural programming language designed to be easy to learn and user friendly. Zeno is generic in the sense that it contains most of the essential elements used in other languages to develop real applications. The Zeno Interpreter was designed for use in Windows 95 and later Microsoft operating systems. The interpreter comes with built-in debugging tools, a source code text editor, and an on-line language reference.  Zeno was created by Stephen R. Schmitt and is maintained by Abecedarical Systems.","ZENO, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2162,Little Implementation Language,"LIL, the Little Implementation Language, was a system programming language during the early days of Unix history on PDP-11 machines. It was written by P. J. Plauger of Bell Labs. LIL attempted to fill the gap between assemblers and machine-independent system implementation languages (such as the C programming language), by basically adding structured programming to the PDP-11 assembly language. LIL resembled PL360 with C-like flow control syntax. The LIL compiler ""lc"" was part of Fifth Edition Unix (1974), but was dropped by Sixth Edition Unix (1975). Plauger left Bell Labs in the same year. Plauger explains why LIL was abandoned in Bell Labs in favor of C: [1] ... LIL is, however, a failure. Its stiffest competition at Bell Labs is the language C, which is higher level, and machine independent. Every time it looked like C was too expensive to use for a particular project, LIL was considered. But almost every time, it proved easier (and more rewarding) to improve C, or its runtime support, or the hardware, than to invest time in yet another language. ... A machine independent language is always superior -- even for writing machine dependent code (it's easier to find trained programmers) -- so long as the overhead can be endured. It is clear now that writing straightforward code and then measuring it is the formula for the best end product. At worst there will be 5-15 per cent overhead, which is seldom critical. Once system writers become mature enough to recognize this basic truth, they gravitate naturally toward machine independent SILs. ... it looks like the little implementation language is an idea whose time as come -- and gone.","Little Implementation Language, P. J. Plauger, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.ultimate.com/phil/lil/lil.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Implementation_Language",beginner to advance
+2163,Daplex,Daplex is a computer language introduced in 1981 by David Shipman of the Computer Corporation of America. Daplex was designed for creating distributed database systems and can be used as a global query language.,"Daplex, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daplex,beginner to advance
+2164,NXT-G,"LEGO Mindstorms NXT is a programmable robotics kit released by Lego in late July 2006. It replaced the first-generation Lego Mindstorms kit, which was called the Robotics Invention System. The base kit ships in two versions: the Retail Version (set #8527) and the Education Base Set (set #9797). It comes with the NXT-G programming software, or optionally LabVIEW for Lego Mindstorms. A variety of unofficial languages exist, such as NXC, NBC, leJOS NXJ, and RobotC. The second generation of the set, the Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0, was released on August 1, 2009, featuring a color sensor and other upgraded capabilities. The third generation, the EV3, was released in September 2013.","NXT-G, , wikipedia, Denmark",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT-G,beginner to advance
+2166,h,,"h, Christine Dodrill, website, reference, Canada","website: https://h.christine.website/, reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/c7ch43/the_h_programming_language/",beginner to advance
+2167,Blue,,"Blue, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2168,pinto,,"pinto, Peter Graf, website, United States",website: https://pinto.tech,beginner to advance
+2170,JLang,,"JLang, Joao Marcelo Brito, website, Brazil",website: https://github.com/jmbrito01/jlang,beginner to advance
+2171,lain,,"lain, , website, Unknown",website: https://wiki.xxiivv.com/#lain,beginner to advance
+2172,luau,,"luau, , website, United States",website: https://roblox.github.io/luau/,beginner to advance
+2173,Marine Trading Markup Language,,"Marine Trading Markup Language, , website, reference, United Kingdom","website: https://www.shipserv.com, reference: http://www.meca.org.uk/maritime-trading-markup-language-mtml.html",beginner to advance
+2176,APL2,,"APL2, , reference, Australia",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/510e2707a0461d4b803f6f0da22f529900cbcc8d,beginner to advance
+2177,bioscript,,"bioscript, , reference, United States",reference: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3276498,beginner to advance
+2178,blue,,"blue, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-blue/index.html,beginner to advance
+2179,EFL,,"EFL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/be7e15ab76865c4841a910d157ab5c43627ee7c6,beginner to advance
+2180,Emerald,,"Emerald, , reference, United States and Denmark",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c58d5d68aff6a596c5aade80fe87c2ea9074d8f2,beginner to advance
+2181,QCL,,"QCL, , reference, Austria",reference: https://github.com/aviggiano/qcl,beginner to advance
+2185,B32 Business Basic,"B32 Business Basic was a competitor to Data General Business Basic written by Murray Haszard in 1986. It ran on the Data General Eclipse MV line of computers initially, and was ported to Unix in 1989 and to DOS in 1991. B32 Software was the company that developed and supported B32 Business Basic, with the original site in Auckland, New Zealand supplemented by a sales and support centre in Blue Ash, Ohio. The B32 interpreter was highly compatible with Data General Business Basic (DGBB), but it also enhanced and extended that language in many ways. Like DGBB, B32 could access Data General's INFOS II database and it could use DGBB's lock server or its own improved version. B32 was over twice as fast for number crunching, string manipulation, and disk I/O. Many of the internal restrictions of DGBB were removed. B32 allowed 32,767 line numbers (65,535 in later versions), compared with DGBB's 9,999. B32 allowed more memory for programs, more simultaneous locks, and more files to be open at once. Language enhancements included a high-speed internal sort routine, do-while blocks, and the ability to step backwards through an indexed file. Debugging facilities were also significantly improved over DGBB. B32 allowed programs to run with full cursor positioning and attribute support on non-Data General terminals, even programs which had Data General control sequences hard-coded into them. B32 carried out all arithmetic at ""quad precision"", i.e. 64-bit, and emulated the ""triple precision"" and ""double precision"" versions of DGBB at runtime. This avoided the subtle incompatibilities between the two versions of DGBB. On Unix and DOS, B32 emulated all commonly used system calls of Data General's AOS/VS and RDOS operating systems, including implementing its own symbolic links on SCO Xenix and DOS. In 1991, a features war between B32 and one of its competitors, Transoft's Universal Business Basic, saw major improvements to the B32 language. B32 added a Bluebird Business Basic emulation mode, made line numbers optional, and added subroutine calls by name with parameter passing. Transoft had greater financial resources than B32, and more effective marketing. It purchased B32 in 1992. The DOS and Unix versions of B32 were discarded as Universal Business Basic ran on those operating systems, but the Eclipse MV version of B32 continued to be sold while the MV line lasted. Some of the B32 Software staff in Blue Ash moved to Transoft's Atlanta, Georgia office. The New Zealand staff went on to found Binary Research.","B32 Business Basic, , wikipedia, New Zealand",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B32_Business_Basic,beginner to advance
+2186,Sun Raster,"Sun Raster was a raster graphics file format used on SunOS by Sun Microsystems. The format has no MIME type, it is specified in @(#)rasterfile.h 1.11 89/08/21 SMI. The format was used for some research papers.ACDSee, FFmpeg, GIMP, ImageMagick, IrfanView, LibreOffice, Netpbm, PaintShop Pro, and XnView among others support Sun Raster image files. In version 2.13 XnView supported the file extensions .ras and .sun for this graphics file format. In version 2.1.4 FFmpeg could encode and decode Sun Raster pixel formats bgr24, pal8, gray, and monow. The format does not support transparency. The plain text Sun icon format specified in @(#)icon_load.h 10.5 89/09/05 SMI is unrelated to the Sun Raster format.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Raster,beginner to advance
+2187,UPIC,"UPIC (Unité Polyagogique Informatique CEMAMu) is a computerised musical composition tool, devised by the composer Iannis Xenakis. It was developed at the Centre d'Etudes de Mathématique et Automatique Musicales (CEMAMu) in Paris, and was completed in 1977. Xenakis used it on his subsequent piece Mycènes Alpha (1978), and it has been used by composers such as Jean-Claude Risset (on Saxatile (1992)), François-Bernard Mâche (Hypérion (1981), Nocturne (1981), Tithon (1989), Moires (1994), Canopée (2003)), Takehito Shimazu (Illusions in Desolate Fields (1994)),  Mari King, and Curtis Roads. Aphex Twin talked about it in an interview Physically, the UPIC is a digitising tablet linked to a computer, which has a vector display. Its functionality is similar to that of the later Fairlight CMI, in that the user draws waveforms and volume envelopes on the tablet, which are rendered by the computer. Once the waveforms have been stored, the user can compose with them by drawing ""compositions"" on the tablet, with the X-axis representing time, and the Y-axis representing pitch. The compositions can be stretched in duration from a few seconds to an hour. They can also be transposed, reversed, inverted, and subject to a number of algorithmic transformations. The system allows for real time performance by moving the stylus across the tablet. The UPIC system has subsequently been expanded to allow for digitally sampled waveforms as source material, rather than purely synthesised tones. In 2005, Mode Records of New York released a 2-CD compilation of works composed with the UPIC, entitled Xenakis, UPIC, Continuum, which provides an overview of the machine's sonic possibilities. There were a couple of attempts to reproduce the UPIC system using commodity hardware, for instance Iannix, HighC, UPISketch. IanniX, which has been sponsored by the French Ministry of Culture, is a graphical open-source sequencer which syncs via Open Sound Control events and curves to a real-time environment (like Pure Data, SuperCollider, Csound, MaxMSP and openFrameworks among others). For its part, HighC is currently used as a pedagogical tool in classes ranging from early teens to Master classes in composition, while some contemporary composers, such as George Hatzimichelakis have made it part of their toolset. UPISketch is a pedagogical tool inspired by the UPIC. The first version, released in 2018, runs on OSX and iOS.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPIC,beginner to advance
+2188,MAPPER,"Sperry Univac's 'MAPPER 4GL originated in the 1970s based on some work in the 1960s, but has been kept current. It was renamed and also given an extension named ICE - Internet Commerce Enabler.Originally available on Sperry's Univac 1108, implementations now also exist for Windows NT, Sun Solaris and Linux. The GUI on Windows is the most advanced of these.","MAPPER, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPPER,beginner to advance
+2189,WFL,"Work Flow Language, or WFL (""wiffle"") is the process control language for the Burroughs large systems, including the Unisys ClearPath/MCP series, and their operating system Master Control Program. Developed soon after the B5000 in 1961, WFL is the ClearPath equivalent of the Job Control Language (JCL) on IBM mainframes and the shell scripts of Unix-like operating systems. Unlike JCL, WFL is a high-level structured language complete with subroutines (procedures and functions) with arguments and high-level program control flow instructions. WFL programs are compiled to binary executables like any other MCP subject. WFL  is used for high-level system operations, such as running tasks, moving and copying files, providing high-level recoverability. Thus it is not a general purpose language in that you would not use it to do general computations. You can open and close files to check their attributes for example; however, you cannot read or change their contents in WFL – that you do in a general purpose language, and invoke it as a task from WFL. WFL has a high-level ALGOL-like readable syntax. It has none of the low-level assembler-like commands of JCL like //SYSIN DD, etc. in order to connect hardware devices and open files for programs. All WFL constructs deal with the high-level abstractions of tasks and files. Parameters are also real HLL parameters, not the $1, $2... style position parameters of shell scripts. WFL also has an instruction block command which is used to give operators instructions needed to run the current job. These instructions are displayed using the 'IB' operator command. WFL was a compiled language on the medium systems.  Because some OS interfaces may change from release to release, Medium Systems WFL code included a copy of the source in the object file. Upon executing a WFL job it would check to determine if the object was compatible with the OS version.  If not it would trigger a recompile of the object using the source embedded in the object code.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_Flow_Language,beginner to advance
+2190,AgentSpeak,"AgentSpeak is an agent-oriented programming language. It is based on logic programming and the BDI architecture for (cognitive) autonomous agents. The language was originally called AgentSpeak(L), but became more popular as AgentSpeak, a term that is also used to refer to the variants of the original language.",,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ad65b6f0794c435b76cc4ef5defa4f2dea6dc6fd, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgentSpeak",beginner to advance
+2191,BCX,"BCX is a free software programming development application originally created in 1999 by Kevin Diggins.  BCX converts BASIC source code to C/C++ source code which can then be compiled using any one of a number of available Microsoft Win32 C/C++ compilers. For many years, most implementations of BASIC shared a nagging drawback - the programs that users created performed slower than similar programs that were created using C/C++.  BCX changed that by giving users the friendliness and ease of use of the BASIC language and coupled it with the high performance and flexibility of C/C++. BCX is written in the BCX BASIC language, making BCX a self-translating translator. BCX was made an open source project in 2004. Since then, several members of the BCX community have led the continued development and maintenance of BCX. Recent project forks have resulted in variants of BCX that can produce native-code applications that run on Linux and Apple operating systems. BCX contains verbs that simplify the creation of Windows UI desktop applications. Unlike many BASIC implementations that rely on run-time engines, the combination of BCX and most C/C++ compilers produce efficient and performant native code applications. BCX can be used to create GUI, DLL, console mode, and web server applications. BCX can use the Standard C Library.","BCX, Kevin Diggins and Robert Wishlaw, wikipedia, Unknown",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCX,beginner to advance
+2192,Cornell University Programming Language,"Cornell University Programming Language (also called CUPL) is a procedural computer programming language developed at Cornell University in the late 1960s. CUPL was based on an earlier Cornell-developed programming language, CORC.  It was used to teach introductory computer programming classes. CUPL was developed by R. W. Conway, W. L. Maxwell, G. Blomgren, Howard Elder, H. Morgan, C. Pottle, W. Riddle, and Robert Walker.  CUPL had a very simple syntax similar to BASIC and to PL/I. The processor was designed to offer extensive error correction and diagnostic capabilities.  This would allow student programs to execute even if they contained minor syntax errors.  The compiler also included spelling correction capabilities so that if a variable name is referenced only once, the compiler would assume that it was a misspelling of some other intended name. CUPL also offered an extensive set of matrix operations and offered dynamic run-time memory allocation.  At the time, Cornell's computer was an IBM System 360 Model 40 with only 64K of core memory.  CUPL was able to process a large batch of student programs quickly by remaining resident in core memory, but the compiler occupied 58K of memory, leaving only a small amount for the program code and variable storage.","Cornell University Programming Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Programming_Language,beginner to advance
+2193,MacBASIC,"Macintosh Basic, or MacBASIC, was both a comprehensive programming language and a fully interactive development environment designed by Apple Inc. for the original Macintosh computer. It was developed by original Macintosh team member Donn Denman, with help from fellow Apple programmers Marianne Hsiung, Larry Kenyon, and Bryan Stearns, as part of the original Macintosh development effort starting in late 1981.MacBASIC was released as beta software in 1985, and was adopted for use in places such as the Dartmouth College computer science department, for use in an introductory programming course. In November 1985, Apple abruptly ended the project as part of a deal with Microsoft to extend the license for BASIC on the Apple II.  Although Apple retracted MacBASIC, unlicensed copies of the software and manual still circulated, but because MacBASIC was no longer supported by Apple and not designed to be 32-bit-clean, interest eventually died out. Benchmarks published in the April 1984 issue of BYTE magazine suggested that MacBASIC had better performance as compared to Microsoft BASIC. The language included modern looping control structures, user-defined functions, graphics, and access to the Macintosh Toolbox. The development environment supported multiple programs running simultaneously with symbolic debugging including breakpoints and single-step execution.","MacBASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacBASIC,beginner to advance
+2194,Jet Propulsion Laboratory Display Information System,"The Jet Propulsion Laboratory Display Information System (or JPLDIS) is a file management program written in FORTRAN. JPLDIS is important because it was the inspiration and precursor to dBASE, arguably one of the most influential DBMS programs for early microcomputers.","Jet Propulsion Laboratory Display Information System, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory_Display_Information_System,beginner to advance
+2195,FastTrack Scripting Host,FastTrack Automation Studio (formerly known as FastTrack Scripting Host) – often referred to as just FastTrack – is a scripting language for Windows IT System Administrators.  The product’s goal is to handle any kind of scripting that might be required to automate processes with Microsoft Windows networks. The web site of the product is located at www.fasttrackscript.com.,"FastTrack Scripting Host, , wikipedia, Denmark",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FastTrack_Scripting_Host,beginner to advance
+2196,PS-algol,"PS-algol is an orthogonally persistent programming language. PS-algol was an extension of the language S-algol implemented by the University of St Andrews and the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. S-algol was designed by Ron Morrison, and extended and by Pete Bailey, Fred Brown, Paul Cockshott, Ken Chisholm and Al Dearle. PS-algol was the world's first fully implemented persistent programming language, and had a significant quantity of users both in academia and, notably, in ICL research labs.","PS-algol, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS-algol,beginner to advance
+2197,PascalABC.NET,"PascalABC.NET is a Pascal programming language that implements classic Pascal, most Delphi language features, as well as a number of their own extensions. It is implemented on the .NET Framework platform and contains all the modern language features: classes, operator overloading, interfaces, exception handling, generic classes and routines, garbage collection, lambda expressions, parallel programming tools (OpenMP only as of 2016). PascalABC.NET is also a simple and powerful integrated development environment with integrated debugger, IntelliSense system, form designer, code templates and code auto-formatting. Command-line PascalABC.NET compiler is also available on Linux and MacOS (under Mono).PascalABC.NET is popular in Russian schools and universities. In Southern Federal University, it is used as the main language for teaching students of Information technology in the course ""Fundamentals of programming"" and for teaching children in one of the largest computer schools in Russia.","PascalABC.NET, S.S. Mikhalkovich and Ivan Bondarev and A.V. Tkachuk and S.O. Ivanov, website, wikipedia, Russia","website: http://pascalabc.net/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PascalABC.NET",beginner to advance
+2198,BASICODE,"BASICODE was a computer project intended to create a unified standard for the BASIC programming language. BASIC was available on many popular home computers, but there were countless variants that were mostly incompatible with each other. The project was initiated in 1980 by Hobbyscoop, a radio program of the Dutch broadcasting organisation Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (NOS). The basic implementation were architecture-specific utility applications that executed calls of subroutines for text, audio and sound defined in the BASICODE language standard according to the abilities of the computer in question. These applications, called Bascoders, also enabled the sharing of data and programs across different computer platforms by defining a data format for the compact audio cassettes that were regularly used as storage media in the 1980s. A BASICODE program stored on cassette could be loaded and run on any computer supporting the language. BASICODE was often called ""Esperanto for computers"" for that reason.","BASICODE, , wikipedia, Netherlands",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASICODE,beginner to advance
+2199,Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language,"The Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language, or KQML, is a language and protocol for communication among software agents and knowledge-based systems. It was developed in the early 1990s part of the DARPA knowledge Sharing Effort, which was aimed at developing techniques for building large-scale knowledge bases which are shareable and reusable. While originally conceived of as an interface to knowledge based systems, it was soon repurposed as an Agent communication language.Work on KQML was led by Tim Finin of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County and  Jay Weber of EITech and involved contributions from many researchers. The KQML message format and protocol can be used to interact with an intelligent system, either by an application program, or by another intelligent system. KQML's ""performatives"" are operations that agents perform on each other's knowledge and goal stores. Higher-level interactions such as contract nets and negotiation are built using these. KQML's ""communication facilitators"" coordinate the interactions of other agents to support knowledge sharing.  Experimental prototype systems support concurrent engineering, intelligent design, intelligent planning, and scheduling. KQML is superseded by FIPA-ACL.","Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Query_and_Manipulation_Language,beginner to advance
+2200,Harwell-Boeing file format,The Harwell-Boeing file format (also known as HB format) is a file format designed to store information used to describe sparse matrices.,"Harwell-Boeing file format, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://math.nist.gov/MatrixMarket/formats.html#hb, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwell-Boeing_file_format",beginner to advance
+2201,SPITBOL,"SPITBOL (Speedy Implementation of SNOBOL) is a compiled implementation of the SNOBOL4 programming language. Originally targeted for the IBM System/360 and System/370 family of computers, it has now been ported to most major microprocessors including the SPARC. It was created by Robert Dewar and Ken Belcher, who were then at the Illinois Institute of Technology. Prior to the development of SPITBOL, SNOBOL4 was thought to be slow, memory-intensive, and impossible to compile due to its dynamic nature. While delayed binding prevents everything from being determined at compile time, SPITBOL adopts various strategies for making decisions as early as possible. Recent versions of the SPITBOL compiler are available. Since 2001 the source code for the original SPITBOL 360 compiler has been made available under the GNU General Public License. MACRO SPITBOL is an implementation of SPITBOL written in the 1970s by Robert Dewar and Anthony P. McCann. MACRO SPITBOL is coded in MINIMAL, an assembly language for an abstract machine. The instruction set is carefully defined to allow some latitude in its implementation, so that hardware operations favorable to string processing can be exploited. An implementation of MINIMAL that was designed for interpretation on microcomputers was done by translating MINIMAL into MICRAL using a translator that was itself implemented in SPITBOL. The MICRAL version of MACRO SPITBOL, together with the MICRAL interpreter ran in under 40K bytes. This extreme object code compression of MICRAL is achieved using a set of machine code macro substitutions that minimizes the space required for the object code and macro table. The complexity of known algorithms for an optimal solution to this problem are high, but efficient heuristics attain near-optimal results. The source code for MACRO SPITBOL was released under the GNU General Public License on April 17, 2009.","SPITBOL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPITBOL,beginner to advance
+2202,Ikarus Scheme implementation,Ikarus Scheme is a free software optimizing incremental compiler for R6RS Scheme that compiles directly to the x86 architecture. Ikarus is the first public implementation of a large part of the R6RS Scheme standard.,"Ikarus Scheme implementation, Abdulaziz Ghuloum, wikipedia, document, United States","documentation: https://marcomaggi.github.io/docs/ikarus, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikarus_(Scheme_implementation)",beginner to advance
+2203,LYaPAS,"Logical Language for the Representation of Synthesis Algorithms (LYaPAS, Russian: ЛЯПАС) is a programming language created in the Soviet Union in 1964, by Arkady D.Zakrevskij of the Laboratory of System Programming and Logical Synthesis, of the Academy of Sciences of the Byelorussian SSR, since renamed the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus.LYaPAS is an extension to the programming language APL, and was initially designed especially for non-numeric programming for the Soviet designed and built line of mainframe computers named Ural-1. An interesting feature of LYaPAS is its use of octal numbers. A further refinement of LYaPAS is LYaPAS-M.","LYaPAS, Arkady D.Zakrevskij, wikipedia, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or Russia",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LYaPAS,beginner to advance
+2204,ObjectLOGO,"ObjectLOGO is a variant of the programming language Logo with object-oriented programming extensions and lexical scoping. Version 2.7 is sold by Digitool, Inc.  It is no longer being developed or supported, and does not run on versions of the Mac operating system after version 7.5.","ObjectLOGO, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ObjectLOGO,beginner to advance
+2205,SAOL,"Structured Audio Orchestra Language (SAOL) is an imperative, MUSIC-N programming language designed for describing virtual instruments, processing digital audio, and applying sound effects. It was published as subpart 5 of MPEG-4 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999) in 1999.As part of the MPEG-4 international standard, SAOL is one of the key components of the MPEG-4 Structured Audio toolset, along with:  Structured Audio Score Language (SASL) Structured Audio Sample Bank Format (SASBF) The MPEG-4 SA scheduler MIDI support",,"reference: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1116129, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Audio_Orchestra_Language",beginner to advance
+2206,Southampton BASIC System,"Southampton BASIC System (SOBS) was a dialect of the BASIC programming language developed for and used on ICT 1900 series computers in the late 1960s and early 1970s; it was implemented under the MINIMOP operating system at the University of Southampton and also ran under MAXIMOP. It was operated from a Teletype terminal, though CRT terminals could also be used.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_BASIC_System,beginner to advance
+2207,Extended ML,"Extended ML is a wide-spectrum language covering both specification and implementation and based on the ML programming language. It extends the syntax of ML to include axioms, which need not be executable but can rigorously specify the behavior of the program. With this addition the language can be used for stepwise refinement, proceeding gradually from an initial formal specification to eventually yield an executable Standard ML program. Correctness of the final executable SML program with respect to the original specification can then be established by proving the correctness of each of the refinement steps. Extended ML is used for research into and teaching of formal program development and specification, and research into automatic program verification. Extended ML is neither related to the programming language Extensible ML (other than being similarly derived from ML), nor to the specification language eXtensible Markup Language.","Extended ML, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_ML,beginner to advance
+2208,BASIC-E,CBASIC is a compiled version of the BASIC programming language written for the CP/M operating system by Gordon Eubanks in 1976–1977. It is an enhanced version of BASIC-E.,"BASIC-E, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC-E,beginner to advance
+2209,UniVerse,"Rocket U2 is a suite of database management (DBMS) and supporting software now owned by Rocket Software.  It includes two MultiValue database platforms: UniData and UniVerse.  Both of these products are operating environments which run on current Unix, Linux and Windows operating systems.  They are both derivatives of the Pick operating system. The family also includes developer and web-enabling technologies including SystemBuilder/SB+, SB/XA, U2 Web Development Environment (WebDE), UniObjects and wIntegrate.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniVerse,beginner to advance
+2210,Post production,,"Post production, Emil Post, reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcc59.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_canonical_system",beginner to advance
+2211,6gunz,,"6gunz, Matthew Steel, website, reference, New Zealand","website: http://6gu.nz, reference: https://6gu.nz/language/",beginner to advance
+2212,edgelisp,,"edgelisp, Manuel Simoni, website, Austria",website: http://manuel.github.com/edgelisp/repl.html,beginner to advance
+2213,jonprl,,"jonprl, Jonathan Sterling, website, Denmark and United Kingdom and Australia and United States",website: https://www.jonprl.org/,beginner to advance
+2214,D data language specification,"D is a set of prescriptions for what Christopher J. Date and Hugh Darwen believe a relational database management system ought to be like.  It is proposed in their paper The Third Manifesto, first published in 1994 and elaborated on in several books since then.","D data language specification, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_%28data_language_specification%29,beginner to advance
+2215,CONVERT,Conversion or convert may refer to:,"CONVERT, , reference, wikipedia, Mexico","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/498ff90afe4299c3a368e12f67e434ebf6642903, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convert",beginner to advance
+2216,GeneXus,"GeneXus is a Cross-Platform, knowledge representation-based, development tool, mainly oriented to enterprise-class applications for  Web applications, smart devices and the Microsoft Windows platform. A developer describes an application in a high-level, mostly declarative language, from which native code is generated for multiple environments. It includes a normalization module, which creates and maintains an optimal database structure based on the user views of the reality described in a declarative (rule-based) language. The languages for which code can be generated include, COBOL, Java including Android and BlackBerry smart devices, Objective-C for Apple mobile devices, RPG, Ruby, Visual Basic, and Visual FoxPro.Most popular DBMSs are supported, such as Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, DB2, Informix, PostgreSQL and MySQL. GeneXus is developed by Uruguayan company ARTech Consultores SRL.The latest version is Genexus 16, which was released in 2018.","GeneXus, , wikipedia, Uruguay",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeneXus,beginner to advance
+2219,Alternate Instruction Set,"The Alternate Instruction Set (AIS) is a second 32-bit instruction set architecture found in some x86 CPUs made by VIA Technologies.  On these VIA C3 processors, the second hidden processor mode is accessed by executing the x86 instruction ALTINST (0F 3F).  If AIS mode has been enabled, the processor will perform a JMP EAX and begin executing AIS instructions at the address of the EAX register.  Using AIS allows native access to the Centaur Technology-designed RISC core inside the processor.",,"reference: http://datasheets.chipdb.org/VIA/Eden-ESP/Eden%20v1.4.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_Instruction_Set",beginner to advance
+2220,loci,,"loci, Stephen Cross, website, United Kingdom",website: http://loci-lang.org,beginner to advance
+2221,r4,,"r4, , website, Argentina",website: https://phreda4.github.io,beginner to advance
+2222,Lava,"Lava is an experimental, visual object-oriented, interpreter-based programming language with an associated programming environment (Lava Programming Environment or LavaPE) that uses structure editors instead of text editors. Only comments, constants, and new identifiers may be entered as text. Declarations are represented in LavaPE as tree structures whose subtrees may be collapsed or expanded. The properties of the declared Lava entities can be edited through pop-up dialogs. Although executable code has a traditional text representation in LavaPE, it can be edited only as complete syntactic units, rather than character by character. If you insert a new syntactic construct, it will typically contain ""placeholders"" (syntactic variables) that can then be replaced by concrete constructs; the latter may in turn contain syntactic variables, etc. LavaPE provides a tool button for every type of syntactic construct, and a button is enabled only if it is syntactically correct to insert the associated construct at the selected place. Further characteristic properties of Lava and LavaPE include the following:  It provides strict syntactic separation of interface (public) and implementation (private) sections of a Lava class. It distinguishes variable ""state objects"" from constant ""value objects""; the latter cannot be modified any longer after creation/initialization. It supports ""virtual types"": type parameters of classes and packages (families of related classes). As a consequence, undermining of strong type checks by ""type casts"" is no longer required. It uses recursion and logical quantifiers instead of traditional loop constructs. It uses single assignment; i.e., a value can be assigned to a variable only once within the same branch of a function. It supports refactoring extensively via the LavaPE structure editors. It distinguishes between constituents (sub-objects) and object acquaintances (pointers to independent objects). Copying and deletion of complex objects is largely facilitated in this way. Since release 0.9.0, LavaPE completely prevents inadvertent access to uninitialized variables and null objects already at programming time by complete static initialization checks.Lava is open source software using the GPL license (see also Lava at the Free Software Foundation and at KDE-Apps.org). It currently runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac OS X platforms.","Lava, , wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2223,ScriptBasic,"ScriptBasic is a scripting language variant of BASIC. The source of the interpreter is available as a C program under the LGPL license. ScriptBasic generates intermediary code which is then interpreted by a runtime environment. ScriptBasic is available for Windows, Unix and Mac OS X and may be embedded in other programs as well. It can create standalone executable files. A runtime library is linked into the executable. It is available in precompiled binaries (setup.exe under Windows and uninstall also supported), dpkg and rpm for Linux and in source code form. The language, the interpreter is fully documented in the Users' Guide available in text, HTML, HTML Help, TeX, texi and PDF formats. ScriptBasic has been developed since 1999 and has reached a fairly matured state in terms of functions and stability. The precompiled version available for Windows and Linux includes a command line version and a standalone web server. This BASIC can be the choice for developers, who seek a BASIC variant that runs on UNIX as well as under Windows and Mac OS X (Intel). The Basic is embeddable with an option to compile your applications to a small footprint executable. ScriptBasic has an open interface for module developers. There are several external modules developed by the developer of ScriptBasic as well as by other developers. These include data base connection handling for various database systems (MySQL, PostgreSQL, ODBC, Berkeley DB and others), binding to the library CURL, PNG graphics, GTK+ graphical user interface, sockets, regular expressions, thread support, data compression and CGI. ScriptBasic also has an open interface for preprocessor developers. These are modules that may act not only during run-time but also compile time, thus making it possible to alter the language. Currently there is a single preprocessor that delivers debugger functionality. This lets the BASIC programmer run the BASIC program line by line, examine variable contents, set break points and all the usual debugging features. This debugger supports not only the command line version but also the web server implementation allowing full interactive debugging of CGI applications in BASIC. The architecture of the interpreter internally is object oriented and provides a clean and well documented interface to embed the interpreter into any application written in C or C++. The whole source code is extensively documented and commented, which is an outstanding feature compared to other embeddable script language implementations. Slides in HTML format with English narration in RealAudio format are also available to get a jump start learning the architecture and module, preprocessor and embedding developments. ScriptBasic is supported by a forum.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScriptBasic,beginner to advance
+2224,Fenix Project,"Fenix Project is the codename for a GNU project to create a free compiler for a scripting language derived from the one created by Hammer Technologies for the game development suite DIV Games Studio. However, several features have been added which make it incompatible with most games programmed with DIV Games Studio.","Fenix Project, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenix_Project,beginner to advance
+2225,BASIC09,BASIC09 is a structured BASIC programming language dialect developed by Microware and Motorola for the then-new Motorola 6809 CPU and released in 1980.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC09,beginner to advance
+2227,Brain-Flak,,"Brain-Flak, DJMcMayhem, website, Unknown",website: https://github.com/DJMcMayhem/Brain-Flak/,beginner to advance
+2228,R++,"R++ is a rule-based programming language based on C++. The United States patent describes R++ as follows:  The R++ extension permits rules to be defined as members of C++ classes. The programming system of the invention takes the classes with rules defined using R++ and generates C++ code from them in which the machinery required for the rules is implemented completely as C++ data members and functions of the classes involved in the rules. R++ was developed by Bell Labs in the 1990s, but due to the Bell System divestiture that split the legal rights to the work developed at the Laboratories between AT&T and Lucent, did not see immediate commercial development while the two companies disputed ownership.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%2B%2B,beginner to advance
+2229,ktexteditor-editor,,"ktexteditor-editor, Christoph Cullmann, website, Germany",website: https://invent.kde.org/frameworks/ktexteditor,beginner to advance
+2230,hrqr,,"hrqr, Valentin Heun, website, United States",website: http://hrqr.org/,beginner to advance
+2231,Election Markup Language,Election Markup Language (EML) is an XML-based standard to support end to end management of election processes.,"Election Markup Language, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://wiki.oasis-open.org/election, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Markup_Language",beginner to advance
+2232,RenderMan Shading Language,"Renderman Shading Language (abbreviated RSL) is a component of the RenderMan Interface Specification, and is used to define shaders. The language syntax is C-like. A shader written in RSL can be used without changes on any RenderMan-compliant renderer, such as Pixar's PhotoRealistic RenderMan, DNA Research's 3Delight, Sitexgraphics' Air or an open source solution such as Pixie or Aqsis. RenderMan Shading Language defines standalone functions and five types of shaders: surface, light, volume, imager and displacement shaders. An example of a surface shader that defines a metal surface is:  Shaders do the work by reading and writing special variables such as Cs (surface color), N (normal at given point), and Ci (final surface color). The arguments to the shaders are global parameters that are attached to objects of the model (so one metal shader can be used for different metals and so on). Shaders have no return values, but functions can be defined which take arguments and return a value. For example, the following function computes vector length using the dot product operator ""."":","RenderMan Shading Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RenderMan_Shading_Language,beginner to advance
+2233,DragonBASIC,,"DragonBASIC, Ulrich Hecht, reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://dokumen.tips/documents/dragon-basic-gba-development-basicpdf-dragon-basic-is-an-implementation-of.html?page=1, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonBASIC",beginner to advance
+2234,Langage Sans Espoir,"LSE (French: Langage symbolique d'enseignement) is a programming language developed at Supélec in the late 1970s/early 1980s. It is similar to BASIC, except with French-language instead of English-language keywords. It was derived from an earlier language called LSD, also developed at Supélec. It is most commonly said to be an acronym for Langage Symbolique d'Enseignement (Symbolic Teaching Language), but other expansions are also known (e.g. Langage de Sup-Élec, or the more cynical Langage Sans Espoir (hopeless language)). It originally flourished due to support from the French Ministry of National Education, but declined as the ministry lost interest. It went through a number of revisions; earlier versions of LSE lacked full support for structured programming, which later version added, along with exception handling.","Langage Sans Espoir, , wikipedia, France",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSE_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2235,fp,,"fp, Joona Piirainen, reference, Finland",reference: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/359576.359579,beginner to advance
+2236,Flapjax,"Flapjax is a programming language built on JavaScript. It provides a spreadsheet-like reactive programming, dataflow computing style, termed functional reactive programming, making it easy to create reactive web pages without the burden of callbacks and potentially inconsistent mutation. Flapjax can be viewed in two ways: either as a library, for use in regular JavaScript programs, or as a new language that the compiler converts into generic JavaScript. In either case, the resulting programs can be run in a regular web browser. Flapjax comes with persistent storage and a simple application programming interface (API) that masks the complexity of using Ajax, and sharing and access control (AC) for server data.It is free and open-source software released under a 3-clause BSD license. The Flapjax compiler is written in the language Haskell.","Flapjax, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.flapjax-lang.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapjax",beginner to advance
+2237,Little b,"Little b is a domain-specific programming language, more specifically, a modeling language, designed to build modular mathematical models of biological systems.  It was designed and authored by Aneil Mallavarapu.  Little b is being developed in the Virtual Cell Program at Harvard Medical School, headed by mathematician Jeremy Gunawardena. This language is based on Lisp and is meant to allow modular programming to model biological systems.  It will allow more flexibility to facilitate rapid change that is required to accurately capture complex biological systems. The language draws on techniques from artificial intelligence and symbolic mathematics, and provides  syntactic conveniences derived from object-oriented languages.  The language was originally denoted with a lowercase b (distinguishing it from B, the predecessor to the widely used C programming language, but the name was eventually changed to ""little b"" to avoid confusion and to pay homage to Smalltalk, the first object-oriented programming language.","Little b, Aneil Mallavarapu, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.littleb.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_b_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+2238,CheetahTemplate,"Cheetah (or CheetahTemplate) is a template engine that uses the Python programming language.  It can be used standalone or combined with other tools and frameworks.  It is often used for server-side scripting and dynamic web content by generating HTML, but can also be used to generate source code.  Cheetah is free/open-source software licensed under the MIT License. Templating engines encourage clean separation of content, graphic design, and program code. This leads to more modular, flexible, and reusable site architectures, shorter development time, and code that is easier to understand and maintain.  Cheetah compiles templates into optimized, yet readable, Python code.  It gives template authors full access to any Python data and functionality, while providing a way for administrators to selectively restrict access to Python when needed. Cheetah is included in the FreeBSD Ports collection and several Linux distributions: Gentoo, Fedora, Debian, and Ubuntu among others.","CheetahTemplate, , wikipedia, Various",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CheetahTemplate,beginner to advance
+2239,Lithe,Lithe is an experimental programming language created in 1982 by David Sandberg at the University of Washington which allows the programmer to freely choose their own syntax. Lithe combines the ideas of syntax-directed translation and classes in a novel manner that results in a remarkably simple yet powerful language.,"Lithe, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithe_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2240,Plaid,,"Plaid, Jonathan Aldrich, website, wikipedia, document, United States","website: https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~aldrich/plaid, documentation: https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~aldrich/plaid/plaid-intro.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_%28programming_language%29",beginner to advance
+2242,nianiolang,,"nianiolang, Andrzej Gasienica-Samek, website, reference, United States","website: http://www.nianiolang.org/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=14178782",beginner to advance
+2243,flua,,"flua, Eduard Urbach, website, Japan or Korea",website: http://flua-lang.org,beginner to advance
+2245,KAML,,"KAML, , reference, Switzerland",reference: https://github.com/ISLEcode/KAML/blob/master/kaml-specifications.md#about,beginner to advance
+2246,Kami,,"Kami, Katie Ampersand, website, Unknown",website: https://crates.io/crates/kami-parser,beginner to advance
+2248,avro,,"avro, , website, Various",website: https://avro.apache.org/,beginner to advance
+2250,Copilot,,"Copilot, , website, United States",website: https://copilot-language.github.io/,beginner to advance
+2251,MathLingua,,"MathLingua, , website, United States",website: https://www.mathlingua.org/,beginner to advance
+2252,Nasal,,"Nasal, Andy Ross, website, reference, United States","website: https://web.archive.org/web/20150202210822/http://plausible.org/nasal, reference: http://freshmeat.sourceforge.net/projects/nasal",beginner to advance
+2253,plantuml,,"plantuml, , website, United States",website: http://plantuml.com/,beginner to advance
+2257,CP,,"CP, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ac97d662b36e0d7bd476839349b0bd29321cdb1e,beginner to advance
+2258,Darcs Advanced Revision Control System,,"Darcs Advanced Revision Control System, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcs,beginner to advance
+2259,rise,,"rise, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://michel.steuwer.info/files/publications/2020/accML.pdf,beginner to advance
+2262,Continuity of Care Record,"Continuity of Care Record (CCR) is a health record standard specification developed jointly by ASTM International, the Massachusetts Medical Society (MMS), the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS), the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and other health informatics vendors.","Continuity of Care Record, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_of_Care_Record,beginner to advance
+2263,AUI,"AUI may stand for:  Ethernet's Attachment Unit Interface, a 15-pin D-connector The constructed language aUI (language) The National Rail code for Ardlui railway station, United Kingdom Associated Universities, Inc., the corporation that operates the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) Amiga User International, a monthly magazine dedicated to the Amiga computer Al Akhawayn University,  a university located in Ifrane, Morocco Adaptive user interface Audible user interface, for blind people to use digital devices Attentive user interface","AUI, , reference, wikipedia, Canada","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4ca9970ceade9580757916d20bc4a1bf19688860, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUI",beginner to advance
+2264,Amigas,"This article deals with programming languages used in the Amiga line of computers, running the AmigaOS operating system and its derivatives AROS and MorphOS. It is a split of the main article Amiga software. See also related articles Amiga productivity software, Amiga music software, Amiga Internet and communications software and Amiga support and maintenance software for other information regarding software that runs on Amiga.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_programming_languages,beginner to advance
+2265,SPIP,"SPIP (Système de Publication pour l'Internet) is a free software content management system designed for web site publishing, oriented towards online collaborative editing. The software is designed for easy setup, use and maintenance, and is used in public and private institutions. The last P in the word SPIP stands for both Partagé (shared) and Participatif (participative), in the sense that the software is designed for collective online editing. Its mascot is a flying squirrel. It is used both by institutional sites, community portals, academic sites, personal webpages, and news sites.",,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/89137321e60ede138005ba4ff84ea3c5a57496e7, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPIP",beginner to advance
+2266,Hopscotch,"Hopscotch is a visual programming language developed by Hopscotch Technologies, designed to allow young or beginner programmers to develop simple projects. Its simple UI allows its users to drag and drop blocks to create scripts of which can be played when activated. Although the language is easy to use, to develop more advanced pieces of code is almost impossible and requires more powerful languages. The use of the language is through an iPad or iPhone supporting Hopscotch.","Hopscotch, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopscotch_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2267,Nomad software,"Nomad Software is a relational database and fourth-generation language (4GL), originally developed in the 1970s by time-sharing vendor National CSS. While it is still in use today, its widest use was in the 1970s and 1980s. Nomad provides both interactive and batch environments for data management and application development, including commands for database definition, data manipulation, and reporting. All components are accessible by and integrated through a database-oriented programming language. Unlike many tools for managing mainframe data, which are geared to the needs of professional programmers in MIS departments, Nomad is particularly designed for (and sold to) application end-users in large corporations. End-users employ Nomad in batch production cycles and in Web-enabled applications, as well as for reporting and distribution via the Web or PC desktop.","Nomad software, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad_software,beginner to advance
+2268,Visual Smalltalk Enterprise,"Visual Smalltalk Enterprise (VSE) is a Smalltalk dialect that runs only on Microsoft Windows, and is the last in a long line of Smalltalk implementations first produced by Digitalk and now available through Cincom. Active development has stopped since late 1997 and VSE is now only available as a version called VSE 2000, and only to licensed users of previous VSE versions.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Smalltalk_Enterprise,beginner to advance
+2269,PV-Wave,"PV-WAVE (Precision Visuals - Workstation Analysis and Visualization Environment) is an array oriented fourth-generation programming language used by engineers, scientists, researchers, business analysts and software developers to build and deploy visual data analysis applications.. PV-WAVE was originally developed by a company called Precision Visuals, based in Boulder, CO. In 1992, the IMSL Numerical Libraries and Precision Visuals merged and the new company was renamed Visual Numerics. In 2009, Visual Numerics was acquired by Rogue Wave Software.  PV-WAVE is closely related to the IDL (programming language), from whose code-base PV-WAVE originated. The shared history of PV-WAVE and IDL began in 1988, when Precision Visuals entered into an agreement with Research Systems, Incorporated (RSI, the original developer of IDL) under which Precision Visuals resold IDL under the name PV-WAVE. In September 1990, Precision Visuals exercised an option in its agreement with RSI to purchase a copy of the IDL source code. Since that time, IDL and PV-WAVE have been on separate development tracks: each product has been enhanced, supported, and maintained separately by its respective company.. Due to their common history, PV-WAVE and IDL share a similar FORTRAN-like syntax, as well as many common commands, functions, and subroutines.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV-Wave,beginner to advance
+2270,APLX,"APLX is a cross-platform dialect of the programming language APL, created by British company MicroAPL, Ltd. APLX is intended for uses such as financial planning, market research, statistics, management information, and various kinds of scientific and engineering work. APLX is based on IBM's APL2, but includes several extensions. APLX version 3 was released in April and May 2005. It is available on Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS. Though APLX keeps APL's extended character set, APLX is a bit more verbose, due to the prevalence of system functions with long names, and the use of structured-control keywords. The use of explicit loops is a major deviation from earlier APL versions and derivatives. Other extensions include:  Object-oriented programming Support for .NET Framework, ActiveX, operating system resources, and connectivity Extensible Markup Language (XML) array conversion primitivesEffective July 11, 2016, MicroAPL withdrew APLX from commercial sale. British firm Dyalog, authors of APL2000, began hosting the APLX Archive website including the download area and documentation.","APLX, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APLX,beginner to advance
+2271,ABSET,ABSET was an early declarative programming language from the University of Aberdeen.,"ABSET, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABSET,beginner to advance
+2272,Agora,"Agora is a reflective, prototype-based, object-oriented programming language that is based exclusively on message passing and not delegation. Agora was intended to show that even subject to that limit, it is possible to build a full object-oriented language that features inheritance, cloning and reflective operators.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agora_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2273,MapBasic,"MapBasic is a programming language for creation of additional tools and functionality for the MapInfo Professional geographical information system. MapBasic is based on the BASIC family of programming languages.MapBasic also allows programmers to develop software in popular programming languages such as C, C++ and Visual Basic and use these with the MapInfo Professional GIS to create geographically based software, such as electronic mapping.","MapBasic, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapBasic,beginner to advance
+2274,TMG,"TMG (TransMoGrifier) is a compiler-compiler created by Robert M. McClure and presented in 1968, and implemented by Douglas McIlroy. TMG ran on systems like OS360 and early Unix. It was used to build EPL, an early version of PL/I. Ken Thompson used TMG in 1970 on PDP-7 as a tool to offer Fortran, but ended up creating the B programming language which was much influenced by BCPL.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMG_(language),beginner to advance
+2275,Pascal Script,"Pascal Script is a scripting language based on the programming language Pascal that facilitates automated runtime control over scriptable applications and server software. It is implemented by a free scripting engine that includes a compiler and an interpreter for byte code. Pascal Script supports the majority of Object Pascal constructs, making it partly compatible to Delphi, Free Pascal and GNU Pascal. Initially developed by Carlo Kok as CajScript and renamed to Innerfuse Pascal Script with version 2.23, the software was taken over by RemObjects, renamed again to RemObjects Pascal Script and offered as open source software for the Delphi IDE. Beginning with version 2.07 CajScript has been ported to Free Pascal. Since 2017 Pascal Script is included as a standard component in the Lazarus IDE.","Pascal Script, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.remobjects.com/ps.aspx, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Script",beginner to advance
+2276,Elliott ALGOL,"Elliott ALGOL  was an ALGOL 60 compiler for the Elliott 803 computer. It was implemented by Tony Hoare and others. It differed slightly from the reference version of Algol, particularly in the supported character set. First released in February 1962, it is believed to be the first implementation of an ALGOL 60 compiler in a commercial context and was an unexpectedly popular product for the company.","Elliott ALGOL, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_ALGOL,beginner to advance
+2277,SNOOP,"""Snoop"" is a noun and verb referring to one who pries into the business of others; a busybody; it may also refer to: In aviation:  Eastern Ultralights Snoop, a family of ultralight aircraftIn entertainment:  Snoop Dogg, an American rapper, actor and music producer Snoop (The Wire), a character in the television series The Wire Felicia Pearson, also nicknamed ""Snoop"", the actress who plays the aforementioned character of the same name Snoopy, a famous character in the comic strip PeanutsIn technology:  snoop (software), a utility to capture and inspect network packets, included with the Solaris operating system Bus snooping in a microprocessor's cache coherency mechanism",,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/57dbda987a11b2ea83808638d35230306ba1120e, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop",beginner to advance
+2278,Concurrent ML,"Concurrent ML (CML) is a concurrent extension of the Standard ML programming language characterized by its ability to allow programmers to create composable communication abstractions that are first class rather than built into the language. The design of CML and its primitive operations have been adopted in several other programming languages such as GNU Guile, Racket, and Manticore.","Concurrent ML, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_ML,beginner to advance
+2279,DML,"DML may refer to:  Demonstrated Master Logistician, a certification bestowed by the International Society of Logistics (SOLE) Data manipulation language, a family of computer languages used by computer programs or database users to retrieve, insert, delete and update data in a database Dimensional Markup language, is an XML format definition tailored to the needs of dimensional results for discrete manufacturing Devonport Management Limited, owner of Her Majesty's Naval Base Devonport Dragon Models Limited, a Hong Kong-based company that manufactures plastic model assembly kits Dennis Miller Live, an HBO television talk-comedy show with Dennis Miller Distributed mode loudspeaker, a speaker technology developed by Cambridge-based company called NXT Definitive Media Library, in ITIL Service Transition Doctor of Modern Languages, an academic degree focusing on multiple modern languages and cultures","DML, , reference, wikipedia, Sweden","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/112d5503d113d43d2d0ae99e3b7996d7a1fd7a02, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DML",beginner to advance
+2280,THINK C,"THINK C was an extension of ANSI C for the classic Mac OS developed by THINK Technologies; although named Lightspeed C in the original mid-1986 release, it was later renamed THINK C. THINK Technologies was later acquired by Symantec Corporation and the product continued to be developed by the original author, Michael Kahl. Version 3 and subsequent versions were essentially a subset of C++ and supported basic object oriented programming concepts such as single inheritance as well as extensions to the C standard that conformed more closely to the requirements of Mac OS programming. After version 6, the OOP facilities were expanded to a full C++ implementation, and the product was rebranded Symantec C++ for versions 7 and 8, now under development by different authors. THINK C (and later, Symantec C++) featured a class library and framework for Mac programming called the Think Class Library (TCL), which was used extensively for Macintosh application development. The Lightspeed/THINK C IDE was quite influential, though considered not as advanced as that belonging to THINK Pascal, its sister language product; it was considered the standard environment when MPW was considered an overpriced niche product, and most Macintosh products were developed in it for many years. With the transition of the Mac from 68K to PowerPC, however, Symantec was widely seen as having dropped the ball, and competitor Metrowerks's product CodeWarrior took control of the marketplace. Despite the decline in popularity of their IDE, Symantec was eventually chosen by Apple to provide next-generation C/C++ compilers for MPW in the form of Sc/Scpp for 68K alongside MrC/MrCpp for PowerPC. These remained Apple's standard compilers until the arrival of Mac OS X replaced them with GCC. Symantec subsequently exited the developer tool business.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THINK_C,beginner to advance
+2281,OpenROAD,"OpenROAD stands for ""Open Rapid Object Application Development"". It is a software product of Actian Corporation. OpenROAD is a fourth-generation programming language (4GL) which include a suite of development tools, with built-in Integrated development environment (IDE) (Written in OpenROAD), Code Repository, allowing applications to be developed and deployed on Microsoft and UNIX/LINUX platforms.","OpenROAD, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenROAD,beginner to advance
+2282,GUIDO music notation,"GUIDO Music Notation is a computer music notation format designed to logically represent all aspects of music in a manner that is both computer-readable and easily readable by human beings. It was named after Guido of Arezzo, who pioneered today's conventional musical notation 1,000 years ago. GUIDO was first designed by Holger H. Hoos (then at Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, now at University of British Columbia, Canada) and Keith Hamel (University of British Columbia, Canada).  Later developments have been done by the SALIERI Project by Holger H. Hoos, Kai Renz and Jürgen F. Kilian.  GUIDO Music Notation has been designed to represent music in a logical format (with the ability to render to sheet music), whereas LilyPond is more narrowly focused on typesetting sheet music.  The basic idea behind the GUIDO design is representational adequacy which means that simple musical concepts are represented in a simple way and only complex notions require more complex representations. [1]GUIDO is not primarily focused on conventional music notation, but has been invented as an open format, capable of storing musical, structural, and notational information. GUIDO Music Notation is designed as a flexible and easily extensible open standard. In particular, its syntax does not restrict the features it can represent. Thus, GUIDO can be easily adapted and customized to cover specialized musical concepts as might be required in the context of research projects in computational musicology. More importantly, GUIDO is designed in a way that when using such custom extensions, the resulting GUIDO data can still be processed by other applications that support GUIDO but are not aware of the custom extensions, which are gracefully ignored. This design also greatly facilitates the incremental implementation of GUIDO support in music software, which can speed up the software development process significantly, especially for research software and prototypes. GUIDO has been split into three consecutive layers: Basic GUIDO introduces the main concepts of the GUIDO design and allows to represent much of the conventional music of today. Advanced GUIDO extends Basic GUIDO by adding exact score-formatting and some more advanced musical concepts. Finally, Extended GUIDO can represent user-defined extensions, like microtonal information or user defined pitch classes.","GUIDO music notation, Holger H. Hoos and Keith Hamel, wikipedia, Germany and Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUIDO_music_notation,beginner to advance
+2283,SIMPL,Synchronous Interprocess Messaging Project for LINUX (SIMPL) is a free and open-source project that allows QNX-style synchronous message passing by adding a Linux library using user space techniques like shared memory and Unix pipes to implement SendMssg/ReceiveMssg/ReplyMssg inter-process messaging mechanisms.,,"reference: https://www.crestron.com/en-US/Products/Control-Hardware-Software/Software/Control-System-Software/SW-SIMPL-PLUS, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMPL",beginner to advance
+2284,EasyLanguage,"EasyLanguage is a proprietary programming language that was developed by TradeStation and built into its electronic trading platform. It is used to create custom indicators for financial charts and also to create algorithmic trading strategies for the markets. External DLL's can be referenced using EasyLanguage which greatly extends its functionality.  The language was intended to allow creation of custom trading strategies by traders without specialized computer training. Commands consist mostly of regular English words, which makes EasyLanguage easier to learn than more complex programming languages.Example:  Plain English: ""If the close is greater than the high of 1 day ago, then buy 100 shares at market."" EasyLanguage: ""if the Close > the High of 1 day ago then Buy 100 shares next bar at market;""","EasyLanguage, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EasyLanguage,beginner to advance
+2285,Data Catalog Vocabulary,"Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT) is an RDF vocabulary designed to facilitate interoperability between data catalogs published on the Web. By using DCAT to describe datasets in catalogs, publishers increase discoverability and enable applications to consume metadata from multiple catalogs. It enables decentralized publishing of catalogs and facilitates federated dataset search across catalogs. Aggregated DCAT metadata can serve as a manifest file to facilitate digital preservation.The original DCAT vocabulary was developed at DERI, further developed by W3C's eGov Interest Group, then brought onto the Recommendation Track by W3C's ""Government Linked Data"" Working Group. DCAT is the foundation for open dataset descriptions in the European Union public sector and was adapted by the ISA programme of the European Commission.As DCAT is extensible, more specific extensions have been created in the statistical and geodata domains.",,"website: https://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-dcat-2/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Catalog_Vocabulary",beginner to advance
+2286,Meta II,"META II is a domain-specific programming language for writing compilers. It was created in 1963-1964 by Dewey Val Schorre at UCLA. META II uses what Schorre called syntax equations. Its operation is simply explained as:   Each syntax equation is translated into a recursive subroutine which tests the input string for a particular phrase structure, and deletes it if found. Meta II programs are compiled into an interpreted byte code language. VALGOL and SMALGOL compilers illustrating its capabilities were written in the META II language,  VALGOL is a simple algebraic language designed for the purpose of illustrating META II. SMALGOL was a fairly large subset of ALGOL 60.","Meta II, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/META_II,beginner to advance
+2287,Omnis Studio,"Omnis Studio is a rapid application development (RAD) tool that allows programmers and application developers to create enterprise, web, and mobile applications for Windows, Linux, and macOS personal computers and servers across all business sectors. The Omnis JavaScript Client allows developers to build all types of web applications and mobile applications by presenting a highly functional interface in the user's desktop web browser, or on tablet and mobile devices. The business logic and database access in such web and mobile applications is handled by the Omnis server. The Omnis server also can act as a hub between database servers, services based on Java and .Net and clients like Adobe Air & Flex transferring data in the form of XML or Web services.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnis_Studio,beginner to advance
+2288,V,,"V, DJMcMayhem, website, Unknown",website: https://github.com/DJMcMayhem/V/,beginner to advance
+2289,Easy Programming Language,"Easy Programming Language (EPL, Chinese: 易语言) is a Chinese programming language, featuring a full Chinese environment. Its community may be the largest of all non-English-based programming languages. EPL is somewhat popular in China, considering the difficulties of adopting English for most Chinese speakers.","Easy Programming Language, , wikipedia, China",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_Programming_Language,beginner to advance
+2290,Systems Biology Markup Language,"The Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) is a representation format, based on XML, for communicating and storing computational models of biological processes. It is a free and open standard with widespread software support and a community of users and developers. SBML can represent many different classes of biological phenomena, including metabolic networks, cell signaling pathways, regulatory networks, infectious diseases, and many others. It has been proposed as a standard for representing computational models in systems biology today.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBML,beginner to advance
+2291,ITL,"ITL can refer to:  Imaging Technology Laboratory, part of the University of Arizona's Steward Observatory In the Labyrinth, a role-playing system built on The Fantasy Trip Inferential theory of learning Information Technology Limited, a British computer company of the 1980s (formerly CTL) Institute of Technology Law, National Chiao Tung University a law school in Taiwan Interval Temporal Logic, a temporal logic Islamic Tools and Libraries, a subproject of Arabeyes software which provides Hijri dates, Muslim prayer times and Qibla Italian lira, the former currency of Italy that had ISO 4217 code ITL Iterative test-last, opposite of iterative test-first software development process","ITL, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d20fd425535a23d6d61ac4c4a35c925cbdb6cf18, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITL",beginner to advance
+2292,Protel,"Protel stands for ""Procedure Oriented Type Enforcing Language"". It is a programming language created by Nortel Networks and used on telecommunications switching systems such as the DMS-100. Protel-2 is the object-oriented version of Protel.PROTEL languages were designed to meet the needs of digital telephony and is the basis of the DMS-100 line of switching systems  PROTEL is a strongly typed, block-structured language which is based heavily on PASCAL and ALGOL 68 with left-to-right style of variable assignment, variable-sized arrays, and extensible structures.  The designers of PROTEL significantly extended PASCAL of the day by adding external compilation and extending the data structures available in the language.","Protel, , wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protel,beginner to advance
+2293,Agilent VEE,"Keysight VEE is a graphical dataflow programming software development environment from Keysight Technologies for automated test, measurement, data analysis and reporting. VEE originally stood for Visual Engineering Environment and developed by HP designated as HP VEE; it has since been officially renamed to Keysight VEE. Keysight VEE has been widely used in various industries, serving the entire stage of a product lifecycle, from design, validation to manufacturing. It is optimized in instrument control and automation with test and measurement devices such as data acquisition instruments like digital voltmeters and oscilloscopes, and source devices like signal generators and programmable power supplies.","Agilent VEE, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.keysight.com/find/vee, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keysight_VEE",beginner to advance
+2294,Digital Interactive Business Oriented Language,"DiBOL or Digital's Business Oriented Language is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative programming language, designed for use in Management Information Systems (MIS) software development. It has a syntax similar to FORTRAN and BASIC, along with BCD arithmetic. It shares the COBOL program structure of data and procedure divisions.","Digital Interactive Business Oriented Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIBOL,beginner to advance
+2295,Algebraic Logic Functional,"Algebraic Logic Functional programming language, also known as ALF, is a programming language which combines functional and logic programming techniques. Its foundation is Horn clause logic with equality which consists of predicates and Horn clauses for logic programming, and functions and equations for functional programming. ALF was designed to be genuine integration of both programming paradigms, and thus any functional expression can be used in a goal literal and arbitrary predicates can occur in conditions of equations. ALF's operational semantics is based on the resolution rule to solve literals and narrowing to evaluate functional expressions. In order to reduce the number of possible narrowing steps, a leftmost-innermost basic narrowing strategy is used which, it is claimed, can be efficiently implemented. Terms are simplified by rewriting before a narrowing step is applied and equations are rejected if the two sides have different constructors at the top. Rewriting and rejection are supposed to result in a large reduction of the search tree and produce an operational semantics that is more efficient than Prolog's resolution strategy. Similarly to Prolog, ALF uses a backtracking strategy corresponding to a depth-first search in the derivation tree. The ALF system was designed to be an efficient implementation of the combination of resolution, narrowing, rewriting, and rejection. ALF programs are compiled into instructions of an abstract machine. The abstract machine is based on the Warren Abstract Machine (WAM) with several extensions to implement narrowing and rewriting. In the current ALF implementation programs of this abstract machine are executed by an emulator written in C. In the Carnegie Mellon University Artificial Intelligence Repository, ALF is included as an AI programming language, in particular as a functional/logic programming language Prolog implementation. A user manual describing the language and the use of the system is available. The ALF System runs under Unix and is free.","Algebraic Logic Functional, , wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_Logic_Functional_programming_language,beginner to advance
+2296,Onyx,"Onyx is a stack-oriented, multi-threaded, interpreted, general purpose programming language  .","Onyx, Jason Evans, reference, wikipedia, Unknown","reference: https://en.everybodywiki.com/Onyx_(programming_language), wikipedia: https://web.archive.org/web/20200125004752/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onyx_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+2297,D4,"Dataphor is an open-source truly-relational database management system (RDBMS) and its accompanying user interface technologies, which together are designed to provide highly declarative software application development.  The Dataphor Server has its own storage engine or it can be a virtual, or federated, DBMS, meaning that it can utilize other database engines for storage. Dataphor has been praised for its adherence to relational principles, more closely so than any SQL product.","D4, , wikipedia, Unknown",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D4_%28programming_language%29,beginner to advance
+2299,Texy!,"Texy is a lightweight markup language as well as converter of this format to XHTML, in a form of a library written in the PHP scripting language. It allows the user to write structured documents without knowledge or using of HTML language. Users write documents in human-readable text format and Texy converts it to structurally valid and well-formed XHTML code. Texy! format includes tags for turning off the formatter as well as for direct CSS styling, thus it can be said it fully supports HTML and CSS. The format itself supports images, links (anchors), nested lists, and tables, among other things. Other built-in features include a support of long words division (with respect for language rules), roll-over images, clickable emails and URL (emails are obfuscated against spambots), and an auto-correct tool for several typographic issues: national single and double quotation marks, ellipses, em dashes, dimension sign, nonbreakable spaces (e.g. in phone numbers), acronyms, arrows and many others. PHP implementation of Texy has been developed by David Grudl since 2004. It runs on PHP version 4.3.3 or newer and it can be used in any other platform using XML/RPC service. Current stable version is 2.9. Version 3.0 is planned. Texy! is distributed under the GNU General Public License and New BSD License. Plugins for several content-management systems are included. Java implementation, named JTexy, is under development. The project has its own website with basic description, syntax overview, on-line demo, XMLRPC, forum. Support for English-speaking users could be described as poor.",,"website: https://texy.info/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texy!",beginner to advance
+2300,Alphard,"Alphard is a Pascal-like programming language for data abstraction and verification, proposed and designed by William A. Wulf, Ralph L. London, and Mary Shaw. The language was the subject of several research publications in the late 1970s, but was never implemented. Its main innovative feature was the introduction of the 'form' datatype, which combines a specification and a procedural (executable) implementation. It also took the generator from IPL-V, as well as the mapping functions from Lisp and made it general case.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphard_%28programming_language%29,beginner to advance
+2301,OpenComal,,"OpenComal, Christian Pietsch, website, reference, The Netherlands","website: https://www.josvisser.nl/opencomal, reference: https://slackbuilds.org/repository/14.2/development/opencomal",beginner to advance
+2302,nylo,,"nylo, , website, Italy",website: http://veggero.altervista.org/nylo.html,beginner to advance
+2303,CLiX markup,"Constraint Language in XML (CLiX) used to constrain the content of XML documents. It is based on first order logic and XPath, and its purpose is to enable the specification of constraints on the structure and content of XML documents. CLiX constraints can be used both to constraint documents internally and to execute inter-document checks between a number of documents.  The goal of CLiX is to enable users and developers to express business properties and complex constraints that cannot be handled in traditional schema languages, and to automate checks that would otherwise have to be hard-coded.","CLiX markup, , website, reference, wikipedia, England","website: http://www.clixml.org/, reference: https://www.w3.org/2004/12/rules-ws/paper/24/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLiX_(markup)",beginner to advance
+2304,LEAP,LEAP is an extension to the ALGOL 60 programming language which provides an associative memory of triples. The three items in a triple denote the association that an Attribute of an Object has a specific Value.  LEAP was created by Jerome Feldman (University of California Berkeley) and Paul Rovner (MIT Lincoln Lab) in 1967.  LEAP was also implemented in SAIL.,"LEAP, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/675037.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEAP_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+2305,orca,,"orca, Lee Ki-Yeul, reference, Korea",reference: https://sourceforge.net/p/orca-lang/wiki/Home/,beginner to advance
+2308,awl,,"awl, Zaven Muradyan, website, United States",website: http://skepsi.me/awl/,beginner to advance
+2309,leaf,,"leaf, , website, Unknown",website: https://web.archive.org/web/20190325180818/http://leaflang.org/,beginner to advance
+2310,RapidBatch,,"RapidBatch, Jan Max Meyer, website, reference, Germany","website: http://www.rapidbatch.com, reference: https://www.phorward-software.com/download/MUSEUM/jmksf/rb/rb_linux/manuals/",beginner to advance
+2311,kerf,,"kerf, Kevin Lawler, reference, United States",reference: http://kerfsoftware.com/,beginner to advance
+2312,GolfScript,,"GolfScript, , website, United States",website: http://www.golfscript.com/golfscript/,beginner to advance
+2313,Indental,,"Indental, , website, Unknown",website: https://wiki.xxiivv.com/#indental,beginner to advance
+2314,LES,,"LES, David Piepgrass, website, reference, Canada","website: http://loyc.net/les/, reference: http://loyc.net/origin.html",beginner to advance
+2315,The New Hampshire X Format,,"The New Hampshire X Format, , website, reference, United States","website: https://web.archive.org/web/20020819032848/http://www.genetics.wustl.edu/eddy/forester/NHX.html, reference: https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~birch/birchhomedir/doc/atv/NHX.pdf",beginner to advance
+2316,Patient-Oriented Prescription Programming Language,,"Patient-Oriented Prescription Programming Language, , website, reference, United States","website: https://users.cs.northwestern.edu/~sfq833/pop-pl/, reference: https://users.cs.northwestern.edu/~sfq833/resources/papers/GPCE_POP-PL_2015.pdf",beginner to advance
+2317,PromQL,,"PromQL, , website, reference, Germany","website: https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/, reference: https://timber.io/blog/promql-for-humans/",beginner to advance
+2320,Eden,,"Eden, , reference, Germany and Spain",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c2f28b26c6d27ef0cedb34aea0c69f73a39d461a,beginner to advance
+2321,kivy-lang,,"kivy-lang, , reference, Various",reference: https://github.com/kivy/kivy/blob/master/kivy/data/style.kv,beginner to advance
+2322,mmix,,"mmix, , reference, Germany",reference: http://mmix.cs.hm.edu/examples/index.html,beginner to advance
+2323,Red,,"Red, John Backus, reference, United States",reference: http://www.mcjones.org/dustydecks/archives/2007/04/01/60/,beginner to advance
+2325,ALGOL N,"ALGOL N is the name of a successor to ALGOL 60 designed in Japan with the aim of being as powerful as ALGOL 68 but as simple as ALGOL 60. The language was proposed by Nobuo Yoneda. Algol N tried to use extensibility in order to solve the problem that programming language designers faced when trying to make an inextensible language for everything or having to make many languages, one for each domain. It avoided coercion while not making things difficult for programmers. The letter 'N' is short for 'Nippon', or Japan in Japanese.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL_N,beginner to advance
+2326,Galaksija BASIC,"Galaksija BASIC was the BASIC interpreter of the Galaksija build-it-yourself home computer from Yugoslavia. While being partially based on code taken from TRS-80 Level 1 BASIC, which the creator believed to have been a Microsoft BASIC, the extensive modifications of Galaksija BASIC—such as to include rudimentary array support, video generation code (as the CPU itself did it in absence of dedicated video circuitry) and generally improvements to the programming language—is said to have left not much more than flow-control and floating point code remaining from the original. The core implementation of the interpreter was fully contained in the 4 KiB ROM ""A"" or ""1"". The computer's original mainboard had a reserved slot for an extension ROM ""B"" or ""2"" that added more commands and features such as a built-in Zilog Z80 assembler.","Galaksija BASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksija_BASIC,beginner to advance
+2327,APSE,"APSE standing for Ada Programming Support Environment was a specification for a programming environment to support software development in the Ada programming language. This represented the second stage of the U.S. military Ada project; once the language was implemented, it was felt necessary to specify and implement a standard set of tools, hence the APSE. CAIS-A, Common APSE Interface Set A, was defined in MIL STD-1838A. CAIS defines a set of Ada APIs to enable portability of development tools across operating systems. As of 1988, CAIS implementations were under development for Unix, VMS and IBM MVS.","APSE, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APSE,beginner to advance
+2328,String diagram,"In category theory, string diagrams are a way of representing morphisms in monoidal categories, or more generally 2-cells in 2-categories.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_diagram,beginner to advance
+2329,Intuit Interchange Format,"The IIF file format, Intuit Interchange Format is a proprietary text file used by Intuit's Quickbooks software for importing and exporting lists and transactions. As of 2004, QuickBooks can also import data using the XML-based qbXML file exchange format. The MIME‑types associated with .iif files are application/qbooks, application/qbookspro, and text/iif.","Intuit Interchange Format, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuit_Interchange_Format,beginner to advance
+2330,PALASM,"PALASM is an early hardware description language, used to translate Boolean functions and state transition tables into a fuse map for use with Programmable Array Logic (PAL) devices introduced by Monolithic Memories, Inc. (MMI). The language was developed by John Birkner in the early 1980s. It is not case-sensitive.  The PALASM compiler was written by MMI in FORTRAN IV on an IBM 370/168. MMI made the source code available to users at no cost. By 1983, MMI customers ran versions on the DEC PDP-11, Data General NOVA, Hewlett-Packard HP 2100, MDS800 and others. A widely used MS DOS port was produced by MMI. There was a windows front-end written sometime later.","PALASM, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PALASM,beginner to advance
+2331,WOL,"Wol, WoL or WOL may refer to:  ComputingWake-on-LAN, (/wɒl/) an Ethernet standard that allows computers to be powered on by a network message An unofficial initialism for Web Ontology Language .wol, file extension for the WOLF eBook file format World Online, a defunct European internet service provider Write-only language, a programming which facilitates hard to read codeComputer gamesWar of Legends, (/wɒl/) a fantasy real-time strategy game published by Jagex Games Studio Warhammer Online, abbreviation used internally by Games Workshop staff StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty Westwood Online, multi-player game mode by Westwood Studios, superseded by XWISPublishingEditorial language, (/wɒl/) acronym for write on line, a dotted or solid line in an exercise book for students to write in an answer.OtherOwl (Winnie the Pooh), character in the Winnie the Pooh stories, who spells his name ""Wol"" Wide outside lane, in bicycle transportation engineering WOL (AM), a radio station in Washington, D.C. WOL World Loud TV Wol Books, the first independent academic bookshop (opened 1981) at Royal Holloway College, now Royal Holloway University of London, later taken over in 1987 by Pentos Illawarra Regional Airport",,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/201587c47d025b20b0e667ba6e8faf75fd8dae03, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol",beginner to advance
+2332,Framework office suite,"Framework, launched in 1984, was the first office suite to run on the PC 8086 with the MS-DOS operating system. ValDocs, an even earlier integrated suite, actually comparable to the original Macintosh of 1984 and Apple Lisa of 1982 was produced by Epson, a complete integrated work station based on the previous Zilog Z80 processor and CP/M operating system with GUI and ""WYSIWYG"" typography on the monitor and printing. Framework offered all this however in the first all-in-one package to run on any PC platform. It was preceded by a few months by its close rival Lotus Symphony. Unlike other integrated products Framework was not created as ""plug-in"" modules with similar look and feel but as a single windowing workspace representing a desktop metaphor that could manage and outline ""Frames"" sharing a common underlying format. The initial release included about a dozen or so frame types (identified by a FRED function, @frametype). Frame types included containers which could be filled up with other frames, empty frames which could become other type of frames based on user input, formulas embedded in them or program output targeting them, word processor frames, flat-database frames and spreadsheet as well as graphic frames. Later versions included a frame type that can hold compiled executable code and the current version include an external type handled by separate applications running on the host operating system. Framework built-in interpreter, the FRED (Frame Editor) computer language, was based on Lisp and included an Eval function. It applied to all text and frame type across the product. Framework could be considered a predecessor to the present GUI window metaphor as well as integrated interpreters. The spreadsheet program was superior in its day, offering true 3D capability, where spreadsheets could form outline which can be ""opened"" to reveal a separate spreadsheet as well as other frame types—a feat of sheer convenient function never again seen and further enhanced in much later versions. Robert Carr and Marty Mazner founded Forefront Corporation to develop Framework in 1983. In July of that year, they approached Ashton-Tate to provide the capital and to later market the product.  Together with a team of six other individuals, Carr and company released the original Framework.  The product proved successful enough that in 1985, Ashton-Tate bought Forefront, a year sooner than planned. The original team, now working for Ashton-Tate, continued to enhance the product producing Framework II (1985), Framework III (1988-1989) and finally in 1991, the last Ashton-Tate's version, Framework IV.  Beginning with Framework II, the company also produced Framework II Runtime and Framework II Developer's Toolkit.  These products allowed application developers to create business applications using the built-in FRED programming language. Although Ashton-Tate humorously advertised that ""Lotus uses Framework"", Framework failed to gain more than a fraction of the market share needed to become a workplace standard. Lotus 1-2-3 was able to successfully capture most of the spreadsheet market and after a number of setbacks regarding Ashton-Tate's flag product, dBASE,  Borland bought Ashton-Tate and later sold Framework to Selections & Functions, Inc. Present versions include the FrameworkPascal compiler which extend Framework with Windows API. Framework works on most versions of Microsoft Windows. Framework 7 was the last version which can be run on Windows 95/98/ME or on DOS. Framework 8 and 9 only run on Windows XP. Beginning with Framework V (Framework 5), Selections and Functions introduced only a few features - mainly features required to prevent the office suite from becoming out-of-date. For example, Framework VII (Framework 7) introduced long file names, the Euro symbol and the ability to display pictures in Framework. Framework VIII (Framework 8) introduced the ability to display JPEG and .BMP files and to load such files into Framework databases. Of particular importance, all of the Selections and Functions' versions of Framework added the ability to share ""cut and paste"" (memory buffer data) between Windows and Framework. For detailed feature lists and screen shots see the Framework homepage listed below. Selections and Functions is nevertheless still selling Framework - although no price is available publicly. Programmers at Work (ISBN 0-914845-71-3) credits Robert Carr as the designer and principal developer of Framework.","Framework office suite, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_%28office_suite%29,beginner to advance
+2333,Twelf,Twelf is an implementation of the logical framework LF developed by Frank Pfenning and Carsten Schürmann at Carnegie Mellon University  . It is used for logic programming and for the formalization of programming language theory.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelf,beginner to advance
+2334,TASM,"TASM may refer to:  Turbo Assembler, Borland's x86 assembler Turbo Assembler, Omikron's Commodore 64-based 6502 assembler Table Assembler, a table driven cross-assembler for small microprocessors Tomahawk Anti-Ship Missile Tulsa Air and Space Museum & Planetarium The Amazing Spider-Man",,"reference: https://sourceforge.net/projects/guitasm8086/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasm",beginner to advance
+2337,FpgaC,"FpgaC is a compiler for a subset of the C programming language, which produces digital circuits that will execute the compiled programs. The circuits may use FPGAs or CPLDs as the target processor for reconfigurable computing, or even ASICs for dedicated applications.  FpgaC's goal is to be an efficient High Level Language (HLL) for reconfigurable computing, rather than a Hardware Description Language (HDL) for building efficient custom hardware circuits.","FpgaC, , wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FpgaC,beginner to advance
+2338,Object-Z,"Object-Z is an object-oriented extension to the Z notation developed at the University of Queensland, Australia. Object-Z extends Z by the addition of language constructs resembling the object-oriented paradigm, most notably, classes. Other object-oriented notions such as polymorphism and inheritance are also supported. While not as popular as its base language Z, Object-Z has still received significant attention in the formal methods community, and research on aspects of the language are ongoing, including hybrid languages using Object-Z, tool support (e.g., through the Community Z Tools project) and refinement calculi.","Object-Z, , wikipedia, Australia",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-Z,beginner to advance
+2339,SYMPL,"SYMPL is an obsolete programming language developed by the Control Data Corporation (CDC) for use on the CDC 6000 series computer systems in the 1970s and 1980s.  It was based on a subset of CDCs version of JOVIAL, as an alternative to assembly language.  A number of important CDC software products were implemented in SYMPL, including compilers, libraries, a full-screen editor, and major subsystems. SYMPL is a compiled, imperative, and procedural language.  Compared to the Fortran of the day, SYMPL supports:  Stronger data typing - All variables must be declared prior to use, Data structures - Including ""based"" dynamically allocated structures, Structured programming constructs, Nested procedures, In-fix ""bead"" (bit) and character manipulation A simple macro facilitySimplifications compared to JOVIAL include: fewer built-in data types, no recursive calls to procedures, and no COMPOOL concept.","SYMPL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYMPL,beginner to advance
+2340,Basic4GL,"Basic4GL (B4GL; from Basic for openGL) is an interpreted, open source version of the BASIC programming language which features support for 3D computer graphics using OpenGL. While being interpreted, it is also able to compile programs on top of the virtual machine to produce standalone executable programs. It uses a syntax similar to traditional dialects of BASIC and features an IDE and a very thorough and comprehensive debugger. Basic4GL is not designed to compete with programming languages such as C++; it was intended to replace older languages such as QBasic or GFA BASIC. Basic4GL features the usual commands that you would expect to find in a version of BASIC such as...  PRINT INPUT GOSUBIt also includes a few features that C programmers will be familiar with, such as support for pointers, structures and most importantly the entire OpenGL v1.1 API.","Basic4GL, , wikipedia, New Zealand",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic4GL,beginner to advance
+2341,GNU E,GNU E is an extension of C++ designed for writing software systems to support  persistent applications. It was designed as part of the Exodus project.,"GNU E, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_E,beginner to advance
+2342,Nested Context Language,"In the field of digital and interactive television, Nested Context Language (NCL) is a declarative authoring language for hypermedia documents. NCL documents do not contain multimedia elements such as audio or video content; rather they function as a ""glue"" language that specifies how multimedia components are related. In particular, NCL documents specify how these components are synchronized relative to each other and how the components are composed together into a unified document.  Among its main facilities, it treats hypermedia relations as first-class entities through the definition of hypermedia connectors, and it can specify arbitrary semantics for a hypermedia composition using the concept of composite templates. NCL is an XML application language that is an extension of XHTML, with XML elements and attributes specified by a modular approach. NCL modules can be added to standard web languages, such as XLink and SMIL. NCL was initially designed for the Web environment, but a major application of NCL is use as the declarative language of the Japanese-Brazilian ISDB-Tb (International Standard for Digital Broadcasting) terrestrial DTV digital television middleware (named Ginga). It is also the first standardized technology of the ITU-T multimedia application framework series of specifications for IPTV (internet protocol television) services. In both cases it is used to develop interactive applications to digital television.","Nested Context Language, , wikipedia, Brazil",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested_Context_Language,beginner to advance
+2343,SAM76,"SAM76 is a macro programming language used from the late 1970s to the present 2007 initially ran on CP/M. The SAM76 language is a list and string processor designed for interactive and user-directed applications, including artificial intelligence programming, and permits high portability from machine to machine. The language shares certain features in common with LISP, Forth, and shell programming languages of the UNIX operating system. Claude A. R. Kagan, the language's developer, sought to combine within a single interpretive processor, the characteristics of two different string and general-purpose macro generators and the provisions to embed multiple infix operator mathematical systems. SAM76 was designed to: be very pure syntactically and semantically; require a minimum of user keyboarding to achieve powerful results; fit in a very small computer system; permit editing, testing, and executing modules interactively; not prevent the user from doing strange things with the syntax of the language yielding, however, predictable results. The language was based around the idea of programming with macros. A user will define a macro (a code word that can be defined by the user to invoke a specific set of instructions to perform a routine within the program) to execute a set of instructions, usually in either machine or assembly language, and use the macro in the program. In this way, a user need only define a routine once and then when that particular operation, or string is required, the user can substitute is with the macro name. Since then the language has been rewritten in C and compiles on Windows, Unix, Linux, and similar operating systems. The source code is available online and still compiles and runs as of 2006.","SAM76, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAM76,beginner to advance
+2344,SuperTalk,SuperTalk is the scripting language used in SuperCard. SuperTalk is a descendant of HyperTalk.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperTalk,beginner to advance
+2345,CommonLoops,"CommonLoops (the Common Lisp Object-Oriented Programming System; an acronym reminiscent of the earlier Lisp OO system ""Loops"" for the Interlisp-D system) is an early programming language which extended Common Lisp to include Object-oriented programming functionality and is a dynamic object system which differs from the OOP facilities found in static languages such as C++ or Java. Like New Flavors, CommonLoops supported multiple inheritance, generic functions and method combination. CommonLoops also supported multi-methods and made use of metaobjects. CommonLoops and New Flavors were the primary ancestors of  CLOS.  CommonLoops was supported by a portable implementation known as Portable CommonLoops (PCL) which ran on all Common Lisp implementations of the day.","CommonLoops, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/529224b910e0f9e658c3e5d8421694db487b1ed5, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CommonLoops",beginner to advance
+2346,CA-Realizer,"CA-Realizer was a BASIC-language software development product originally developed by Within Technologies, but first commercially released by Computer Associates, as CA-Realizer 1.0 in 1992. Several versions were released, that provided a version of the BASIC programming language, a Rapid application development tool, including forms building and some powerful built-in components, that was comparable to, and competitive with Microsoft Visual Basic, in its early days.  It offered some functionality (like a fairly useful spreadsheet) and cross-platform capability. There were versions for 16-bit Windows 3.1, 32-bit Windows 95, and 32-bit IBM OS/2.  The final version was CA-Realizer 3.0, released around 1996. As MS Visual Basic 4.0, and later continued to advance in functionality, CA-Realizer was left behind, and was quietly retired from CA's product offerings in the late 1990s. In the 1996 to 1999 versions of Accpac ERP for Windows, CA Realizer was responsible for the dreaded ""CarlZ Error"" which would periodically hang up the software. This error disappeared in the 2000 version of the software when it under went a rewrite in C compiler.","CA-Realizer, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA-Realizer,beginner to advance
+2347,FLACC,"FLACC is an implementation of the ALGOL 68 programming language. Chris Thomson and Colin Broughton founded Chion Corporation which developed and marketed FLACC (Full Language Algol 68 Checkout Compiler). This compiler and run-time system conformed exactly to the Revised Report, ran on IBM 370 and compatible mainframes, and included debugging features derived from WATFIV. It was released in 1977. Chris was a student of Barry J. Mailloux. Barry studied at Amsterdam's Mathematisch Centrum from 1966 under Adriaan van Wijngaarden. Barry's work on the Algol 68 language established the University of Alberta as a center for Algol 68-related activity. According to Thomson decade later:  You know, we only ever got 22 copies installed, and less than 5 of those in North America.  Even though it ran on 370's under MVS, CMS and MTS, and was cheap and reliable.  Talk about a marketing disaster.","FLACC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLACC,beginner to advance
+2348,Object Oberon,Object Oberon is a programming language which is based on the Oberon programming language with features for object-oriented programming. Oberon-2 was essentially a redesign of Object Oberon.,"Object Oberon, , wikipedia, Switzerland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Oberon,beginner to advance
+2349,Ramis software,"RAMIS (Random Access Management Information System) is a fourth-generation programming language (4GL) capable of creating and maintaining databases consisting of named files containing both numeric and alphabetic fields and subsequently producing detailed simple or complex reports using a very simple English like language.  As such it is easily mastered by non-programmers. A typical program - either to create or maintain a database or to create quite complex reports - would normally consist of a handful of lines of code which could be written or understood by non-professional programmers.  ""End users"" as they became known. Such end users could be trained to use RAMIS in a matter of days and so large companies would often have several hundred such users scattered throughout the company.","Ramis software, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramis_software,beginner to advance
+2350,Batari Basic,"An Atari 2600 homebrew (short for Atari 2600 homebrew game, where homebrew is synonymous with hobbyist-developed) is a video game designed for the Atari 2600 by an independent developer following the discontinuation of the console in 1992. The first 2600 homebrew was written in 1995, and since then over 100 titles have been released. There is an active community of Atari 2600 developers—the largest among classic video game homebrew communities.The majority of homebrew games are unlicensed clones of arcade games, personal computer games, and games from other consoles, but there are also ROM hacks and some original titles. Several games have received attention outside the homebrew community; some have been included in an Atari 2600 game anthology from by Activision.With severe resource limitations including only 128 bytes of RAM and no video frame buffer, the 2600 is a difficult machine to program. However, tools such as emulators, the batari Basic language, and a wealth of documentation, exist to assist the homebrewer.","Batari Basic, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batari_Basic,beginner to advance
+2351,Bywater BASIC,"This is an alphabetical list of BASIC dialects—interpreted and compiled variants of the BASIC programming language. Each dialect's platform(s), i.e., the computer models and operating systems, are given in parentheses along with any other significant information.","Bywater BASIC, , reference, wikipedia, Canada","reference: http://web.cs.mun.ca/~ed/cs2602/basic1.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bywater_BASIC",beginner to advance
+2352,NorthStar BASIC,"NorthStar BASIC was a dialect of the programming language BASIC originally provided for use on the NorthStar Horizon and NorthStar Advantage. The interpreter was written using only Intel 8080 instructions so that it could run also on custom systems.  One notable difference with other dialects of BASIC of the time was the array-like way in which strings were addressed. For example, A$(13,17) in NorthStar BASIC corresponded to MID$(A$,13,5) in other dialects. This string addressing technique is analogous to the one used in Fortran, and was also used in HP-3000 Basic and Atari BASIC.  Strings were allocated 10 bytes maximum length unless DIMensioned otherwise. It was still possible to use arrays of strings, but these were declared in two or more dimensions, for example DIM B$(10,50) created 11 strings (0-10) of maximum length 50 bytes. Input from the keyboard and output to the console and printers were treated in the same way as reading and writing to data files. Some other differences were that POKE became FILL, PEEK became EXAM, and INSTR became MATCH.Some other dialects of BASIC were created which were based on and inspired by NorthStar BASIC, such as Bazic (a rewrite of North Star BASIC taking advantage of the faster Zilog Z80 instructions), Megabasic and S.A.I.L.B.O.A.T. (a basic optimized for Z80 and X86 MS-DOS). Some of these were available for other hardware and operating systems, including Unix, CP/M and DOS.","NorthStar BASIC, Charles A. Grant and Mark Greenberg, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NorthStar_BASIC,beginner to advance
+2354,Visual DataFlex,"DataFlex (formerly known as Visual DataFlex) is a visual tool for developing Windows, web and mobile software applications on one framework-based platform.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_DataFlex,beginner to advance
+2355,Rexon,"Rexon Business Machines, later Rexon, Inc., was a manufacturer of small business computer systems founded by Ben C. Wang in 1978 in Culver City, California.  It also became a major manufacturer of tape drives and related products.  At its height, it played a significant role in the development and sale of magnetic tape data storage products.  It traded on the NASDAQ under the symbol REXN until it filed for bankruptcy in 1995  and was acquired by Legacy Storage Systems, a Canadian company.  It was last headquartered in Longmont, Colorado.","Rexon, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexon,beginner to advance
+2356,Structured Product Labeling,"Structured Product Labeling (SPL) is a Health Level Seven International (HL7) standard which defines the content of human prescription drug labeling in an XML format.  The ""drug label"" includes all published material accompanying a drug, such as the actual label on a prescribed dose as well as the package insert which contains a great deal of detailed information about the drug.  As of Release 4 of the SPL standard, 22,000 FDA informational product inserts have been encoded according to the standard.SPL documents contain both the content of labeling (all text, tables and figures) for a product along with additional machine readable information (drug listing data elements). Drug listing data elements include information about the product (product and generic names, ingredients, ingredient strengths, dosage forms, routes of administration, appearance, DEA schedule) and the packaging (package quantity and type).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Product_Labeling,beginner to advance
+2357,RuleML,"RuleML is a global initiative, led by a non-profit organization RuleML Inc., that is devoted to advancing research and industry standards design activities in the technical area of rules that are semantic and highly inter-operable. The standards design takes the form primarily of a markup language, also known as RuleML. The research activities include an annual research conference, the RuleML Symposium, also known as RuleML for short. Founded in fall 2000 by Harold Boley, Benjamin Grosof, and Said Tabet, RuleML was originally devoted purely to standards design, but then quickly branched out into the related activities of coordinating research and organizing an annual research conference starting in 2002. The M in RuleML is sometimes interpreted as standing for Markup and Modeling. The markup language was developed to express both forward (bottom-up) and backward (top-down) rules in XML for deduction, rewriting, and further inferential-transformational tasks. It is defined by the Rule Markup Initiative, an open network of individuals and groups from both industry and academia that was formed to develop a canonical Web language for rules using XML markup and transformations from and to other rule standards/systems. Markup standards and initiatives related to RuleML include:  Rule Interchange Format (RIF): The design and overall purpose of W3C's Rule Interchange Format (RIF) industry standard is based primarily on the RuleML industry standards design. Like RuleML, RIF embraces a multiplicity of potentially useful rule dialects that nevertheless share common characteristics. RuleML Technical Committee from Oasis-Open: An industry standards effort devoted to legal automation utilizing RuleML. Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL): An industry standards design, based primarily on an early version of RuleML, whose development was funded in part by the DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) research program. Semantic Web Services Framework], particularly its Semantic Web Services Language: An industry standards design, based primarily on a medium-mature version of RuleML, whose development was funded in part by the DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) research program and the WSMO research effort of the EU. Mathematical Markup Language (MathML): However, MathML's Content Markup is better suited for defining functions rather than relations or general rules Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML): With this XML-based language one can define and share various models for data-mining results, including association rules Attribute Grammars in XML (AG-markup): For AG's semantic rules, there are various possible XML markups that are similar to Horn-rule markup Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT): This is a restricted term-rewriting system of rules, written in XML, for transforming XML documents into other text documents",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuleML,beginner to advance
+2358,GARP,"The term or acronym GARP can refer to:  Generic Attribute Registration Protocol, a communications protocol Genetic Algorithm for Rule Set Production, to determine ecological niches Global Atmospheric Research Programme, 1967-1982 Gratuitous Address Resolution ProtocolOr it could refer to the following fictional works or characters:  Monkey D. Garp, a character in the Japanese anime One Piece The World According to Garp, a 1978 novel by John Irving The World According to Garp (film), a 1982 film based on Irving's novel","GARP, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ecc35f20e6448becbd5eb920d4c016c356889d67, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GARP",beginner to advance
+2359,CS-Script,"CS-Script (www.csscript.net) is a CLR (Common Language Runtime) based scripting system which uses ECMA-compliant C# as a programming language. CS-Script currently targets Microsoft implementation of CLR (.NET 2.0/3.0/3.5/4.0) and with full support for Mono. CS-Script as well as a few other .NET languages (e.g. Boo) is a statically typed language and it allows unlimited access to .NET/CLR functionality with plain vanilla C# syntax. CS-Script as a scripting environment offers stand alone script execution as well as hosting the script engine from CLR application. Because of statically typed nature of the script execution CS-Script demonstrates no performance degradation comparing to the compiled managed binaries. Existing .NET development tools (e.g. MS Visual Studio, Sharp Develop) can be used, allowing editing and debugging scripts within traditional .NET Development environment. In addition to this in 2013 an Open Source CS-Script plugin for Notepad++ has been made publicly available. CS-Script has been used in a number of open-source and proprietary products of different scale and complexity (e.g. FlashDevelop, MediaPortal). CS-Script is released under the custom ""liberal"" license, which is allows free commercial use and free access to the source code.","CS-Script, , wikipedia, Australia",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS-Script,beginner to advance
+2360,PROIV,"PROIV is a low code development platform, developed and sold by NorthgateArinso, part of the Northgate Information Solutions Group. It has an active community of around 2500 developers and end-users worldwide, ranging from consultants to large multinationals, finance institutions, tax authorities, retailers, engineering companies, media operators and software houses. PROIV's usual application domain is database-centric business applications. PROIV has some similarities to languages such as ABAP, FOCUS and RPG. PROIV programs consist of declarative/non-procedural specifications that control the overall structure of the program and database access and that have an implicit sequence of execution (which PROIV programmers refer to as the timing cycle).  Procedural subroutines can be added by the programmer; these are written in a 3GL-like language which PROIV calls ""Logic"". Note that in PROIV programs are referred to as ""functions"", which can be confusing as it differs from the more usual use of that term in programming languages.","PROIV, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROIV,beginner to advance
+2361,SLIP,"SLIP is a list processing computer programming language, invented by Joseph Weizenbaum in the 1960s.  The name SLIP stands for Symmetric LIst Processor.  It was first implemented as an extension to the Fortran programming language, and later embedded into MAD and ALGOL.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLIP_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2362,DEMOS,"DEMOS (Dialogovaya Edinaya Mobilnaya Operatsionnaya Sistema: Russian: Диалоговая Единая Мобильная Операционная Система, ДЕМОС, lit. 'Interactive Unified Portable Operating System') was a Unix-like operating system developed in the Soviet Union. It was derived from BSD.","DEMOS, , reference, wikipedia, Canada","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/47abc3f8f307569df6ae6b628e9934c99028c288, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEMOS",beginner to advance
+2363,Flex language,"In computing, the FLEX language was developed by Alan Kay in the late 1960s while exploring ideas that would later evolve into the Smalltalk programming language.","Flex language, Alan Kay, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flex_(language),beginner to advance
+2364,AlphaBasic,"AlphaBASIC is a computer programming language created by Alpha Microsystems in 1976. The language was written by Alpha Microsystems employees Paul Edelstein, Dick Wilcox and Bob Courier.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaBasic,beginner to advance
+2365,BASIC-11,"BASIC-11 was a dialect of the basic language for PDP-11 operating systems such as RSX-11, RT-11, TSX and TSX-Plus.  It was a classic BASIC in that it used line numbers, supported line number editing, and classic function syntax.  It provided extended support for user-defined functions, external sequential disk files, and linking with assembler language modules for device support and operating system interfaces.","BASIC-11, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC-11,beginner to advance
+2366,mycroft,,"mycroft, , website, United States",website: https://enkiv2.github.io/mycroft/,beginner to advance
+2367,Taijilang,,"Taijilang, Simeon Chaos, website, Unknown",website: https://github.com/taijiweb/taijilang,beginner to advance
+2368,CMU Common Lisp,"CMUCL is a free Common Lisp implementation, originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University. CMUCL runs on most Unix-like platforms, including Linux and BSD; there is an experimental Windows port as well. Steel Bank Common Lisp is derived from CMUCL. The Scieneer Common Lisp is a commercial derivative from CMUCL.","CMU Common Lisp, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.cons.org/cmucl/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMU_Common_Lisp",beginner to advance
+2369,TOM,Tom is a programming language particularly well-suited for programming various transformations on tree structures and XML based documents. Tom is a language extension which adds new matching primitives to C and Java as well as support for rewrite rules systems. The rules can be controlled using a strategy language. Tom is good for: programming by pattern matching developing compilers and DSL transforming XML documents implementing rule based systems describing algebraic transformations,,"website: http://tom.loria.fr, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_(pattern_matching_language)",beginner to advance
+2370,Langage Implementation Systeme,"LIS (Language d'Implementation de Systèmes) was a system implementation programming language designed by Jean Ichbiah, who later designed Ada. LIS was used to implement the compiler for the Ada-0 subset of Ada at Karlsruhe on the BS2000 Siemens operating system. Later on the Karlsruhe Ada compilation system got rewritten in Ada-0 itself, which was easy, because LIS and Ada-0 are very close.","Langage Implementation Systeme, , wikipedia, France",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIS_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2371,rainbow,,"rainbow, , website, United States",website: https://vmlanguages.is-research.de/rainbow/,beginner to advance
+2373,PLEXIL,"PLEXIL (Plan Execution Interchange Language) is an open source technology for automation, created and currently in development by  NASA.",,"website: http://plexil.sourceforge.net/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEXIL",beginner to advance
+2374,WCPS,"The Web Coverage Processing Service (WCPS) defines a language for filtering and processing of multi-dimensional raster coverages, such as sensor, simulation, image, and statistics data. The Web Coverage Processing Service is maintained by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). This raster query language allows clients to obtain original coverage data, or derived information, in a platform-neutral manner over the Web.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Coverage_Processing_Service,beginner to advance
+2375,BRUIN,"Brown University Interactive Language (BRUIN) was an introductory programming language developed at Brown University in the late 1960s.  It operated in the IBM 360, and was similar to PL/1.  The abstract of R. G. Munck's document, ""Meeting the Computational Requirements of the University, Brown University Interactive Language"" describes BRUIN as ""a JOSS-like interpreter and a WATFOR-Like compiler and has a syntax very much like PL/I. It is intended that BRUIN and PL/I will together form a language system which will supply most of the (non-computer science) computational requirements of the university.""","BRUIN, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University_Interactive_Language,beginner to advance
+2376,Ham,,"Ham, James Keane, website, Canada",website: https://github.com/jameskeane/ham-script,beginner to advance
+2377,DIANA,"DIANA, the Descriptive Intermediate Attributed Notation for Ada, is an intermediate language used to represent the semantics of an Ada program. It was originally designed as an interface between the front end (syntactic analysis) and middle (semantic analysis) of the compiler on the one hand and the back end (code generation and optimization) on the other. It is also used as an internal representation by other language tools. DIANA is also used by PL/SQL, which is based on Ada. DIANA is an abstract data type; its concrete implementations are defined using the IDL specification language. DIANA descends from TCOL and AIDA, earlier representations of Ada programs. The Ada-0 subset of Ada at Karlsruhe (1980) was first using AIDA, but later AIDA got replaced by DIANA. The full Karlsruhe Ada compilation system used DIANA as well and the IDL External Representation for marshalling between the middle-end and the code generating back-end.","DIANA, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIANA_(intermediate_language),beginner to advance
+2378,WSFN,"WSFN (Which Stands for Nothing) is an interpreted programming language for controlling robots created by Li-Chen Wang. It was designed to be as small as possible, a ""tiny"" language, similar to Wang's earlier effort, Palo Alto Tiny BASIC. WSFN was first published in Dr. Dobb's Journal in September 1977. The language consists primarily of single-letter commands to tell a robot to move in certain directions, while other commands perform tests or basic mathematical operations. These can be grouped into named macros to produce more complex programs. The original version also included code that simulated the robot as a cursor on the VDM-1 display, or graphically on a Cromemco Dazzler display. Today, this is known as turtle graphics. Extended WSFN is an implementation created for the Atari 8-bit family of home computers written by Harry Stewart and published by the Atari Program Exchange in 1981. In addition to supporting turtle graphics, it adds a number of commands to control the graphics and sound capabilities of that platform. It was offered as a ""beginner's language with emphasis on graphics"".",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSFN_%28programming_language%29,beginner to advance
+2379,rel-lang,,"rel-lang, , website, United States",website: http://relevant.ai,beginner to advance
+2380,KonsolScript,"KonsolScript is a cross-platform scripting language used mostly for games. It is available for Windows and Linux Operating Systems. KonsolScript was developed during 2005 as the scripting language which is intentionally  for the purpose writing games with KAGE (Alternative Game Engine). However, its interpreter, Quixie, can also be used as common gateway interface for serving web pages. KonsolScript's language design is greatly inspired by C programming language and VergeC, although its drawing API is inspired by ActionScript. Together with KAGE, KonsolScript was distributed as freeware until it was released as free software in SourceForge on April 2006. KonsolScript is licensed under GNU General Public License.","KonsolScript, , wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KonsolScript,beginner to advance
+2381,blur-markup-language,,"blur-markup-language, Andrew Yoon, website, United States",website: http://www.bml-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+2382,formality,,"formality, Victor Maia, website, Unknown",website: https://docs.formality-lang.org,beginner to advance
+2384,MathML,,"MathML, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathML,beginner to advance
+2385,Namespace Routing Language,,"Namespace Routing Language, , reference, wikipedia, Thailand","reference: https://relaxng.org/jclark/nrl.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namespace_Routing_Language",beginner to advance
+2386,lezer,,"lezer, Marijn Haverbeke, website, Germany",website: https://lezer.codemirror.net/,beginner to advance
+2387,flownote,,"flownote, , website, United States",website: https://gitter.im/flownote/community,beginner to advance
+2390,empirical,,"empirical, , website, United States",website: https://www.empirical-soft.com/,beginner to advance
+2391,hecl,,"hecl, David N. Welton and Wolfgang Kechel, website, document, United States","website: https://www.hecl.org/, documentation: https://www.hecl.org/docs/",beginner to advance
+2392,qed-lang,,"qed-lang, , website, United States",website: https://qed-lang.org,beginner to advance
+2393,Bossam Rule Language,,"Bossam Rule Language, , reference, South Korea",reference: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-30504-0_10,beginner to advance
+2394,CSL,,"CSL, , reference, United States and United Kingdom",reference: https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/5.3.194,beginner to advance
+2395,phylip,,"phylip, , reference, United States",reference: http://rosalind.info/glossary/phylip-format/,beginner to advance
+2396,Public Key File,,"Public Key File, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell,beginner to advance
+2397,Standard for Exchange of Non-clinical Data,"The Standard for Exchange of Nonclinical Data (SEND) is an implementation of the CDISC Standard Data Tabulation Model (SDTM) for nonclinical studies, which specifies a way to present nonclinical data in a consistent format. These types of studies are related to animal testing conducted during drug development. Raw data of toxicology animal studies started after December 18, 2016 to support submission of new drugs to the US Food and Drug Administration will be submitted to the agency using SEND. Having a common model to which the industry can conform enables benefits such as the ability for vendors to develop tools, for inter-organizational data exchange that is consistent in format regardless of the parties involved, and so on. A SEND package consists of a few parts, but the main focus is on individual endpoint data.  Endpoints typically map to domains (essentially, datasets), with a number of variables (a.k.a., columns or fields).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_for_Exchange_of_Non-clinical_Data,beginner to advance
+2398,VAL,"VAL  may stand for:  Variable Assembly Language, a computer-based control system and language designed specifically for use with Unimation Inc. industrial robots Vatican lira, the currency  of the Vatican City between 1929 and 2002 Véhicule Automatique Léger, a type of automatic rubber-tired people mover technology Vieques Air Link, an airline",,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/12d720433b7ad6ad0ccb12c1cee6196f759f14fa, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAL",beginner to advance
+2399,Robot Battle,"Robot Battle is a programming game for Microsoft Windows where players design and code adaptable battling robots. Robot Battle takes strategy rather than reflexes, accuracy, or timing to succeed. What differentiates one robot from the next is its programming, for which the player is responsible. The game is inspired by the similar game RobotWar.","Robot Battle, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Battle,beginner to advance
+2400,INFER,"Inferences are steps in reasoning, moving from premises to logical consequences. Charles Sanders Peirce divided inference into three kinds: deduction, induction, and abduction.  Deduction is inference deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true,  with the laws of valid inference being studied in logic.  Induction is inference from particular premises to a universal conclusion.  Abduction is inference to the best explanation. Human inference (i.e. how humans draw conclusions) is traditionally studied within the field of cognitive psychology; artificial intelligence researchers develop automated inference systems to emulate human inference. Statistical inference uses mathematics to draw conclusions in the presence of uncertainty. This generalizes deterministic reasoning, with the absence of uncertainty as a special case. Statistical inference uses quantitative or qualitative (categorical) data which may be subject to random variations.","INFER, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/27184821d21e662cbd0c1526995ff8499fc01419, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infer",beginner to advance
+2401,S/SL,"The Syntax/Semantic Language (S/SL) is an executable high level specification language for recursive descent parsers, semantic analyzers and code generators developed by James Cordy, Ric Holt and David Wortman at the University of Toronto in 1980.S/SL is a small programming language that supports cheap recursion and defines input, output, and error token names (& values), semantic mechanisms (class interfaces whose methods are really escapes to routines in a host programming language but allow good abstraction in the pseudocode) and a pseudocode program that defines the syntax of the input language by the token stream the program accepts. Alternation, control flow and one-symbol look-ahead constructs are part of the language. The S/SL processor compiles this pseudocode into a table (byte-codes) that is interpreted by the S/SL table-walker (interpreter). The pseudocode language processes the input language in LL(1) recursive descent style but extensions allow it to process any LR(k) language relatively easily.  S/SL is designed to provide excellent syntax error recovery and repair. It is more powerful and transparent than Yacc but can be slower. S/SL's ""semantic mechanisms"" extend its capabilities to all phases of compiling, and it has been used to implement all phases of compilation, including scanners, parsers, semantic analyzers, code generators and virtual machine interpreters in multi-pass language processors.S/SL has been used to implement production commercial compilers for languages such as PL/I, Euclid, Turing, Ada, and COBOL, as well as interpreters, command processors, and domain specific languages of many kinds.  It is the primary technology used in IBM's ILE/400 COBOL compiler, and the ZMailer mail transfer agent uses S/SL for defining both its mail router processing language and its RFC 822 email address validation.","S/SL, , wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/SL_programming_language,beginner to advance
+2402,ALCOR,"For the cryonics organization, see Alcor Life Extension Foundation. ALCOR is a radar tracking station in Roi-Namur island in the north part of the Kwajalein atoll in the Marshall Islands.ALCOR is an early computer language definition created by the ALCOR Group, a consortium of universities, research institutions and manufacturers in Europe and the United States which was founded in 1959 and which had 60 members in 1966. The group had the aim of a common compiler specification for a subset of ALGOL 60 after the ALGOL meeting in Copenhagen in 1958.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALCOR,beginner to advance
+2403,Larceny Scheme implementation,"Larceny is an implementation of the Scheme programming language built around the Twobit optimizing compiler. Larceny offers several back-ends able to target native x86 and ARMv7 code.  Petit Larceny is also available and emits C source code, which can then be further compiled to native code with an ordinary C compiler.Older versions (<0.98) included support for the SPARC architecture in Larceny, and for Microsoft's Common Language Runtime via Common Larceny.Larceny supports all major Scheme standards (R5RS, IEEE/ANSI, R6RS, and R7RS.  The Larceny software is open source and available online.","Larceny Scheme implementation, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larceny_(Scheme_implementation),beginner to advance
+2404,Acornsoft Logo,Acornsoft Logo is a commercial implementation of the Logo programming language for the 8-bit BBC Micro and Acorn Electron computers.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acornsoft_Logo,beginner to advance
+2405,Napier88,"Napier88 is an orthogonally persistent programming language that was designed and implemented at the University of St Andrews, Scotland. The primary designer was Ron Morrison, whose initial designs were extended and implemented by Fred Brown, Richard Connor, and Al Dearle. Napier88 was ahead of its time in many ways, and was the first robustly implemented language to combine a polymorphic type system with orthogonal persistence. The language was robustly implemented and released to users from both industry and academia; up to 1,000 registered users were recorded in due course. The language, however, was only intended to provide a proof of concept for an experiment in persistent programming; some time after 1989 (the year the first implementation was in fact released) the group's interests moved on and the language was no longer maintained. Its influence lives on in various other systems however; the CORBA type ANY is distinctly recognisable in Napier88's type ANY; Microsoft's CLR uses a similar polymorphic architecture, and Java's parametric types solve some of the same problems of uninstantiated types escaping from their static scope.","Napier88, , wikipedia, Scotland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier88,beginner to advance
+2406,Tymshare SuperBasic,"Tymshare, Inc. was a time-sharing service and third-party hardware maintenance company competing with companies such as Four-Phase Systems, CompuServe, and Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC, Digital). Tymshare developed or acquired innovative technologies, including data networking (Tymnet), electronic data interchange (EDI), credit card and payment processing (Transaction Tracking System, Western29), telecommunications provisioning (COEES), office automation (August, Augment) and database technology (Magnum).  It was headquartered in Cupertino, California from 1964 to 1984. The computing platforms included the SDS 940, XDS 940 (Tymcom-IX), XDS Sigma 7, DEC PDP-10 models KA, KI, KL and KS (Tymcom-X/XX, Tenex, August, Tops-20), XKL Toad-1, IBM 360 & 370 (VM, MVS, GNOSIS) servers. Divisions:  INSD — Information Services Division STD — Systems Technology Division DND — Data Networks DivisionIn 1984 Tymshare was acquired by McDonnell Douglas, restructured, split up and portions were resold, spun off, and merged with other companies from 1984 through 2004 when most of its legacy network was finally shut down.  Islands of its network technology continued as part of EDI, at least into 2008. McDonnell Douglas was acquired by Boeing.  Consequently, rights to use technology developed by Tymshare are currently held by Boeing, British Telecom (BT), Verizon Communications, and AT&T Inc. due to the acquisitions and mergers from 1984 through 2005.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymshare_SuperBasic,beginner to advance
+2407,eco-editor,,"eco-editor, , website, United Kingdom",website: https://soft-dev.org,beginner to advance
+2409,Dexterity,,"Dexterity, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexterity_programming_language,beginner to advance
+2410,DARPA Agent Markup Language,"The DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) was the name of a US funding program at the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) started in 1999 by then-Program Manager James Hendler, and later run by Murray Burke,  Mark Greaves and Michael Pagels. The program focused on the creation of machine-readable representations for the Web. One of the Investigators working on the program was Tim Berners-Lee and to a great degree through his influence, working with the program managers, the effort worked to create technologies and demonstrations for what is now called the Semantic Web and this in turn led to the growth of Knowledge Graph technology. A primary outcome of the DAML program was the DAML language, an  agent markup language based on  RDF.  This language was then followed by an extension entitled DAML+OIL which included researchers outside of the DARPA program in the design. The 2002 submission of the DAML+OIL language to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) captures the work done by DAML contractors and the EU/U.S. ad hoc Joint Committee on Markup Languages.  This submission was the starting point for the language (later called OWL) to be developed by W3C's web ontology working group, WebOnt. DAML+OIL was a syntax, layered on RDF and XML, that could be used to describe sets of facts making up an ontology. DAML+OIL had its roots in three main languages - DAML, as described above,  OIL (Ontology Inference Layer) and  SHOE, an earlier US research project. A major innovation of the languages was to use RDF and XML for a basis, and to use RDF namespaces to organize and assist with the integration of arbitrarily many different and incompatible ontologies. Articulation ontologies can link these competing ontologies through codification of analogous subsets in a neutral point of view, as is done in the Wikipedia. Current ontology research derived in part from DAML is leading toward the expression of ontologies and rules for reasoning and action.  Much of the work in DAML has now been incorporated into RDF Schema, the OWL and their successor languages and technologies including schema.org","DARPA Agent Markup Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Agent_Markup_Language,beginner to advance
+2411,PASCAL/MT+,"Pascal/MT+ was an ISO 7185 compatible Pascal compiler written in 1980 by Michael Lehman, founder of MT MicroSYSTEMS of Solana Beach, California.  The company was acquired by Digital Research in 1981 which subsequently distributed versions that ran on the 8080/Z80 processor under the CP/M operating system. Later versions ran on the 68000 CPU under CP/M-68K, and the 8086 CPU under CP/M-86 and MS-DOS. Pascal/MT+, for the 8086, was available for CP/M-86, PC DOS/MS-DOS as well as RMX-86 (a proprietary OS from Intel). Pascal/MT+86 still runs today on even the latest version of Microsoft Windows and DR-DOS.","PASCAL/MT+, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal/MT+,beginner to advance
+2412,LIMDEP,"LIMDEP is an econometric and statistical software package with a variety of estimation tools. In addition to the core econometric tools for analysis of cross sections and time series, LIMDEP supports methods for panel data analysis, frontier and efficiency estimation and discrete choice modeling.  The package also provides a programming language to allow the user to specify, estimate and analyze models that are not contained in the built in menus of model forms.","LIMDEP, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: http://www.limdep.com/features/capabilities/programming/programming_with_limdep_1.php, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIMDEP",beginner to advance
+2413,SASL,"SASL (from St Andrews Static Language, alternatively  St Andrews Standard Language) is a purely functional programming language developed by David Turner at the University of St Andrews in 1972, based on the applicative subset of ISWIM.  In 1976 Turner redesigned and reimplemented it as a non-strict (lazy) language.  In this form it was the foundation of Turner's later languages KRC and Miranda, but SASL appears to be untyped whereas Miranda has polymorphic types. Burroughs Corporation used SASL to write a compiler and operating system.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SASL_%28programming_language%29,beginner to advance
+2414,Atom,"Atom is a domain-specific language (DSL) in Haskell, for designing real-time embedded software.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2415,MewMew,,"MewMew, Palash Bauri, website, India",website: https://palashbauri.in/mewmew,beginner to advance
+2416,Snit,"Snit or SNIT may refer to:  Droopy ""Snit"" McCool, a minor character in the film Return of the Jedi Snit (horse), a Thoroughbred horse which won the 1997 Cotillion Handicap Snit (mascot), a robotic character on Canadian TV channel YTV Wongsadhiraj Snit, Thai prince honored by UNESCO National System of Land Information or Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial (SNIT), government entity in Chile participating in GeoSUR Shree Narayan Institute of Technology (SNIT), a college in Khargone, India Snit, an object-oriented extension to the Tcl programming language Snit, a unit of measurement for alcoholic drinks Snit, Jamaican name for the fish Haemulon vittatum Šnit, a 2007 Igor Marojević novel Branwell F. Snit, character in a comic strip created by Morgan Sanders Snit Mandolin, main character in the 2009 Canadian film Hungry Hills Snits, West Frisian name for the Dutch city Sneek Snits, creatures in the board game Snit's Revenge",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snit,beginner to advance
+2417,NCAR Command Language,"The US National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR ) is a US federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) managed by the nonprofit University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) and funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). NCAR has multiple facilities, including the I. M. Pei-designed Mesa Laboratory headquarters in Boulder, Colorado. Studies include meteorology, climate science, atmospheric chemistry, solar-terrestrial interactions, environmental and societal impacts.","NCAR Command Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAR_Command_Language,beginner to advance
+2418,Khepri,,"Khepri, Matt Bierner, website, United States",website: https://web.archive.org/web/20200122120931/http://khepri-lang.com/,beginner to advance
+2419,Typographical Number Theory,"Typographical Number Theory (TNT) is a formal axiomatic system describing the natural numbers that appears in Douglas Hofstadter's book Gödel, Escher, Bach.  It is an implementation of Peano arithmetic that Hofstadter uses to help explain Gödel's incompleteness theorems. Like any system implementing the Peano axioms, TNT is capable of referring to itself (it is self-referential).",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographical_Number_Theory,beginner to advance
+2420,SISC,"SISC is an R5RS Scheme implementation, which includes a full number tower, hygienic macros, proper tail recursion, and first class continuations. SISC is short for Second Interpreter of Scheme Code, in reference to its predecessor LISC, the Lightweight Interpreter of Scheme Code.SISC is free software, dual-licensed under the Mozilla Public License and the GNU General Public License, Version 2. It was developed by Scott G. Miller and Matthias Radestock.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SISC,beginner to advance
+2422,Secure Operations Language,"The Secure Operations Language (SOL) was developed jointly by the United States Naval Research Laboratory and Utah State University in the United States. SOL is a  domain-specific synchronous programming language for developing distributed applications and is based on software engineering principles developed in the Software Cost Reduction project at the Naval Research Laboratory in the late 1970s and early 1980s. SOL is intended to be a domain-specific language for developing service-based systems. Concurrently, a domain-specific extension of Java (SOLj) is being developed (FTDCS 2007) Application domains include sensor networks, defense and space systems, healthcare delivery, power control, etc. The investigators of the project are Dr. Ramesh Bharadwaj from the Naval Research Laboratory and Dr. Supratik Mukhopadhyay from Utah State University.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Operations_Language,beginner to advance
+2423,UNCOL,"UNCOL (Universal Computer Oriented Language) was a proposed universal intermediate language for compilers introduced by Melvin E. Conway in 1958. It was never fully specified or implemented; in many ways it was more a concept than a language. UNCOL was intended to make compilers economically available for each new instruction set architecture and programming language. Each machine architecture would require just one compiler back end, and each programming language would require one compiler front end. This was a very ambitious goal in 1961 because compiler technology was in its infancy, and little was standardized in computer hardware and software. The concept of such a universal intermediate language is old: the SHARE report (1958) already says ""[it has] been discussed by many independent persons as long ago as 1954."" Macrakis (1993) summarizes its fate:  UNCOL was an ambitious effort for the early 1960s. An attempt to solve the compiler-writing problem, it ultimately failed because language and compiler technology were not yet mature. In the 1970s, compiler-compilers ultimately contributed to solving the problem that UNCOL set itself: the economical production of compilers for new languages and new machines.  UNCOL is sometimes used as a generic term for the idea of a universal intermediate language. The Architecture Neutral Distribution Format is an example of an UNCOL in this sense.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNCOL,beginner to advance
+2424,Alpha,"The Alpha language was the original database language proposed by Edgar F. Codd, the inventor of the relational database approach. It was defined in Codd's 1971 paper ""A Data Base Sublanguage Founded on the Relational Calculus"". Alpha influenced the design of QUEL. It was eventually supplanted by SQL (which is however based on the relational algebra defined by Codd in ""Relational Completeness of Data Base Sublanguages""), which IBM developed for its first commercial relational database product.",,"reference: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255651557_The_ALPHA_Programming_Language_-_Language_Guide, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_%28programming_language%29",beginner to advance
+2425,ALTRAN,"ALTRAN was a FORTRAN extension providing rational algebra, developed by W.S. Brown, at Bell Labs around 1968.","ALTRAN, W. Stanley Brown, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALTRAN,beginner to advance
+2426,PowerHouse,"PowerHouse is a trademarked name for a byte-compiled fourth-generation programming language (or 4GL) originally produced by Quasar Corporation (later renamed Cognos Incorporated) for the Hewlett-Packard HP3000 mini-computer. It was initially composed of five components:  QDD, or Quasar Data Dictionary: for building a central data dictionary used by all other components QDesign: a character-based screen generator Quick: an interactive, character-based screen processor (running screens generated by QDesign) Quiz: a report writer QTP: a batch transaction processor.","PowerHouse, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerHouse_%28programming_language%29,beginner to advance
+2428,Calypso,,"Calypso, ThePuzzlemaker, website, Unknown",website: https://calypso-lang.github.io/,beginner to advance
+2429,Mama,"Mama is an object-oriented educational programming language designed to help young students start programming by providing all language elements in the student mother tongue. Mama programming language is available in several languages, with both left-to-right (LTR) and right-to-left (RTL) language direction support. A new variant of Mama was built on top of Carnegie Mellon's Alice development environment, supporting scripting of the 3D stage objects. This new variant of Mama was designed to help young students start programming by building 3D animations and games.","Mama, , website, wikipedia, Israel","website: https://web.archive.org/web/20181230132451/https://eytam.com/mama, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_%28software%29",beginner to advance
+2430,ZigZag,"ZigZag is Ted Nelson's trademark on a data model he has designed for computer interaction, both for users and between programs. Nelson's stated goal is on one hand a platform for the Project Xanadu hypertext and on the other a complete computing system built on new conventions. The design is centered on an information structure called a zzstructure and its interactive visualizations. Instead of conventional linear text or tree structures, zzstructure is a multidimensional extension of a spreadsheet whose cells can contain various kinds of data. At any moment, the display shows any two dimensions in table form much like a modern spreadsheet. Users can pivot the display about any cell to efficiently ""rotate"" any unseen dimension in place of either visible one, allowing them to browse high dimensional grids in a zigzag manner.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigZag_(software),beginner to advance
+2431,Actor,"The Actor programming language was invented by Charles Duff of The Whitewater Group in 1988. It was an offshoot of some object-oriented extensions to the Forth language he had been working on. Actor would be categorized as a pure object-oriented language in the style of Smalltalk. Like Smalltalk, everything was an object, including small integers. A Baker semi-space garbage collector was used, along with (in memory-constrained Windows 2.1 days) a software virtual memory system that swapped objects. A token threaded interpreter, written in 16-bit x86 assembly language, was the execution mechanism for compiled code. Actor only was released on the Microsoft Windows 2.1 and 3.0 operating system. Actor used perhaps the first pure object-oriented framework over native operating system calls as its basic GUI architecture. This allowed an Actor application to look and feel exactly like a Windows application written in C, but with all the advantages of an interactive Smalltalk-like development environment. Both a downside and upside to this architecture was a tight coupling to the Windows OS architecture, with a thin abstraction layer into objects. This allowed direct use of the rich Windows OS API, but also made it nearly impossible to support any other OS without a significant rewrite of the application framework.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2432,Gello Expression Language,"The GELLO Expression Language was started in 2001 and introduced in 2002; in 2005, GELLO was adopted as an international standard by Health Level Seven International and ANSI for a decision support language. GELLO Release 2 was completed and approved by ANSI in June 2010. The GELLO specifications have been developed in coordination with the HL7 Clinical Decision Support TC (CDSTC)GELLO is a class-based object-oriented programming language and a relative of the Object Constraint Language (OCL). OCL is a well-developed constraint language that makes it attractive for use as an expression language. The intention was for GELLO to evolve as a standard query and expression language for decision support.GELLO creates the potential for many decision support options, as the full array of atomic patient data is greatly accessible to complement better, safer clinical decision making by health professionals. Furthermore, this enables specialist clinicians to customize their current systems and create flexible purpose built decision support systems.Standardization of GELLO it has made this language compatible with the HL7 version 3.0 Reference Information Model (RIM). GELLO uses an abstract ""virtual medical record"" (vMR) so that the same GELLO code can run on multiple systems accessing data stored in different formats. The vMR is a simplified view of the HL7 RIM.The current focus of the HL7 CDS WG is to build on the Clinical Quality Language (CQL)","Gello Expression Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gello_Expression_Language,beginner to advance
+2433,OMeta,"OMeta is a specialized object-oriented programming language for pattern matching, developed by Alessandro Warth and Ian Piumarta in 2007 under the Viewpoints Research Institute. The language is based on Parsing Expression Grammars (PEGs) rather than Context-Free Grammars with the intent of providing “a natural and convenient way for programmers to implement tokenizers, parsers, visitors, and tree-transformers”.OMeta's main goal is to allow a broader audience to use techniques generally available only to language programmers, such as parsing. It is also known for its use in quickly creating prototypes, though programs written in OMeta are noted to be generally less efficient than those written in vanilla (base language) implementations, such as JavaScript.OMeta is noted for its use in creating domain-specific languages, and especially for the maintainability of its implementations (Newcome). OMeta, like other meta languages, requires a host language; it was originally created as a COLA implementation.","OMeta, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMeta,beginner to advance
+2434,NPL,"NPL is a functional programming language with pattern matching designed by Rod Burstall and John Darlington in 1977. The language allows certain sets and logic constructs to appear on the right hand side of definitions, e.g.  setofeven(X) <= <:x: x in X & even(x) :>The NPL interpreter evaluates the list of generators from left to right so conditions can mention any bound variables that occur to their left. These were known as set comprehensions. NPL eventually evolved into Hope but lost set comprehensions, which made a reappearance in the form of list comprehensions in later functional languages.","NPL, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPL_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2435,SR,"SR (short for Synchronizing Resources) is a programming language designed for concurrent programming. Resources encapsulate processes and the variables they share, and can be separately compiled. Operations provide the primary mechanism for process interaction. SR provides a novel integration of the mechanisms for invoking and servicing operations. Consequently, it supports local and remote procedure call, rendezvous, message passing, dynamic process creation, multicast, semaphores and shared memory. Version 2.2 has been ported to the Apollo, DECstation, Data General AViiON, HP 9000 Series 300, Multimax, NeXT, PA-RISC, RS/6000, Sequent Symmetry, SGI IRIS, Sun-3, Sun-4 and others.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_%28programming_language%29,beginner to advance
+2436,IFPS,"IFPS (Interactive Financial Planning System) was a financial modeling language created by professor Gerald R. Wagner and his students of the University of Texas at Austin in the late 1970s. IFPS was marketed by Execucom, an Austin-based company started by Wagner. The company was acquired by Comshare in 1991.IFPS was available for a variety of platforms, including IBM mainframes (VM/CMS), DEC VAX, various flavors of Unix, DOS-based PCs and Macintosh Computers (named ""Mindsight""- running on two floppies). There were a number of versions, from about 1985,  including optimization and a data area for storing data separately from models. IFPS seems to have been an important inspiration for the Javelin financial modeling application. Some parts of the IFPS approach were later used by Lotus's Improv- like the separation of model logic and data. Difference to spreadsheet software (Lotus 1-2-3 and later Excel): Mainframe and PC/Mac versions of IFPS completely separated the logic model (connections between variables) and the data. Both were bound together by data placeholder (like ""earnings in Year1"" in the logic model - to easily run scenarios . (Spreadsheet) columns were represented by Name1, Name2, name3 etc. The model logic was written in lines with placeholder- oriented text ( ""earnings=sales-costs"" etc.). Comment lines on the model could be included anywhere with //. IFPS mainframe versions also allowed to simulate stochastic events by providing a range of probability distributions. The IFPS approach made it easy to communicate complex models even to laymen and managers. IFPS was eventually out-competed by spreadsheets.  IFPS was an essential financial model-development tool for long range planning and strategic planning, popular business practices in the 1980's.  As an ""English-like"" language, IFPS made it very simple to express relationships among financial concepts without having to worry about sequential logic, as the program would figure out dependencies among variables.  This allowed for simple creation of both financial and managerial accounting statements.   I was fortunate to work with IFPS for over ten years as an analyst at Champlin Petroleum aka. Union Pacific Resources.  I also attended seminars and conferences put on by Gerald Wagner and his team at EXECUCOM.   I believe it was the rise of risk management in the commodity industries over ""assumption-based"" techniques like long range planning, rather than spreadsheets per se, which contributed to IFPS loss in popularity. [Edit by David Benepe]","IFPS, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPS,beginner to advance
+2437,Matita,"Matita is an experimental proof assistant under development at the Computer Science Department of the University of Bologna. It is a tool aiding the development of formal proofs by man-machine collaboration, providing a programming environment where formal specifications, executable algorithms and automatically verifiable correctness certificates naturally coexist. Matita is based on a dependent type System known as the Calculus of (Co)Inductive Constructions (a derivative of Calculus of Constructions), and is compatible, to some extent, with Coq. The word ""matita"" means ""pencil"" in Italian (a simple and widespread editing tool). It is a reasonably small and simple application, whose architectural and software complexity is meant to be mastered by students, providing a tool particularly suited for testing innovative ideas and solutions. Matita adopts a tactic-based editing mode; (XML-encoded) proof objects are produced for storage and exchange.","Matita, , wikipedia, Italy",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matita,beginner to advance
+2438,Abstract State Machine Language,Abstract State Machine Language (AsmL) is a programming language based on the Abstract State Machines formal method and developed by Microsoft. AsmL is a functional language (which are commonly used in academic research).XASM is an open source implementation of the language.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_State_Machine_Language,beginner to advance
+2439,CA-Telon,"TELON, later renamed CA-TELON, is one of the first commercially successful application generators for building business applications.","CA-Telon, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA-Telon,beginner to advance
+2440,Lynx,"Lynx is a programming language for large distributed networks, using remote procedure calls. It was developed by the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1984 for the Charlotte multicomputer operating system.  In 1986 at the University of Rochester Lynx was ported to the Chrysalis operating system running on a BBN Butterfly multiprocessor.","Lynx, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2441,PIKT,"PIKT is cross-categorical, multi-purpose software for global-view, site-at-a-time system and network administration.  Applicability includes system monitoring, configuration management, server and network administration, system security, and many other uses. PIKT consists of a feature-rich file preprocessor; a scripting language; a flexible, centrally directed process scheduler; a customizing file installer; a collection of command-line extensions; and other useful tools. The PIKT binaries are written using a combination of C, lex (flex), and yacc (bison).  PIKT's configuration combines free-form text files, Pikt scripts, and programs written in other popular scripting languages. PIKT is in widespread use at thousands of sites around the world, although its popularity is diminished by the perception that it is complicated to set up and difficult to administer.  Recent changes have mitigated the complexity and difficulty somewhat.  PIKT's user community is low-profile and not very active. PIKT was first released publicly on October 17, 1998, and has undergone numerous revisions since then.  As of 2008, it is still being actively maintained.","PIKT, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://web.archive.org/web/20190328003724/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIKT,beginner to advance
+2442,Snowball,"Snowball is a small string processing programming language designed for creating stemming algorithms for use in information retrieval.The Snowball compiler translates a Snowball script (a  .sbl file) into either a thread-safe ANSI C program or a Java program. For ANSI C, each Snowball script produces a program file and corresponding header file (with  .c  and  .h  extensions). The Snowball compiler checks the consistency of its script, and this check was used to discover a typo in a seminal academic paper by Lovins which had remained undetected for 30 years.The basic datatypes handled by Snowball are strings of characters, signed integers, and boolean truth values, or more simply strings, integers and booleans. Snowball's characters are either 8-bit wide, or 16-bit, depending on the mode of use. In particular, both ASCII and 16-bit Unicode are supported. Like the SNOBOL programming language, the flow of control in Snowball is arranged by the implicit use of signals (each statement returns a true or false value), rather than the explicit use of constructs such as if, then, and break found in C and many other programming languages.The name Snowball was chosen as a tribute to the SNOBOL programming language, with which it shares the concept of string patterns delivering signals that are used to control the flow of the program. The creator of Snowball, Dr. Martin Porter, ""toyed with the idea of calling it 'strippergram' "", because it ""effectively provides a 'suffix STRIPPER GRAMmar' "".",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowball_%28programming_language%29,beginner to advance
+2443,Distributed Application Specification Language,"The DASL Programming Language (Distributed Application Specification Language) is a high-level, strongly typed programming language originally developed at Sun Microsystems Laboratories between 1999 and 2003 as part of the Ace Project.  The goals of the project were to enable rapid development of web-based applications based on Sun's J2EE architecture, and to eliminate the steep learning curve of platform-specific details. DASL defines an application as a domain model with one or more logical presentation models, where a logical presentation model consists of a choreography of the domain model objects described in a set of forms with attached actions.  DASL generates the graphical user interface directly from the logical presentation.  DASL is unique among modern application programming languages in its ability to generate a modern graphic user interface for an application without requiring the programmer to define the user interface explicitly, while allowing the programmer to control the look and feel of the generated graphic user interface. The DASL language is partially declarative and partially procedural. Description of object/data structures and persistence, and the description of the logical presentation, are declarative. Basic object constraints and behavior are declarative, while additional object behaviors are specified procedurally as methods. Queries can be defined either declaratively or by writing methods. The language and development environment are a practical realization of the model-driven architecture (MDA) approach. The programmer uses DASL to produce the platform-independent model or PIM, and the language code generators automatically produce and deploy the platform-specific model or PSM. New PSMs may be introduced by writing new code generators.","Distributed Application Specification Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Application_Specification_Language,beginner to advance
+2444,preforth,,"preforth, Ulrich Hoffmann, reference, Germany",reference: https://fosdem.org/2020/schedule/event/forth_new_synthesis/,beginner to advance
+2445,Smalltalk MT,"Smalltalk MT is an implementation of the Smalltalk programming language created in 1994 by Tarik Kerroum to deal with some of the shortcomings of Smalltalk-80 style of implementations. Smalltalk MT adopts a different approach in that the Smalltalk source is compiled to machine code before being executed. This allows the developer the freedom of working with compiled code without the need for the traditional compile-link-run cycle. This is like a specialized form of incremental or dynamic compilation. Smalltalk MT directly interfaces to DLLs in exactly the same manner as C which allows DLL calls to be tested directly in a Workspace, which allows a scripting style of approach to accessing any DLL based code. For example, one could write in a Workspace the following (single line or multiline, breaking on the '.' character) to reverse the string 'abc': a := 'abc'. WINAPI _strrev: a. a inspect. For 64-bit Windows , try: a:= 'abc'. WINAPI _wcsrev: a.  a inspect. The WINAPI call directly calls the DLL function _strrev natively passing parameters from the Smalltalk environment to the C environment and back. Smalltalk MT has a close integration with COM objects and fully compiled COM components can be created that operate in exactly the same way as C/C++ COM objects. In 1998 David Anderson teamed up with Tarik Kerroum to advance Smalltalk MT into the high performance and graphics areas.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk_MT,beginner to advance
+2446,MINC,"MINC (""MINC is not C"") is a data specification language written in the mid-1980s by a Princeton University graduate student named Lars Graf. This kind of naming is known as a ""recursive acronym"".  It contains many (though not all) of the syntactical capabilities of the C programming language, and can be used to implement simple procedural programs that can be executed by a runtime parser (that is to say, MINC does not need to be compiled in any way).  MINC continues to be used only in a handful of programs written in the 1980s (e.g. Real-Time Cmix). It has been for all intents and purposes superseded by modern scripting languages such as Perl, Python, and Tcl. A controversial aspect of the language is whether it is pronounced ""mink"" or ""min-see"".","MINC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINC,beginner to advance
+2447,OWBasic,OWBasic is an interpreted language environment that can be downloaded to Personal digital assistants like the Casio's Pocket viewer.,"OWBasic, , wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWBasic,beginner to advance
+2448,Phoenix Object Basic,"Phoenix Object Basic is an object-oriented rapid application development tool for Linux. It has object-oriented features such as inheritance and polymorphism as found in languages such as Python and Perl. It also features a similar design environment and compatible syntax to Visual Basic reducing the learning curve for those making a transition from that language to Linux programming. Phoenix includes a full implementation of the BASIC programming language. It was released for download in 2001 and the Linux package is at version 1.5 beta 6 (released October 2004), it also requires the distribution of a small number of runtime library files with complied applications. Phoenix Object Basic is a proprietary tool for cross-platform Linux and Windows application development.   Key attributes:  No longer being actively developed Rapid Application Development for Windows and Linux Short learning curve for VB developers Object-oriented Small executables, Fast execution Cross platform Released as an RPMThe Phoenix source code is not available because it contains proprietary third party components. Phoenix is free of charge and freely distributable.","Phoenix Object Basic, , wikipedia, United States and The Netherlands",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Object_Basic,beginner to advance
+2449,Occam π,"In computer science, occam-π (or occam-pi) is the name of a variant of the programming language occam developed by the Kent Retargetable occam Compiler (KRoC) team at the University of Kent. The name reflects the introduction of elements of π-calculus (pi-calculus) into occam, especially concepts involving mobile agents (processes) and data. The language contains several extensions to occam 2.1, including:  Nested protocols Run-time process creation Mobile channels, data, and processes Recursion Protocol inheritance Array constructors Extended rendezvous","Occam π, , reference, wikipedia, United Kingdom","reference: https://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/projects/ofa/kroc/occam-pi.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam-π",beginner to advance
+2450,Gauche Scheme implementation,"Gauche is an R7RS Scheme implementation.  It is designed for scripting in a production environment.  It is intended to allow programmers and system administrators to write scripts in support of daily operations. Quick startup, built-in system interface, native multilingual support are some of its key design goals. Gauche is free software under the BSD License.  It is primarily developed by Shiro Kawai.","Gauche Scheme implementation, , website, reference, wikipedia, United States","website: http://practical-scheme.net/gauche/, reference: https://sourceforge.net/projects/gauche/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauche_(Scheme_implementation)",beginner to advance
+2451,Ecological Metadata Language,"Ecological Metadata Language (EML) is a metadata standard developed by and for the ecology discipline. It is based on prior work done by the Ecological Society of America and others, including the Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity. EML is a set of XML schema documents that allow for the structural expression of metadata.  It was developed specifically to allow researchers to document a typical data set in the ecological sciences. EML is largely designed to describe digital resources, however, it may also be used to describe non-digital resources such as paper maps and other non-digital media. The Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity project has developed a software client specifically to address this need. Morpho is data management software intended for generating metadata in EML format. Morpho is part of the DataONE Investigator Toolkit, and therefore intended to facilitate data sharing and reuse among ecologists and environmental scientists.","Ecological Metadata Language, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://knb.ecoinformatics.org/external//emlparser/docs/index.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_Metadata_Language",beginner to advance
+2452,muMath,"muMATH is a computer algebra system (CAS), which was developed in the late 1970s and early eighties by Albert D. Rich and David Stoutemyer of Soft Warehouse in Honolulu, Hawaii. It was implemented in the muSIMP programming language which was built on top of a LISP dialect called muLISP. Platforms supported were CP/M and TRS-DOS (since muMATH-79), Apple II (since muMATH-80) and DOS (in muMATH-83, the last version, which was published by Microsoft). The Soft Warehouse later developed Derive, another computer algebra system. The company was purchased by Texas Instruments in 1999, and development of Derive ended in 2006.","muMath, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/44ab3648a50014007bda6cef7e091ae20e7737ae, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuMATH",beginner to advance
+2453,PALcode,"In computing, in the Alpha instruction set architecture, PALcode (Privileged Architecture Library code) is the name used by DEC for a set of functions in the SRM or AlphaBIOS firmware, providing a hardware abstraction layer for system software, covering features such as cache management, translation lookaside buffer (TLB) miss handling, interrupt handling and exception handling. PALcode is Alpha machine code, running in a special mode that also allows access to internal registers specific to the particular Alpha processor implementation. It is thus somewhere between the role of microcode and of a hardware emulator. PALcode is operating system-specific; different versions of PALcode are required by OpenVMS, Tru64 UNIX, and Windows NT. Tru64 UNIX PALcode is also used by NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD and Linux.","PALcode, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: http://www.science.unitn.it/~fiorella/guidelinux/tlk/node140.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PALcode",beginner to advance
+2454,PICT,"Pict is a statically typed programming language, one of the very few based on the π-calculus. Work on the language began at the University of Edinburgh in 1992, and development has been more or less dormant since 1998. The language is still at an experimental stage.","PICT, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pict_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2455,YAP,"YAP is an open-source, high-performance implementation of the Prolog  programming language developed at LIACC/Universidade do Porto and at COPPE Sistemas/UFRJ. Its Prolog engine is based in the WAM (Warren Abstract Machine), with several optimizations for better performance. YAP follows the Edinburgh tradition, and is largely compatible with the ISO-Prolog standard and with Quintus Prolog and SICStus Prolog. YAP has been developed since 1985. The original version was written in assembly, C and Prolog, and achieved high performance on m68k-based machines.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAP_%28Prolog%29,beginner to advance
+2456,IBM HAScript,"HAScript, or Host Access Script, is an IBM-developed macro language with an XML syntax designed for programmatic interaction with terminal-based applications. HAScript is based on a state machine principle. The first commercial implementation appeared in IBM's Host On-Demand in the late 1990s. IBM software products that use HAScript include WebSphere Host On-Demand (HOD), Personal Communications, and WebSphere Host Access Transformation Services (HATS). When accessing the IBM Mainframe the HAScript API allows for Host emulation whereby information from the host screen can be retrieved and reformatted within a webpage, or other software application.  There has been limited adoption of HAScript as it requires an intense amount of system resources, general process overhead and Java virtual machine resources.  To date, the implementation of HAScript by other software companies has been mild as the language used for communication is not universally standardized.","IBM HAScript, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_HAScript,beginner to advance
+2457,PL-11,"PL-11 is a high-level machine-oriented programming language for the PDP-11, developed by R.D. Russell of CERN in 1971. Written in Fortran IV, it is similar to PL360 and is cross-compiled on other machines. PL-11 was originally developed as part of the Omega project, a particle physics facility operational at CERN (Geneva, Switzerland) during the 1970s. The first version was written for the CII 10070, a clone of the XDS Sigma 7 built in France. Towards the end of the 1970s it was ported to the IBM 370/168, then part of CERN's computer centre. A report describing the language is available from CERN.","PL-11, , wikipedia, Switzerland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL-11,beginner to advance
+2458,ROOP,"ROOP is a multiparadigm programming language targeted at AI applications created at the Chengdu University of China. It combines rule-based, procedural, logical and object-oriented programming techniques.","ROOP, , wikipedia, China",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROOP_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2459,ZOPL,"ZOPL is a programming language created by Geac Computer Corporation in the early 1970s for use on their mainframe computer systems used in libraries and banking institutions.  It had similarities to C and Pascal. ZOPL stood for ""Version Z, Our Programming Language"". ZOPL is still in use at CGI Group (formerly known as RealTime Datapro), who ported it to VAX/VMS and Unix in the 1980s, and to Windows in 1998.  It currently (2010) runs on Windows XP/2000/2003 and Red Hat Linux.  The RTM (formerly ZUG) language compiler and runtime framework are written in ZOPL. Outside of CGI, ZOPL has not been in general use since the late 1980s, although there is still one known working system where it is found embedded in programs written in the KARL programming language.","ZOPL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZOPL,beginner to advance
+2460,Kermeta,Kermeta is a modeling and programming language for metamodel engineering.,"Kermeta, , website, wikipedia, France","website: http://www.kermeta.org/index_k1_k2.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermeta",beginner to advance
+2461,FX-87,"FX-87 is a polymorphic typed functional language based on a system for static program analysis in which every expression has two static properties: a type and an effect. In a study done by MIT, FX-87 yields similar performance results as functional languages on programs that do not contain side effects (Fibonacci, Factorial). FX-87 did yield a great performance increase when matching DNA sequences.KFX is the kernel language of FX-87. It was described in 'Polymorphic Effect Systems', J.M. Lucassen et al., Proceedings of the 15th Annual ACM Conference POPL, ACM 1988, pp. 47–57.","FX-87, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FX-87,beginner to advance
+2462,JAWS Scripting Language,"JAWS Scripting Language is a proprietary programming language that facilitates the interoperability of the JAWS for Windows screen reading program with practically any application–both proprietary and off-the-shelf.  The JAWS Scripting Language, or JSL is a compiled language, allowing for source code protection.  ""JAWS scripting"" commonly also cumulatively refers to customization of JAWS through use of its built-in, user-editable utilities (called ""Managers"") or editing the configuration files directly, in combination with writing actual scripts.  The scripting language is an API that exposes functionality including a combination of traditional JAWS scripting, MSAA Server direct scripting, and document object model scripting to ensure optimal performance of JAWS to end-users.","JAWS Scripting Language, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAWS_(screen_reader), wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAWS_Scripting_Language",beginner to advance
+2463,MacroML,"MacroML is an experimental programming language based on the ML programming language family that seeks to reconcile ML's static typing systems, and the types of macro systems more commonly found in dynamically typed languages like Scheme; this reconciliation is difficult as macro transformations are typically Turing-complete and so can break the type safety guarantees static typing is supposed to provide.","MacroML, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacroML,beginner to advance
+2464,remix,,"remix, Jay McCarthy, website, reference, United States","website: https://docs.racket-lang.org/remix/index.html, reference: https://pkgs.racket-lang.org/package/remix",beginner to advance
+2465,ShEx,"Shape Expressions (ShEx)  is a language for validating and describing RDF.  It was proposed at the 2012 RDF Validation Workshop as a high-level, concise language for RDF validation.  The shapes can be defined in a human-friendly compact syntax called ShExC or using any Resource Description Framework (RDF) serialization formats like JSON-LD or Turtle. ShEx expressions can be used both to describe RDF and to automatically check the conformance of RDF data.  The syntax of ShEx is similar to Turtle and SPARQL while the semantics is inspired by regular expression languages like RelaxNG.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShEx,beginner to advance
+2466,Business Object Notation,"In software engineering, Business Object Notation (BON) is a method and graphical notation for high-level object-oriented analysis and design. The method was developed 1989–93 by Jean-Marc Nerson and Kim Waldén as a means of extending the higher-level concepts of the Eiffel programming language. It claims to be much simpler than its competition - the UML - but it didn't enjoy its commercial success.","Business Object Notation, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.bon-method.com/index_normal.htm, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Object_Notation",beginner to advance
+2467,CYBIL,Cybil (short for the Cyber Implementation Language of the Control Data Network Operating System) was a Pascal-like language developed at Control Data Corporation.  Cybil was used as the implementation language for the NOS/VE operating system on the CDC Cyber series and was also used to write the eOS operating system for the ETA10 supercomputer in the 1980s.,"CYBIL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybil_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2468,Datapoint's Advanced Systems Language,"DASL (Datapoint's Advanced Systems Language) was a programming language and compiler proprietary to Datapoint.  Primarily influenced by Pascal with some C touches, it was created in the early 1980s by Gene Hughes. The compiler output was assembly language, which was typically processed through a peep-hole optimizer before the assembler and linker. Reflecting its name, DASL was used for systems programming, mainly by the vendor itself.","Datapoint's Advanced Systems Language, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datapoint, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datapoint%27s_Advanced_Systems_Language",beginner to advance
+2469,FORMAC,"FORMAC, acronym of FORmula MAnipulation Compiler, was an early computer algebra system based on FORTRAN.  It was developed by Jean E. Sammet. FORMAC supported computation, manipulation, and use of symbolic expressions.","FORMAC, Jean E. Sammet, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORMAC,beginner to advance
+2470,neutron,,"neutron, , website, reference, Canada","website: https://the-neutron-foundation.github.io, reference: https://neutron-lang.readthedocs.io/en/latest/",beginner to advance
+2471,emerald-lang,,"emerald-lang, Zach Perkitny, website, United States",website: https://emeraldlang.github.io/emerald/,beginner to advance
+2474,polymath,,"polymath, JL, website, Unknown",website: https://jwmza.com/polymath/,beginner to advance
+2475,Edina,,"Edina, Cerus, reference, Germany",reference: https://reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/wl5snx/first_look_at_edina_a_simple_forthlike_compiled/,beginner to advance
+2476,Calc4,,"Calc4, Yuya Watari, website, Japan",website: https://github.com/proprowataya/calc4,beginner to advance
+2477,Serious,,"Serious, lorentzj, website, Unknown",website: https://github.com/lorentzj/serious,beginner to advance
+2478,boa,,"boa, , website, reference, Slovenia","website: http://plzoo.andrej.com/language/boa.html, reference: https://github.com/andrejbauer/plzoo",beginner to advance
+2479,c-talk,,"c-talk, Konstantin Knizhnik, website, Russia",website: http://www.garret.ru/ctalk.html,beginner to advance
+2480,Freefem,,"Freefem, , website, France",website: https://freefem.org/,beginner to advance
+2481,hilbert,,"hilbert, , website, Japan and Canada",website: http://hilbert-lang.org,beginner to advance
+2483,Pickle,,"Pickle, , website, reference, United States","website: https://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html, reference: https://www.python.org/ftp/python/doc/quick-ref.1.3.html",beginner to advance
+2484,pikachu,,"pikachu, , website, Unknown",website: http://trove42.com/introducing-pikachu-programming-language/,beginner to advance
+2486,ttsneo,,"ttsneo, , website, Japan",website: http://tts.utopiat.net/,beginner to advance
+2490,Homespring,,"Homespring, , reference, United States",reference: http://xeny.net/Homespring,beginner to advance
+2491,PLAIN,,"PLAIN, , reference, The Netherlands and United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e45feb720f24025777fbe4e7b1b768e06823b512,beginner to advance
+2492,Post-X,,"Post-X, P.A.C. Bailes and L.H. Reeker, reference, Australia",reference: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4949/e6dbe9967617534a3e9e5d66e1694a541d74.pdf,beginner to advance
+2493,prompter,,"prompter, Graham Nelson, reference, United Kingdom",reference: http://worrydream.com/refs/Nelson%20-%20Prompter%20-%20A%20Domain-Speci!c%20Language%20for%20Versu.pdf,beginner to advance
+2495,Subtext,"Subtext is a moderately visual programming language and environment, for writing application software. It is an experimental, research attempt to develop a new programming model, called Example Centric Programming, by treating copied blocks as first class prototypes, for program structure. It uses live text, similar to what occurs in spreadsheets as users update cells, for frequent feedback. It is intended to eventually be developed enough to become a practical language for daily use. It is planned to be open software; the license is not yet determined. Subtext was created by Jonathan Edwards who submitted a paper on the language to OOPSLA. It was accepted as part of the 2005 conference.",,"website: http://www.subtext-lang.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtext_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+2496,CAL Actor Language,"CAL (the Cal Actor Language) is a high-level programming language for writing (dataflow) actors, which are stateful operators that transform input streams of data objects (tokens) into output streams. CAL has been compiled to a variety of target platforms, including single-core processors, multicore processors, and programmable hardware. It has been used in several application areas, including video and processing, compression and cryptography. The MPEG Reconfigurable Video Coding (RVC) working group has adopted CAL as part of their standardization efforts.","CAL Actor Language, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/projects/embedded/caltrop/language.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAL_Actor_Language",beginner to advance
+2497,FuzzyCLIPS,"FuzzyCLIPS is a fuzzy logic extension of the CLIPS (C Language Integrated Production System) expert system shell from NASA. It was developed by the Integrated Reasoning Group of the Institute for Information Technology of the National Research Council of Canada and has been widely distributed for a number of years. It enhances CLIPS by providing a fuzzy reasoning capability that is fully integrated with CLIPS facts and inference engine allowing one to represent and manipulate fuzzy facts and rules. FuzzyCLIPS can deal with exact, fuzzy (or inexact), and combined reasoning, allowing fuzzy and normal terms to be freely mixed in the rules and facts of an expert system. The system uses two basic inexact concepts, fuzziness and uncertainty. It has provided a useful environment for developing fuzzy applications but it does require significant effort to update and maintain as new versions of CLIPS are released.","FuzzyCLIPS, , reference, wikipedia, Canada","reference: https://github.com/rorchard/FuzzyCLIPS, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FuzzyCLIPS",beginner to advance
+2498,Tektronix 4050,"The Tektronix 4050 was a series of three computer graphics microcomputers produced by Tektronix in the late 1970s through the early 1980s. The display technology was similar to the Tektronix 4010 terminal, using a storage tube display to avoid the need for video RAM. They were all-in-one designs with the display, keyboard, CPU and DC300 tape drive in a single desktop case. They also included a GPIB parallel bus interface for controlling lab and test equipment as well as connecting to external peripherals. A simple operating system and BASIC interpreter were included in ROM. A key concept of the systems was the use of a storage tube for the display. This allowed the screen to retain images drawn to it, eliminating the need for a framebuffer, computer memory devoted to the display. Most systems of the era had limited resolution due to the expense of the buffer needed to hold higher resolution images, but this was eliminated in the 4050s and allowed the resolution to be as high as the hardware could handle, which was ostensibly 1024 by 1024 but limited by the physical layout of the screen to 1024 by 780. It also allowed the machine to dedicate all of its memory to the programs running on it, as opposed to partitioning off a section for the buffer. The first model, the 4051, was based on 8-bit Motorola 6800 running at a 1 MHz. It normally shipped with 8 KB of RAM and was expandable using 8 KB modules to 32 KB. The remaining 32 KB of address space was reserved for ROM, which could be expanded using two external ROM cartridge of 8 KB each. It included six character sets in ROM and an extended dialect of BASIC that included various vector drawing commands. The 4051 was released in 1975 for the base price of $5,995. Adding the optional RS-232 interface allowed it to emulate a Tektronix 4012 terminal.The second model was the 4052, which in spite of the similar name was a very different system. This had a CPU based on four AMD 2901 4-bit bit-slice processors used together to make a single 16-bit processor. It could also be used in a 6800-compatible mode, allowing it to run software from the 4051, although it did so much faster than the original 4051. Released in 1978, it came with a full 32 KB of RAM for $9,795, and could be expanded to 64 KB for another $1,995. The 4054 was a version of the 4052 built around the 19"" screen from the 4014 terminal rather than the 11"" screen from the 4012, increasing resolution to 4,096 by 3,072. External storage units were available for the 405x series computers. The 4924 was an external version of the internal DC300 tape drive. The 4907 used single or dual Shugart 851R 8-inch floppy drives with 64 KB floppies and the larger, 2-drawer filing cabinet sized, 4909 storage unit used a CDC 96 megabyte hard drive with the first 16 megabytes in the form of a removable disc-pack. Two sizes of the 4956 graphics tablet offered a slow process for inputing from paper drawings. The 4952 joystick was used for graphics input. Because the direct view storage tubes do not flicker as do conventional CRTs, and because the BASIC programming interface allowed simple, rapid rendering of vector graphic displays, the 405x series were used in many theatrical contexts.  In particular, 405x computers can frequently be seen in early Battlestar Galactica sets. The graphic display software was based upon software originally developed in the 1960s by Corning Glass Works for their Type 904 graphics terminal. The display for this system had characteristics to the similar to those of Tektronix storage tube display. It used small pixel regions composed of photosensitive glass, which could be darkened (forming a black line image) by writing, and would display this persistently until the entire display was erased. When Corning left the market this software base was sold to Tektronix. The original demo included an artillery game which was later adapted by high school students at Lindbergh High School in Renton, Washington to the HP 9830, and also adapted by Hewlett Packard for the HP 2647 intelligent graphics terminal demo tape and eventually similar games in Microsoft BASIC for the IBM-PC. Other games for the Tektronix included Weather Wars, with users directing lightning bolts and tornados against opponents in an environment affected by wind.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektronix_4050,beginner to advance
+2499,IBM 1401 Symbolic Programming System,"The IBM 1401 Symbolic Programming System (SPS) was an assembler that was developed by Gary Mokotoff, IBM Applied Programming Department, for the IBM 1401 computer, the first of the IBM 1400 series.  One source indicates that ""This programming system was announced by IBM with the machine.""SPS-1 could run on a low-end machine with 1.4K memory, SPS-2 required at least 4K memory.  SPS-1 punched one card for each input instruction in its first pass and this deck had to be read during pass 2. At the University of Chicago and many other locations, SPS-1 was replaced by assemblers taking advantage of the commonly available 4K memory configuration to pack the output of pass one into several instructions per card.  Other assemblers were written which placed the pass one output into memory for small programs.As the 1400 series matured additional assemblers, programming languages and report generators became available, replacing SPS in most sites.","IBM 1401 Symbolic Programming System, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_1401_Symbolic_Programming_System,beginner to advance
+2500,Information Algebra,"The term ""information algebra"" refers to mathematical techniques of information processing. Classical information theory goes back to Claude Shannon. It is a theory of information transmission, looking at communication and storage. However, it has not been considered so far that information comes from different sources and that it is therefore usually combined. It has furthermore been neglected in classical information theory that one wants to extract those parts out of a piece of information that are relevant to specific questions. A mathematical phrasing of these operations leads to an algebra of information, describing basic modes of information processing. Such an algebra involves several formalisms of computer science, which seem to be different on the surface: relational databases, multiple systems of formal logic or numerical problems of linear algebra. It allows the development of generic procedures of information processing and thus a unification of basic methods of computer science, in particular of distributed information processing. Information relates to precise questions, comes from different sources, must be aggregated, and can be focused on questions of interest. Starting from these considerations, information algebras (Kohlas 2003) are two-sorted algebras                         (         Φ         ,         D         )                          {\displaystyle (\Phi ,D)\,}   , where                         Φ                          {\displaystyle \Phi \,}    is a semigroup, representing combination or aggregation of information,                         D                          {\displaystyle D\,}    is a lattice of domains (related to questions) whose partial order reflects the granularity of the domain or the question, and a mixed operation representing focusing or extraction of information.","Information Algebra, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7dca3656a5e3fc381ecd68eeb1e0fd4d90992076, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_algebra",beginner to advance
+2501,PVS,"The Prototype Verification System (PVS) is a specification language integrated with support tools and an automated theorem prover, developed at the Computer Science Laboratory of SRI International in Menlo Park, California.  PVS is based on a kernel consisting of an extension of Church's theory of types with dependent types, and is fundamentally a classical typed higher-order logic. The base types include uninterpreted types that may be introduced by the user, and built-in types such as the booleans, integers, reals, and the ordinals.  Type-constructors include functions, sets, tuples, records, enumerations, and abstract data types. Predicate subtypes and dependent types can be used to introduce constraints; these constrained types may incur proof obligations (called type-correctness conditions or TCCs) during typechecking.  PVS specifications are organized into parameterized theories. The system is implemented in Common Lisp, and is released under the GNU General Public License (GPL).","PVS, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/50597508a9e76ed5cef6515b6bb107c8988c1e67, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype_Verification_System",beginner to advance
+2502,Real-time Cmix,"Real-Time Cmix (RTcmix) is one of the MUSIC-N family of computer music programming languages.  RTcmix is descended from the MIX program developed by Paul Lansky at Princeton University in 1978 to perform algorithmic composition using digital audio soundfiles on a IBM 3031 mainframe computer.  After synthesis functions were added, the program was renamed Cmix in the 1980s.  Real-time capability was added by Brad Garton and David Topper in the mid-1990s, with support for TCP socket connectivity,  interactive control of the scheduler, and object-oriented embedding of the synthesis engine into fully featured applications. Over the years Cmix/RTcmix has run on a variety of computer platforms and operating systems, including NeXT, Sun Microsystems, IRIX, Linux, and Mac OS X.  It is and has always been an open source project, differentiating it from commercial synthesizers and music software.  It is currently developed by a group of computer music researchers at Princeton, Columbia University, and the University of Virginia. RTcmix has a number of unique (or highly unusual) features when compared with other synthesis and signal processing languages.  For one, it has a built-in MINC parser, which enables the user to write C-style code within the score file, extending its innate capability for algorithmic composition and making it closer in some respects to later music software such as SuperCollider and Max/MSP.  It uses a single-script instruction file (the score file), and synthesis and signal processing routines (called instruments) exist as compile  shared libraries.  This is different from MUSIC-N languages such as  Csound where the instruments exist in a second file written in a specification language that builds the routines out of simple building blocks (organized as opcodes or unit generators).  RTcmix has similar functionality to Csound and other computer music languages, however, and their shared lineage means that scripts written for one language will be extremely familiar-looking (if not immediately comprehensible) to users of the other language.","Real-time Cmix, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_Cmix,beginner to advance
+2503,Strand,"Strand is a high-level symbolic language for parallel computing, similar in syntax to Prolog. Artificial Intelligence Ltd were awarded the British Computer Society Award for Technical Innovation 1989 for Strand88. The language was created by computer scientists Ian Foster and Stephen Taylor.",,"reference: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4471-3421-3_17, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand_%28programming_language%29",beginner to advance
+2504,Actor-Based Concurrent Language,"Actor-Based Concurrent Language (ABCL) is a family of programming languages, developed in Japan in the 1980s and 1990s.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor-Based_Concurrent_Language,beginner to advance
+2505,SBASIC,"S-BASIC (for Structured Basic) was a ""structured"" BASIC variant, distributed with Kaypro CP/M systems.  It was made by Topaz Programming is distributed by Micro-Ap (San Ramon, CA).SBasic was compatible with the syntax of Basic, a programming language commonly used in the 1970s through the 1980s, as well as Fortran77.  However, the language relaxed many of the requirements of Basic and had more flexibility than Fortran.  For instance, line numbers were optional, and permitted non-numeric characters.  In addition, SBasic offered developers structured programming concepts, including recursion and nesting. Many PL-1 programs could be compiled with little modification, though SBasic did not offer an extensive function library. Among the more advanced features was the ability to ""base"" a variable or array, making the memory location dynamic and modifiable during execution.  SBasic programs had the ability to access memory areas reserved for the operating system unless prohibited from doing so by the operating system itself.  (Kaypro's CP/M had no such prohibitions.)  This enabled direct utilization and modification of DMA and other memory areas.  This feature also permitted a program to modify itself at run-time.  This capability also allowed modifying the instruction pointer, so a program could effectively link other executable modules that were read during execution as data. Unlike Basic interpreters that stored ""p-code"" that was parsed by an execution module, SBasic was a two-pass compiler, ultimately producing .com files that were executable.  The language was written in a subset of itself and compiled using a .com kernel, then stored on diskette (or hard drive on the last KayPro model).  The source was distributed with some KayPro models.  This encouraged open-source-like modification of the language, with some early pre-Internet user groups exchanging physical diskettes by regular mail. Not to be confused with the namesake SBasic (S for Spectral Basic) Programming Language for the commercial Spectral UV-Visible software.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBASIC,beginner to advance
+2506,Tiger-BASIC,"Tiger-BASIC is a high speed multitasking BASIC dialect (List of BASIC dialects) to program microcontrollers of the BASIC-Tiger family. Tiger-BASIC and the integrated development environment which goes with it, were developed by Wilke-Technology (Aachen, Germany).",,"reference: https://wilke.de/en/embedded-computer/details/products/basic-tiger-multitasking-computer.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger-BASIC",beginner to advance
+2507,IBM Rational SQABasic,"SQABasic is the Rational Software Corporation language for building GUI scripts. It is an integral part of IBM Rational Robot, a tool used for developing regression tests.","IBM Rational SQABasic, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/rational/docs/documentation/manuals/v2001a/Rational_Test/sqabasic.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Rational_SQABasic",beginner to advance
+2508,High Tech BASIC,"Rocky Mountain BASIC (also RMB or RM-BASIC) is a dialect of the BASIC programming language created by Hewlett-Packard.  It was especially popular for control of automatic test equipment using GPIB.  It has several features which are or were unusual in BASIC dialects, such as event-driven operation, extensive external I/O support, complex number support, and matrix manipulation functions.  Today, RMB is mainly used in environments where an investment in RMB software, hardware, or expertise already exists.","High Tech BASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Tech_BASIC,beginner to advance
+2509,Mentat,,"Mentat, Andrew S. Grimshaw and Jane W.S. Liu, reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c93218fb458dc2a06a04d6a4d265bffbf70e7b43,beginner to advance
+2510,BlazeX,,"BlazeX, RoMeAh, website, Unknown",website: https://www.blazex.blazify.rocks/,beginner to advance
+2512,Hummingbird QuickScript,"Hummingbird Ltd. (previously NASDAQ: HUMC, TSX: HUM) is a subsidiary of OpenText and is a provider of enterprise software solutions including Exceed.  Initially founded as a consulting business in 1984, Hummingbird moved into the connectivity market. Its enterprise content management (ECM) solutions focuses on the management of the life cycle of enterprise content. Hummingbird has 40 offices worldwide. Customers include IBM, NASA, Morgan Stanley, Boeing, The Walt Disney Company, and The Government of Canada.","Hummingbird QuickScript, , wikipedia, Canada",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird_QuickScript,beginner to advance
+2513,Stratego/XT,"Stratego/XT is a language and toolset for constructing stand-alone program transformation systems.  It combines the Stratego transformation language with the XT toolset of transformation components, providing a framework for constructing stand-alone program transformation systems. The Stratego language is based on a programming paradigm called strategic term rewriting. It provides rewrite rules for expressing basic transformation steps. The application of these rules can be controlled using strategies, a form of subroutines. The XT toolset provides reusable transformation components and declarative languages for deriving new components, such as parsing grammars using the Modular Syntax Definition Formalism (SDF) and implementing pretty-printing.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratego/XT,beginner to advance
+2514,DAML+OIL,"DAML+OIL is a successor language to DAML and OIL that combines features of both. In turn, it was superseded by Web Ontology Language (OWL). DAML stands for DARPA Agent Markup Language. OIL stands for Ontology Inference Layer or Ontology Interchange Language. The DAML program ended in early 2006.","DAML+OIL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAML+OIL,beginner to advance
+2515,SIMPLE,SIMPLE may refer to:,,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0a66cbf7265e60133c03dc31ebc2966a188e37ac, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMPLE",beginner to advance
+2516,XCore Architecture,"The XCore Architecture is a 32-bit RISC microprocessor architecture designed by XMOS. The architecture is designed to be used in multi-core processors for embedded systems. Each XCore executes up to eight concurrent threads, each thread having its own register set, and the architecture directly supports inter-thread and inter-core communication and various forms of thread scheduling. Two versions of the XCore architecture exist: the XS1 architecture  and the XS2 architecture. Processors with the XS1 architecture include the XCore XS1-G4 and XCore XS1-L1. Processors with the XS2 architecture include xCORE-200. The architecture encodes instructions compactly, using 16 bits for frequently used instructions (with up to three operands) and 32 bits for less frequently used instructions (with up to 6 operands). Almost all instructions execute in a single cycle, and the architecture is event-driven in order to decouple the timings that a program needs to make from the execution speed of the program. A program will normally perform its computations and then wait for an event (e.g. a message, time, or external I/O event) before continuing.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XCore_Architecture,beginner to advance
+2517,Advanced Continuous Simulation Language,"The Advanced Continuous Simulation Language, or ACSL (pronounced ""axle""), is a computer language designed for modeling and evaluating the performance of continuous systems described by time-dependent, nonlinear differential equations. Like SIMCOS and TUTSIM, ACSL is a dialect of the Continuous System Simulation Language (CSSL), originally designed by the Simulation Councils Inc (SCI) in 1967 in an attempt to unify the continuous simulations field.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Continuous_Simulation_Language,beginner to advance
+2518,Averest,"Averest is a synchronous programming language and set of tools to specify, verify, and implement reactive systems. It includes a compiler for synchronous programs, a symbolic model checker, and a tool for hardware/software synthesis. It can be used to model and verify finite and infinite state systems, at varied abstraction levels. It is useful for hardware design, modeling communication protocols, concurrent programs, software in embedded systems, and more. Components: compiler to translate synchronous programs to transition systems, symbolic model checker, tool for hardware/software synthesis. These cover large parts of the design flow of reactive systems, from specifying to implementing. Though the tools are part of a common framework, they are mostly independent of each other, and can be used with 3rd-party tools.","Averest, , wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averest,beginner to advance
+2519,EUMEL,"EUMEL (pronounced oimel for Extendable Multi User Microprocessor ELAN System and also known as L2 for Liedtke 2) is an operating system which began as a run-time environment for the ELAN programming language. It was created in 1979 by Jochen Liedtke at the University of Bielefeld. EUMEL initially ran on the 8-bit Z80 processor, and was later ported to many different architectures. EUMEL is based on a virtual machine using a bitcode and achieves remarkable performance and functionality. Z80-based EUMEL systems provide full multi-user multi-tasking operation with virtual memory management and complete isolation of one process against all others. These systems usually execute ELAN programs faster than equivalent programs written in languages such as BASIC, Pascal, or Cobol and compiled into Z80 machine language on other operating systems. One of the main features of EUMEL is that it is persistent, using a fixpoint/restart logic.  This means that if the power fails you only lose a couple of minutes of work: upon restart you continue working from the previous fixpoint with all program state fully intact. This is also known as orthogonal persistence.  EUMEL was followed by L3 and later L4.","EUMEL, , wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumel,beginner to advance
+2521,MathType,,"MathType, , website, wikipedia, document, Spain","website: https://www.wiris.com/en/mathtype/, documentation: https://docs.wiris.com/mathtype/index.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathType",beginner to advance
+2522,flame-ir,,"flame-ir, , website, Canada",website: https://github.com/jonathanvdc/flame,beginner to advance
+2524,CokeScript,,"CokeScript, Batiste Bieler, website, Switzerland",website: https://batiste.github.io/CokeScript/,beginner to advance
+2527,Ethernet,,"Ethernet, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet,beginner to advance
+2528,JPEG,,"JPEG, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG,beginner to advance
+2529,Open Financial Exchange,,"Open Financial Exchange, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Financial_Exchange,beginner to advance
+2533,Autoconf,,"Autoconf, , wikipedia, Various	",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoconf,beginner to advance
+2534,Interpress,,"Interpress, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpress,beginner to advance
+2535,XGMML,"XGMML (the eXtensible Graph Markup and Modeling Language) is an XML application based on GML which is used for graph description. Technically, while GML is not related to XML nor SGML, XGMML is an XML application that is so designed that there's a 1:1 relation towards GML for trivial conversion between the two formats.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XGMML,beginner to advance
+2536,FILETAB,Filetab is a decision table-based computer programming language widely used in business in the 1960s and 1970s.,"FILETAB, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filetab,beginner to advance
+2537,Service Modeling Language,"Service Modeling Language (SML) and Service Modeling Language Interchange Format (SML-IF) are a pair of XML-based specifications created by leading information technology companies that define a set of XML instance document extensions for expressing links between elements, a set of XML Schema extensions for constraining those links, and a way to associate Schematron rules with global element declarations, global complex type definitions, and/or model documents.  The SML specification defines model concepts, and the SML-IF specification describes a packaging format for exchanging SML-based models. SML and SML-IF were standardized in a W3C working group chartered to produce W3C Recommendations for the Service Modeling Language by refining the “Service Modeling Language” (SML) Member Submission, addressing implementation experience and feedback on the specifications. The submission was from an industry group consisting of representatives from BEA Systems, BMC, CA, Cisco, Dell, EMC, HP, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, and Sun Microsystems. They were published as W3C Recommendations on May 12, 2009. In the market and in applying by vendors, SML is seen as a successor/replacement for earlier developed standards like DCML and Microsoft's (in hindsight) proprietary System Definition Model or SDM. See  for a historically helpful relation between SDM and DCML, and  for the joint pressrelease announcing SML. In the Microsoft section of it the sequel role to SDM is mentioned.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Modeling_Language,beginner to advance
+2538,SA-C,"Single Assignment C (SA-C) (pronounced ""sassy"") is a member of the C programming language family designed to be directly and intuitively translatable into circuits, including FPGAs. To ease translation, SA-C does not include pointers and arithmetics thereon. To retain most of the expressiveness of C, SA-C instead features true n-dimensional arrays as first-class objects of the language.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-C_%28programming_language%29,beginner to advance
+2539,BEFLIX,"BEFLIX is the name of the first embedded domain-specific language for computer animation, invented by Ken Knowlton at Bell Labs in 1963. The name derives from a combination of Bell Flicks. Ken Knowlton used BEFLIX to create animated films for educational and engineering purposes. He also collaborated with the artist Stan Vanderbeek at Bell Labs to create a series of computer-animated films called Poemfields between 1966 and 1969. BEFLIX was developed on the IBM 7090 mainframe computer using a Stromberg-Carlson SC2040 microfilm recorder for output. The programming environment targeted by BEFLIX consisted of a FORTRAN II implementation with FORTRAN II Assembly Program (FAP) macros.  The first version of BEFLIX was implemented through the FAP macro facility.  A later version targeting FORTRAN IV resembled a more traditional subroutine library and lost some of the unique flavor to the language. Pixels are produced by writing characters to the screen of the microfilm recorder with a defocused electron beam. The SC2040 used a charactron tube to expose microfilm.  In BEFLIX, the electron beam is defocused to draw pixels as blurred character shapes.  Characters are selected to create a range of grayscale values for pixels. The microfilm recorder is not connected directly to the 7090, but communicates through magnetic tape.  BEFLIX writes the magnetic tape output on the 7090 and the film recorder reads the tape to create the film output.  BEFLIX also supports a preview mode where selected frames of the output are written to the line printer.","BEFLIX, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEFLIX,beginner to advance
+2540,Data Access Language,"Data Access Language, or simply DAL, was a SQL-like language and application programming interface released by Apple Computer in 1990 to provide unified client/server access to database management systems. It was known for poor performance and high costs, something Apple did little to address over its short lifetime, before it was sold off in 1994. DAL is used as the native SQL dialect of the PrimeBase SQL server, as well as the now-defunct Butler SQL.","Data Access Language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Access_Language,beginner to advance
+2541,CorVision,"CorVision is a fourth generation programming tool (4GL) currently owned by Attunity, Inc. CorVision was developed by Cortex Corporation for the VAX/VMS ISAM environment. Although Cortex beta tested CorVision-10 which was generated for PCs but CorVision itself stayed anchored on VMS. CorVision-10 proved more difficult than hoped, and was never released.","CorVision, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CorVision,beginner to advance
+2542,IAL,"IAL may refer to:  Intel Architecture Labs, a research arm of Intel Corporation during the 1990s International Algebraic Language or ALGOL 58 International auxiliary language, a language for communication between people who do not share a native language","IAL, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/42ae57943a984a589c3d31f1487dc3b4b268018d, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAL",beginner to advance
+2543,Joe-E,"Joe-E is a subset of the Java programming language intended to support programming according to object-capability discipline.The language is notable for being an early object-capability subset language.  It has influenced later subset languages, such as ADsafe and Caja/Cajita, subsets of Javascript. It is also notable for allowing methods to be verified as functionally pure, based on their method signatures.The restrictions imposed by the Joe-E verifier include:  Classes may not have mutable static fields, because these create global state. Catching out-of-memory exceptions is prohibited, because doing so allows non-deterministic execution.  For the same reason, finally clauses are not allowed. Methods in the standard library may be blocked if they are deemed unsafe according to taming rules.  For example, the constructor new File(filename) is blocked because it allows unrestricted access to the filesystem.Cup of Joe is slang for coffee, and so serves as a trademark-avoiding reference to Java. Thus, the name Joe-E is intended to suggest an adaptation of ideas from the E programming language to create a variant of the Java language.  Waterken Server is written in Joe-E.","Joe-E, David A. Wagner, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe-E,beginner to advance
+2544,O-Matrix,"O-Matrix is a matrix programming language for mathematics, engineering, science, and financial analysis, marketed by Harmonic Software.   The language is designed for use in high-performance computing. O-Matrix provides an integrated development environment  and a matrix-based scripting language. The environment includes mathematical, statistical, engineering and visualization functions. The set of analysis functions is designed for development of complex, computationally intensive scientific, mathematical and engineering applications. The integrated environment provides a mode that is largely compatible with version 4 of the MATLAB language in the commercial product from MathWorks. Certain features of MATLAB, such as non-numeric data types (structures, cell arrays and objects), error handling with try/catch, and nested and anonymous functions, are missing in O-Matrix. The O-Matrix environment includes a virtual machine of the O-Matrix language to enable re-distribution of applications.","O-Matrix, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-Matrix,beginner to advance
+2545,CHIP,"CHIP (Constraint Handling in Prolog) is a constraint logic programming language developed by M. Dincbas and alias in 1985 at ECRC, initially using a Prolog language interface. CHIP V5 is the version developed and marketed by COSYTEC in Paris since 1993 with Prolog, using C, C++, or Prolog language interfaces. The commercially successful ILOG Solver is also, partly, an offshoot of ECRC version of CHIP.","CHIP, , wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIP_%28programming_language%29,beginner to advance
+2546,DATATRIEVE,"DATATRIEVE is a database query and report writer tool from Hewlett-Packard. It runs on the OpenVMS operating system, as well as several PDP-11 operating systems.  DATATRIEVE's command structure is nearly plain English, and it is an early example of a Fourth Generation Language (4GL). It works against flat files, indexed files, and databases. Such data files are delimited using record definitions stored in the Common Data Dictionary (CDD), or in RMS files. DATATRIEVE is used at many OpenVMS installations. DATATRIEVE was developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s by a team of software engineers at DEC's Central Commercial Engineering facilities in Merrimack and Nashua, New Hampshire, under database architect Jim Starkey. Many of the project's engineers went on to highly visible careers in database management and other software disciplines. DATATRIEVE adopted the wombat as its notional mascot; the program's help file responded to “HELP WOMBAT” with factual information about real world wombats.","DATATRIEVE, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DATATRIEVE,beginner to advance
+2548,System 2,"S2 (Style System 2) is an object-oriented programming language developed in the late 1990s by Brad Fitzpatrick, Martin ""Mart"" Atkins, and others for the online journaling service LiveJournal in order to allow users full control over the appearance of their pages. S2 source code is compiled into Perl, which the webserver can then execute directly for individual web page requests. The S2 system is, at its heart, completely general and can be used for almost any web application; however there exists no documentation for the implementation of S2 within other applications, which ties it relatively closely to LiveJournal. This article will make use of LiveJournal's implementation of S2 for examples. A link to detailed documentation about this implementation can be found at the bottom.",,"website: http://www.livejournal.com/doc/s2, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+2549,AMBIT,"AMBIT is a historical programming language that was introduced by Carlos Christensen of Massachusetts Computer Associates in 1964 for symbolic computation.  The language was influenced by ALGOL 60 and is an early example of a pattern matching language for manipulation of strings (a more popular example from the same time is SNOBOL). The acronym AMBIT stands for ""Algebraic Manipulation by Identity Translation"", but has also claimed ""Acronym May Be Ignored Totally"". AMBIT had dialects for manipulation of lists (AMBIT-L) and graphs (AMBIT-G)  Both pioneered with data structure diagrams and visual programming as data and patterns were used to be represented by directed-graph diagrams. AMBIT/L was implemented for a PDP-10 computer and used to implement the interactive algebraic manipulation system IAM.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMBIT,beginner to advance
+2550,Insitux,,"Insitux, Patrick Bowen, website, United Kingdom",website: https://insitux.github.io/,beginner to advance
+2551,o:XML,"o:XML is an open source, dynamically typed, general-purpose object-oriented programming language based on XML-syntax.  It has threads, exception handling, regular expressions and namespaces.  Additionally o:XML has an expression language very similar to XPath that allows functions to be invoked on nodes and node sets.","o:XML, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O:XML,beginner to advance
+2552,Cane,,"Cane, Jack Clarke, website, Ireland",website: https://github.com/Jackojc/cane,beginner to advance
+2554,Business application language,"Business Application Language (BAL) refers to one of many offshoots of the BASIC language and should not be confused with IBM's well-established Basic assembly language. Business Application Language was originally defined by Honeywell in 1973 and the major diffusion was in their system '80-'90 in Europe with the work of French firm Prologue S.A. that used BAL for programming on their proprietary Operative System (Prologue). In 1986 the language was ported to the Unix platform by GuyPes.  The first development environment, named Balix, are distributed starting in  1988 in Italy and France. A different evolution path was made by Prologue S.A., named ABAL, in 1992. The evolution of Balix, developed in Italy, is called B2U (an acronym for Business under UNIX) developed by GuyPes, and are used for a Banking Information System that are used by one hundred banks in Italy.","Business application language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_application_language,beginner to advance
+2555,IITRAN,"IITRAN is a discontinued programming language created in the mid-1960s.  It was designed as a first language for students, and its syntax resembled that of PL/I.  The name derives from Illinois Institute of Technology, where it was developed. The IITRAN language was initially implemented on an IBM System/360 DOS system.  In the early 1970s, the IBM platform proved to be too small for the IIT environment and the hardware was upgraded.  A new version was developed for the Univac 1108 platform.  The language itself did not change but with the new hardware, a new implementation of the IITran software was developed. IITRAN was designed and developed in response to the increasing demand for a computer language which would meet the following specifications:  It should be clear, concise, and easily learned, even for those who have had no previous experience with computers or mathematics; It should bear as close a resemblance as possible to the English language; It should be free of awkward restrictions and limitations; It should be consistent with mathematical and logical foundations; It should allow processing of a great number of individual programs in a very short time; It should serve as a computational tool for students of science and engineering; It should process a clear, easily understood, set of diagnostic error messages.(Bauer, p. V) There was a Spanish language version of IITRAN at IIT as well. It utilized Spanish keywords rather than English ones. For example the keyword read was replaced by leer.","IITRAN, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IITRAN,beginner to advance
+2556,Tefkat,Tefkat is a Model Transformation Language and a model transformation engine.  The language is based on F-logic and the theory of stratified logic programs.  The engine is an Eclipse plug-in for the Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF).,,"website: http://tefkat.sourceforge.net/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefkat",beginner to advance
+2557,Compact Application Solution Language,"Compact Application Solution Language (CASL) is a programming language used to create computer programs for Palm OS, and Microsoft Windows desktops, laptops, and Pocket PCs with Windows Mobile.  It is published by WAGWARE Systems, Inc., and Brainyware, LLC. As a language, CASL is similar to Pascal or Visual Basic with object-oriented programming features.  The CASL software development kit (SDK) includes a graphical user interface (GUI) forms editor, an integrated development environment (IDE), and a compiler.  CASL programs can either be run as interpreted applications on target devices (using a small helper binary), or compiled directly to native code (CASLpro).  One of CASL's key features is that the same source can be compiled to Palm OS, Windows, or Pocket PC with Windows Mobile, without changing the code, termed ""write once, run all"". In July 2005, CASLsoft announced they were discontinuing support for CASL and releasing it as freeware, with version 4.2 as the last official release.  A month later, WAGWARE Systems, Inc. and Brainyware, LLC announced the purchase of CASL, updated the product and continue to release it as commercial software. CASL Version 4.3 was released on 3 July 2006. In January 2007, more libraries were released to support the Janam XP20/XP30 series of barcode devices.  The CASL libraries are also backward compatible with the Symbol SPT series devices.","Compact Application Solution Language, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!search/compact-application-solution-language/alt.sys.pc-clone.gateway2000/OD4BEk8Axls/klFwJw8NXXgJ, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Application_Solution_Language",beginner to advance
+2558,FXScript,"FXScript is a scripting language for Final Cut Pro and Final Cut Express.  FXBuilder is the scripting utility in which users are able to modify existing FCP FXScripts or program completely new ones. For example, to scale an image, only two lines are necessary to scale an image from its full size to half size:  scale(Region, CenterOfScale, 0.5, 0.5); blitrect(ImageBuffer, OrigRegion, Destination-Buffer, Region);  First the region, which might be a rectangle, is scaled by the statement scale and its parameters.  Then the statement blitrect copies a region of an image into a changed region. When the OrigRegion and the new Region have different sizes, Final Cut Pro scales the image to fit into the new region. A Statement is a command that accomplishes a single action. In our example, the statements are scale and blitrect.   In FXBuilder users can create and test FXScripts, optionally in multiple windows.","FXScript, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FXScript,beginner to advance
+2559,ProSet,"ProSet is a set theoretic programming language that is being developed at the University of Essen as a successor to SETL. It is a very-high level language that supports prototyping. ProSet provides the following first-class data types: atom, integer, real, string, boolean, tuple, set. Functions and modules are also first-class.","ProSet, , reference, wikipedia, Germany","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b0d78f9fea44c60186b6957d94fbb2a6bf7d4be2, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProSet",beginner to advance
+2560,Minilang,,"Minilang, Raja Mukherji, website, Ireland",website: https://minilang.readthedocs.io,beginner to advance
+2562,20-GATE,"The Bendix G-20 computer was introduced in 1961 by the Bendix Corporation, Computer Division, Los Angeles, California. The G-20 followed the highly successful G-15 vacuum tube computer.  Bendix sold its computer division to Control Data Corporation in 1963, effectively terminating the G-20.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-GATE,beginner to advance
+2563,Citrine,,"Citrine, , website, reference, wikipedia, The Netherlands","website: http://citrine-lang.org/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=23885059, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrine",beginner to advance
+2564,PCrap,,"PCrap, valkarias, website, Unknown",website: https://valkarias.github.io/,beginner to advance
+2565,RigC,,"RigC, Poeta Kodu, website, Poland",website: https://rigc-lang.org,beginner to advance
+2566,Chika,,"Chika, Patrick, website, United Kingdom",website: https://phunanon.github.io/Chika,beginner to advance
+2567,latte-js,,"latte-js, Sean Micklethwaite, website, United Kingdom",website: https://web.archive.org/web/20181103105843/http://lattejs.com/,beginner to advance
+2568,duro,,"duro, , website, Unknown",website: http://duro.sourceforge.net/,beginner to advance
+2569,Lesma,,"Lesma, Alin Ali Hassan, website, The Netherlands",website: https://lesma-lang.com/,beginner to advance
+2570,HuwCode,,"HuwCode, Huw Pritchard, website, United Kingdom",website: https://huwdp.github.io/huwcode-documentation,beginner to advance
+2571,penguor,,"penguor, Carl Schierig, reference, Unknown",reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/eon92a/penguor_my_own_dataoriented_programming_language/,beginner to advance
+2574,Mewl,,"Mewl, Palash Bauri, website, India",website: https://bauripalash.github.io/mewlbook/,beginner to advance
+2575,codeflow,,"codeflow, , website, Unknown",website: https://codeflow.co/,beginner to advance
+2576,Storymatic,,"Storymatic, Zachary Sakowitz, website, Unknown",website: https://storymatic.zsnout.com/#/,beginner to advance
+2577,Horse64,,"Horse64, Ellie, website, Unknown",website: https://horse64.org/,beginner to advance
+2578,GamerLanguage,,"GamerLanguage, Dilan Nair, website, United States",website: https://github.com/dilanx/GamerLanguage/blob/main/DOCUMENTATION.md,beginner to advance
+2579,Entropy,,"Entropy, Daniel Temkin, website, United States",website: https://entropy-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+2581,Loom,,"Loom, , website, reference, United States","website: https://www.isi.edu/isd/LOOM/LOOM-HOME.html, reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6031b724f174da0069ea61ffa9da928adb090b24",beginner to advance
+2582,o42a,,"o42a, Ruslan Lopatin, website, reference, Russia","website: http://o42a.org/, reference: https://web.archive.org/web/20180909202101/http://o42a.org",beginner to advance
+2583,operon,,"operon, , website, Finland",website: https://www.operon.io/,beginner to advance
+2584,Planguage,,"Planguage, , website, reference, Norway","website: http://www.syque.com/quality_tools/tools/Tools104.htm, reference: http://concepts.gilb.com/dl44",beginner to advance
+2587,Suneido,,"Suneido, Andrew McKinlay, website, Canada",website: https://suneido.com/,beginner to advance
+2589,DAS,,"DAS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2001472c3f06a65c3397aeca442ab5045cca0620,beginner to advance
+2590,g-expressions,,"g-expressions, , reference, Various",reference: https://fosdem.org/2020/schedule/event/gexpressionsguile/,beginner to advance
+2591,Metaweb Query Language,,"Metaweb Query Language, , reference, United States",reference: https://rpbouman.blogspot.com/2011/01/mql-to-sql-json-based-query-language.html?m=0,beginner to advance
+2592,Newton,,"Newton, , reference, Switzerland",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8a7d217a8c701d3951d456b5e783ef5e5da66365,beginner to advance
+2593,Pandora,,"Pandora, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0d886a743ec66f491f34c3f053fdff9a59bde8c9,beginner to advance
+2594,PSI,,"PSI, , reference, Germany",reference: http://departure.dk/files/pspl.pdf,beginner to advance
+2598,Nuprl,"Nuprl is a proof development system, providing computer-mediated analysis and proofs of formal mathematical statements, and tools for software verification and optimization.  Originally developed in the 1980s by Robert Lee Constable and others, the system is now maintained by the PRL Project at Cornell University.  The currently supported version, Nuprl 5, is also known as FDL (Formal Digital Library).  Nuprl functions as an automated theorem proving system and can also be used to provide proof assistance.","Nuprl, Robert Lee, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuprl,beginner to advance
+2599,ABSYS,"Absys was an early declarative programming language from the University of Aberdeen.  It anticipated a number of features of Prolog such as negation as failure, aggregation operators, the  central role of backtracking and constraint solving.  Absys was the first implementation of a logic programming language.The name Absys was chosen as an abbreviation for Aberdeen System.",,"reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/3ee349b69c1fb7404770d4ea7bc17d21046e934d, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absys",beginner to advance
+2600,KL0,"Kernel Language 0 (KL0) is a sequential logic programming language based on Prolog, used in the ICOT Fifth generation computer project.","KL0, , reference, wikipedia, Japan","reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KL0, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KL0",beginner to advance
+2602,cql,"As an abbreviation, CQL can refer to:  Chess Query Language, a query language for interrogating chess databases Contextual Query Language (or common query language), for information retrieval Cassandra Query Language, for Apache Cassandra Classora Query Language, for Classora Knowledge Base CIM Query Language, a query language for the Common Information Model (CIM) standard from the Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) Cypher Query Language a declarative graph query language that allows for expressive and efficient querying and updating of a property graph.","cql, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/20a10f4140ae568527c3de5603300e7b1ec6caa9, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CQL",beginner to advance
+2603,QUTE,"Qute is a Japanese video game company created in 1999. Apart from game development, they offer technology consultancy in other areas such as health care or graphic design.","QUTE, , reference, wikipedia, Japan","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ab3aba994b5448a0d11e05a3344e7cee6615030b, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qute",beginner to advance
+2604,Hot Cocoa Lisp,,"Hot Cocoa Lisp, Sam Auciello, website, United States",website: https://github.com/olleicua/hcl,beginner to advance
+2605,XDR Schema,"XML-Data Reduced (XDR) was a schema language for specifying and validating XML documents. In January 1998, Microsoft, the University of Edinburgh and others submitted a proposal for an XML schema language called XML-Data to the World Wide Web Consortium. XML-Data Reduced was a subset of XML-Data, with some corrections and amendments submitted in July 1998.The XML Schema (W3C) effort in the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) received several other proposals, and while the final result has some similarities to the XML-Data proposal, it is significantly different. XDR was implemented in SQL Server 2000 and BizTalk Server 2000. Once the XML Schema Definition was finalized in 2001, Microsoft products and tools added support for it, and XDR was gradually phased out. Microsoft XML Core Services provided XDR schema support from versions 2.0 up to - but not including - version 6.0.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XDR_Schema,beginner to advance
+2606,Schema for Object-Oriented XML,"Schema for Object-Oriented XML, or SOX, is an XML schema language developed by Commerce One. In 1998 a SOX specification was submitted to the World Wide Web Consortium and published as a W3C Note. A revised version, SOX 2.0, was published as a W3C Note in 1999. SOX was one of several predecessors of the W3C's XML Schema language. After the publication of XML Schema, SOX continued to be supported by Commerce One until the company's bankruptcy in late 2004. The patents for SOX and other Commerce One technologies were purchased by Novell, Inc. in December 2004, reportedly in an effort to prevent them from being exploited by unrelated companies whose primary business is filing patent-related lawsuits.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_for_Object-Oriented_XML,beginner to advance
+2607,LEXX,"LEXX is a text editor which was possibly the first to use live parsing and colour syntax highlighting. It was written by Mike Cowlishaw of IBM around 1985. The name was chosen because he wrote it as a tool for lexicographers, during an assignment for Oxford University Press's second edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. The program ran (and still, in 2018, runs) on mainframes under VM/CMS. LEXX's design was based on several other editors written by the same author (such as STET) augmented by the ability to dynamically parse text and display colour on the new colour terminals that had recently became available (PC-based, and stand-alone such as the IBM 3279). LEXX uses dynamically-loaded parsers which assign classes of elements (tokens formed from character strings) to fonts and colors. It allows indention to be used to format and show the structure of the file being edited, and other formatting options allow (for example) the hiding of selected classes of text, such as tags.  A collection of screenshots is available.LPEX ('Live Parsing Editor"") is a reimplemented derivative of the LEXX concept, originally produced for OS/2 and AIX.  It now also runs on Windows, Linux, and the Java JVM.","LEXX, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEXX_(text_editor),beginner to advance
+2608,COFFEE Cinema 4D,"COFFEE (often written as ""C.O.F.F.E.E"") is a computer scripting language that forms part of CINEMA 4D, a proprietary 3D graphics application. Although presented as an acronym the letters of the word COFFEE do not appear to stand for anything, but are rather a comic reference to Java, a considerably more famous computer language.","COFFEE Cinema 4D, , reference, wikipedia, Germany","reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_4D, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COFFEE_(Cinema_4D)",beginner to advance
+2609,Visual DialogScript,"Visual DialogScript (VDS) is an interpreted programming language for Microsoft Windows. It can be used to create small, fast programs. VDS has a large number of dialog and graphical elements available to create professional looking programs. VDS programs have access to the Windows API; therefore, it is possible to write applications that can perform the same advanced tasks as other programming languages such as Visual Basic, C++, or Delphi.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_DialogScript,beginner to advance
+2611,Datomic,,"Datomic, , website, United States",website: https://docs.datomic.com/on-prem/query/query.html,beginner to advance
+2612,IpTables Rope,"Rope is a programming language that allows developers to write extensions to the Iptables/Netfilter components of Linux using a simple scripting language based on Reverse Polish notation. It is a scriptable Iptables match module, used to identify whether IP packets passed to it match a particular set of criteria or not. Rope started life as a project to make the ""string"" match module of Iptables stronger and evolved fairly quickly into an open-ended scriptable packet matching mechanism.","IpTables Rope, , website, wikipedia, United Kingdom","website: https://web.archive.org/web/20190802032651/http://www.digitage.co.uk/rope, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IpTables_Rope",beginner to advance
+2613,Sort Merge Generator,"The Sort Merge Generator was an application developed by Betty Holberton in 1951 for the Univac I and is one of the first examples of using a computer to create a computer program. The input to the application was a specification of files and the kind of sort and merge operations to use, and the output would be machine code for performing the specification.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort_Merge_Generator,beginner to advance
+2614,CLX,"The acronym CLX can refer to a number of things:  160 in Roman numerals Cargolux, an airline using the ICAO code CLX CLX (Common Lisp), a Common Lisp computer library CLX Communications, a telecommunications and cloud communications platform as a service company, based in Stockholm, Sweden Component Library for Cross Platform (CLX), a cross-platform visual component-based framework","CLX, , reference, wikipedia, Various","reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLX_(Common_Lisp), wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLX",beginner to advance
+2615,Scriptol,"Scriptol is an object-oriented programming language  that allows users to declare an XML document as a class. The language is universal and allows users to create dynamic web pages, as well as create scripts and binary applications.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptol,beginner to advance
+2616,Adenine,"Haystack was a project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to research and develop several applications around personal information management and the Semantic Web. The most notable of those applications is the Haystack client, a research personal information manager (PIM) and one of the first to be based on semantic desktop technologies. The Haystack client is published as open source software under the BSD license.  Similar to the Chandler PIM, the Haystack system unifies handling different types of unstructured information. This information has a common representation in RDF that is presented to users in a configurable human-readable way.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2617,Lagoona,"Lagoona is an experimental programming language developed by Michael Franz, a former student of Niklaus Wirth. It explores component-oriented programming with the use of stand-alone messages and message sets, message forwarding, and by de-emphasizing classes.","Lagoona, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoona_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+2618,TACPOL,TACPOL (Tactical Procedure Oriented Language) is a block structured programming language developed by the United States Army for the TACFIRE Tactical Fire Direction command and control application.  TACPOL is similar to PL/I.,,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TACPOL_%28programming_language%29,beginner to advance
+2619,MARIA XML,"MARIA (Model-based lAnguage foR Interactive Applications)  is a universal, declarative, multiple  abstraction level, XML-based user interface markup language for modelling interactive applications in ubiquitous environments. MARIA  one of the languages that has been submitted for standardization at W3C.","MARIA XML, , wikipedia, Italy",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARIA_XML,beginner to advance
+2620,BBj,,"BBj, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://www.basis.com/bbj, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBj",beginner to advance
+2621,BBx,,"BBx, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.basis.com/bbj, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBx",beginner to advance
+2622,Typecast.js,,"Typecast.js, Bishop Zareh, website, United States",website: https://web.archive.org/web/20151104122120/http://www.typecastjs.org/,beginner to advance
+2624,R2ML,The REWERSE Rule Markup Language (R2ML) is developed by the REWERSE Working Group I1 for the purpose of rules interchange between different systems and tools.,"R2ML, , website, wikipedia, Germany","website: https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164258/https://www.rewerse.net, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R2ML",beginner to advance
+2625,JSML,"Java Speech API Markup Language (JSML) is an XML-based markup language for annotating text input to speech synthesizers.  JSML is used within the Java Speech API. JSML is an XML application and conforms to the requirements of well-formed XML documents. Java Speech API Markup Language is referred to as JSpeech Markup Language when describing the W3C documentation of the standard. Java Speech API Markup Language and JSpeech Markup Language identical apart from the change in name, which is made to protect Sun trademarks. JSML is primarily an XML text format used by Java applications to annotate text input to speech synthesizers. Elements of JSML provide speech synthesizer with detailed information on how to speak text in a naturalized fashion. JSML defines elements which define a document's structure, the pronunciation of certain words and phrases, features of speech such as emphasis and intonation, etc. JSML is designed in the Java fashion to be simple to learn and use, to be portable across different synthesizers and computing platforms, and although designed for use within is also applicable to a wide range of languages. An example of how JSML is defined is set out below:  The W3C has developed a standard markup language called SSML, which is based on JSML but is not identical to it. This became a formal W3C recommendation in 2004.","JSML, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Speech_Markup_Language,beginner to advance
+2626,SYMBOLIC ASSEMBLY,"The Symbolic Assembly Program (SAP) is an assembler program for the IBM 704 computer. It was written by Roy Nutt at United Aircraft Corporation, and was distributed by the SHARE user's group beginning in 1956 as the Share Assembly Program. SAP succeeded an earlier program called NYAP1 (New York Assembly Program 1), which it closely resembled, and became the standard assembler for 704 users. It ""set the external form of an assembly language that was to be a model for all its successors and which persists almost unchanged to the present day.""",,"reference: https://escholarship.org/content/qt4cn1c702/qt4cn1c702.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_Assembly_Program",beginner to advance
+2627,SheerPower4GL,"SheerPower 4GL is a Fourth-generation programming language developed by Touch Technologies, Inc [1]. SheerPower 4GL is the result of porting Touch Technologies' Intouch 4GL programming language that runs on OpenVMS (for DEC Alpha and VAX computers) to Windows, launching in 2000. Downloads are free from the official SheerPower 4GL website.[2] SheerPower 4GL is similar to the BASIC programming language, and is easy to learn.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SheerPower4GL,beginner to advance
+2628,FleXML,"FleXML is an XML transformation language originally developed by Kristofer Rose.  It allows a programmer to specify actions in C programming language or C++, and associate those actions with element definitions in an XML DTD.  It is similar in philosophy to Yacc and the Lex programming tool in that it is a syntax-directed driver; one could establish the analogies Yacc:LR(1) grammar::Lex:Regular grammar::FleXML::XML. The implementation is in Perl. A programmer supplied action file is input to FleXML; the output is a file suitable for input to Flex lexical analyser.","FleXML, , wikipedia, France",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FleXML,beginner to advance
+2629,GRML,"GRML – an acronym for General Reuse Markup Language – is a markup language similar to HTML and XML, using tags to organize data in files and web pages. Data is organized in columns and rows. Tags are used to define forms, images, and hyper-linking. Its syntax, like HTML, is based on a simplified subset of SGML. GRML is not in very wide use as of May 2005.  GRML is a data-oriented format which defines data content rather than data presentation; the file or web browser determines how data is displayed. This is the same goal as HTML's separating CSS from HTML, moving away from <font> tags, but GRML takes it even further. One of the key aims in creating the format was to separate ""views"" of the data from ""forms"" used to manipulate it. It is also a common result of a typographical error when attempting to type HTML, because HT and GR are adjacent on a Qwerty keyboard.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRML,beginner to advance
+2630,Robic,"Robic (Russian: Робик) —a programming language created in the USSR for primary school education (8–11 years old children). The language was developed in 1975 and after changes was included in the Agat software system as ""schoolgirl"". The language uses syntax based on the Russian vocabulary. An interesting language feature is performer comprehension using, that is some object, that functions in some environment owned for each performer. It is possible to create and delete different types of performers. Each type of performer has its own command collection for main language command expansion.","Robic, , wikipedia, Former USSR",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robic,beginner to advance
+2631,ThingLab,"ThingLab is a visual programming environment implemented in Smalltalk and designed at Xerox PARC by Alan Borning. A conventional system allows a user to provide inputs that produce outputs.  A constraint-oriented system, such as ThingLab, allows the user to provide arbitrary inputs or outputs, then solves for whatever is unknown. ThingLab is viewed as one of the earliest constraint-oriented systems.ThingLab is credited in ""Fumbling the Future"" as a big reason Xerox continued to fund computer development.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThingLab,beginner to advance
+2632,51forth,"51-FORTH is an implementation of the Forth programming language for the Intel 8051 microcontroller. It was created in 1989 by Scott Gehmlich of IDACOM Electronics (which was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 1990), and sent to Giovanni Moretti of Massey University, from whom it was propagated widely. The original 51forth.zip package is available from many archive sites, along with several other implementations of Forth. This implementation is subroutine-threaded, with about 20 words written in assembly language, and the complete system occupying a total of about 8K of RAM. It was cross-developed from a VAX to an RTX2000 Forth system connected to dual-ported RAM accessible to the microcontroller. The sources and documentation are in the public domain.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51-FORTH,beginner to advance
+2633,Concurrent METATEM,"Concurrent MetateM is a multi-agent language in which each agent is programmed using a set of (augmented) temporal logic specifications of the behaviour it should exhibit. These specifications are executed directly to generate the behaviour of the agent. As a result, there is no risk of invalidating the logic as with systems where logical specification must first be translated to a lower-level implementation. The root of the MetateM concept is Gabbay's separation theorem; any arbitrary temporal logic formula can be rewritten in a logically equivalent past → future form. Execution proceeds by a process of continually matching rules against a history, and firing those rules when antecedents are satisfied. Any instantiated future-time consequents become commitments which must subsequently be satisfied, iteratively generating a model for the formula made up of the program rules.","Concurrent METATEM, , reference, wikipedia, United Kingdom","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1716556a2336d202f6ddeaafd9566004e1a7673a, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_MetateM",beginner to advance
+2634,LispMe,"LispMe is an interpreter for the Scheme programming language developed by Fred Bayer for Palm OS PDAs.  It is free software released under the GNU General Public License.  It is reasonably close to standard Scheme but is not fully R5RS compliant.  Scheme source programs can be stored in Palm OS memopad format while Scheme sessions,  are stored in Palm OS PDB database files and can be interrupted and restarted. There is some support for Palm OS user interface primitives.  LispMe also provides some database support. LispMe sessions can be given a ""starter icon"", which appears in the Applications menu, enabling the session to be run as a Palm Pilot application. The product ended development in August 2008, but is fairly complete and quite robust.","LispMe, , reference, wikipedia, Germany","reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LispMe, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LispMe",beginner to advance
+2635,Met-English,Met English Language (MEL) was an early computer language used by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (MetLife). It enabled MetLife to establish itself as a strong technology company in the early days of commercial computing. It has now been retired and is no longer in use.,"Met-English, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met_English,beginner to advance
+2636,ObjectPAL,"ObjectPAL is short for Object-Oriented Paradox Application Language, which is the programming language used by the Borland Paradox database application (now owned by Corel).  Paradox, now in its 11th version, is a constituent of Corel's Word Perfect X3 office suite, for 32-bit Microsoft Windows.  The language is tightly-bound to the application's forms, and provides a very rapid and robust development environment for creating database applications for Windows.  ObjectPAL is not a full free-standing object-oriented language. It belongs to the family of languages inspired by Hypercard, with influences from PAL (wherever functionality could be kept the same), Smalltalk, and Garnet (a UI language created by Brad Myers).  While its objects do encapsulate source code, there is no support for polymorphism, and only a very limited inheritance concept, which is wedded to objects on a form which can be controlled by code placed on a higher object in a form's object hierarchy.  However, for what it is, ObjectPAL provides a wideranging and versatile language for creating Paradox applications.  The syntax and structure of the language resembles Visual Basic, but knowing Visual Basic would only help someone new to ObjectPAL in the sense that any other programming skill would be transferable to ObjectPAL.  ObjectPAL was the successor to PAL, which was the Paradox for DOS programming language.  With the advent of Paradox for Windows 1.0 in 1993, which was then owned by Borland Corporation, ObjectPAL was born. Version 1.0 was quickly succeeded by version 4.5 that same year. It can be used as such as a web server scripting language when combined with the Corel Web Server Control OCX, which implements a server API similar to the  CGI, and its standalone console, the Corel Web Server.","ObjectPAL, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ObjectPAL,beginner to advance
+2637,Tag Line Commands,,"Tag Line Commands, Michael Chance, website, Unknown",website: https://github.com/michaelchance/tlc,beginner to advance
+2638,daonode,,"daonode, Simeon Chaos, website, Unknown",website: https://pythonhosted.org/daot/,beginner to advance
+2640,mawk,is a very fast AWK implementation by Mike Brennan based on a bytecode interpreter.,"mawk, , website, reference, wikipedia, Unknown","website: https://invisible-island.net/mawk/mawk.html, reference: http://progopedia.com/implementation/mawk/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK#Versions_and_implementations",beginner to advance
+2642,rio,,"rio, , reference, United States",reference: https://web.archive.org/web/20180228184559/https://www.cs.ou.edu/~tjpalmer/,beginner to advance
+2643,RunRev,"LiveCode Ltd. (formerly Runtime Revolution and Cross Worlds Computing makes the LiveCode cross-platform development environment (formerly called Revolution) for creating applications that run on iOS, Microsoft Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and Browsers. It is similar to Apple's discontinued HyperCard.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RunRev,beginner to advance
+2644,XMTC,"XMTC (for explicit multi-threading C) is a shared-memory parallel programming language.  It is an extension of the C programming language which strives to enable easy PRAM-like programming based on the explicit multi-threading paradigm.  It is developed as part of the XMT PRAM-On-Chip vision by a research team at the University of Maryland, College Park, led by Dr. Uzi Vishkin.  The philosophy of XMTC and the whole XMT project is that parallel programming is a hard intellectual task and the approach of building a hardware system first and then figuring out how to program them has not had much success.  For that reason a robust algorithmic theory and a reasonably easy hardware abstraction should be the specifications that guide how to build a new parallel architecture and programming language.  For parallel algorithms the algorithmic theory that has the largest body of literature is called PRAM (parallel random-access machine ).  This is not a coincidence, since PRAM is a natural way in which to think algorithmically in parallel.  In the early 1990s the PRAM model was deemed unrealistic because the hardware abstraction it was based on could not be implemented (because of low inter-chip bandwidth and high latency).  Now that multiple processors can be put on a single chip, these limitations are no longer present. The XMT architecture takes advantage of this excess on-chip real estate to implement a PRAM abstraction. The XMTC language is a modest extension of C and a work in progress.  The basic premise is that the programmer is responsible for exposing all the available parallelism.  While this sounds simple and many earlier approaches share this ideal, in practice, if the programmer defines too large a number of parallel tasks and the tasks are short, the program will perform very poorly. The way around that is to combine short parallel tasks into a longer one, which is usually the responsibility of the programmer.  In XMTC it is possible for the language to do that automatically, lifting the burden from the programmer. Software release of XMTC: PRAM-like programming allows experimenting with XMTC programming on standard computers.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMTC,beginner to advance
+2645,APE100,"APE100 was a family of SIMD supercomputers developed by the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) in Italy between 1989 and 1994. The systems were developed to study the structure of elementary particles by means of lattice gauge theories, especially quantum chromodynamics. APE (""ah-pei""), an acronym for Array Processor Experiment, was the collective name of several generations of massively parallel supercomputers since 1984, optimized for theoretical physics simulations. The APE machines were massively parallel 3D arrays of custom computing nodes with periodic boundary conditions. APE100 was developed at INFN in Rome and Pisa under the direction of Nicola Cabibbo. Each node was capable of 50MFLOPS so that the complete configuration with 2,048 nodes had a performance of 100GFLOPS. In 1991, it became the most powerful supercomputer in the world. A version of APE100 has been marketed by Alcatel Alenia Space under the name of Quadrics. After 1994 the project at INFN was continued with the new names APEmille and ApeNext.","APE100, , wikipedia, Italy",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APE100,beginner to advance
+2646,BasicX,BasicX is a free programming language designed specifically for NetMedia's BX-24 microcontroller and based on the BASIC programming language. It is used in the design of robotics projects such as the Robodyssey Systems Mouse robot.,"BasicX, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BasicX,beginner to advance
+2647,RASP,"A rasp is a tool used for shaping wood or other material. Rasp or RASP may also refer to:  Ranger Assessment and Selection Program, the United States Army Rangers selection and training RASP computing model, random-access stored-program machine The Rasp, a book by Philip MacDonald Residents Against SARP Pollution Runtime application self-protection","RASP, , reference, wikipedia, Yugoslavia","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7f8a4a11f2288ca6629b6ab8747f5f52af31f477, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASP",beginner to advance
+2648,CaPSL,"CaPSL is a printer command language/page description language used by early Canon printers including the LBP-8III series and supported on (at least) LBP-8IV printers. This language was discontinued, with later Canon printers implementing PCL. It was also called LIPS or LIPS4. A Windows Spool File could contain RAW CaPSL data.","CaPSL, , reference, wikipedia, Japan","reference: https://books.google.com/books?id=WIeyaksLI8gC&pg=PT174&lpg=PT174&dq=canon+CaPSL&source=bl&ots=u6g2YFIG_Q&sig=V6dx8vmgwAPobt8DVmkYZfujmcU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjX_beW6JTfAhXqrlQKHeyZAUkQ6AEwB3oECAIQAQ#v=onepage&q=canon%20CaPSL&f=false, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CaPSL",beginner to advance
+2649,CorbaScript,CorbaScript is an object-oriented scripting language designed for use with CORBA.,"CorbaScript, , reference, wikipedia, France","reference: http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?orbos/98-12-08, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CorbaScript",beginner to advance
+2650,Bizubee,,"Bizubee, Gabe and Gabe, website, United States",website: https://bizubee.github.io/,beginner to advance
+2651,KavaScript,,"KavaScript, Maxime Chevalier-Boisvert, website, Canada",website: https://github.com/maximecb/kavascript/,beginner to advance
+2652,Baby modula-3,"Baby Modula-3 is a functional programming sublanguage of Modula-3 (safe subset) programming language  based on ideals invented by Martín Abadi. It is an object oriented language for studying programming language design; one part of it is implicitly prototype-oriented programming language, and the other is explicitly statically typed designed for studying computer science type theories. It has been checked as a formal language of metaprogramming systems. It comes from the ""Scandinavian School"" of object-oriented programming languages.   Martín Abadi tried to give an example of pure object-oriented language which would allow the studying of formal semantics of objects. ""Baby Modula-3 is defined with a structured operational semantics and with a set of static type rules. A denotational semantics guarantees the soundness of this definition."" This object model has been shown to have well definiteness decidability  (a mechanical proof of it isn't known).  The inventor of Baby Modula-3 worked at Systems Research Center (SRC) of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in Palo Alto, California. As DEC was bought by Compaq and Compaq itself was bought by Hewlett-Packard the SRC-report 95 was made available to the public by HP.","Baby modula-3, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_modula-3,beginner to advance
+2653,Hbasic,"HBasic is an integrated development environment used to create, execute and debug programs with a Basic language. HBasic has object oriented features either in combination with precompiled C++ components (shared libraries) or class definitions (HBasic sourcecode). This also includes a version of inheritance. Hbasic is a mature Basic implementation for the Linux operating system. HBasic is released under the GNU General Public Licence. HBASIC is also the name for a BASIC interpreter created specifically for use with the Hercules Graphics Card.","Hbasic, , wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hbasic,beginner to advance
+2654,Multi-user BASIC,"Multi-user BASIC was a dialect of the BASIC language for the DEC PDP-11 running the RT-11 operating system.  One or more users were supported in separate address spaces sharing the same language interpreter.  The syntax of the language was similar to but not identical to BASIC-11.  A key language element was the support for virtual files.  These were similar to the virtual arrays in BASIC-PLUS in but more limited.  An array of integers, floatingpoint, or character strings of length 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 could be placed in file and accessed with a subscript.  The file could actually be opened (or re-opened) with a different definition allowing integers, characters, and floating point numbers to be stored in the same file. Like BASIC-11, Multi-User BASIC provided some support for lab equipment, support for character terminals (LA30, VT100).  Because it was a multi-user system, it did not support real-time data collection.","Multi-user BASIC, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_BASIC,beginner to advance
+2656,GeoGebra,,"GeoGebra, Markus Hohenwarter, website, wikipedia, Austria","website: https://www.geogebra.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoGebra",beginner to advance
+2657,lamderp,,"lamderp, James Keane, website, Canada",website: https://github.com/jameskeane/lamderp,beginner to advance
+2658,Iode,,"Iode, Danilo Lekovic, website, Canada",website: https://danilolekovic.com/iode-lang/index.html,beginner to advance
+2659,PearScript,,"PearScript, Ondřej Kocián, website, Malta",website: https://github.com/kocisov/pearscript,beginner to advance
+2660,Broccoli,,"Broccoli, CoconutMacaroon, website, Unknown",website: https://github.com/CoconutMacaroon/Broccoli,beginner to advance
+2662,arvelie-format,,"arvelie-format, , website, Unknown",website: https://wiki.xxiivv.com/#arvelie,beginner to advance
+2663,converge,,"converge, , website, United Kingdom",website: https://convergepl.org/,beginner to advance
+2665,michelson,,"michelson, Grégoire Henry, website, reference, document, United States","website: https://www.michelson-lang.com, reference: https://opentezos.com/michelson/, documentation: https://gitlab.com/tezos/michelson-reference",beginner to advance
+2666,MINI OBJECT-ORIENTED LANGUAGE,,"MINI OBJECT-ORIENTED LANGUAGE, , website, reference, Portugal","website: http://rss.di.fc.ul.pt/tools/mool/, reference: http://gloss.di.fc.ul.pt/tryit/tools/Mool",beginner to advance
+2667,plasma,,"plasma, , website, Australia",website: http://plasmalang.org/,beginner to advance
+2669,CLASS,,"CLASS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e781175930bf95dfd327f75b3358906e2984d35c,beginner to advance
+2670,Edison,,"Edison, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/669fd00160e4015f9d0e7fa073b81ea2eb2515de,beginner to advance
+2671,Electre,,"Electre, , reference, France",reference: https://academic.oup.com/comjnl/article/29/3/229/579943,beginner to advance
+2673,GRIN,,"GRIN, , reference, document, Switzerland","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7dd68e11247d81ae481744a745c7859d802aea94, documentation: https://cds.cern.ch/record/310380/files/197709192.pdf",beginner to advance
+2674,guru,,"guru, , reference, United States and Spain",reference: http://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~astump/papers/plpv09.pdf,beginner to advance
+2675,iikuse,,"iikuse, , reference, Unknown",reference: http://firstchurchofspacejesus.blogspot.com/2010/06/iikuse-toy-conlang-with-postfix.html,beginner to advance
+2676,manticore,,"manticore, , reference, United States",reference: http://manticore.cs.uchicago.edu/papers/cefp09-notes.pdf,beginner to advance
+2677,PLEASE,,"PLEASE, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/67f0224194a4e35f6602d08ac0a013752b67c85d,beginner to advance
+2683,MathJax,,"MathJax, , website, United States",website: https://www.mathjax.org/,beginner to advance
+2684,X-BASIC,"The X68000 (Japanese: エックス ろくまんはっせん, Hepburn: Ekkusu Rokuman Hassen) is a home computer created by Sharp Corporation, first released in 1987, sold only in Japan. The first model features a 10 MHz Motorola 68000 CPU (hence the name), 1 MB of RAM, and no hard drive; the last model was released in 1993 with a 25 MHz Motorola 68030 CPU, 4 MB of RAM, and optional 80 MB SCSI hard drive. RAM in these systems is expandable to 12 MB, though most games and applications do not require more than 2 MB.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-BASIC,beginner to advance
+2686,Xupdate,"XUpdate is a lightweight XML query language for modifying XML data. After some early enthusiastic development by a small team, the development of the standard faltered around the end of 2000 and it has never found widespread adoption. However, it has found a niche market of users not content to wait for the XQuery Update Facility extension of the W3C standard, XQuery.",,wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xupdate,beginner to advance
+2688,root-format,,"root-format, , website, wikipedia, Switzerland","website: https://root.cern.ch/input-and-output, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROOT",beginner to advance
+2689,DomainKeys Identified Mail,,"DomainKeys Identified Mail, , website, reference, wikipedia, United States","website: https://mipassoc.org/, reference: https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6376, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DomainKeys_Identified_Mail",beginner to advance
+2690,GHC,,"GHC, Kevin Hammond, website, wikipedia, Scotland","website: https://www.haskell.org/ghc/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler",beginner to advance
+2691,JMAP,,"JMAP, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8620, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_Meta_Application_Protocol",beginner to advance
+2692,PSYCO,,"PSYCO, , website, wikipedia, Switzerland","website: https://psyco.sourceforge.net, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyco",beginner to advance
+2693,alfred,"alfred is an application launcher and productivity application for macOS. Alfred is free, though an optional paid upgrade ('Powerpack') is available. Using a keyboard shortcut chosen by the user, Alfred provides a quick way to find and launch applications and files on the Mac or to search the web both with predefined keywords for often-used sites such as Amazon.com, IMDb, Wikipedia and many others, with the ability to add users' custom searches for the sites most applicable to them.",,"website: https://www.alfredapp.com/, reference: https://medium.com/@nikitavoloboev/writing-alfred-workflows-in-go-2a44f62dc432, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_(software)",beginner to advance
+2694,Boost C++ libraries,,"Boost C++ libraries, , website, wikipedia, Interstellar Space","website: https://www.boost.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boost_(C%2B%2B_libraries)",beginner to advance
+2695,Docker,,"Docker, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://docker.io, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docker_(software)",beginner to advance
+2696,parquet,"Apache Parquet is a free and open-source column-oriented data storage format in the Apache Hadoop ecosystem. It is similar to RCFile and ORC, the other columnar-storage file formats in Hadoop, and is compatible with most of the data processing frameworks around Hadoop. It provides efficient data compression and encoding schemes with enhanced performance to handle complex data in bulk.","parquet, Doug Cutting and Julien Le Dem, website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://parquet.apache.org/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Parquet",beginner to advance
+2697,Linoleum (L.in.oleum),,"Linoleum (L.in.oleum), Alessandro Ghignola, website, reference, wikipedia, Italy","website: http://anynowhere.com/forum/4, reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/cl0ep/linoleum_is_an_unstructured_untyped_procedural/, wikipedia: https://web.archive.org/web/20160406133341/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linoleum_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+2698,GraphQL+-,,"GraphQL+-, , website, United States",website: https://docs.dgraph.io/query-language/,beginner to advance
+2699,mockingbird-notation,,"mockingbird-notation, David C. Keenan, website, Australia",website: http://dkeenan.com/Lambda/,beginner to advance
+2700,kernel,,"kernel, , website, reference, United States","website: https://web.cs.wpi.edu/~jshutt/kernel.html, reference: https://web.cs.wpi.edu/~jshutt/sink-01m10.tar.gz",beginner to advance
+2702,Sourcetree,,"Sourcetree, Atlassian, website, reference, document, USA","website: https://www.sourcetreeapp.com/, reference: https://github.com/magit/magit#readme, documentation: https://confluence.atlassian.com/get-started-with-sourcetree",beginner to advance
+2728,Apple I,,"Apple I, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I,beginner to advance
+2729,Atom,,"Atom, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(text_editor),beginner to advance
+2731,Steinberg Cubase,,"Steinberg Cubase, , wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinberg_Cubase,beginner to advance
+2735,HCCB,,"HCCB, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCCB,beginner to advance
+2737,IMac,,"IMac, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac,beginner to advance
+2738,Ingres database,,"Ingres database, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingres_(database),beginner to advance
+2739,IPad,,"IPad, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad,beginner to advance
+2740,IPhone,,"IPhone, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone,beginner to advance
+2741,IPv4,,"IPv4, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4,beginner to advance
+2742,Language H,,"Language H, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_H,beginner to advance
+2743,MacBook Air,,"MacBook Air, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacBook_Air,beginner to advance
+2744,Macintosh,,"Macintosh, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh,beginner to advance
+2745,MP3,,"MP3, , wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3,beginner to advance
+2746,OpenDoc,,"OpenDoc, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDoc,beginner to advance
+2748,Price Equation,,"Price Equation, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_equation,beginner to advance
+2758,Information Theory Equation,,"Information Theory Equation, Claude Shannon, wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory),beginner to advance
+2759,InterPlanetary File System,,"InterPlanetary File System, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPlanetary_File_System,beginner to advance
+2761,PHIGS,,"PHIGS, , wikipedia, United States and Switzerland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHIGS,beginner to advance
+2762,PNG,,"PNG, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics,beginner to advance
+2763,QFX file format,,"QFX file format, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QFX_(file_format),beginner to advance
+2764,Razor,,"Razor, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASP.NET_Razor,beginner to advance
+2772,HEIC,,"HEIC, , wikipedia, Italy",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format,beginner to advance
+2773,Lincos,,"Lincos, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincos_language,beginner to advance
+2774,Molecular Query Language,,"Molecular Query Language, , reference, wikipedia, Germany","reference: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ci600305h, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Query_Language",beginner to advance
+2777,Superplan,,"Superplan, Heinz Rutishauser, wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superplan,beginner to advance
+2779,BBN-LISP,,"BBN-LISP, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBN_LISP,beginner to advance
+2780,eqn,,"eqn, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eqn_(software),beginner to advance
+2782,GENSTAT,,"GENSTAT, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genstat,beginner to advance
+2783,HyperFun,,"HyperFun, , wikipedia, Various",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperFun,beginner to advance
+2784,Kyma,,"Kyma, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.revolvy.com/page/Kyma-%28sound-design-language%29, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyma_(sound_design_language)",beginner to advance
+2785,Macintosh Common Lisp,,"Macintosh Common Lisp, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://groups.google.com/g/comp.lang.lisp/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_Common_Lisp",beginner to advance
+2786,Object Definition Language,Object Definition Language (ODL) is the specification language defining the interface to object types conforming to the ODMG Object Model. Often abbreviated by the acronym ODL. This language's purpose is to define the structure of an Entity-relationship diagram.,"Object Definition Language, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Object_Definition_Language, wikipedia: https://web.archive.org/web/20190430204008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Definition_Language",beginner to advance
+2787,ObjVlisp,,"ObjVlisp, , wikipedia, France",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ObjVlisp,beginner to advance
+2788,PM2,,"PM2, , wikipedia, France",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM2,beginner to advance
+2789,Prolog++,,"Prolog++, , reference, wikipedia, United Kingdom","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9b8daa85bb9f08a0844d02a2fd738d8c061df517, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog%2B%2B",beginner to advance
+2790,FLANG,,"FLANG, , reference, wikipedia, Various","reference: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2FBFb0013535, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLANG",beginner to advance
+2791,General Activity Simulation Program,,"General Activity Simulation Program, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P2864.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspé",beginner to advance
+2793,Iota-and-jot,"In formal language theory and computer science, Iota and Jot (from Greek iota ι, Hebrew yodh י, the smallest letters in those two alphabets) are languages, extremely minimalist formal systems, designed to be even simpler than other more popular alternatives, such as the lambda calculus and SKI combinator calculus.","Iota-and-jot, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://web.archive.org/web/20160823182917/http://semarch.linguistics.fas.nyu.edu/barker/Iota/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota_and_Jot",beginner to advance
+2794,Little Smalltalk,,"Little Smalltalk, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/dc7fbc7bb9673deed0e34479e9d480e2f1a72ac5, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Smalltalk",beginner to advance
+2795,Optimization Programming Language,,"Optimization Programming Language, Pascal Van Hentenryck, reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.amazon.com/OPL-Optimization-Programming-Language/dp/0262720302, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimization_Programming_Language",beginner to advance
+2796,Parasolid,,"Parasolid, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasolid,beginner to advance
+2798,DAD,"Disciplined agile delivery (DAD) is the software development portion of the Disciplined Agile Toolkit. DAD enables teams to make simplified process decisions around incremental and iterative solution delivery. DAD builds on the many practices espoused by advocates of agile software development, including scrum, agile modeling, lean software development, and others.","DAD, Scott Ambler and Mark Lines, reference, wikipedia, Canada","reference: https://www.proyectum.com/sistema/blog/disciplined-agile-delivery-dad/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciplined_agile_delivery",beginner to advance
+2799,Gofer,,"Gofer, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c1b0/48cfb5a0ccfdfc079d42bfb5f35a94f5aa89.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gofer_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+2800,Programming Language for the University of Maryland,,"Programming Language for the University of Maryland, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://github.com/plum-umd, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum",beginner to advance
+2801,Interscript,,"Interscript, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/xerox/interscript/IntroductionToInterscript.pdf, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscript",beginner to advance
+2802,ISO 8601,,"ISO 8601, ISO Technical Committee TC 154, wikipedia, document, Switzerland","documentation: https://curlie.org/Science/Reference/Standards/Individual_Standards/ISO/ISO_8601/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601",beginner to advance
+2803,Nyquist,"Nyquist is a programming language for sound synthesis and analysis based on the Lisp programming language. It is an extension of the XLISP dialect of Lisp, and is named after Harry Nyquist. ","Nyquist, Roger Dannenberg, reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/318380e3ddd56afe7eccc3cfeeefbb0ffd7ac657, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_(programming_language)",beginner to advance
+2804,Rosetta-2,"Rosetta is a dynamic binary translator developed by Apple Inc. for macOS, an application compatibility layer between different instruction set architectures. It enables a transition to newer hardware, by automatically translating software. The name is a reference to the Rosetta Stone, the artifact which enabled translation of Egyptian hieroglyphs. The first version of Rosetta, introduced in 2006 in Mac OS X Tiger, was part of the Mac transition from PowerPC processors to Intel processors, allowing PowerPC applications to run on Intel-based Macs. The second version, introduced in 2020 as a component of macOS Big Sur, is part of the Mac transition from Intel processors to Apple silicon, allowing Intel applications to run on Apple silicon Macs.","Rosetta-2, Apple Inc, reference, wikipedia, document, United State","reference: https://dougallj.wordpress.com/2022/11/09/why-is-rosetta-2-fast/, documentation: https://iboysoft.com/wiki/rosetta-2.html, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_(software)",beginner to advance
+2806,Language for Your Remote Instruction by Computer,,"Language for Your Remote Instruction by Computer, , reference, wikipedia, Unknown","reference: https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/965762.965765?download=true, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric",beginner to advance
+2808,Swym,,"Swym, Laurie Cheers, website, Unknown",website: https://web.archive.org/web/20201126155554/http://cheersgames.com/swym/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page,beginner to advance
+2809,LOGIN,,"LOGIN, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f487a24e7f7329da852d0638a130e00aae08a598,beginner to advance
+2810,Bistro,,"Bistro, Nikolas S. Boyd, website, reference, wikipedia, United States","website: https://bitbucket.org/nik_boyd/bistro-smalltalk, reference: http://bistro.sourceforge.net/, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistro_%28programming_language%29",beginner to advance
+2811,SMILES arbitrary target specification,"SMILES arbitrary target specification (SMARTS) is a language for specifying substructural patterns in molecules. The SMARTS line notation is expressive and allows extremely precise and transparent substructural specification and atom typing. SMARTS is related to the SMILES line notation that is used to encode molecular structures and like SMILES was originally developed by David Weininger and colleagues at Daylight Chemical Information Systems.  The most comprehensive descriptions of the SMARTS language can be found in Daylight's SMARTS theory manual, tutorial  and examples. OpenEye Scientific Software has developed their own version of SMARTS which differs from the original Daylight version in how the R descriptor (see cyclicity below) is defined.",,"reference: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ci00057a005, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMILES_arbitrary_target_specification",beginner to advance
+2812,Moescript,,"Moescript, Renzhi Li aka. Belleve Invis, website, China",website: https://github.com/yolio2003/moescript,beginner to advance
+2815,weebasic,,"weebasic, Maxime Chevalier-Boisvert, website, Canada",website: https://github.com/maximecm/weebasic/,beginner to advance
+2816,FutureScript,,"FutureScript, Zhenzhen Zhan, website, Thailand",website: https://futurescript.org/,beginner to advance
+2817,Broccoli,,"Broccoli, Fogus, website, United States",website: https://blog.fogus.me/2008/03/26/broccoli-abominable/,beginner to advance
+2819,Broccoli,,"Broccoli, Mathieu CAROFF, website, France",website: https://mathieucaroff.com/broccoli,beginner to advance
+2820,clox,,"clox, , website, Italy",website: https://craftinginterpreters.com/,beginner to advance
+2821,rlox,,"rlox, , website, Italia",website: https://craftinginterpreters.com/,beginner to advance
+2822,Biological Expression Language,,"Biological Expression Language, , website, reference, United States","website: http://openbel.org/, reference: https://github.com/OpenBEL/language",beginner to advance
+2823,datev,,"datev, Markus Voelter and Sergej Koˇsˇcejev, website, reference, document, Germany","website: http://www.datev.de/, reference: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-73758-0_4, documentation: https://voelter.de/data/pub/PayrollDSL.pdf",beginner to advance
+2824,dynamo-pm,,"dynamo-pm, , website, United States",website: https://dynamopackages.com/,beginner to advance
+2825,eta,,"eta, , website, India",website: http://eta-lang.org,beginner to advance
+2826,foundry,,"foundry, , website, reference, Nigeria","website: http://foundry-lang.org, reference: https://www.scirp.org/pdf/JMMCE20090600001_35536531.pdf",beginner to advance
+2827,grain,,"grain, , website, United States and United Kingdom and France",website: https://grain-lang.org,beginner to advance
+2828,habit,,"habit, , website, United States",website: http://habit-lang.org,beginner to advance
+2830,liquidity,,"liquidity, , website, France",website: http://www.liquidity-lang.org,beginner to advance
+2831,mypy,,"mypy, , website, United Kingdom",website: http://www.mypy-lang.org,beginner to advance
+2832,NumPad,,"NumPad, , website, reference, United Kingdom","website: https://numpad.io/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32493946",beginner to advance
+2833,package-control-pm,,"package-control-pm, , website, United States",website: https://packagecontrol.io/,beginner to advance
+2838,axt-format,,"axt-format, , reference, United States",reference: https://github.com/lastz/lastz/blob/a93880f640776e9c7427326f1401a429ad14f2fb/src/axt.c,beginner to advance
+2839,Browser Extensible Data Format,,"Browser Extensible Data Format, , reference, United States",reference: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh103,beginner to advance
+2840,DUEL,,"DUEL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0627fd0f54b81b4f4fa96a61db19b508ab9e3af1,beginner to advance
+2841,EQS,,"EQS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fb8cd8b41cfa06f850fe10f69111538f42f3a1f7,beginner to advance
+2842,EZ,,"EZ, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fab2ddbaf0a5ceaa0fe2e264cde5308307b1097f,beginner to advance
+2843,Interleaved Notation,,"Interleaved Notation, Michael Homer, reference, New Zealand",reference: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3563836.3568722,beginner to advance
+2844,OASIS,,"OASIS, , reference, Denmark",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/be0134cd242a68f9d16f9590851ca67947127831,beginner to advance
+2845,PAMELA,,"PAMELA, , reference, The Netherlands",reference: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/165939.166002,beginner to advance
+2848,Moby,,"Moby, , website, wikipedia, United States","website: http://moby.cs.uchicago.edu, wikipedia: https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/791522/",beginner to advance
+2849,algobox,"algobox is an easy-to-use pedagogical software for initiation to algorithms, distributed under the GNU/GPL license. It is available for free for Linux, macOS and Windows platforms and can even run on a simple USB key. Using an algorithmic language in French and a simple and ergonomic graphical user interface, this software makes it easy to design and test algorithms that may be encountered in secondary school mathematics education.","algobox, , website, reference, wikipedia, France","website: https://www.xm1math.net/algobox/, reference: https://www.algoboxpro.com/, wikipedia: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algobox",beginner to advance
+2850,COMSOL Script,,"COMSOL Script, , website, reference, wikipedia, United States","website: http://www.comsol.com, reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMSOL_Multiphysics, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMSOL_Script",beginner to advance
+2851,Nosica,,"Nosica, David Jobet, website, wikipedia, document, France","website: http://nosicalanguage.free.fr, documentation: http://nosicalanguage.free.fr/?User%20documentation, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosica",beginner to advance
+2870,Micro-PROLOG,,"Micro-PROLOG, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: http://www.edm2.com/index.php/Micro-PROLOG,beginner to advance
+2872,CHAIN,,"CHAIN, , reference, wikipedia, United Kingdom","reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datapoint, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHAIN_%28programming_language%29",beginner to advance
+2873,Escapade,,"Escapade, , reference, wikipedia, Unknown","reference: https://www.seomastering.com/wiki/Escapade_(programming_language), wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapade_%28programming_language%29",beginner to advance
+2874,Izibasic,,"Izibasic, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Izibasic?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izibasic",beginner to advance
+2875,M,,"M, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_Sharp,beginner to advance
+2876,Mocklisp,,"Mocklisp, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocklisp,beginner to advance
+2877,Moonrock Basic Compiler,,"Moonrock Basic Compiler, Rowan Crowe, wikipedia, Australia",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonrock_Basic_Compiler,beginner to advance
+2878,Omikron BASIC,,"Omikron BASIC, , wikipedia, Germany",wikipedia: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omikron_BASIC,beginner to advance
+2879,PROC procedure language,,"PROC procedure language, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://web.archive.org/web/20170301080656/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROC_procedure_language,beginner to advance
+2880,Bon,,"Bon, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/bon_programming_language, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_%28programming_language%29",beginner to advance
+2881,Marmot,,"Marmot, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2c35c23368871f5ecdd11d0e6897f0ee87ba678d, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARMOT",beginner to advance
+2882,Portal langage,,"Portal langage, , wikipedia, Switzerland",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_(langage),beginner to advance
+2883,PowerLanguage,,"PowerLanguage, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.multicharts.com/trading-software/index.php/About_PowerLanguage, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerLanguage",beginner to advance
+2884,HTTP/3,"HTTP/3 is the upcoming third major version of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol used to exchange binary information on the World Wide Web. HTTP/3 is based on previous RFC draft ""Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) over QUIC"". QUIC is an experimental transport layer network protocol initially developed by Google. On 28 October 2018 in a mailing list discussion, Mark Nottingham, Chair of the IETF HTTP and QUIC Working Groups, made the official request to rename HTTP-over-QUIC as HTTP/3 to ""clearly identify it as another binding of HTTP semantics to the wire protocol ... so people understand its separation from QUIC"" and pass its development from the QUIC Working Group to the HTTP Working Group after finalizing and publishing the draft. In the subsequent discussions that followed and stretched over several days, Nottingham's proposal was accepted by fellow IETF members, who in November 2018 gave their official seal of approval that HTTP-over-QUIC become HTTP/3.","HTTP/3, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/3,beginner to advance
+2885,MUSP,,"MUSP, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8ac08826937a3a45a3db22b5507330a527900205, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musp",beginner to advance
+2886,NGL,,"NGL, , reference, wikipedia, Unknown","reference: https://www.wikiwand.com/de/Zeittafel_der_Programmiersprachen, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGL_%28programming_language%29",beginner to advance
+2887,Klerer-May System,"The Klerer–May System is a programming language developed in the mid-1960s, oriented to numerical scientific programming, whose most notable feature is its two-dimensional syntax based on traditional mathematical notation.  For input and output, the Klerer–May system used a Friden Flexowriter modified to allow half-line motions for subscripts and superscripts. The character set included digits, upper-case letters, subsets of 14 lower-case Latin letters and 18 Greek letters, arithmetic operators (+ − × / |) and punctuation (. , ( )), and eight special line-drawing characters (resembling  ╲ ╱ ⎜ _ ⎨ ⎬ ˘ ⁔) used to construct multi-line brackets and symbols for summation, products, roots, and for multi-line division or fractions. The system was intended to be forgiving of input mistakes, and easy to learn; its reference manual was only two pages.The system was developed by Melvin Klerer and Jack May at Columbia University's Hudson Laboratories in Dobbs Ferry, New York, for the Office of Naval Research, and ran on GE-200 series computers.","Klerer-May System, , wikipedia, United States",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klerer–May_System,beginner to advance
+2888,Legal Knowledge Interchange Format,"The Legal Knowledge Interchange Format (LKIF) was developed in the European ESTRELLA project and was designed with the goal of becoming a standard for representing and interchanging policy, legislation and cases, including their justificatory arguments, in the legal domain. LKIF builds on and uses the Web Ontology Language (OWL) for representing concepts and includes a reusable basic ontology of legal concepts. The core of LKIF consists of a combination of OWL-DL and SWRL.LKIF was designed with two main roles in  mind: the translation of legal knowledge bases written in different representation formats and formalisms and to be a knowledge representation formalism which could be part of larger architectures for developing legal knowledge systems.","Legal Knowledge Interchange Format, , reference, wikipedia, The Netherlands","reference: http://www.estrellaproject.org/?page_id=5, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Knowledge_Interchange_Format",beginner to advance
+2889,OPL,,"OPL, , wikipedia, United Kingdom",wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Programming_Language,beginner to advance
+2890,iScript,,"iScript, , reference, wikipedia, United States","reference: https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2988, wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iscript",beginner to advance
+2892,RoyalScript,,"RoyalScript, Josh Weinstein, website, United States",website: https://jweinst1.github.io/Royalscript/,beginner to advance
+2894,bag-format,,"bag-format, , website, reference, United States","website: http://wiki.ros.org/Bags, reference: http://wiki.ros.org/Bags/Format",beginner to advance
+2895,calc,,"calc, , website, reference, Slovenia","website: http://plzoo.andrej.com/language/calc.html, reference: https://github.com/andrejbauer/plzoo",beginner to advance
+2896,clojars-pm,,"clojars-pm, , website, New Zealand and United States",website: https://clojars.org/,beginner to advance
+2897,cocoapods-pm,,"cocoapods-pm, , website, Various",website: https://cocoapods.org/,beginner to advance
+2898,cpan-pm,,"cpan-pm, , website, Various",website: https://www.cpan.org/,beginner to advance
+2899,crates-pm,,"crates-pm, , website, Various",website: https://crates.io/,beginner to advance
+2900,ctan-pm,,"ctan-pm, , website, United States",website: https://ctan.org/,beginner to advance
+2901,darklang,,"darklang, , website, United States",website: https://darklang.com/,beginner to advance
+2903,enso,,"enso, Alex Loh, website, United States",website: https://web.archive.org/web/20191101145248/http://enso-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+2904,Extempore,,"Extempore, , website, Unknown",website: https://extemporelang.github.io/,beginner to advance
+2906,grunt,,"grunt, , website, Various",website: https://gruntjs.com/,beginner to advance
+2907,imp-lang,,"imp-lang, , website, United States",website: https://scattered-thoughts.net/writing/imp-intro/,beginner to advance
+2908,JMESPath,,"JMESPath, , website, United States",website: https://jmespath.org,beginner to advance
+2910,kilo-lisp,,"kilo-lisp, , website, reference, Germany","website: https://www.t3x.org/klisp/index.html, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19415735",beginner to advance
+2911,lasp,,"lasp, , website, Belgium",website: http://lasp-lang.org,beginner to advance
+2912,melpha-pm,,"melpha-pm, , website, France and Switzerland and United States",website: https://melpa.org/,beginner to advance
+2913,PacmanConf,,"PacmanConf, , website, Unknown",website: https://www.archlinux.org/pacman/pacman.conf.5.html,beginner to advance
+2914,Omega,,"Omega, , website, United States",website: https://www.pbtomega.com/,beginner to advance
+2915,pgql,,"pgql, , website, United States",website: http://pgql-lang.org,beginner to advance
+2916,PickCode,,"PickCode, , website, reference, United States","website: https://www.pickcode.io/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32230329",beginner to advance
+2917,PkgConfig,,"PkgConfig, , website, United States",website: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/pkg-config/,beginner to advance
+2918,plink-bed-format,,"plink-bed-format, , website, reference, Various","website: https://www.cog-genomics.org/plink2/formats#bed, reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929707613524",beginner to advance
+2919,plumb,,"plumb, , website, reference, document, Unknown","website: http://chriswarbo.net/plumb, reference: https://github.com/Warbo, documentation: http://www.chriswarbo.net/projects/plumb/using.html",beginner to advance
+2920,powershell-gallery-pm,,"powershell-gallery-pm, , website, United States",website: https://www.powershellgallery.com/,beginner to advance
+2921,PSeInt,,"PSeInt, , website, Argentina",website: http://pseint.sourceforge.net/index.php,beginner to advance
+2922,robotc,,"robotc, , website, United States",website: http://www.robotc.net/,beginner to advance
+2926,BOLT,,"BOLT, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/52ce99d5cefd05c4e30dbf631e4bc9f24f34c52b,beginner to advance
+2927,CCS,,"CCS, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.infoblox.com/wp-content/uploads/infoblox-eval-download-netmri-NetMRI_CCS_Scripting_Guide.pdf,beginner to advance
+2928,Chimera,,"Chimera, , reference, Italy and The Netherlands",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/489859de40c0e609b0cf40925aacb8971928f70c,beginner to advance
+2929,Descartes,,"Descartes, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b1e382625105bb88a32268134edbcf8d5ce5b217,beginner to advance
+2930,DINO,,"DINO, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b531d1cac6ef5d6f778524425c60378980eeef2b,beginner to advance
+2931,DLP,,"DLP, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/94a4c1af2a17e7d0ef65683b541e9ef8ae3d6a51,beginner to advance
+2932,HScript,,"HScript, , reference, Canada",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houdini_(software),beginner to advance
+2933,Lila,,"Lila, , reference, Belgium",reference: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Construction-of-an-ELL(1)-syntax-analyser-for-Ada-Craeynest-Vansteenkiste/b92d54ff36e3f65c79b77c98d2e545d772e02341,beginner to advance
+2934,Lorel,,"Lorel, Serge Abiteboul and Dallan Quass and Jason McHugh and Jennifer Widom and Janet L. Wiener, reference, United States",reference: http://infolab.stanford.edu/lore/pubs/lorel96.pdf,beginner to advance
+2935,MDL,,"MDL, , reference, Taiwan and United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/316a014b05ac38bff81c97d622172252d88acc28,beginner to advance
+2936,PAISley,,"PAISley, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/83b4bfa6f2c5cb24bf41aded6d41d64dfb570b51,beginner to advance
+2941,Timeless Instruction Set (TL ISA),,"Timeless Instruction Set (TL ISA), , document, Norway",documentation: https://www.progsbase.com/isa/,beginner to advance
+2945,IT,,"IT, Alan Perlis, reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4c900bab884c013dfd26cb89c168d311785f8561,beginner to advance
+2946,SQHTML,,"SQHTML, Katrina Grace, website, United States",website: https://sqhtml.swordglowsblue.com/,beginner to advance
+2952,BIPLAN,,"BIPLAN, Giovanni Blu Mitolo, website, Italy",website: https://github.com/gioblu/BIPLAN,beginner to advance
+2953,bytecode-modeling-language,,"bytecode-modeling-language, , website, France and Poland",website: http://www-sop.inria.fr/everest/BML/,beginner to advance
+2956,iqr,,"iqr, , website, United States",website: https://www.qrcode.com/en/codes/iqr.html,beginner to advance
+2957,jedit-editor,,"jedit-editor, , website, Various",website: http://jedit.org/,beginner to advance
+2959,marten,,"marten, , website, United States",website: http://www.andescotia.com/products/marten/,beginner to advance
+2960,Nova,,"Nova, , website, United States",website: https://www.panic.com/nova/,beginner to advance
+2961,PhpStorm,,"PhpStorm, , website, Czech Republic",website: https://www.jetbrains.com/phpstorm/,beginner to advance
+2962,Plush,,"Plush, Maxime Chevalier-Boisvert, website, Canada",website: https://github.com/zetavm/zetavm/tree/master/plush/,beginner to advance
+2963,resharper-editor,,"resharper-editor, , website, Czechia",website: https://www.jetbrains.com/resharper,beginner to advance
+2964,rider-editor,,"rider-editor, , website, Czechia",website: https://www.jetbrains.com/rider,beginner to advance
+2973,aubit-4gl,,"aubit-4gl, , website, England and Wales",website: http://aubit4gl.sourceforge.net/aubit4gldoc/,beginner to advance
+2979,Coral,,"Coral, , website, United States",website: https://corallanguage.org/,beginner to advance
+2980,domino,,"domino, , website, United States",website: http://web.mit.edu/domino/,beginner to advance
+2981,frtime,,"frtime, , website, reference, United States","website: https://docs.racket-lang.org/frtime/, reference: https://cs.brown.edu/people/ghcooper/thesis.pdf",beginner to advance
+2982,hac,,"hac, , website, United States",website: http://vlsi.cornell.edu/~fang/hackt/pdf/hac.pdf,beginner to advance
+2983,hsaml-format,,"hsaml-format, , website, United Kingdom",website: http://wasabiapp.org/software/hsaml_format/,beginner to advance
+2984,Imandra Protocol Language,,"Imandra Protocol Language, , website, reference, United Kingdom","website: https://docs.imandra.ai/ipl/, reference: https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=aestheticintegration.ipl-vscode",beginner to advance
+2985,klisp,,"klisp, , website, Germany",website: http://t3x.org/klisp/index.html,beginner to advance
+2986,kvsapi,,"kvsapi, , website, United States",website: https://www.snia.org/tech_activities/standards/curr_standards/kvsapi,beginner to advance
+2988,lazarus-editor,,"lazarus-editor, , website, United States",website: https://www.lazarus-ide.org/,beginner to advance
+2989,Mascara,,"Mascara, Olav Junker Kjær, website, Denmark",website: https://web.archive.org/web/20170202011225/http://www.mascaraengine.com/,beginner to advance
+2990,Multihash,,"Multihash, , website, Various",website: http://multiformats.io/multihash/,beginner to advance
+2991,paperalgo,,"paperalgo, Kragen Javier Sitaker, website, Argentina",website: http://canonical.org/~kragen/sw/dev3/paperalgo,beginner to advance
+2992,powerloom-knowledgeBase,,"powerloom-knowledgeBase, , website, United States",website: https://www.isi.edu/isd/LOOM/PowerLoom/,beginner to advance
+2993,quicksight-app,,"quicksight-app, , website, reference, United States","website: https://aws.amazon.com/quicksight/, reference: https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2015/10/introducing-amazon-quicksight-now-in-preview/",beginner to advance
+2994,rlmeta,,"rlmeta, Rickard Lindberg, website, Sweden",website: http://rickardlindberg.me/writing/rlmeta/,beginner to advance
+3007,BRL,,"BRL, , website, United States",website: http://web.mit.edu/wwwdev/brl/intro.html,beginner to advance
+3009,bx,,"bx, , website, United States",website: http://www.skrenta.com/bx/,beginner to advance
+3010,Cheri,,"Cheri, , website, England",website: https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/security/ctsrd/cheri/,beginner to advance
+3011,ctalk,,"ctalk, Robert Kiesling, website, United States",website: https://sourceforge.net/projects/ctalk/,beginner to advance
+3012,Dec-64,,"23712, , website, United States",website: http://dec64.com/,beginner to advance
+3013,gemini-protocol,,"gemini-protocol, , website, reference, Various","website: https://gemini.circumlunar.space/, reference: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=23042424",beginner to advance
+3014,Gnome Basic,,"Gnome Basic, , website, reference, United States","website: http://www.fact-index.com/g/gn/gnome_basic.html, reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximian",beginner to advance
+3015,google-data-studio-app,,"google-data-studio-app, , website, reference, United States","website: https://datastudio.google.com/, reference: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Data_Studio",beginner to advance
+3016,General purpose,,"General purpose, , website, Germany",website: https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/GP_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+3017,helium,,"helium, , website, The Netherlands",website: http://web.archive.org/web/20120814120128/http://www.cs.uu.nl/wiki/Helium,beginner to advance
+3018,holonforth,,"holonforth, , website, Switzerland",website: https://holonforth.com/,beginner to advance
+3019,JuliaHub Packages,,"JuliaHub Packages, , website, Various",website: https://juliahub.com/ui/Packages,beginner to advance
+3020,MathWorks File Exchange,,"MathWorks File Exchange, , website, United States",website: https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/,beginner to advance
+3021,miso-framework,,"miso-framework, , website, United States",website: https://haskell-miso.org/,beginner to advance
+3022,objective-modula-2,,"objective-modula-2, , website, Various",website: http://objective.modula-2.net/,beginner to advance
+3023,qbe,,"qbe, , website, Unknown",website: https://c9x.me/compile/,beginner to advance
+3024,Radish,,"Radish, , website, reference, United States","website: https://radishpl.com/, reference: https://reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/wn5vtm/radish_programming_language/",beginner to advance
+3025,readable-lisp,,"readable-lisp, , website, reference, United States","website: https://readable.sourceforge.io/, reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/lisp/comments/1pyg07/why_not_use_indentations_rather_than_numerous/",beginner to advance
+3026,redpanda-app,,"redpanda-app, , website, United States",website: https://vectorized.io/,beginner to advance
+3041,blank,,"blank, , website, Poland",website: https://esolangs.org/wiki/Blank,beginner to advance
+3042,Blueprints,,"Blueprints, , website, United States",website: https://docs.unrealengine.com/latest/INT/Engine/Blueprints/index.html,beginner to advance
+3044,c-smile,,"c-smile, Andrew Fedoniouk, website, Unknown",website: http://c-smile.sourceforge.net/,beginner to advance
+3045,calc_var,,"calc_var, , website, reference, Slovenia","website: http://plzoo.andrej.com/language/calc_var.html, reference: https://github.com/andrejbauer/plzoo",beginner to advance
+3046,chaos-lang,,"chaos-lang, , website, Various",website: https://chaos-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+3047,Cobol.NET,,"Cobol.NET, , website, reference, United States","website: https://www.fujitsu.com/global/products/software/developer-tool/netcobol/, reference: https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL.NET",beginner to advance
+3048,coffeepp,,"coffeepp, , website, Germany",website: https://bixense.com/coffeepp/,beginner to advance
+3049,Conan Center,,"Conan Center, , website, United States",website: https://bintray.com/conan/conan-center,beginner to advance
+3050,dart-pm,,"dart-pm, , website, United States",website: https://pub.dartlang.org/,beginner to advance
+3051,dfns,,"dfns, , website, reference, United Kingdom","website: http://dfns.dyalog.com/, reference: http://dfns.dyalog.com/n_contents.htm",beginner to advance
+3053,Elm Packages,,"Elm Packages, , website, United States and France",website: https://package.elm-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+3054,emu,,"emu, , website, United States",website: https://calebwin.github.io/emu/,beginner to advance
+3055,fmj,,"fmj, , website, reference, United States","website: http://www.fmjlang.co.uk/fmj/FMJ.html, reference: http://www.fmjlang.co.uk/fmj/fmj2.pdf",beginner to advance
+3056,Genshi Text,,"Genshi Text, , website, Sweden and Japan and United States and France and Germany and Switzerland",website: http://genshi.edgewall.org/,beginner to advance
+3057,GNU Linear Programming Kit,,"GNU Linear Programming Kit, , website, United States",website: https://www.gnu.org/software/glpk/,beginner to advance
+3058,hackage-pm,,"hackage-pm, , website, England",website: https://hackage.haskell.org/,beginner to advance
+3059,High-Level Virtual Machine,,"High-Level Virtual Machine, , website, reference, United Kingdom","website: http://www.ffconsultancy.com/ocaml/hlvm/, reference: http://forge.ocamlcore.org/projects/hlvm/",beginner to advance
+3060,Kefir,,"Kefir, , website, Latvia",website: https://sr.ht/~jprotopopov/kefir/,beginner to advance
+3061,klong,,"klong, , website, Germany",website: http://t3x.org/klong/,beginner to advance
+3062,kogut,,"kogut, , website, Poland",website: http://kokogut.sourceforge.net/kogut.html,beginner to advance
+3063,koi,,"koi, , website, Canada",website: http://thingsaaronmade.com/blog/introducing-koi.html,beginner to advance
+3064,lllpg,,"lllpg, David Piepgrass, website, Canada",website: http://ecsharp.net/lllpg/,beginner to advance
+3065,Maven Central Repository,,"Maven Central Repository, , website, Various",website: https://search.maven.org/,beginner to advance
+3066,minihaskell,,"minihaskell, , website, reference, Slovenia","website: http://plzoo.andrej.com/language/minihaskell.html, reference: https://github.com/andrejbauer/plzoo",beginner to advance
+3067,miniprolog,,"miniprolog, , website, reference, Slovenia","website: http://plzoo.andrej.com/language/miniprolog.html, reference: https://github.com/andrejbauer/plzoo",beginner to advance
+3068,mir,,"mir, , website, United States",website: http://llvm.org/docs/MIRLangRef.html,beginner to advance
+3069,mlite,,"mlite, , website, reference, Germany","website: https://www.t3x.org/mlite/index.html, reference: https://lobste.rs/s/ukhvbs/mlite_language",beginner to advance
+3070,Optimized Row Columnar,,"Optimized Row Columnar, , website, United States",website: https://orc.apache.org/,beginner to advance
+3071,piccola,,"piccola, , website, Switzerland",website: http://scg.unibe.ch/research/piccola/,beginner to advance
+3072,Pursuit PureScript Package Repository,,"Pursuit PureScript Package Repository, , website, Various",website: https://pursuit.purescript.org/,beginner to advance
+3073,pyke,,"pyke, Paul Haesler and Bruce Frederiksen, website, reference, Australia and United States","website: http://pyke.sourceforge.net/index.html, reference: http://pyke.sourceforge.net/PyCon2008-paper.html",beginner to advance
+3074,Python Format Specification,,"Python Format Specification, , website, United States",website: https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#format-specification-mini-language,beginner to advance
+3076,raco-pm,,"raco-pm, , website, Various",website: https://pkgs.racket-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+3078,retroforth,,"retroforth, Charles Childers, website, United States",website: http://www.retroforth.org/,beginner to advance
+3100,BUSH,,"BUSH, , website, Canada",website: http://bush.sourceforge.net/,beginner to advance
+3101,chirp,,"chirp, , website, United States",website: https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Chirp_(Scratch_modification),beginner to advance
+3103,comm,,"comm, , website, reference, Slovenia","website: http://plzoo.andrej.com/language/comm.html, reference: https://github.com/andrejbauer/plzoo",beginner to advance
+3104,CorelScript,,"CorelScript, , website, reference, United States","website: http://www.corel.com/en/, reference: http://cgibin.erols.com/ziring/cgi-bin/cep/cep.pl?_key=CorelScript",beginner to advance
+3105,crack,,"crack, , website, Unknown",website: http://crack-lang.org,beginner to advance
+3106,cran-pm,,"cran-pm, , website, reference, Austria","website: https://cran.r-project.org/, reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)#CRAN",beginner to advance
+3107,Descript,,"Descript, Jakob Hain, website, reference, United States","website: https://jakobeha.github.io/, reference: https://bitbucket.org/jakobeha/descript-ocaml/src/master/",beginner to advance
+3108,D++,,"D++, Daniel Smith, website, reference, United States","website: http://www.pagemac.com/dpp/home, reference: https://www.pagemac.com/dpp/docs",beginner to advance
+3109,DRAGOON,,"DRAGOON, , website, reference, Italy","website: https://www.txtspa.it, reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4bd892cb6ffc5113e117e70524779584d904c873",beginner to advance
+3110,Emacs Lisp Package Archive,,"Emacs Lisp Package Archive, , website, United States",website: https://elpa.gnu.org/,beginner to advance
+3111,envoy-app,,"envoy-app, , website, Various",website: https://www.envoyproxy.io/,beginner to advance
+3112,flux-lang,,"flux-lang, , website, reference, United States","website: https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/usenix06/tech/full_papers/burns/burns_html/flux-usenix-06.html, reference: http://static.usenix.org/legacy/events/usenix06/tech/full_papers/burns/burns.pdf",beginner to advance
+3113,forthnet-pm,,"forthnet-pm, , website, Germany",website: https://theforth.net/,beginner to advance
+3115,GSQL,,"GSQL, , website, United States",website: https://docs.tigergraph.com/dev/gsql-ref,beginner to advance
+3116,Hex-Rays,,"Hex-Rays, Ilfak Guilfanov, website, Belgium",website: https://hex-rays.com/,beginner to advance
+3117,JSGF,,"JSGF, , website, United States",website: https://www.w3.org/TR/jsgf/,beginner to advance
+3118,lambda,,"lambda, , website, reference, Slovenia","website: http://plzoo.andrej.com/language/lambda.html, reference: https://github.com/andrejbauer/plzoo",beginner to advance
+3119,levy,,"levy, , website, reference, Slovenia","website: http://plzoo.andrej.com/language/levy.html, reference: https://github.com/andrejbauer/plzoo",beginner to advance
+3120,loglo,,"loglo, , website, reference, Canada","website: https://loglo.app/, reference: https://lobste.rs/s/lrj6mh/loglo_spreadsheet_using_stack_language",beginner to advance
+3121,Maplesoft Application Center,,"Maplesoft Application Center, , website, reference, Canada","website: https://www.maplesoft.com/applications/, reference: https://web.archive.org/web/20041208171926/http://www.maplesoft.com/Applications/",beginner to advance
+3122,miniml,,"miniml, , website, reference, Slovenia","website: http://plzoo.andrej.com/language/miniml.html, reference: https://github.com/andrejbauer/plzoo",beginner to advance
+3123,New AWK,,"New AWK, , website, United States",website: https://linux.die.net/man/1/nawk,beginner to advance
+3124,nimble-pm,,"nimble-pm, , website, Various",website: https://nimble.directory/,beginner to advance
+3125,oforth,,"oforth, , website, Germany",website: http://www.oforth.com/,beginner to advance
+3126,orca-lang,,"orca-lang, Karl Robillard, website, Unknown",website: https://sourceforge.net/p/urlan/wiki/OrcaProject/,beginner to advance
+3127,polly,,"polly, , website, Unknown",website: https://gitlab.com/Polly-lang/Polly,beginner to advance
+3128,poly,,"poly, , website, reference, Slovenia","website: http://plzoo.andrej.com/language/poly.html, reference: https://github.com/andrejbauer/plzoo",beginner to advance
+3129,popcorn-linux,,"popcorn-linux, , website, reference, United States","website: http://popcornlinux.org/, reference: https://sourceforge.net/p/popcornlinux/_list/git",beginner to advance
+3130,PyPI,,"PyPI, , website, Various",website: https://pypi.org/,beginner to advance
+3131,raptor,,"raptor, , website, United States",website: https://raptor.martincarlisle.com/,beginner to advance
+3149,angr,,"angr, , website, United States",website: https://angr.io/,beginner to advance
+3150,antha,,"antha, , website, England",website: http://www.antha-lang.org,beginner to advance
+3151,arend,,"arend, , website, Czech Republic",website: https://arend-lang.github.io,beginner to advance
+3152,Apache Arrow,,"Apache Arrow, , website, Various",website: https://arrow.apache.org/,beginner to advance
+3153,Binary Ninja,,"Binary Ninja, , website, United States",website: https://binary.ninja/,beginner to advance
+3154,bjou,,"bjou, , website, Unknown",website: https://bjou-lang.org,beginner to advance
+3155,charly,,"charly, , website, Switzerland",website: https://github.com/charly-lang,beginner to advance
+3156,circa,,"circa, , website, United States",website: http://circa-lang.org,beginner to advance
+3157,cleanlang,,"cleanlang, Santosh Rajan, website, India",website: https://www.npmjs.com/package/cleanlang,beginner to advance
+3158,cx,,"cx, , website, Finland",website: http://cx-lang.org,beginner to advance
+3159,edgeql,,"edgeql, , website, reference, United States","website: https://www.edgedb.com, reference: https://www.edgedb.com/showcase/edgeql",beginner to advance
+3160,eno,,"eno, , website, Unknown",website: https://eno-lang.org,beginner to advance
+3161,ForgeBox,,"ForgeBox, , website, United States",website: https://www.forgebox.io,beginner to advance
+3162,Ghidra,,"Ghidra, , website, United States",website: https://ghidra-sre.org/,beginner to advance
+3163,glitch-editor,,"glitch-editor, , website, reference, United States","website: https://glitch.com/, reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitch_(company)",beginner to advance
+3164,GNS,,"GNS, , website, reference, Germany","website: https://www.gnunet.org/en/gns.html, reference: https://lsd.gnunet.org/lsd0001/",beginner to advance
+3165,Header Dictionary Triples,,"Header Dictionary Triples, , website, Spain",website: http://www.rdfhdt.org/,beginner to advance
+3166,helena,,"helena, , website, United States",website: http://helena-lang.org,beginner to advance
+3168,Hilltop,,"Hilltop, Dan Swirsky, website, reference, Israel","website: https://hilltop-lang.org, reference: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12sTu7RT-s_QlAupY1v-3DfI1Mm9NEX5YMWWTDAKHLfc/edit#gid=0",beginner to advance
+3169,joker,,"joker, , website, United States",website: https://joker-lang.org,beginner to advance
+3170,kate-editor,,"kate-editor, , website, Germany",website: https://kate-editor.org/,beginner to advance
+3171,kima,,"kima, , website, reference, United Kingdom","website: https://kima.xyz/, reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/ep3itg/does_a_language_have_to_be_especially_unique_to/",beginner to advance
+3172,l,,"l, , website, Unknown",website: http://l-lang.org,beginner to advance
+3173,min,,"min, , website, Italy",website: https://min-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+3174,neovim-editor,,"neovim-editor, , website, Various",website: https://neovim.io/,beginner to advance
+3175,neralie-format,,"neralie-format, , website, Unknown",website: https://wiki.xxiivv.com/#neralie,beginner to advance
+3176,none,,"none, Leonard Ritter, website, document, Germany","website: https://bitbucket.org/duangle/nonelang, documentation: https://nonelang.readthedocs.io/en/latest/",beginner to advance
+3177,Ordered graph data language,,"Ordered graph data language, , website, Various",website: http://ogdl.org/,beginner to advance
+3178,onex,,"onex, , website, reference, United Kingdom","website: http://object.network/, reference: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12sTu7RT-s_QlAupY1v-3DfI1Mm9NEX5YMWWTDAKHLfc/edit#gid=0",beginner to advance
+3179,OpenSpice,,"OpenSpice, Stephen Leach, website, reference, United Kingdom","website: https://web.archive.org/web/20050204011930/https://www.openspice.org, reference: http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/516",beginner to advance
+3180,par,,"par, , website, United States",website: https://par-lang.org/,beginner to advance
+3181,pisc,,"pisc, , website, reference, United States","website: https://pisc.junglecoder.com/, reference: https://www.reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/62nk1o/position_independent_source_code_pisc/",beginner to advance
+3182,plink-bim-format,,"plink-bim-format, , website, reference, Various","website: https://www.cog-genomics.org/plink2/formats#bim, reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929707613524",beginner to advance
+3183,plink-fam-format,,"plink-fam-format, , website, reference, United States","website: https://www.cog-genomics.org/plink2/formats#fam, reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929707613524",beginner to advance
+3184,potential,,"potential, Tim Carstens, website, United States",website: https://web.archive.org/web/20150714061208/https://potential-lang.org,beginner to advance
+3185,prodel,,"prodel, , website, Japan",website: https://rdr.utopiat.net/,beginner to advance
+3190,Typst,,"Typst, Laurenz Mädje, website, reference, document, Germany","website: https://typst.app/, reference: https://www.user.tu-berlin.de/laurmaedje/programmable-markup-language-for-typesetting.pdf, documentation: https://typst.app/docs/",beginner to advance
+3192,C∀,,"C∀, , website, reference, Canada and China","website: https://cforall.uwaterloo.ca/, reference: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spe.2624",beginner to advance
+3193,chartio-app,,"chartio-app, , website, reference, United States","website: https://chartio.com/, reference: https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/chart-io",beginner to advance
+3194,chocolatey-pm,,"chocolatey-pm, , website, United States",website: https://chocolatey.org/,beginner to advance
+3195,Clausal Language,,"Clausal Language, , website, reference, Slovakia","website: http://ii.fmph.uniba.sk/cl/view.php/, reference: http://dai.fmph.uniba.sk/~voda/",beginner to advance
+3196,ctr,,"ctr, , website, Unknown",website: https://ctr-lang.com,beginner to advance
+3197,Dimensional Script,,"Dimensional Script, , website, reference, China","website: http://www.dscript.org/, reference: http://dscript.org/dscript.pdf",beginner to advance
+3198,Fawlty,,"Fawlty, , website, reference, United States","website: http://www.flxpert.hu/fl/, reference: https://bitbucket.org/fawlty/fl/issues",beginner to advance
+3199,goby,,"goby, , website, Japan and Germany and United Kingdom and United States",website: http://goby-lang.org,beginner to advance
+3200,Hex,,"Hex, , website, Poland and Sweden and United States",website: https://hex.pm/,beginner to advance
+3201,kayia,,"kayia, David Broderick, website, reference, Czech Republic","website: https://kayia.com/, reference: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12sTu7RT-s_QlAupY1v-3DfI1Mm9NEX5YMWWTDAKHLfc/edit#gid=0",beginner to advance
+3202,ki,,"ki, , website, Italy",website: http://ki-lang.org,beginner to advance
+3203,libsvm-format,,"libsvm-format, , website, reference, Taiwan","website: https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm/, reference: https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/papers/libsvm.pdf",beginner to advance
+3204,luarocks-pm,,"luarocks-pm, , website, United States and Australia and Brazil",website: https://luarocks.org/,beginner to advance
+3205,mathematica-packagedata-pm,,"mathematica-packagedata-pm, , website, Unknown",website: http://packagedata.net/,beginner to advance
+3206,merd,,"merd, Yoann Padioleau, website, reference, France","website: http://merd.sourceforge.net/, reference: https://www.cs.nmsu.edu/~jcook/posts/pl-history-of-pl/",beginner to advance
+3207,morfa,,"morfa, , website, reference, Unknown","website: http://morfalang.org/, reference: https://github.com/fimapp/morfa-examples",beginner to advance
+3208,nectar,,"nectar, , website, reference, Spain","website: http://nectar-lang.com, reference: https://doc.nectarjs.com/nectarjs/getting-started",beginner to advance
+3209,np,,"np, , website, Germany",website: http://np-lang.org,beginner to advance
+3210,NU-Prolog,,"NU-Prolog, , website, reference, Australia","website: https://people.eng.unimelb.edu.au/lee/papers/eq, reference: https://lee-naish.github.io",beginner to advance
+3211,panther-lang,,"panther-lang, , website, reference, Various","website: http://pantherprogramming.weebly.com/, reference: https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Panther_(Scratch_Modification)",beginner to advance
+3212,paxScript,,"paxScript, Alexander Baranovsky, website, reference, United States","website: https://web.archive.org/web/20150519155028/www.paxscript.com, reference: https://web.archive.org/web/20160526023044/http://www.delphipages.com/comp/tpaxscripter-5101.html",beginner to advance
+3213,pliant,,"pliant, , website, reference, France","website: https://www.fullpliant.org/, reference: http://wiki.c2.com/?PliantLanguage",beginner to advance
+3214,plink-map-format,,"plink-map-format, , website, reference, United States","website: https://www.cog-genomics.org/plink2/formats#map, reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929707613524",beginner to advance
+3216,skew,,"skew, Evan Wallace, website, United States",website: http://skew-lang.org,beginner to advance
+3221,BABEL,,"BABEL, , reference, Spain and Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/68794aaac6109aef1a841dd4eb3ee45b93784583,beginner to advance
+3222,COPE,,"COPE, , reference, Australia",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8277190b2f13c5cd0e73940dd164e72f89ab9ce1,beginner to advance
+3223,cT,,"cT, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/02f9fa25ea213983601a5f855221ee3d42da3616,beginner to advance
+3224,EDUCE,,"EDUCE, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/11c77949d14b4f18113f154e34145405fa5d8e92,beginner to advance
+3225,Friendly Enough Expression Language,,"Friendly Enough Expression Language, , reference, Germany",reference: https://docs.camunda.org/manual/7.11/reference/dmn11/feel/,beginner to advance
+3226,gnu-rtl,,"gnu-rtl, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_transfer_language,beginner to advance
+3227,INQUIRE,,"INQUIRE, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/history-cics-transaction-server,beginner to advance
+3228,Lighttpd configuration file,,"Lighttpd configuration file, , reference, Germany",reference: http://lighttpd.net/,beginner to advance
+3229,MADCAP VI,,"MADCAP VI, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/edb9d7f3c18ad47f1c4879434a784a3d17dbea6f,beginner to advance
+3230,McLeyvier Command Language,,"McLeyvier Command Language, , reference, United States",reference: https://synthmuseum.com/mcleyvier/,beginner to advance
+3231,Modified Integration Digital Analog Simulator,,"Modified Integration Digital Analog Simulator, , reference, United States",reference: https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1464052.1464078,beginner to advance
+3232,O++,,"O++, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/416373e9e968734385d1d7948d11edc90a9dc70c,beginner to advance
+3233,order,,"order, Vesa Karvonen, reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://github.com/polytypic/order-pp,beginner to advance
+3235,PO,,"PO, , reference, Italy",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/69ae26efe248b3a4c8bdcbcbaf07cbe84d5ac38c,beginner to advance
+3236,PROSPER,,"PROSPER, , reference, Poland and United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7df3e21087df2ccf4be7e2e68967ae5ced04034a,beginner to advance
+3244,XQL,,"XQL, Hiroshi Ishikawa and Kazumi Kubota and Yasuhiko Kanemasa, reference, Japan",reference: https://www.w3.org/TandS/QL/QL98/pp/flab.txt,beginner to advance
+3245,Cish,,"Cish, , reference, United States",reference: https://reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/vgbtmd/superforth_v11/,beginner to advance
+3250,CDL,,"CDL, Christian Hochberger, reference, Germany",reference: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60222-4\_107,beginner to advance
+3251,FORTRAN 77,,"FORTRAN 77, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1b67ac6722bc65c2cae0dc2c255386f395d28437,beginner to advance
+3253,Argos,,"Argos, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/745b3f15a0d525e8f79e9b0e98dd9fba2f5074ea,beginner to advance
+3254,BridgeTalk,,"BridgeTalk, Jeffrey G. Bonar and Blaise W. Liffick, reference, United States",reference: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a218940.pdf,beginner to advance
+3256,DEMETER,,"DEMETER, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/10adc5d7b2d0930aaf506af64b370da9e68ac894,beginner to advance
+3257,Dribble,,"Dribble, , reference, The Netherlands and United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4fc2642d0c499a0149feedf3b4d159ab22a7a6f0,beginner to advance
+3258,ETC,,"ETC, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2bce48117d8589af931d1610338fa3b2599bf2d1,beginner to advance
+3259,Fable,,"Fable, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/65a0e53cfd0a4aea51c16ad8693ce8d39734c2ef,beginner to advance
+3260,Generic Expression Language,,"Generic Expression Language, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~wcook/Drafts/2008/gel.pdf,beginner to advance
+3261,GLOSS,,"GLOSS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7d081b13a518486bc3b26c1931a51c1b509c7bbb,beginner to advance
+3263,JACL,,"JACL, Ioi K. Lam and Brian Smith, reference, Germany",reference: https://vmlanguages.is-research.de/jacl/,beginner to advance
+3264,KB,,"KB, , reference, United States",reference: https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1569&context=cis_reports,beginner to advance
+3265,LESK,,"LESK, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ef2ae5b9ce93337cf4d0c413735b479deb9786de,beginner to advance
+3266,Lisp Object-Oriented Programming System,,"Lisp Object-Oriented Programming System, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.markstefik.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/1983-loops-manual-Bobrow-Stefik-part-1.pdf,beginner to advance
+3267,MENDEL,,"MENDEL, , reference, Japan",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/cf4237b30c9e5b93787ad3ee40e6e8b3adb03ec3,beginner to advance
+3268,nML,,"nML, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/022c8bfaf28c0d0ceb9dc7d819d7fd98e4ca775e,beginner to advance
+3269,Patchwork,,"Patchwork, Ronen Barzel and David Salesin, reference, United States",reference: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0164121286900476/pdf?md5=16c0636d527cb9586f25153185f169a6&pid=1-s2.0-0164121286900476-main.pdf,beginner to advance
+3270,PLAN2D,,"PLAN2D, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/25e643ef1c44fed15fa34dd21a0e6183b976fd4e,beginner to advance
+3271,Pluk,,"Pluk, Bart van der Werf, reference, The Netherlands",reference: http://freshmeat.sourceforge.net/projects/pluk,beginner to advance
+3272,Prolog Pack,,"Prolog Pack, , reference, The Netherlands",reference: https://github.com/SWI-Prolog/swipl-devel/commits/6c9b4c35d35c795c9a688d6f065723063ed08071?after=6c9b4c35d35c795c9a688d6f065723063ed08071+139&branch=6c9b4c35d35c795c9a688d6f065723063ed08071&path%5B%5D=library&path%5B%5D=prolog_pack.pl&qualified_name=6c9b4c35d35c795c9a688d6f065723063ed08071,beginner to advance
+3273,RLISP,,"RLISP, , reference, Former USSR or Russia",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8ad8c22437ef1803e838ccd8eea4a5428726f2d1,beginner to advance
+3281,AMTRAN,,"AMTRAN, , reference, United States",reference: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2402560,beginner to advance
+3282,ANNA,,"ANNA, , reference, United States and Germany and Norway",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4320fd009d95f66c8db4166c737bf0b9ea08da8f,beginner to advance
+3283,APL-GPSS,,"APL-GPSS, , reference, The Netherlands",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/88dbb8eedbbd857bcfd05d4f879e19e0df4edc1b,beginner to advance
+3284,Arc Assembly,,"Arc Assembly, Kathleen Booth, reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Booth,beginner to advance
+3285,bawk,,"bawk, Bob Brodt, reference, United States",reference: http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~sedwards/classes/2013/w4115-summer/lrms/bawk.pdf,beginner to advance
+3286,Binary Equation,,"Binary Equation, Gottfried Leibniz, reference, United States and Israel",reference: https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/960236/trying-to-understand-binary-number-equation,beginner to advance
+3287,BIRD,,"BIRD, , reference, Czech Republic",reference: https://bird.network.cz/?get_doc&v=20&f=bird-5.html,beginner to advance
+3288,CDL++,,"CDL++, Christian Hochberger, reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d2eb641aeddd364f5180b30421d7dc22bcf3788b,beginner to advance
+3289,CMIX,,"CMIX, Paul Lansky, reference, United States",reference: http://sites.music.columbia.edu/cmc/cmix_dir/cmix_docs/history.html,beginner to advance
+3290,COMMEN,,"COMMEN, , reference, United States",reference: https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1465482.1465590,beginner to advance
+3291,cooC,,"cooC, , reference, Japan",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d6c7eed2fed4a142080112fe7cf2e0507906d2c7,beginner to advance
+3292,TypeScript Type Declarations,,"TypeScript Type Declarations, , reference, United States",reference: https://microsoft.github.io/TypeScript-New-Handbook/chapters/type-declarations/,beginner to advance
+3293,EXPLAN,,"EXPLAN, , reference, Italy",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/df957eb6ec852649f00907d520742acc3178920a,beginner to advance
+3294,EXPLOR,,"EXPLOR, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/597c70028c7bb1956a558d0f856cb61e476feff4,beginner to advance
+3295,FORTRAN assembly program,,"FORTRAN assembly program, , reference, United States",reference: http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/7090/C28-6235-2_7090_FAP.pdf,beginner to advance
+3296,FAR,,"FAR, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c9b0a41c947611f98f2a8ab5ea04c15bbbf68720,beginner to advance
+3297,flowlog,,"flowlog, , reference, United States",reference: https://cs.brown.edu/~sk/Publications/Papers/Published/nfsk-flowlog-tierless/,beginner to advance
+3298,Giotto,,"Giotto, , reference, United States",reference: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f9b0/cf704c88bbd9d3accfae39a654cd14996e5a.pdf?_ga=2.263067596.1732224894.1541658055-1663431151.1540068998,beginner to advance
+3299,Hadoop Distributed File System,,"Hadoop Distributed File System, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Hadoop#Hadoop_distributed_file_system,beginner to advance
+3300,Heron,,"Heron, , reference, Unknown",reference: https://www.findbestopensource.com/product/heron-language,beginner to advance
+3301,IBEX,,"IBEX, , reference, United States",reference: http://cs.wellesley.edu/~cs251/spring02/ibex.pdf,beginner to advance
+3302,IFO,,"IFO, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/124de5e6ae6ef78bd0b144e8915e88a9275ced2a,beginner to advance
+3303,Knowledge Acquisition and Representation Language,,"Knowledge Acquisition and Representation Language, , reference, Germany",reference: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/706055,beginner to advance
+3304,L6,,"L6, , reference, United States",reference: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=365792,beginner to advance
+3305,LISP 1.5,,"LISP 1.5, , reference, Canada",reference: http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/book/LISP%201.5%20Programmers%20Manual.pdf,beginner to advance
+3306,Lorel,,"Lorel, , reference, Japan",reference: https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050564287833367040,beginner to advance
+3307,MADCAP,,"MADCAP, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4bef4a1b67016e569ca7ef57bfc356829c2152ba,beginner to advance
+3308,MAPS,,"MAPS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b0a6eff0ad7b0fee4ee36f715d428053bd9b1d9b,beginner to advance
+3309,MOOSE,,"MOOSE, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jerrywaldorf,beginner to advance
+3310,MSL,,"MSL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5d781a7eb5a2c351636a2c6f11289af71b8dc9f5,beginner to advance
+3311,NAKL,,"NAKL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2b3750267744a90e81e6bed54c22e84da70a7c2c,beginner to advance
+3312,NODAL,,"NODAL, , reference, Switzerland",reference: https://pal.anderssen.ch/Nod/index.php,beginner to advance
+3313,o2,,"o2, , reference, France",reference: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/19bb/07b76a8b0dd867db5a1f6237d19458fec311.pdf?_ga=2.74848722.1732224894.1541658055-1663431151.1540068998,beginner to advance
+3314,OOPS+,,"OOPS+, Els Laenens and Dirk Vermeir, reference, The Netherlands and Belgium",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/784b6b440a6a3afebf0a7e6eea988f55897e8d1e,beginner to advance
+3315,PACTOLUS,,"PACTOLUS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6934c13c28c37f165cefe838c1f6ed6a1472a4e8,beginner to advance
+3316,Pascal-XSC,,"Pascal-XSC, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/dc823b9dc049d8732bac5c15365b72c3ebe5c825,beginner to advance
+3317,Petr,,"Petr, , reference, Czech Republic",reference: http://www.gemtree.com/peter.htm,beginner to advance
+3318,PopAsm,,"PopAsm, Helcio Bezerra de Mello, reference, document, Unknown","reference: https://sourceforge.net/projects/popasm.berlios/, documentation: https://popasm.sourceforge.net/files/usr_man.pdf",beginner to advance
+3319,PUFFT,,"PUFFT, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/55394e8e351470c632b859f54556777436ae8079,beginner to advance
+3320,RATSNO,,"RATSNO, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0c7f56162f4afe836cd132d440cb3497af345583,beginner to advance
+3321,Rapid Development and Maintenance Language,,"Rapid Development and Maintenance Language, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.lansa.com/,beginner to advance
+3322,rds-format,,"rds-format, , reference, United States",reference: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!search/saveRDS%7Csort:date/r-help-archive/0FDc1dogqIk/60BvIxO2LHoJ,beginner to advance
+3323,Real-Time Concurrent C,,"Real-Time Concurrent C, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a99af939a0ed0b105862d6a569ad6f8864e0a4be,beginner to advance
+3324,Real-Time Mentat,,"Real-Time Mentat, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/faed7ee4901b4a18b1704db121f0737ef2c9337e,beginner to advance
+3325,Regina,,"Regina, , reference, United States",reference: https://sourceforge.net/projects/regina-rexx/,beginner to advance
+3326,REGULUS,,"REGULUS, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5389de78b1dd5daf85bb3bbfdd36e303de5bfaad,beginner to advance
+3327,RPL,,"RPL, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Relational-Production-Language%3A-A-Production-Delcambre-Etheredge/619dd36bbc11c8c8533f786aaa86391c78271819,beginner to advance
+3328,RPT,,"RPT, , reference, England",reference: https://www.microfocus.com/documentation/visual-cobol/VC40/EclWin/HRLHLHWRI01.html,beginner to advance
+3342,APACHE,,"APACHE, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/85b663fe5cd3d2b73263f15522d9c2c028aa14ae,beginner to advance
+3343,APL/HP,,"APL/HP, , reference, Australia",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0273985cb1e7cd38b9d97fc8ac130890717bd19b,beginner to advance
+3344,Arctic,,"Arctic, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0247233cafc9544ea7c10f994b5cf3ad42ab629d,beginner to advance
+3345,ARTSPEAK,,"ARTSPEAK, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7e51608a6d02d19d33e8f69a65b1d3fb2f222ec4,beginner to advance
+3346,ASHMEDAI,,"ASHMEDAI, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4eabeac5f92184ae0ae03f2685cbf0a036602bab,beginner to advance
+3347,ASPOL,,"ASPOL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c9c2b7e181f63216162aa030f3c20eba555dc76e,beginner to advance
+3348,Atomos,,"Atomos, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Atomos-transactional-programming-language-Carlstrom-McDonald/24fb613bf421ae2bbb32a9df08e3b9d2508d5ca0,beginner to advance
+3349,Aurora,,"Aurora, , reference, Hungary",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8060357b5ac75b0116738a906794fb6e4feaf5e0,beginner to advance
+3350,AUTOLOFT,,"AUTOLOFT, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/61bdacbbd73376ccf06d005a0eac2f7f37f06f23,beginner to advance
+3351,Automator,,"Automator, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_macOS_components#Automator,beginner to advance
+3352,AUTOmatic PROgramming of Machine Tools,,"AUTOmatic PROgramming of Machine Tools, , reference, United States",reference: https://books.google.com/books?id=t5vjTpoTdUsC&pg=PA128&lpg=PA128&dq=AUTOPROMT+language&source=bl&ots=O3BIKpMOml&sig=0d2mrPs6mssofDliLeU4NYmeoKY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiYr_nrkqreAhUPCTQIHX_kAaIQ6AEwAXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=AUTOPROMT%20language&f=false,beginner to advance
+3353,B-LINE,,"B-LINE, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/829159c49678d6768c01e4738af8e2c667fdd3ae,beginner to advance
+3354,BACK,,"BACK, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c55321572b3f757b5e8a11ffd0fc871304aba62d,beginner to advance
+3355,BaLinda Lisp,,"BaLinda Lisp, , reference, Singapore",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/78f3cad4e39ad2ea9fce95a3a5646aaf4bd5bdf5,beginner to advance
+3356,baltazar,,"baltazar, , reference, The Czech Republic",reference: https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltazar,beginner to advance
+3357,Barrel,,"Barrel, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4be56ef09cf39ac55bcf78169c49bd92d6449934,beginner to advance
+3358,BASEBALL,,"BASEBALL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/89d025804988944d6fa4e95f49bff011b33d1418,beginner to advance
+3359,BASEL,,"BASEL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f82211423d9cbf034d87598a93d9b4cae147ef34,beginner to advance
+3360,BEEF,,"BEEF, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/cc99ab4b69a92f11fdf90f40e3fed8e6fae361bd,beginner to advance
+3361,Berkeley DB,,"Berkeley DB, , reference, United States",reference: http://static.usenix.org/event/usenix99/full_papers/olson/olson.pdf,beginner to advance
+3362,BETA Project,,"BETA Project, , reference, Russia",reference: http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/ALGOL/algol68impl/,beginner to advance
+3364,BIGMAC,,"BIGMAC, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/cb07cb8a4f42e57b29b2ea01e44d26ea16844642,beginner to advance
+3365,bigWig format,,"bigWig format, , reference, United States",reference: http://genome.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/help/bigWig.html,beginner to advance
+3366,BIGWIG,,"BIGWIG, , reference, Denmark",reference: http://www.brics.dk/bigwig/publications/bigwig/,beginner to advance
+3367,Birkbeck Assembly,,"Birkbeck Assembly, Kathleen Booth, reference, England",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Booth,beginner to advance
+3368,BLAZE 2,,"BLAZE 2, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a0875a7a4b6f843d245dd7a330708e0b0adaa3bc,beginner to advance
+3369,BrouHaHa,,"BrouHaHa, , reference, England",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/96e9bf5ca274c5ac6d729e55659e9133c466c835,beginner to advance
+3370,CafeObj,,"CafeObj, , reference, Japan",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/07dc369fd161797123658430ae376b0ac800bce1,beginner to advance
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+3419,FORTRANSIT,,"FORTRANSIT, , reference, United States",reference: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4463961,beginner to advance
+3420,FRANK,,"FRANK, , reference, Canada",reference: https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/988304.988309,beginner to advance
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+3423,Galileo,,"Galileo, , reference, Italia",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/cec05f624ad657618554ded0345f04604c2483b0,beginner to advance
+3424,GCLA II,,"GCLA II, , reference, Sweden",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/55db53abba68018652aff12b709915276fb76cf3,beginner to advance
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+3452,Ina Jo,,"Ina Jo, , reference, United States",reference: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA109317,beginner to advance
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+3465,Keep It Short and Simple,,"Keep It Short and Simple, , reference, United States",reference: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/650.html,beginner to advance
+3466,KL1,,"KL1, , reference, Japan",reference: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220993099_Operating_System_PIMOS_and_Kernel_Language_KL1,beginner to advance
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+3507,NIL,,"NIL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/febdb3b6b8a1cfde771e2705afecd2ff82d36c98,beginner to advance
+3508,npy,,"npy, , reference, Various",reference: https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.lib.format.html#module-numpy.lib.format,beginner to advance
+3509,NSL,,"NSL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2f1648fd377bc98a8840f83c5b29a485a813e248,beginner to advance
+3510,NUA-Prolog,,"NUA-Prolog, Douglas Frank Palmer, reference, Australia",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b595b50b02c5f72765d55993d13733931118b541,beginner to advance
+3511,NUT,,"NUT, , reference, Sweden",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/032d0a3ee326b06e971c56b1858a8914a8d161c9,beginner to advance
+3512,O,,"O, , reference, France and United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7f3deda8653959368b739f4b5f969893351775d4,beginner to advance
+3513,OFL,,"OFL, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/3534e02af047f41a225334aeef1511f6629f0bea,beginner to advance
+3514,OLDAS,,"OLDAS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2a0572e52fc09b5a8ebadd65bd4824155aeb86ab,beginner to advance
+3515,OLIVER,,"OLIVER, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d5be1aafdb22936f74bbb099d5c64f5c87ebd36c,beginner to advance
+3516,olog,,"olog, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/94bbfdcdfcbf1684b551a8f1eba84b252f080c83,beginner to advance
+3517,OMAR,,"OMAR, , reference, United States",reference: http://www.highprogrammer.com/alan/hypercosm/,beginner to advance
+3518,One-man-language,,"One-man-language, , reference, Canada",reference: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-minisystem-programming-language-Lechner-Stallings/ef68c74958a8dddcdbf25c875af647fdc6d938b7,beginner to advance
+3519,OOLP,,"OOLP, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/dc33966bfc3e26f521e3723aade4ac5ed9000bc4,beginner to advance
+3520,OpenAda,,"OpenAda, Patrick Rogers and Andy Wellings, reference, United States and United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1fdbcde71a7e1509d5676d10d39d2a77d831b7bd,beginner to advance
+3521,Orient84/K,,"Orient84/K, , reference, Japan",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/3dbaa58a9f7ad7fb04e1a04be4fad3f70d9c25b7,beginner to advance
+3522,Object-oriented Structured Query Language,,"Object-oriented Structured Query Language, , reference, United States",reference: https://stason.org/TULARC/software/object-oriented-programming/9-3-Odapter-OpenODB-Odapter-Language.html,beginner to advance
+3523,P/CL,,"P/CL, , reference, The Netherlands",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f4925398fa75c3758bb00d601e44b232f5f1afd8,beginner to advance
+3524,PACT IA,,"PACT IA, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2403ebaa7ec4482b08cd913d029bc80dc4e64464,beginner to advance
+3525,Paragon,,"Paragon, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/210f6179ce9b11f0c8bf3b76af85d2928dfac7b3,beginner to advance
+3526,Pascal-FC,,"Pascal-FC, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Pascal-FC%3A-a-language-for-teaching-concurrent-Burns-Davies/d99464c60bddb8a33c2f7b65ea22a5261e04867b,beginner to advance
+3527,PASCAL-I,,"PASCAL-I, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ba7f4908b17a0797505f05a8ce0f8f3acd8725f8,beginner to advance
+3528,Pascal-S,,"Pascal-S, , reference, Switzerland",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fbf2246618ddca5d06723f8cbf9e9535fd810af4,beginner to advance
+3529,PHOCUS,,"PHOCUS, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5ad3456657e84641d8539fb31ff9d4ecab1176c3,beginner to advance
+3530,PICASSO,,"PICASSO, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/26e84cc639c8afbd8b658c05449a0c967f0bde7e,beginner to advance
+3531,PIE,,"PIE, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/65946f875c4936f961bf1727415b4d29e626791a,beginner to advance
+3532,PIN,,"PIN, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2cb303e5a6c1999ce41fb019b7db8b43a8762041,beginner to advance
+3533,PIT,,"PIT, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/isola/2006/3071/00/3071a111.pdf,beginner to advance
+3534,PIXIN,,"PIXIN, Malcolm Phillip Atkinson, reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5cf2593c63b511f27dfb678c6bfc303d1cfda53d,beginner to advance
+3535,PL/I-FORMAC,,"PL/I-FORMAC, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5a83bfbb465ea67c78a5b9f37ff5eb0b6f32e724,beginner to advance
+3536,PL/LL,,"PL/LL, , reference, Sweden",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bc2144c1521bd11e23d000c3cb198dcb62ba43ed,beginner to advance
+3537,PL4,,"PL4, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/846939b6a7d2bb4514b7e196a88574e9709a2bf4,beginner to advance
+3538,PLACA,,"PLACA, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/45ee453b342846e1e28cd4146821e3aea3a566e2,beginner to advance
+3539,POSE,,"POSE, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/97db08d658408470b03edcb4f9f8f178d1fa6bbc,beginner to advance
+3540,PRIZ,,"PRIZ, , reference, Former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or Estonia",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/028c3b540466b1c2a86aed61c619c3fc76e657a3,beginner to advance
+3541,ProFIT,,"ProFIT, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7ceaffd3bfd58ee19a8634a1cd200c98c97921e4,beginner to advance
+3542,Progol,,"Progol, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/11d702bdd25dfdf368d9028693ea00dac25c8851,beginner to advance
+3543,PROPHET,,"PROPHET, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/278608bb506afba2bd4b2c9c4166ad485dbcd5df,beginner to advance
+3544,proto-GNOSIS,,"proto-GNOSIS, , reference, Former West Germany or Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0a837de8a148a3a28dbe616972aa430a53291158,beginner to advance
+3545,ProVerif,,"ProVerif, Bruno Blanchet, reference, France",reference: https://prosecco.gforge.inria.fr/personal/bblanche/proverif/manual.pdf,beginner to advance
+3546,Proxy,,"Proxy, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a6bb78b10ac4f7e191db3a784114b004767797e9,beginner to advance
+3547,Py,,"Py, David Cuny, reference, United States",reference: http://webs.lanset.com/dcuny/py.htm,beginner to advance
+3548,python-cl-compiler,,"python-cl-compiler, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221252239_Python_compiler_for_CMU_common_Lisp,beginner to advance
+3549,QAS,,"QAS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1978bd5c4f806c4fbec9ca6e456d5b2f8d16526c,beginner to advance
+3550,QUADRIL,,"QUADRIL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9a9ef05e8de07e13d502c7a35c0190c21fdd26ad,beginner to advance
+3551,Quanta,,"Quanta, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d5247b244fdd7c87bac66d71e3e77dd4c1ba5200,beginner to advance
+3552,Quick Macros,,"Quick Macros, , reference, Lithuania",reference: http://www.quickmacros.com/features.html,beginner to advance
+3553,QUILT,,"QUILT, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a7e4c4dcea0774d202731133b6839b373cc694ba,beginner to advance
+3554,RACK,,"RACK, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1e4bfbc1a4bd82c5417553610d5face22374d295,beginner to advance
+3555,RC++,,"RC++, , reference, United States and United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/18bab5069d96b2d4d4fab9f160c750605f62f2ef,beginner to advance
+3556,rdata-format,,"rdata-format, , reference, Various",reference: https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/save,beginner to advance
+3557,Real-Time Euclid,,"Real-Time Euclid, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d3919948faeff1e0b6d1c1c6ebf98aa735fd7937,beginner to advance
+3558,Rebus,,"Rebus, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0fef0f529ec75d81d92ece5111c53dee6594f169,beginner to advance
+3559,Refined C,,"Refined C, Henry G. Dietz, reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d7a4f792359ca2b47f15110c8a6a59c151e729ff,beginner to advance
+3560,REL English,,"REL English, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8444ce1af42bd88e2c4c581f67f20efc65b3a1bf,beginner to advance
+3561,REL,,"REL, Peter C. Lockemann and Frederick B. Thompson, reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ba528fcdd157e7c1aa41bd9504038fc0ec0a4269,beginner to advance
+3562,Relix,,"Relix, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c941521abbeed0baeeed57311f02e3051ab5e78a,beginner to advance
+3563,Reuse Description Language,,"Reuse Description Language, , reference, Brazil and Canada",reference: https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/research/tr/2005/CS-2005-11.pdf,beginner to advance
+3564,RoboTalk,,"RoboTalk, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295469881_ROBOTALK_A_NEW_LANGUAGE_TO_CONTROL_THE_RHINO_ROBOT,beginner to advance
+3593,BEAM Bytecode,,"BEAM Bytecode, , reference, Hungary",reference: http://gomoripeti.github.io/beam_by_example/,beginner to advance
+3602,ji,,"ji, , reference, Israel",reference: https://observablehq.com/@elisk/ji,beginner to advance
+3603,kernel-e,,"kernel-e, , reference, United States",reference: http://www.erights.org/elang/kernel/index.html,beginner to advance
+3605,oniguruma,,"oniguruma, , reference, Denmark",reference: https://macromates.com/manual/en/regular_expressions,beginner to advance
+3607,PGen,,"PGen, , reference, Various",reference: http://python-history.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-origins-of-pgen.html,beginner to advance
+3608,IBM Programming Language/Advanced Systems,,"IBM Programming Language/Advanced Systems, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PL/S,beginner to advance
+3831,arezzo-notation,,"arezzo-notation, , reference, Spain and Italy",reference: https://www.mfiles.co.uk/music-notation-history.htm,beginner to advance
+3832,axcess,,"axcess, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.scribd.com/doc/60469007/AXCESS-Programming-Language,beginner to advance
+3833,Bison++,,"Bison++, , reference, United States",reference: http://www.kohsuke.org/flex++bison++/,beginner to advance
+3834,Blade,,"Blade, , reference, Nigeria",reference: https://reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/wb11jv/blade_programming_language_v0073/,beginner to advance
+3835,Bolin,,"Bolin, , reference, Canada",reference: https://bolinlang.com/,beginner to advance
+3836,brooks-programming-language,,"brooks-programming-language, , reference, Germany",reference: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d5cc/6ed179e1d856575ea1ce08b70728c1082415.pdf,beginner to advance
+3837,Candy Codes,,"Candy Codes, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-11234-4,beginner to advance
+3839,checkout,,"checkout, , reference, Unknown",reference: https://esolangs.org/wiki/Checkout,beginner to advance
+3840,Chicon,,"Chicon, , reference, China",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f205749110fa5f26bf8996e38b6dbb1857f4ce03,beginner to advance
+3841,CONA,,"CONA, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c18fee4f7e0cabf150e70ac5a747669d60fa3ffb,beginner to advance
+3842,Cosmos,,"Cosmos, , reference, Unknown",reference: https://reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/u09sxl/cosmos_02_now_with_pure_arithmetics/,beginner to advance
+3845,Data Package,,"Data Package, Paul Walsh and Rufus Pollock, reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://specs.frictionlessdata.io/data-package/,beginner to advance
+3848,dsym,,"dsym, , reference, United States",reference: https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/technotes/tn2151/_index.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/DTS40008184-CH1-INTRODUCTION,beginner to advance
+3850,Elasticsearch Query DSL,,"Elasticsearch Query DSL, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/query-dsl.html,beginner to advance
+3851,english-programming-language,,"english-programming-language, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microdata_Corporation,beginner to advance
+3852,ESP,,"ESP, , reference, Japan",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/70dfc73359dada4cf06a4c5b00a4849957bef079,beginner to advance
+3854,filetab-d,,"filetab-d, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filetab,beginner to advance
+3855,floorplan,,"floorplan, , reference, United States",reference: https://cronburg.com/papers/floorplan19.pdf,beginner to advance
+3856,forest-database,,"forest-database, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.cs.princeton.edu/research/techreps/TR-904-11,beginner to advance
+3857,FORTRAN III,,"FORTRAN III, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran#FORTRAN_III,beginner to advance
+3858,FORTRAN IV,,"FORTRAN IV, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran#FORTRAN_IV,beginner to advance
+3860,Gaiman,,"Gaiman, , reference, Poland",reference: https://reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/uxnxms/first_100_beta_version_of_gaiman_programming/,beginner to advance
+3861,hackppl,,"hackppl, , reference, United States",reference: https://research.fb.com/publications/hackppl-a-universal-probabilistic-programming-language/,beginner to advance
+3862,HAYSTAQ,,"HAYSTAQ, , reference, United States",reference: https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/10866/chapter/72,beginner to advance
+3863,ibm-system-38-language,,"ibm-system-38-language, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/38,beginner to advance
+3864,iota,,"iota, , reference, Japan",reference: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1701985/,beginner to advance
+3865,Just,,"Just, , reference, United States",reference: https://reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/ljdj30/just_a_language_like_make_except_not_a_build/,beginner to advance
+3866,kaukatcr,,"kaukatcr, , reference, United States",reference: https://github.com/enkiv2/misc/blob/master/ds-lib/kaukatcr.py,beginner to advance
+3867,Konna,,"Konna, , reference, Unknown",reference: https://reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/rpe65y/konna_my_programming_language/,beginner to advance
+3868,lambda-obliv,,"lambda-obliv, , reference, United States",reference: https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3371118?download=true,beginner to advance
+3869,Low Level Lisp,,"Low Level Lisp, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://lll-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/lll_introduction.html,beginner to advance
+3870,local,,"local, , reference, United States",reference: http://recurial.com/pldi19main.pdf,beginner to advance
+3871,metalex,,"metalex, , reference, The Netherlands and Italy",reference: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-85569-9_2,beginner to advance
+3872,microPLANNER,,"microPLANNER, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planner_(programming_language),beginner to advance
+3873,modl,,"modl, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.extendsim.com/flipbooks/ExtendSimDiscreteEventQSG.pdf,beginner to advance
+3874,N,,"N, Gael de La Croix Vaubois and Catherine Moulinoux and BenoIt Derot, reference, France",reference: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-76153-9_10,beginner to advance
+3875,Noms GraphQL,,"Noms GraphQL, , reference, United States",reference: https://github.com/attic-labs/noms/blob/master/go/ngql/README.md,beginner to advance
+3877,Navigational User's Language,,"Navigational User's Language, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2e8ff22c4958300f63709502f87f5752e78dde5a,beginner to advance
+3878,OMNITAB II,,"OMNITAB II, , reference, United States",reference: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/356599.356600,beginner to advance
+3879,OMNITAB,,"OMNITAB, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-daaa8e8e414a51b481ac1395f0f356d5/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-daaa8e8e414a51b481ac1395f0f356d5.pdf,beginner to advance
+3880,Oxide,,"Oxide, , reference, Russia",reference: https://reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/mflcry/oxide_scripting_language_with_rustinfluenced/,beginner to advance
+3881,Parse Tree Notation,,"Parse Tree Notation, , reference, Australia",reference: https://dtai.cs.kuleuven.be/projects/ALP/newsletter/archive_93_96/news/tools/grammars/ptn.html,beginner to advance
+3882,Pegasus AUTOCODE,,"Pegasus AUTOCODE, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://academic.oup.com/comjnl/article/1/4/192/430774,beginner to advance
+3883,Peridot,,"Peridot, , reference, Unknown",reference: https://reddit.com/r/ProgrammingLanguages/comments/wjsxwh/peridot_mvp/,beginner to advance
+3884,PL-X,,"PL-X, , reference, United States",reference: http://users.etown.edu/w/wunderjt/home_IBM.html,beginner to advance
+3885,Pλ⍵NK,,"Pλ⍵NK, , reference, Belgium",reference: https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3371107?download=true,beginner to advance
+3886,Protosynthex,,"Protosynthex, , reference, United States",reference: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bs.3830120110,beginner to advance
+3887,Pygmalion,,"Pygmalion, , reference, United States",reference: http://worrydream.com/refs/Smith%20-%20Pygmalion.pdf,beginner to advance
+3888,QUIKTRAN,,"QUIKTRAN, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/QUIKTRAN,beginner to advance
+3890,RAPIDWRITE,,"RAPIDWRITE, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0066413863800117,beginner to advance
+3953,zish,,"zish, Tony Locke, reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://github.com/tlocke/zish/blob/master/README.adoc,beginner to advance
+3969,And/Or,,"And/Or, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ad09c0ca9cef2e94f34f2a6b03f6fbf73cc0479e,beginner to advance
+3970,Andante,,"Andante, , reference, United States and Sweden",reference: https://www.george.andante.no/,beginner to advance
+3971,Andorra-I,,"Andorra-I, , reference, Portugal and England",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/98420e3acbf22f8b392b74a90fae97d7e05ffb6b,beginner to advance
+3972,ANS MUMPS,,"ANS MUMPS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4d4d69c0d7db4658ae21a78c2b06d69333a815e3,beginner to advance
+3973,ANSI BASIC,,"ANSI BASIC, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n9/171_Structured_programming_in.php,beginner to advance
+3974,APAR,,"APAR, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a74b671918bbfb9c0ecca06b75b871cf857340d9,beginner to advance
+3975,APAREL,,"APAREL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/45b7365ee5794b5fd6a33004455115e1906da41f,beginner to advance
+3976,APL/Z80,,"APL/Z80, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8530d52d22e6eb54eaf3326799682079f3514884,beginner to advance
+3977,APLGOL-2,,"APLGOL-2, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8685983c85e8bad6270373694ad2e12e6367315d,beginner to advance
+3978,APLGOL,,"APLGOL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/250b6e9a4f167e7e9e7430d9a22ee70c36e41f91,beginner to advance
+3979,APOSTLE,,"APOSTLE, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e80d54fe0e00c854a20a17b7980bd8c16ff56e0c,beginner to advance
+3980,APPL/A,,"APPL/A, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/21a38ad09a5345cc659e24917a5422758545e370,beginner to advance
+3981,APPLOG,,"APPLOG, , reference, Israel",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2b53401af863b483a1ce5e21df0593322aa4319c,beginner to advance
+3982,APROL,,"APROL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/43f9c7be228f9ae42f8b078dae1705f0916e2354,beginner to advance
+3983,AQL,,"AQL, , reference, Italy",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a72318cfaaf024d9c4813043f00a12374d7fe94c,beginner to advance
+3984,Aquarius Prolog,,"Aquarius Prolog, , reference, United States and France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/901aabda7822b120245399bde172dbaf2cc68d9d,beginner to advance
+3985,ARABLAN,,"ARABLAN, , reference, Bahrain",reference: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2245799,beginner to advance
+3986,ARCHI,,"ARCHI, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2d4d00d274ce4eaec549077a854655b307afef69,beginner to advance
+3987,Arjuna,,"Arjuna, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/328cdea1a98b7bdacb49fa059e0fe5c6495d8402,beginner to advance
+3988,ARK,,"ARK, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b61d5f1346e7a4b76c49853fa20e387e253046d1,beginner to advance
+3989,Armani,,"Armani, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bdf831dc0faa2839b9098c33839f583d6e1b16fa,beginner to advance
+3990,ASF+SDF,,"ASF+SDF, , reference, Netherlands",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0d3d2fce141270ea72833e3f31982654c21ef954,beginner to advance
+3991,ASPEN,,"ASPEN, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d255ba8420cac03b439d866d0893639836837bdf,beginner to advance
+3992,associons,,"associons, , reference, The Netherlands",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/df0d35d506cc25700b255481ce5e63fe2182931b,beginner to advance
+3993,Asspegique,,"Asspegique, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c0be8b78e5bdd8934496b32f68fa7985457de712,beginner to advance
+3994,ASTLOG,,"ASTLOG, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/29d4fbb4fe3e22bf20a82e1e7144df036a74c62a,beginner to advance
+3995,ATOL,,"ATOL, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1c8f60b3a523bf37cd14ae9d5b61f7ad505f30fb,beginner to advance
+3996,AUTASIM,,"AUTASIM, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b0336d934a38cd48e0b0c317a4ff234dca50b997,beginner to advance
+3997,AUTODRAFT,,"AUTODRAFT, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ee390f2474cf01852f134fa3631e6f492448dbc9,beginner to advance
+3998,AUTOGRP,,"AUTOGRP, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/903de0e968425976256621565fd7fa60bbe7bfc8,beginner to advance
+3999,AUTOMAST,,"AUTOMAST, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e3df7bbbe11bb0667a732e1f68199b36867969a4,beginner to advance
+4000,Avalon/Common LISP,,"Avalon/Common LISP, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/af24e3f80b26437dcf21afd674b619cdd4e543b3,beginner to advance
+4001,B4Tran,,"B4Tran, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d9ee7619863c6d8050371ee82fd273ad02e5a0cc,beginner to advance
+4002,BALG,,"BALG, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f9ff034f17aaa88ae42e8a258982265e4af29d4b,beginner to advance
+4003,BALM,,"BALM, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d5f03da36b96c98aa4c115113e2dc17bb980d451,beginner to advance
+4004,BALSA,,"BALSA, , reference, England",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/152842adf3d5045beef3732cc9e05e843d4cf509,beginner to advance
+4005,Baltík,,"Baltík, , reference, The Czech Republic",reference: http://www.sgpsys.com/doc/b4/en-US/,beginner to advance
+4006,Bartok,,"Bartok, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartok_(compiler),beginner to advance
+4007,Basic PDP-1 Lisp,,"Basic PDP-1 Lisp, , reference, United States",reference: http://s3data.computerhistory.org/pdp-1/DEC.pdp_1.1964.102650371.pdf,beginner to advance
+4008,BASIL,,"BASIL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/22260132d100eb0b6e63328b3f569aca43cf400d,beginner to advance
+4009,BC NELIAC,,"BC NELIAC, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/015559b28c47f2a182d5cd7a4d345a0212c2d040,beginner to advance
+4010,BDL,,"BDL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/dea46a2f3329d44386208e9e237a80725b74f1ef,beginner to advance
+4011,BEDSOCS,,"BEDSOCS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/18db935aa4522c154d4ce918a49de474537e0343,beginner to advance
+4012,BESYS,,"BESYS, , reference, Unknown",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f1e8d0446d70f3538836ea0d6c2db445fd9174ff,beginner to advance
+4013,Beta-Prolog,,"Beta-Prolog, , reference, Japan",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bf615fd2ea5daad2e10d16d919923c8352d416ba,beginner to advance
+4014,BGRAF2,,"BGRAF2, , reference, Israel",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/83aab389ba4b2e40390c37ecae56778089bca9c4,beginner to advance
+4015,BHSL,,"BHSL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2585e5a917cfd81d6c52f6f240def5101cd092ec,beginner to advance
+4016,Bigloo,,"Bigloo, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e9f6988ba5a9cc8f6cd9a9437968580215981eeb,beginner to advance
+4017,BIOMOD,,"BIOMOD, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c4ca6afeefb145cba751a4ffba63b55b2373f177,beginner to advance
+4018,BIOSSIM,,"BIOSSIM, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/34531aba71ad7526d20309ac1ecb25119b04a2be,beginner to advance
+4019,BLAZE,,"BLAZE, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bfe1b6062b2e25f4025857f20ef8c87ff4365b3c,beginner to advance
+4020,BLOOMS,,"BLOOMS, , reference, Italy",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/81afa041b9e93bcaf86555f952fcf14fbc1b8b09,beginner to advance
+4021,BMD,,"BMD, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3150004.pdf,beginner to advance
+4022,Bob,,"Bob, , reference, United States",reference: https://github.com/dbetz/bob,beginner to advance
+4023,BOIL,,"BOIL, , reference, Germany",reference: http://www.sai.msu.su/sal/F/1/BOIL.html,beginner to advance
+4024,Booster,,"Booster, , reference, The Netherlands",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/688ffbc3b481bb451bc1cb206e67478138b0eee7,beginner to advance
+4025,Borneo,,"Borneo, , reference, United States",reference: http://sonic.net/~jddarcy/Borneo/,beginner to advance
+4027,Boxer,,"Boxer, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/06f0570a120bbf4b081999e543dc039fe23ae65b,beginner to advance
+4028,BPL,,"BPL, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/10c3895ecf739d379279f8a697c1df0a9cd9b89d,beginner to advance
+4029,Basic Petri Net Programming Notation,,"Basic Petri Net Programming Notation, , reference, Germany and United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/16b8846f75a43d31c19530d08cf3e4826f91878e,beginner to advance
+4030,Brisk,,"Brisk, , reference, England",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7a034dbe8ed1dd9a29ce3d9ec449efab5462a849,beginner to advance
+4031,BSML,,"BSML, , reference, United States and China",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/118071e30ff606de1e51650251c2e5e723d48a3a,beginner to advance
+4032,BSP,,"BSP, , reference, Canada and England",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f9bebdaa89d9bcc70a6230b55ac30361759ba6ae,beginner to advance
+4033,BUGSYS,,"BUGSYS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5bfe6c7cf02dfdcdc9bdb775c327b2435d1054c8,beginner to advance
+4034,Butterfly Common LISP,,"Butterfly Common LISP, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.cs.cmu.edu/Groups/AI/lang/lisp/impl/bbn/0.html,beginner to advance
+4035,ByteLisp,,"ByteLisp, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/970195421bf978329d6738c4372ab7ad0063c404,beginner to advance
+4037,CABAL,,"CABAL, , reference, England",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/487a30d8edf301dd180503f56a8c0c4749858965,beginner to advance
+4038,Cactus,,"Cactus, , reference, Greece",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d5fce60f47169d0ad35715b575f8182063e40c26,beginner to advance
+4039,cado-systems-technical-information,,"cado-systems-technical-information, , reference, Ireland",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CADO_Systems,beginner to advance
+4040,CAGES,,"CAGES, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8226f1d402f5a322b8da84593dbeba5b26592f29,beginner to advance
+4041,CAISYS,,"CAISYS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/3728e2c01fdb17b90a02a203ffe52623daceb75c,beginner to advance
+4042,CAMAC,,"CAMAC, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/69cd60bccf029341fbc3f605bd19e9dd9599db51,beginner to advance
+4043,CAMIL,,"CAMIL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5f58fb7451e50e8d5d76ab871430c10942d42cac,beginner to advance
+4044,Cantor,,"Cantor, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/832ef97843186ea175db8348768719664eab2fc5,beginner to advance
+4045,Common Authentication Protocol Specification Language,,"Common Authentication Protocol Specification Language, , reference, United States",reference: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/696d/b0556e653f96d0de57c5e6d1ca1634de08fb.pdf,beginner to advance
+4046,Capsule,,"Capsule, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c073dc5be6ba3916ee929856348d7cab25f18b31,beginner to advance
+4047,CASSANDRE,,"CASSANDRE, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0dbf87aac61698a5f2919252902aa89c1f42b158,beginner to advance
+4048,Catalysis,,"Catalysis, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bf36bc3c33b51e1853cb99c30591712559137cff,beginner to advance
+4049,CAYLEY,,"CAYLEY, , reference, Australia",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6300a0277cbcfc161ac7df82f59da26aa14c9ce2,beginner to advance
+4050,CCEL,,"CCEL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0800cd350021b6aa17a0036357fdd2d04a2a7066,beginner to advance
+4051,Cedar Fortran,,"Cedar Fortran, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/af2c750cd758849aa071cb1bbaa9c222b5be400b,beginner to advance
+4052,CELIP,,"CELIP, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a7fed1aa9ac988b98f9e945e45a9fa3d78bd4d79,beginner to advance
+4053,CELLSIM,,"CELLSIM, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/240e8bdc17c675b63f9e88f0cfe324dd0a7e448c,beginner to advance
+4054,Ceprol,,"Ceprol, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c636f2417d3a94e744853d7d4318bbc665a9bf87,beginner to advance
+4055,CHAMP,,"CHAMP, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4bcf6e9dfca82fe8e30799bb246c7f9ede3a6c23,beginner to advance
+4056,CHARM++,,"CHARM++, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5e50ffa96fa021c85ccedb1bb8b84b59ee268de8,beginner to advance
+4057,Charrette Ada,,"Charrette Ada, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/dd3a2e7535ac8799215a4a80e1319927ae9b9b07,beginner to advance
+4058,CHARYBDIS,,"CHARYBDIS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/428db58389f4f81607f02302020bf5b49c158dc3,beginner to advance
+4059,ChemTrains,,"ChemTrains, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/981157c40bd6736cb097708bbca719fdb2e25d0e,beginner to advance
+4060,Chronolog,,"Chronolog, , reference, Australia",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/436c8be2764d3ee31a2ba2cceba8791f9a49e4d4,beginner to advance
+4061,ChronologMC,,"ChronologMC, , reference, Australia",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ce15ef3881d751edca92faab9ba4f641c171876b,beginner to advance
+4062,ChronologZ,,"ChronologZ, , reference, Australia and Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1cfff731500ea8da53d21a20c70a48cb6a4c0a1e,beginner to advance
+4063,cimfast,,"cimfast, , reference, United States",reference: http://www.activityclub.org/decnotes/showconf.php?conf=340,beginner to advance
+4064,CIMS PL/I,,"CIMS PL/I, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/14c285f087bd69de2f79f7647e552e8a8d0c3a0f,beginner to advance
+4065,CL-I,,"CL-I, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8a4bed9ba734d807bd0ab87f9f2e49807132a4f0,beginner to advance
+4066,Clascal,,"Clascal, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clascal,beginner to advance
+4067,Classic-Ada,,"Classic-Ada, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Object-oriented-programming-in-Classic-Ada-Nelson-Mota/17bde721a4ede89353143c95307de63574e4cc79,beginner to advance
+4068,CLeogo,,"CLeogo, , reference, New Zealand",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b04baa516381ae90ad3863a2b5b64e82797c9a3f,beginner to advance
+4069,CLEOPATRA,,"CLEOPATRA, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9b4e7d47971b594a4679ef22c81ad905f7f6fd0c,beginner to advance
+4070,CLOVER,,"CLOVER, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4402741aa70e4cae37839f196b5741fd6b843428,beginner to advance
+4071,CLP*,,"CLP*, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/76c2859734d725a4f8d7e94f33a4bdad32581fc5,beginner to advance
+4072,CMN,,"CMN, , reference, Various countries in Western Europe",reference: https://github.com/thormagnusson/cmn,beginner to advance
+4073,COBLOC,,"COBLOC, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2126e975cafb6e67d5542d7b7cb525ceffbc4f51,beginner to advance
+4074,CODIL,,"CODIL, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/14.3.217,beginner to advance
+4075,CogMap,,"CogMap, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b2d15340dc6750d68749bcfb4a02646712448933,beginner to advance
+4076,COLASL,,"COLASL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/707261f2899b9b7f8ea6f5d5dd4a97fe94e5d260,beginner to advance
+4077,COLD-K,,"COLD-K, , reference, The Netherlands",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7d4fe02193296c28a8790b70beb99abfae094025,beginner to advance
+4078,Complex-Prolog,,"Complex-Prolog, , reference, Italy",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0d371de6c17b2745fa9c1b793fd9e7d9231ce391,beginner to advance
+4079,Computer Compiler,,"Computer Compiler, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/3721bb17e208e46c731581b0281a2af63f74e1fd,beginner to advance
+4080,COMSL,,"COMSL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6ec7db268d07e25991756c50be1cdbec19ca5e10,beginner to advance
+4081,ConC,,"ConC, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/16d28ea9cb901e30df0ce0ea0a7c49cabe5cc57a,beginner to advance
+4082,Concert/C,,"Concert/C, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2427206_ConcertC_A_Language_for_Distributed_Programming,beginner to advance
+4083,CONCUR,,"CONCUR, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/97150dfc91fee1d7ddb51dcd7d681ca4ea554d32,beginner to advance
+4084,Concurrent Pascal,,"Concurrent Pascal, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7c50b456ac72914cc88b7454517f00f96548e834,beginner to advance
+4085,conGolog,,"conGolog, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4beb92be155c822674c25e8b1f76ac6e3e684071,beginner to advance
+4086,ConMan,,"ConMan, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/013d01f986166b5509dea4b52a22836a418cb6e3,beginner to advance
+4087,CONNIVER,,"CONNIVER, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4a2986f8a3b4a385ef410bfac509ace84401e961,beginner to advance
+4088,ConstraintLisp,,"ConstraintLisp, , reference, Singapore",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/da3a2e378ccc794a445277caa6fa980796484738,beginner to advance
+4089,CONTRANS,,"CONTRANS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a13f98cea406613320f3a7eb5f93fdb63c7b1079,beginner to advance
+4090,COPAS,,"COPAS, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/393d85af81656c5b69411358afc5512db2e7bf39,beginner to advance
+4091,CORAL 64,,"CORAL 64, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_66,beginner to advance
+4092,Coral++,,"Coral++, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b3d08ba272f24782fc2bea8278fed11e8c02d6d9,beginner to advance
+4093,CORC,,"CORC, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5e94e8a03a744fc64c50dccdc98a94fe325ffd45,beginner to advance
+4094,CosmicOS,,"CosmicOS, , reference, United States",reference: https://people.csail.mit.edu/paulfitz/cosmicos.shtml,beginner to advance
+4095,COSMO,,"COSMO, , reference, Czech Republic",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/aaf8047fcab399d36cc38dafbed5a4d35f58d44f,beginner to advance
+4096,CQLF,,"CQLF, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8589fd3f54e4e5598b5e5b73f8a9bc35df77e7e3,beginner to advance
+4097,CQL++,,"CQL++, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7dcdc97759ffb864694092473bc03512e9648858,beginner to advance
+4098,CSMP,,"CSMP, , reference, The Netherlands",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/201dcc0e571cc267e50d31d2ed183c791ddccbe8,beginner to advance
+4099,CSP-OZ-DC,,"CSP-OZ-DC, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/094c9e50a787c1fb851b0e2324006cbdc758819b,beginner to advance
+4100,CSP-OZ,,"CSP-OZ, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6fbec4f031b919012e0a48d3e33a42f88fa0cf65,beginner to advance
+4101,CSSA,,"CSSA, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c3b2ecf2395dd45de8657a8d40a41e2a98b8dad9,beginner to advance
+4102,CuPit-2,,"CuPit-2, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/837acdd862a919346283c00f450caea87a779960,beginner to advance
+4103,cuscus,,"cuscus, Mariana Marasoiu and Detlef Nauck and Alan F. Blackwell, reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cuscus%3A-An-End-User-Programming-Tool-for-Data-Marasoiu-Nauck/bdcea9a40abd143a1b53d702ef7fd31b8022e101,beginner to advance
+4104,CypherText,,"CypherText, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1b803488a827569d8c45348736083497cbabbf72,beginner to advance
+4106,DAG,,"DAG, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1eed4238c3034e9a093bd4d9efe934031a4c6ed1,beginner to advance
+4107,DAP-Algol,,"DAP-Algol, , reference, England",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/43d9c448077545ba246bf7c6c54898547d99dbc8,beginner to advance
+4108,DartCVL,,"DartCVL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/457813ea039d6085ef591679bdca0f83c24f89fd,beginner to advance
+4109,DATA-TEXT,,"DATA-TEXT, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/35fb45dcb19b7c25d2621c13651e6b6ac0091820,beginner to advance
+4110,DATAN,,"DATAN, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/70f1f9f2ca6218727b962a31051accd4c14b54b4,beginner to advance
+4111,DEACON,,"DEACON, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/96f1a64d58658ccf3a1f5125df0b9ff12ac9dc5f,beginner to advance
+4112,DeBuMa,,"DeBuMa, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0cb2e8ab928524dc542610e0eb7cf008d8c0a7fd,beginner to advance
+4113,DEM,,"DEM, , reference, Japan",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d508974a9295a80d5459edc1cd929595e5e336e2,beginner to advance
+4114,DESCRIPTRAN,,"DESCRIPTRAN, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1ebc80a4d292ec6971a98f1e1113b2a483cc5197,beginner to advance
+4115,DETAB/65,,"DETAB/65, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e6a87f05bae73e2ecc09239311b8b79187a16074,beginner to advance
+4116,DETAB-X,,"DETAB-X, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_memoranda/2007/RM3273.pdf,beginner to advance
+4117,DETAP,,"DETAP, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/35becaf9549c1a6bca62558a41ed3956dbe4bc66,beginner to advance
+4118,Deva,,"Deva, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/be06c92da85c747485a60a9cda9b2dd299b0612f,beginner to advance
+4119,DFL,,"DFL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fed70fb81dbdd31cc9e896ee8380fce0dc51a344,beginner to advance
+4120,DIAMAG,,"DIAMAG, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/35d04f33d3fd8dfc66bf5a0e9ae545f94ee0a4a3,beginner to advance
+4121,DIGRAF,,"DIGRAF, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6e03008fd772a8e717428cc96f9451daa26d513d,beginner to advance
+4122,Diplans,,"Diplans, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5186688cf810b225600dccbf1a5704f3555728ae,beginner to advance
+4123,Distributed Processes,,"Distributed Processes, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4b328006a699106fa809cc610b799a2d03bc77a4,beginner to advance
+4124,DITRAN,,"DITRAN, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ff13489135ed8163941bb2a3cd05a095daaf1d69,beginner to advance
+4125,DITROFF/FFORTID,,"DITROFF/FFORTID, , reference, Israel",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1338c33cb63a6ad0800f8433b621e2b81d1c6bda,beginner to advance
+4126,DITROFF,,"DITROFF, , reference, United States and Israel",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e6144b0d28f0e491941b35a2a2f483703cc046ef,beginner to advance
+4127,DMAP,,"DMAP, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/64d26992737da7d0f2364a30843a2227b04b5d07,beginner to advance
+4128,DOE Macsyma,,"DOE Macsyma, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a77ab50f5daa2f9e64a49fb203e3635f3c57eac2,beginner to advance
+4129,DOLPHIN,,"DOLPHIN, , reference, England",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c1c5c489ced26f97c21c4858b0e05c49211d8f96,beginner to advance
+4130,DOWL,,"DOWL, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/60f515ae444bfce78bfad09de0a50be993482c60,beginner to advance
+4131,DPRL,,"DPRL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/513ca41a1562dc246f207e32f657b481302eb1bc,beginner to advance
+4132,DRL,,"DRL, , reference, Spain",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a2595355729916d84cefd997452ab772d58fea84,beginner to advance
+4133,DROL,,"DROL, , reference, Japan",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f4bb81bfb4fddab02c09fd8b2db0cf03236d0893,beginner to advance
+4134,DSL/90,,"DSL/90, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7b1b71170ef1dcbc470c6d16b8bb13f4f2559ad1,beginner to advance
+4135,DYSTAL,,"DYSTAL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/825ec2cdb3b9961d3a7457c8e3a4aaa2231bb5e3,beginner to advance
+4136,EAS-E,,"EAS-E, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8478e796108ca2dc235e12f803a320de139e7c07,beginner to advance
+4137,EASL,,"EASL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/97db08d658408470b03edcb4f9f8f178d1fa6bbc,beginner to advance
+4138,EASY ENGLISH,,"EASY ENGLISH, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/696566ce25e5828798dc711e72fd2a06db5b6fd1,beginner to advance
+4139,Eclectic CSP,,"Eclectic CSP, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/71054b0b78376f269dbd080e05fc1f808331080a,beginner to advance
+4140,ECT,,"ECT, , reference, Canada and Australia",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ec95c43c281fd93c42eda6d97caa1010daec2cc4,beginner to advance
+4141,Edinburgh LCF,,"Edinburgh LCF, , reference, Poland",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fc7a2878a4edea597992902e84b2adea9bbc758d,beginner to advance
+4142,EDSAC Initial Orders,,"EDSAC Initial Orders, David Wheeler and Maurice Wilkes and Stanley Gill, reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSAC,beginner to advance
+4143,EDSIM,,"EDSIM, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/20ece707a8fd8cb19c2f549eeb71808fc90c6d54,beginner to advance
+4144,EDUCE*,,"EDUCE*, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5e020341bdacbcdbb98368ca5323dcafea3ca64e,beginner to advance
+4145,EGS4,,"EGS4, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0a787bf91ff0e9c5b89d78e7b929744142e61c58,beginner to advance
+4146,EL1,,"EL1, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/802f3d84796555ba85fb34cb529d4b6d6abd932e,beginner to advance
+4147,Ellie,,"Ellie, , reference, Denmark",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8973ce38ee75623a295673e8fc9d31deb089e490,beginner to advance
+4148,ELMOL,,"ELMOL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/762bbc4cae42780f9ea71ba4174a74067249d618,beginner to advance
+4149,Emily,,"Emily, Wilfred J. Hansen, reference, United States",reference: https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1028926/m2/1/high_res_d/4721186.pdf,beginner to advance
+4150,EPILOG,,"EPILOG, , reference, Portugal",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c984a7d29a8f3bc5104eb1e91a8b27e0d9e75184,beginner to advance
+4151,EQLog,,"EQLog, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c946a2375e4d29dcf4b687397b72265bf3c06980,beginner to advance
+4152,EQUATE,,"EQUATE, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0827806c39dae4a387761685230689ab16a23a45,beginner to advance
+4153,ERROL,,"ERROL, , reference, Israel",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/48f6e19e8b2381515f7be4c58fa4f4ca1457c712,beginner to advance
+4154,Ethereum Virtual Machine,,"Ethereum Virtual Machine, , reference, Canada",reference: https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Ethereum-Virtual-Machine-(EVM)-Awesome-List,beginner to advance
+4155,Etude,,"Etude, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9b252dd0d831f73359ce3f1d0030c625e0652eb7,beginner to advance
+4156,FAC,,"FAC, , reference, Unknown",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fe9de20529284c3ae862ef594f92101bf154afad,beginner to advance
+4157,FAD,,"FAD, , reference, France and United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0e6b41ec5c8ff1a4ef6cfd8e86fc3f53bccfe8b1,beginner to advance
+4158,FCPU,,"FCPU, , reference, Sweden",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f1011b3210e0b85e05584878a9bca716956f1271,beginner to advance
+4159,Fickle,,"Fickle, , reference, Italy and United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/67bae061383a7fb5669e201c7d4800919e1b35ed,beginner to advance
+4160,FLENG++,,"FLENG++, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d9499c6534640032d0eecbfd660ddd3e430a1007,beginner to advance
+4161,flexbuffers,,"flexbuffers, , reference, United States",reference: https://google.github.io/flatbuffers/flatbuffers_internals.html,beginner to advance
+4162,Flora,,"Flora, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6e627842de1712e960c3289af9894ee75f404d13,beginner to advance
+4163,foogol,,"foogol, , reference, Germany",reference: https://www.gaertner.de/~schoenfr/foogol.html,beginner to advance
+4164,FORAL LP,,"FORAL LP, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f6df121984eea406db683144e448cd7adf328953,beginner to advance
+4165,FORAL,,"FORAL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d5ee15a0186cce3d07fd76784e817d1727553a5a,beginner to advance
+4166,FORALL,,"FORALL, , reference, Australia",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1fcd8c83012358587b4a2cec7bc0b3ec255800b1,beginner to advance
+4167,Fork95,,"Fork95, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/469647eec22256a23cc43f23cabfb2c294cc789e,beginner to advance
+4168,FORMS/3,,"FORMS/3, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a074a04c61f097ee9ad13f9061aee95d1dd0c01f,beginner to advance
+4169,Fortran 8x,,"Fortran 8x, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d4ed28510d8a11c56dbc1626072f3674436b2ca8,beginner to advance
+4170,FORTRAN CEP,,"FORTRAN CEP, , reference, Italy",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/55f2e8b3f7f7cc45e9515329b3fb61e6c4f74db3,beginner to advance
+4171,Fortran D,,"Fortran D, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/31b56b490ea4f2ecb8948f143ed31666a68488b1,beginner to advance
+4172,FORTRAN II,,"FORTRAN II, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e4618d3c2734f71ed34f1f97a440060e95f74d77,beginner to advance
+4173,Fortran M,,"Fortran M, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a6156d35c6e4249c6ab847d5642a0a7631ab2c59,beginner to advance
+4174,FP2,,"FP2, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/55c376716c859d29eda5d2d94d961614bb694775,beginner to advance
+4175,g-2,,"g-2, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/39b09c01514403ff93a796feaa3ed3585ab97750,beginner to advance
+4176,Gargoyle,,"Gargoyle, , reference, Norway",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/cd8e12163e27cb0045addd5a95773e42b1a3739f,beginner to advance
+4177,GASP II,,"GASP II, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/515d06fb25bc4f9aa8b810e041abf6914b57f8b3,beginner to advance
+4178,GAT,,"GAT, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c3b5e1cb1a50c290535405c10442f6c8e0608d72,beginner to advance
+4179,GaussFit,,"GaussFit, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6e3e76ad1b5743e8e2c5b1cc4f5f1c359ac3d65c,beginner to advance
+4180,GCP,,"GCP, , reference, Sweden",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9e0a5a2b7943d5a3afc6fcecf9547385d878670a,beginner to advance
+4181,GDPL,,"GDPL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/83d6acb9d5cce753e9228c981b90538bd8cc27e8,beginner to advance
+4182,Gedanken,,"Gedanken, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/539e079e1c7a23b69f3c336103f9ad51769898b8,beginner to advance
+4183,Generic Haskell,,"Generic Haskell, , reference, Sweden and Netherlands and United Kingdom",reference: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27685179_The_generic_HASKELL_user's_guide_version_099_-_Amber_release,beginner to advance
+4184,GENTRAN 90,,"GENTRAN 90, , reference, The Netherlands",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/aa3c95abfc1a560e2bfe50ead1a56e8fd676ad4b,beginner to advance
+4185,GENTRAN,,"GENTRAN, , reference, The Netherlands",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/3278ce5db409737b42a77fa910698c007b435458,beginner to advance
+4186,GCC GIMPLE,,"GCC GIMPLE, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection#GENERIC_and_GIMPLE,beginner to advance
+4187,GKS,,"GKS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4bbe9b7e85b0f714198a10e107958148e955e61b,beginner to advance
+4188,GLIDE,,"GLIDE, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/25cab0356223441ebedd2983044d680286560746,beginner to advance
+4189,GLU,,"GLU, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8619e5f2e2df5be9f7c6ac02915050a56902c8a5,beginner to advance
+4190,Glue-Nail,,"Glue-Nail, , reference, Canada and South Africa",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1ac8c2c2425a2efd0d88063b70f861094c08ceec,beginner to advance
+4191,GPDS,,"GPDS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/607baa853814db153531cf3893d88256ef6fb3c6,beginner to advance
+4192,GPGS,,"GPGS, , reference, The Netherlands and United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e21800a02e147efdf9d29cb21c77cdf05f7c893c,beginner to advance
+4193,GPSS/360,,"GPSS/360, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6047c49c9fb06a918cad94f067e8a47319731eb7,beginner to advance
+4194,GPSS FORTRAN,,"GPSS FORTRAN, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/cdb06406fcc97553711a7bfc5b8543313ed8d375,beginner to advance
+4195,GQL,,"GQL, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2e13bfc0836efba9aa88d6e47f5e05d5248d6617,beginner to advance
+4196,GRAD Assistant,,"GRAD Assistant, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7a04e0e9c6cb218bbe72f39354bfa6e83c619fb1,beginner to advance
+4197,GraphLog,,"GraphLog, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/545e81aceb0da5466dcad71163bea096bc00c44f,beginner to advance
+4198,GRAPHOS,,"GRAPHOS, , reference, Israel",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/dc10c7ebb7f6122ef5f492f4a67585e89d6e28cf,beginner to advance
+4199,Graqula,,"Graqula, , reference, United States and South Korea",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/254509e7e00e6c6afd4ed4801957515137fd5405,beginner to advance
+4200,GROUPLOG,,"GROUPLOG, , reference, Portugal",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9d8b9a36ff09a2719018416c7e95208100d2fb11,beginner to advance
+4201,GSBL,,"GSBL, , reference, Spain",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9354f46e9cc73dbf6d3c3c0b614bb15dcba1d52b,beginner to advance
+4202,GVL,,"GVL, , reference, Canada and Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c126478f89cdb4fd4fcb959dbf80e1fe3e855d6e,beginner to advance
+4203,GXL,,"GXL, , reference, Canada and Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/00cfa907c2772a0a2b5d63d7678e7fb01b3cd0da,beginner to advance
+4204,Gypsy,,"Gypsy, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/206988f693620b86bb81ac2d1d764ab857fbc5e2,beginner to advance
+4205,Hank,,"Hank, , reference, England",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7959a287e8aa0b6e2aa91fff55113ceab9f5e84f,beginner to advance
+4206,Haskell#,,"Haskell#, , reference, Brazil",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a65b1acee6471da423324a482d9ad485f236ec9b,beginner to advance
+4207,HASL,,"HASL, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4e9b1ede62fbcea2b406aded008a347332848f4c,beginner to advance
+4208,HERAKLIT,,"HERAKLIT, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a60658f87cb0627a9199432fedc39c9def054493,beginner to advance
+4209,Hermes,,"Hermes, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/46a7fdd485dfb638a6fd144814145eabb6fc2ebf,beginner to advance
+4210,HiQ,,"HiQ, , reference, United States",reference: http://www.ni.com/pdf/manuals/321885a.pdf,beginner to advance
+4211,HMSL,,"HMSL, , reference, United States",reference: http://www.softsynth.com/hmsl/hmsl_details.php,beginner to advance
+4212,HOL,,"HOL, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/59d47f0ea4b90c9b7b8e4b7553413616d149125f,beginner to advance
+4213,HOLCF,,"HOLCF, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/249700d42fb709d6873b976d200269386217064e,beginner to advance
+4214,honu,,"honu, , reference, United States",reference: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/812b/92f2fa587ff78d727c749528f5a6411ac0e2.pdf,beginner to advance
+4215,HP-PASCAL,,"HP-PASCAL, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.revolvy.com/page/HP-Pascal,beginner to advance
+4216,HPRL,,"HPRL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/eb11ad06bb68154393bffaf642c934ff5d2a618c,beginner to advance
+4217,HSL,,"HSL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5b309331306f850e2aab0a21405f1702939923f3,beginner to advance
+4218,HSML,,"HSML, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/627e5f3b86194d5789544d45b577a6a69634266c,beginner to advance
+4219,HTEL,,"HTEL, , reference, Denmark",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/dd0af90e1a0c9804bcff667b96fb488fa9d019ec,beginner to advance
+4220,HYPAC,,"HYPAC, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/3eaac487214223479c700972308cdc434957173a,beginner to advance
+4221,Hyperflow,,"Hyperflow, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d4104df045c600c55e4d2995e360370967433c0f,beginner to advance
+4222,Hyperlisp,,"Hyperlisp, , reference, United States",reference: http://www.nosuch.com/plum/cgi/showlist.cgi?sort=name&concise=yes,beginner to advance
+4223,Hyperlog,,"Hyperlog, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0ae0a3e1d1ad90a90c349963745299f89d1eeda6,beginner to advance
+4224,HYTRAN,,"HYTRAN, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7265ddbecd8fc912393bc8ff6d603242d744159e,beginner to advance
+4225,IAM,,"IAM, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a668650538782475fbe82857c21cdf233434a523,beginner to advance
+4226,IB-Templog,,"IB-Templog, , reference, Taiwan or R.O.C",reference: https://web.archive.org/web/20130609105349/http://www.iis.sinica.edu.tw/page/jise/1991/199109_08.html,beginner to advance
+4227,IBM Logo,,"IBM Logo, , reference, United States",reference: https://winworldpc.com/product/ibm-logo,beginner to advance
+4228,Integrated Civil Engineering System,,"Integrated Civil Engineering System, , reference, United States",reference: https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/ices-system-design,beginner to advance
+4229,ICOT,,"ICOT, , reference, South Korea",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9e1f1bef4907d151aeb963c5b8e495e38bff6505,beginner to advance
+4230,IMP72,,"IMP72, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d592594e5a882a2b22a0af49af441957813ef7ce,beginner to advance
+4231,Industrial Modeling and Programming Language,,"Industrial Modeling and Programming Language, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.gurobi.com/products/optimization-modeling-language-resources-support/impl/,beginner to advance
+4232,INMAGIC,,"INMAGIC, , reference, United States",reference: http://support.inmagic.com/Web/DBTWandWPP900/DBTextWorksv9UsersManual.pdf,beginner to advance
+4233,Inscan,,"Inscan, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c59c29522b274aceaa5f1a637c0f1d2734a981af,beginner to advance
+4234,INTERCELLAS,,"INTERCELLAS, , reference, Hungary",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/88deb6145eec7b747cd2b2aa7e7658f5b191f0ef,beginner to advance
+4235,InterCONS,,"InterCONS, , reference, United States",reference: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/18018/,beginner to advance
+4236,Interlisp-VAX,,"Interlisp-VAX, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e7644ab6dab1a2425c63d5b816f55d1942160ade,beginner to advance
+4237,IPL-V,,"IPL-V, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/695466edc64137140a793814e271e67339f9c2ee,beginner to advance
+4238,IQF,,"IQF, , reference, United States",reference: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a043028.pdf,beginner to advance
+4239,Isabelle-91,,"Isabelle-91, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~lp15/Grants/holisa.html,beginner to advance
+4240,Isabelle/HOL,,"Isabelle/HOL, , reference, Australia and Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0143b4c8e07bc855683a2ec9ba30895a3eb13208,beginner to advance
+4241,ISIS,,"ISIS, , reference, United States",reference: http://web.media.mit.edu/~stefan/isis/,beginner to advance
+4242,ISPL,,"ISPL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/76b53866b945231f7dca461b90bf3459592430cf,beginner to advance
+4243,IVTRAN,,"IVTRAN, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d9c12fda8236aa2cbb7993f1f357775e64562262,beginner to advance
+4244,JACAL,,"JACAL, , reference, United States",reference: https://github.com/barak/jacal,beginner to advance
+4245,jBC,,"jBC, , reference, Switzerland",reference: https://www.scribd.com/document/354474528/Jbc-language-JBC-Programmers-Reference-Guide,beginner to advance
+4246,JFugue,,"JFugue, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFugue,beginner to advance
+4247,JMSL,,"JMSL, , reference, United States",reference: http://www.algomusic.com/jmsl/jmslhome.html,beginner to advance
+4248,JOSS II,,"JOSS II, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOSS#JOSS-2_use,beginner to advance
+4249,JSyn,,"JSyn, , reference, United States",reference: http://www.softsynth.com/jsyn/docs/compiling.php,beginner to advance
+4250,Juno,,"Juno, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f93f30709197d92646042966ada5501da9cf0d32,beginner to advance
+4251,KAIL,,"KAIL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4eb4d775fe40d3582da9982196336ac06439f61a,beginner to advance
+4252,Kaleidoquery,,"Kaleidoquery, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fab9/29854929ffe94372fe0f69a252e476392c65.pdf,beginner to advance
+4253,Kaleidoscope'90,,"Kaleidoscope'90, , reference, United States and Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/16ccfcac9ea24b4c1a8134b03f8eab667493a4d6,beginner to advance
+4254,Kaleidoscope'91,,"Kaleidoscope'91, , reference, United States",reference: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b017/832ad395f70322f99152bc40504bcd290ea7.pdf,beginner to advance
+4255,KEE,,"KEE, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1d83a0ebfe649e9eddc821eccf2a08bb5e857128,beginner to advance
+4256,KEK-NODAL,,"KEK-NODAL, , reference, Japan",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e2a012c154f63b24fdffe33d91ac9dc1666ffdb9,beginner to advance
+4257,kew,,"kew, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://sourceforge.net/p/kew/wiki/,beginner to advance
+4258,KeyKit,,"KeyKit, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keykit,beginner to advance
+4259,Kiev,,"Kiev, , reference, Unknown",reference: https://vmlanguages.is-research.de/kiev/,beginner to advance
+4260,King Kong,,"King Kong, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e91ee46c7fcce2eaf1f77cf74269d990a4d97c81,beginner to advance
+4261,KL-ONE,,"KL-ONE, , reference, Sweden",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/17a38462ce4d3d741f818b0161908b0656add2c3,beginner to advance
+4262,KLIPA,,"KLIPA, , reference, Poland",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2b42fa947dbd72233d95dee1f4085b2bf156fbf0,beginner to advance
+4263,KRL-0,,"KRL-0, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0a08cd2fe4f0ccd20ec555abe779c22e2ac1c202,beginner to advance
+4264,KRS,,"KRS, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a83fe3e15a15b154c0198a9680f9ad3de81e55cb,beginner to advance
+4265,KRYPTON,,"KRYPTON, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5b5d9f7c71a30599b1b44687403ada7991614c33,beginner to advance
+4266,Kvikkalkul,,"Kvikkalkul, , reference, Sweden",reference: https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvikkalkul,beginner to advance
+4267,Kylix,,"Kylix, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borland_Kylix,beginner to advance
+4268,LABTRAN,,"LABTRAN, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/63cd2c71567ce68a860614381f5256bf1086aad4,beginner to advance
+4269,Larch,,"Larch, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/55c3a24de61631cc2d69e666ff82a778c33be462,beginner to advance
+4270,LAURE,,"LAURE, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ff67c4cc2bf1f1365c8eadb716cb4c988ff0c8b7,beginner to advance
+4271,LCF,,"LCF, , reference, United States and Scotland",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0368a48397529023005dbdf922cfba974c87d0c1,beginner to advance
+4272,LCL,,"LCL, , reference, United States",reference: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-2704-5_5,beginner to advance
+4273,LDL1,,"LDL1, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e90830263f9c2f9cb62d466cb547d021d12cfe85,beginner to advance
+4274,LEGOL,,"LEGOL, , reference, England",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/54cdc573b01f73c858f12ddcb5883d4d3375c488,beginner to advance
+4275,Leogo,,"Leogo, , reference, New Zealand",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b74ed46ea1c409b76ff8dc48b7ed1f32c5db4da8,beginner to advance
+4276,Leopard,,"Leopard, , reference, Unknown",reference: https://github.com/MajickTek/Leopard,beginner to advance
+4277,LGDF,,"LGDF, , reference, United States",reference: https://digitalcommons.ohsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1167&context=csetech,beginner to advance
+4278,Libra,,"Libra, , reference, Australia",reference: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2274015_Relational_Programming_in_Libra,beginner to advance
+4279,Lincoln Reckoner,,"Lincoln Reckoner, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fdcb44164e2ba9bf6132ef5eec4412fe119b598a,beginner to advance
+4280,Lingua Graphica,,"Lingua Graphica, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e0671ea9ef0e9e7a1384c635d3ef6b34b207f3ce,beginner to advance
+4281,LiSEB,,"LiSEB, , reference, Italy",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/31ccdcc8e9d4e4837298a321c255ad0f36b3ade7,beginner to advance
+4282,LISP A,,"LISP A, , reference, Sweden",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5d8307589ab853e2e380acc1a228c50fbfd954dc,beginner to advance
+4283,LOCS,,"LOCS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/65538201d8a17bcb973374a2f2c4d9e2287d862a,beginner to advance
+4284,Logicon,,"Logicon, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9f925f796da32e45b2b92b568ed90d08c29aa9fd,beginner to advance
+4285,LOGIST,,"LOGIST, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f8f3dd2ebac7bfbfe835db2871fa53bbfa1b5a9e,beginner to advance
+4286,Logres,,"Logres, , reference, Italy",reference: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/93605.98732,beginner to advance
+4287,LogScheme,,"LogScheme, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/31ce52854607592e4eb7e2d8e830fb1417d73370,beginner to advance
+4288,Lola-2,,"Lola-2, Niklaus Wirth, reference, Switzerland",reference: https://inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/Lola/Lola2.pdf,beginner to advance
+4289,LOTIS,,"LOTIS, , reference, Switzerland",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a39f4aa62c7966af1138e0eb95c4d58cc566c5d4,beginner to advance
+4290,LOTOS,,"LOTOS, , reference, Spain",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/207b973bfac2d68956a87b803bd6d2921f536bb2,beginner to advance
+4291,LRLTRAN,,"LRLTRAN, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f399c9d4756b2e82e3de31b267b8bacb00b4c590,beginner to advance
+4292,Lucinda,,"Lucinda, , reference, England",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6999da0d197a52269098eb8f7c456990fd177436,beginner to advance
+4293,M-LISP,,"M-LISP, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/770ed6c27f192a139325c49769da2749cc54f7e0,beginner to advance
+4294,MacAims,,"MacAims, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/39551ebeb924889c1d4467d6f0fcbcbef5d1c3f0,beginner to advance
+4295,MACE,,"MACE, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4690bf68c36dd71eb23cd9b00981976034f2915c,beginner to advance
+4296,Machiavelli,,"Machiavelli, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5d8c270db2e9970bd681b07fb2768a88247d82ce,beginner to advance
+4297,Macro SPITBOL,,"Macro SPITBOL, , reference, United States and England",reference: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/spe.4380070106,beginner to advance
+4298,Magma2,,"Magma2, , reference, Italy",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e64b2e80cd91b986d1f4e0f42d06b3b674604549,beginner to advance
+4299,magritte,,"magritte, Jeanine Adkisson, reference, Japan",reference: http://files.jneen.net/academic/thesis.pdf,beginner to advance
+4300,MALUS,,"MALUS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/66788960403ef142f6faddfb7b99927ba581ed7a,beginner to advance
+4301,ManuScript,,"ManuScript, , reference, United States",reference: http://www.sibelius.com/download/software/win/ManuScriptLanguage.pdf,beginner to advance
+4303,Marlais,,"Marlais, , reference, Unknown",reference: https://sourceforge.net/projects/marlais/,beginner to advance
+4304,Mary/2,,"Mary/2, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8b32b46d71095dfe0a005ba7fe146532d09bb58d,beginner to advance
+4305,MASIM,,"MASIM, , reference, Austria",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/54170ee878e387df6210c602553cf57c8e5d032f,beginner to advance
+4306,Mathsy,,"Mathsy, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/dda48a3c7a244b73b3e5fe84c3b0ffe8dee2d1f4,beginner to advance
+4307,MATRIX PASCAL,,"MATRIX PASCAL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/819f400db9dd0faf16f0aabec46dfa422aeb3bf3,beginner to advance
+4308,MCOBOL,,"MCOBOL, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5cf52186b402cdc6340e610be8cd554465c44997,beginner to advance
+4309,MEDIC,,"MEDIC, , reference, Italy",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b910d5bee0d770c27ac1e328fa6af5da013aa420,beginner to advance
+4310,Megalog,,"Megalog, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/009de3f2b4935a39a3de945eec951fa35823bcf1,beginner to advance
+4311,Mercury Programming System,,"Mercury Programming System, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ffa3769faabefb5c4acfa4edca2520834bbb56dc,beginner to advance
+4312,Meroon,,"Meroon, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/aee8c8a08f67fbcbd48e5f3b5ed47197fb4046f8,beginner to advance
+4313,Meta-Assembler,,"Meta-Assembler, , reference, United States",reference: http://bitsavers.org/pdf/univac/1100/asm/UP-8453_MASM_Programmers_Ref_1977.pdf,beginner to advance
+4314,META/LISP,,"META/LISP, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4bd5cd31ec5e59c894723df69897b9eab9b68b75,beginner to advance
+4315,MetaML,,"MetaML, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0abaa4c1d1b765c8be7a14204406ae2e7ee5a458,beginner to advance
+4316,METAPI,,"METAPI, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a617a6ef72375bfcc912fdbdb645fc66db3c6abc,beginner to advance
+4317,METASIM,,"METASIM, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a966a817937bb73b7794300e913e3aa49b5545b8,beginner to advance
+4318,METATEM,,"METATEM, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1f959cf5cdfa72f328fab0f836fe9e6715147f7f,beginner to advance
+4319,Micro-flowcharts,,"Micro-flowcharts, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f688448ed0149c068e7d1bbc396f1fbc5fd7a0e4,beginner to advance
+4320,MICRODARE,,"MICRODARE, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/14487fc9909f9fad6bc1d21c3eb04074d1f54f3d,beginner to advance
+4321,microTAL,,"microTAL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f3814441341f11959be4dace48c4f4a86bdbf816,beginner to advance
+4322,MiKe,,"MiKe, , reference, United States",reference: https://blog.necode.org/posts/introducing-mike,beginner to advance
+4323,Mini-ML,,"Mini-ML, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/398d7e9c1aced07a508a45bbf269cc349569a6dc,beginner to advance
+4324,MINION,,"MINION, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bef694cc65362f2d2f5268d8316ae41750d7f182,beginner to advance
+4325,MINIVITAL,,"MINIVITAL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a999901289abce1fce15c39a67b1edf77a34201e,beginner to advance
+4326,MINOPT,,"MINOPT, , reference, United States",reference: https://titan.princeton.edu/MINOPT/,beginner to advance
+4327,MIRAGER,,"MIRAGER, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/adadcaa765af5b219960c8e3bedc56c6a7eb5e85,beginner to advance
+4328,Miranim,,"Miranim, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b724aa832b6db1512348f07581b08bc0274fafd1,beginner to advance
+4329,MIRFAC,,"MIRFAC, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/059ae55b9e60fdf6fa7f3d76afabcdb655db8607,beginner to advance
+4330,Mizar,,"Mizar, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4393b874f1ca7cfc3280629e58de965911e2defd,beginner to advance
+4331,MLISP2,,"MLISP2, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/62b484384d34f22928468e5dea865e7accf70dc4,beginner to advance
+4332,mmsearch,,"mmsearch, , reference, Switzerland",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/008f0b3cce064cc5abd04b3a4fe31219aa0652f0,beginner to advance
+4333,MOBL,,"MOBL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d014a6651eed72a684339e131596d7cb543894b1,beginner to advance
+4334,MODCAP,,"MODCAP, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/31ff2de9d50fa65c9db43b419ec5c92c13c12f13,beginner to advance
+4335,MODLISP,,"MODLISP, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/600ffb97d5e9b66a664c01e84107afbb9e272776,beginner to advance
+4336,MODSIM III,,"MODSIM III, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/91bd41cbd94f92d46b532bc60ea8ec9ddf83d8ef,beginner to advance
+4337,Modula-P,,"Modula-P, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/55ac714f7d73449432275418cdaa18b231c27d2d,beginner to advance
+4338,Modula/R,,"Modula/R, , reference, Switzerland",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0141e334a99f18470c623045b4acda77b0531332,beginner to advance
+4339,Modular Prolog,,"Modular Prolog, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/29b44e1ce6ecd6367468aa062282a86cd61519b9,beginner to advance
+4340,Molog,,"Molog, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/22660f9fe0dedfb30630222089845046e3fb3519,beginner to advance
+4341,MORPHISM,,"MORPHISM, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bb9b6440f39612cdb15a10ab2dcb142fbd551a2e,beginner to advance
+4342,MOUSE4,,"MOUSE4, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/68b34b11a5a7a41e162bbc32a8e3e02a27a927a2,beginner to advance
+4343,Moxie,,"Moxie, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d3cdda2752ab7898abf54ba7f288f195d7b4e14d,beginner to advance
+4344,MPGS,,"MPGS, , reference, Japan",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9ef21ddb2ba940f11684924a220502c4d7e92227,beginner to advance
+4345,MRDB,,"MRDB, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/01956df0de72e06987097b77b604d57ca634e12e,beginner to advance
+4346,MS2,,"MS2, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/062d7c65c2ad83ebce9336eaa3efc49eb7ec0448,beginner to advance
+4347,MSG.84,,"MSG.84, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1d21f7b72428d1a464df5213c633e4ac649c3087,beginner to advance
+4348,muFP,,"muFP, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/017c9556dc434488d60045272e9d5fb9e802d624,beginner to advance
+4349,Mul-T,,"Mul-T, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f1f80191d7d88d3e2bb389a6b429ac14dafee547,beginner to advance
+4350,Multigame,,"Multigame, , reference, The Netherlands",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5428fa9c105d56d55cb13962d99726d9b770cdff,beginner to advance
+4351,MUMS,,"MUMS, , reference, Austria",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/05dc5d22dd54b378c76fdd09112618ea57e55531,beginner to advance
+4352,MUNIN,,"MUNIN, , reference, Denmark",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0056b0a97538cb9a9e37a3d5ddcc8ebb0fe15158,beginner to advance
+4353,MuSimp,,"MuSimp, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/854d1c0e80326e5865dac9dd78763c646d152359,beginner to advance
+4354,MVL,,"MVL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/17577952166282ee183b0cf669fe7ab629b6f0f0,beginner to advance
+4355,NAPSS,,"NAPSS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/57ad3061f92a25b6b7e0b19bc440a0ecf3245bf0,beginner to advance
+4356,NARPL,,"NARPL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/513307c8f1387456af597c00d5033424452fc5ae,beginner to advance
+4357,Nassi-Shneiderman charts,,"Nassi-Shneiderman charts, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/18b416005dee051a440081e2cd7232987ff33172,beginner to advance
+4358,NSS,,"NSS, , reference, United States",reference: https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212324/http://www.windowsitpro.com/Article/ArticleID/13785/13785.html,beginner to advance
+4359,NDL,,"NDL, , reference, United States",reference: https://digitalcommons.ohsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2851&context=etd,beginner to advance
+4360,NEATER 2,,"NEATER 2, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b438a87ff740647bc4471f8486337cec6db6b301,beginner to advance
+4361,Ness,,"Ness, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/99431c53efe9414e83bd6bb3fdc49a41d0900974,beginner to advance
+4362,Netform,,"Netform, , reference, The Netherlands",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/283ca3cc628e88bdfdc4f405c957df1519ef2c92,beginner to advance
+4363,Network Control Language,,"Network Control Language, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/000142664971e1b4202198b04bcf96f3ba3d103c,beginner to advance
+4364,NeuronC,,"NeuronC, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/03e092833db6d8a046b23a658fbfeac6ab2d0858,beginner to advance
+4365,NFQL,,"NFQL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d4eef3fa0f4aa184c86350a97663ae24e2c80288,beginner to advance
+4366,NIKL,,"NIKL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d1d2fffa67e72944665f2b09adf2c39dce2dd6d9,beginner to advance
+4367,NOAH,,"NOAH, , reference, Former West Germany or Federal Republic of Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0172e9caf3dc204175368cab98e34c49def2add1,beginner to advance
+4368,Noodle,,"Noodle, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/95611dde7df948285d4cf6417fa04aa62e45097d,beginner to advance
+4369,NOP-2,,"NOP-2, , reference, Austria",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/caac297bc024f9be9a3526726bdb35bf99c23bdc,beginner to advance
+4370,NPL,,"NPL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ea0c28e0c80c8d3741001d3defc703af4a8370bb,beginner to advance
+4371,Numerica,,"Numerica, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/148689502f77b33ea32d93d2cc8174bdebe1cef9,beginner to advance
+4372,Oaklisp,,"Oaklisp, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9ff0f14de60543923c8f9437edea50298d0ec73e,beginner to advance
+4373,oasis-operating-system,,"oasis-operating-system, , reference, United States",reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THEOS#OASIS,beginner to advance
+4374,OBJ2,,"OBJ2, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/af14c22d411e0b8a4c1e2536fdb903f946f5028c,beginner to advance
+4375,Objectcharts,,"Objectcharts, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e55bd50560451f344e31e48c3226b7d1cf1217a1,beginner to advance
+4376,ObjectWorld,,"ObjectWorld, , reference, Austria",reference: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1747249.1747274,beginner to advance
+4377,ObjVProlog,,"ObjVProlog, , reference, France and Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0ac219622794dad9d4c83862f17c6feb589fffbe,beginner to advance
+4378,OBSCURE,,"OBSCURE, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/147aacbd7d6fdab57cd40c126db80242f377d8a5,beginner to advance
+4379,Occam 2,,"Occam 2, , reference, United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6ccfaaf57101386875d526b70abe23f1801ac621,beginner to advance
+4380,Octopus,,"Octopus, , reference, Australia",reference: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4471-3564-7_4,beginner to advance
+4381,O'Haskell,,"O'Haskell, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167642302000266,beginner to advance
+4382,OLGA,,"OLGA, , reference, Canada",reference: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=809592,beginner to advance
+4383,OLI,,"OLI, , reference, Hong Kong (SAR) and United Kingdom",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/37a37bbfa6b7f9bf3480777b02a11f1d96df6a54,beginner to advance
+4384,OMNIMARK,,"OMNIMARK, , reference, Canada",reference: http://developers.omnimark.com/documentation/v4r0/narrativ/11.htm,beginner to advance
+4385,OMNITAB 80,,"OMNITAB 80, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.nist.gov/itl/sed/omnitab-80,beginner to advance
+4386,OOPAL,,"OOPAL, , reference, Switzerland",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/07e1ba85e3da92074c7af917aa21f4a7320fe717,beginner to advance
+4387,OpenMusic,,"OpenMusic, , reference, France",reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1045926X14000330,beginner to advance
+4388,OPS-3,,"OPS-3, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c0e0552bda123b904ca76a6aff5b9076064252ff,beginner to advance
+4389,OPS,,"OPS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ea0bc6190993e02ea017c57595df6d4a6edc0d20,beginner to advance
+4390,OREGANO,,"OREGANO, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/114ec91124e001570a457b927d37c71f41b2b2e4,beginner to advance
+4391,Orlog,,"Orlog, , reference, United States and Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5d0ba04059cdc5cf7f0f6f176e49885cd6675c84,beginner to advance
+4392,OSIRIS,,"OSIRIS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/898ebdb18c02b923f0b7965d2976080c5b2ab67a,beginner to advance
+4393,OSL/2,,"OSL/2, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/458a0b9228c7fd19e7e87dd2304189a5e8f35fdd,beginner to advance
+4394,Ottawa Euclid,,"Ottawa Euclid, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8bc6a491425664186ce40fb96735f4ea51947151,beginner to advance
+4395,Otter,,"Otter, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7cc53381bfb1f0201a356f423e3df8e57fd56178,beginner to advance
+4396,OWL DL,,"OWL DL, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.w3.org/2007/OWL/wiki/images/9/9a/Pfps-f2f1.pdf,beginner to advance
+4397,P-Prolog,,"P-Prolog, , reference, Japan",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/afc96ec418da6f6dfb89696b21e1087b7b77cbbc,beginner to advance
+4398,P-TAC,,"P-TAC, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/69d5f415589db0579dc4afc03219c9375e8a46aa,beginner to advance
+4399,P3L,,"P3L, , reference, Italy",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b68e6132b5e0970db71717f876fc329869533d89,beginner to advance
+4400,PACOL,,"PACOL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b517ba4cb6cf0e9ed5fc910e1bafe63e8605d731,beginner to advance
+4401,PADL-1,,"PADL-1, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6de7d26addad29cc99ac49ce1c85bf668ccb50a2,beginner to advance
+4402,PaiLisp,,"PaiLisp, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/cb80e839c67a7a28f1cc087daf8175f259fbfce7,beginner to advance
+4403,Palingol,,"Palingol, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5da731820bc1c93b30a271da7ff90de85088dbf9,beginner to advance
+4404,PANCODE,,"PANCODE, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9e64520ea46880dd54f6fc649a2db3cf6d6481a3,beginner to advance
+4405,PANON-1,,"PANON-1, , reference, Italy",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/558c3be32d038f51e0f87f8bc815ab5b04d155de,beginner to advance
+4406,PANON-1B,,"PANON-1B, , reference, Italy",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/558c3be32d038f51e0f87f8bc815ab5b04d155de,beginner to advance
+4407,Parallel ELLPACK,,"Parallel ELLPACK, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/394dfd721925c2faf160c851de2df7b5b67a2e8d,beginner to advance
+4408,Parallel Pascal,,"Parallel Pascal, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/10c78f2482fc971ed101675837148fc5af655455,beginner to advance
+4409,ParaLog_e,,"ParaLog_e, , reference, Brazil",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a849f326a4ae2f8e1fcdf8311528a882720839b6,beginner to advance
+4410,ParMod,,"ParMod, , reference, Germany",reference: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-55437-8_75,beginner to advance
+4411,Pascal Plus,,"Pascal Plus, , reference, N. Ireland",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/481812ae08cfd5ea9ac2e83cf64532c84cd34686,beginner to advance
+4412,Pascal-SC,,"Pascal-SC, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/303abc789e8c7dc2757878f7bee9860ae8a83da4,beginner to advance
+4413,PASION,,"PASION, , reference, Mexico",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fbed8ca88776b2203c84c4bd327c78736f6e1f91,beginner to advance
+4414,PASRO,,"PASRO, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/523e2e9839e6e0893ec51f86b0d38fd89236dd1f,beginner to advance
+4415,Path Pascal,,"Path Pascal, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0958388c3a62e515f9eb94227b568b220310de7c,beginner to advance
+4416,PCN,,"PCN, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a40bc8206f1cb0064f89f8c03ab55191a6adfb9a,beginner to advance
+4417,PCOL,,"PCOL, , reference, The Netherlands",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6b5d2a050559ac439b45876587fbcb8da1daa979,beginner to advance
+4418,pC++,,"pC++, , reference, France and United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f0d0e8e319f4f733d066f6490cee425a2d864d84,beginner to advance
+4419,Partial Differential Equation Language,,"Partial Differential Equation Language, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4827530,beginner to advance
+4420,PDL/Ada,,"PDL/Ada, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6aacf17c753a525d7574b2c9fc343607db0b58eb,beginner to advance
+4421,PDL,,"PDL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/09e5ae62d7f9417781fe537bfac40db64daa0ab0,beginner to advance
+4422,Pebble,,"Pebble, , reference, United States and Scotland",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/81af48482535018e2ae3a6b34f5e6995f1844850,beginner to advance
+4423,PEI,,"PEI, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8a23d36dc51b3f14ed81faea28caebc5704a3acd,beginner to advance
+4424,PEP,,"PEP, , reference, The Netherlands",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bcfbb8578832db7be05b5250f2323dc7ec31c7a2,beginner to advance
+4425,PFORT,,"PFORT, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2fe4c371d137b510524ae2d8443787d19672810f,beginner to advance
+4426,Pfortran,,"Pfortran, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bf0a0806fbbdd165123c9791eb41445391dc122f,beginner to advance
+4427,pGOLOG,,"pGOLOG, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b39312ed8f28002bb4da91edafb6c8c8d67add38,beginner to advance
+4428,PHYSICTRAN,,"PHYSICTRAN, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2788136771757c8c046bafad9afec0ba8a88183e,beginner to advance
+4429,Pi Calculus,,"Pi Calculus, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fa025cfbd3e988186e561e538ea1c2edf7b35454,beginner to advance
+4430,PICTOL,,"PICTOL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9763fc35b3dec7962a862dd6798a0140b4987e7c,beginner to advance
+4431,PICTUREBALM,,"PICTUREBALM, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7f0a74202874a0771490fd5ebfca38ff5a7a96b8,beginner to advance
+4432,PiLib,,"PiLib, , reference, Switzerland",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/38ae8b57d327d3dfa9a5d083488ff46dc8daab4a,beginner to advance
+4433,PL/EXUS,,"PL/EXUS, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c655c13b1a0704df8a857f026b2e0fb5dbf708f6,beginner to advance
+4434,PLANIT,,"PLANIT, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/727178f186186866e862cb909374646efd3384e6,beginner to advance
+4435,PLANNER-73,,"PLANNER-73, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/692c91426fa930ce043bee9d1e80410927253139,beginner to advance
+4436,Playground,,"Playground, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bca61be86585d10a0941e00cdeee4bde43484594,beginner to advance
+4437,Pocket Smalltalk,,"Pocket Smalltalk, , reference, Canada",reference: https://archive.org/details/tucows_33442_Pocket_Smalltalk,beginner to advance
+4438,POGOL,,"POGOL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9fdacc168f5ccad268546464644791819e74ba50,beginner to advance
+4439,POLAC,,"POLAC, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8181228b3c1415a2aef0192a387d3cb806e9e968,beginner to advance
+4440,Polylith,,"Polylith, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/29fe52cae95491b866f8976ad5ce781c5d511078,beginner to advance
+4441,PolyP,,"PolyP, , reference, Sweden",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/19eabbb7b59ecd5e893e093675a81963eba8e094,beginner to advance
+4442,PolyTOIL,,"PolyTOIL, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/97aabd8e34d7ecfe3220a9ec356625f15c996943,beginner to advance
+4443,POPSY,,"POPSY, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/dcd4185a643a4dabeccde62520306eb0107f6baf,beginner to advance
+4444,PORT-ALG,,"PORT-ALG, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/53c2d575ec135ee9d6be06576bebc7ec118bb85b,beginner to advance
+4445,PRAXIS,,"PRAXIS, , reference, United States",reference: https://www.digiater.nl/openvms/decus/vax85b/praxis/aaareadme.txt,beginner to advance
+4446,PRESTO,,"PRESTO, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/41ae591cd31e9ce2dad574100d0d2e5e2bcf0d41,beginner to advance
+4447,Principle of sufficient reason,,"Principle of sufficient reason, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/10bf7c2d65e868efc8065cf1909bf3adf58e7685,beginner to advance
+4448,PRISM,,"PRISM, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/dbeccf2f4f7745707845d9dab06747f24164db27,beginner to advance
+4449,Prisma Schema Language,,"Prisma Schema Language, , reference, Germany",reference: https://github.com/prisma/specs/tree/master/schema,beginner to advance
+4450,PROCOL,,"PROCOL, , reference, The Netherlands",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8ca0a3c29736265fdc26fe5f7aeea3337e60df43,beginner to advance
+4451,PROGRES,,"PROGRES, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6c95f7f3e59d0e6cba1d384e7e12c78d0d7d9dba,beginner to advance
+4452,Prolog-D-Linda,,"Prolog-D-Linda, , reference, Australia",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d3b1b8ffbe9469eaaf409e640c190e3156064cdc,beginner to advance
+4453,Prolog-ELF,,"Prolog-ELF, , reference, Japan",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/542c5cff6183e73d68782c1118acf2c1dfee7e27,beginner to advance
+4454,Prolog III,,"Prolog III, , reference, France",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/281cb123812ab786ac4675e095b5ef22ee83d861,beginner to advance
+4455,Prolog/KR,,"Prolog/KR, , reference, Japan",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/419b71f6e9c856ffdfc0b37b3abb622cba83626e,beginner to advance
+4456,Prolog-Linda,,"Prolog-Linda, , reference, Australia",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/327db1716b1ef4e6de076616bb88b8c43d0c2e78,beginner to advance
+4457,PROPLAN,,"PROPLAN, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/886457bf258e2b5ab537e40daaebfd275f41febb,beginner to advance
+4458,PROTOS-L,,"PROTOS-L, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1783a738e09f64393365c81c32d2c66200d02505,beginner to advance
+4459,PROW,,"PROW, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/577e96521d62b9ebb5fd67412a21b02e9cd67b90,beginner to advance
+4460,pSather,,"pSather, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c1f6a05ddd3edddb8a16f78cc1c2aee494423077,beginner to advance
+4461,PSG,,"PSG, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e64a3719a08356b4482517a9d52b2ed01a1df10b,beginner to advance
+4462,PSL,,"PSL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6979acd46bd44d862a3923a8938e945495662f1e,beginner to advance
+4464,PUMPKIN,,"PUMPKIN, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/cd3c946dd8e41e9716300e5328362e16668512c5,beginner to advance
+4465,Q-GERT,,"Q-GERT, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/39abe9aa531e0a87801b318172c84579e6353db2,beginner to advance
+4466,QA4,,"QA4, , reference, United State",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/854ae442f80f0438f10d3df929c15fd7ff9f3f85,beginner to advance
+4467,QLISP,,"QLISP, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/34c3e2530d7543a7acce3053617f00bc195a24e5,beginner to advance
+4468,Qunity,,"Qunity, , reference, United States",reference: https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.12384,beginner to advance
+4469,Quty,,"Quty, , reference, Japan",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/cca3db20ac9ef2f63352d5be7e115204af65e1f0,beginner to advance
+4470,rbasic,,"rbasic, Mike Welch, reference, United States",reference: http://www.troubleshooters.com/lpm/200406/200406.htm,beginner to advance
+4471,REC/SM,,"REC/SM, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bbff167febe7ad3193f3f15f9a45d5d7f94bb216,beginner to advance
+4472,RECOL,,"RECOL, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5b609b7d586079b6ffe0b3330f2dc03389a03078,beginner to advance
+4473,REF-ARF,,"REF-ARF, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/26da054184537d329800f4cb4c6316dd08f6e7a7,beginner to advance
+4474,RefLisp,,"RefLisp, , reference, United States",reference: https://sourceforge.net/projects/reflisp/,beginner to advance
+4475,REGENT,,"REGENT, , reference, Germany",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ff6309a89c34ffd1f0ede9c29e5eb5c955f50c30,beginner to advance
+4476,Relationlog,,"Relationlog, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f116f44111bc612531792a2ab4267adb7e2c21b8,beginner to advance
+4477,RELFUN,,"RELFUN, , reference, Germany",reference: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=15045,beginner to advance
+4478,RF-Maple,,"RF-Maple, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/35319210e378378f3c772aa93246bb6351323c3c,beginner to advance
+4479,RHET,,"RHET, , reference, United States",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/054759c784505fb4fa6d40afc4eb573fd6704824,beginner to advance
+4480,RIGAL,,"RIGAL, , reference, Former USSR or Latvia",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7f537c1112181c9facf25190ac259bf5214d82ec,beginner to advance
+4481,ROL,,"ROL, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/ed8f7e90e7d438d4b48e5f42c1f769b4fd3f3b18,beginner to advance
+4482,ROL2,,"ROL2, , reference, Canada",reference: https://semanticscholar.org/paper/da45c8cdce3436038b8afc7246404391c64abe8a,beginner to advance
+4497,Generative AI,GenerativeAIforBeginners,"['GenerativeAI','GenerativeAIbeginners','GitHubrepository']",GitHubrepository:  https://github.com/microsoft/generative-ai-for-beginners,beginner
+4498,Deep Learning,6.5940TinyMLandEfficientDeepLearningComputing,"['DeepLearning','6.5940TinyMLEfficientDeepLearningComputing','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL80kAHvQbh-pT4lCkDT53zT8DKmhE0idB,intermediate
+4499,Natural Language Processing,NaturalLanguageProcessing,"['naturalLanguageprocessing','NaturalLanguageprocessing','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLofp2YXfp7TZZ5c7HEChs0_wfEfewLDs7,intermediate
+4500,Deep Learning,DeepLearningFundamentals-LearningDeepLearningUsingaModernOpen-SourceStack,"['DeepLearningDeepLearningFundamentalsLearningDeepLearningmodernOpensourceStack','website']",website:  https://lightning.ai/pages/courses/deep-learning-fundamentals/,beginner
+4501,Large Language Models,LLMBootcamp-Spring2023,"['largeLanguageModelsLLMBootcampSpring2023','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1T8fO7ArWleyIqOy37OVXsP4hFXymdOZ,intermediate
+4502,Python,CS50:IntroductiontoProgrammingwithPython,"['PythonCS50introductionprogramPython','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLRL_NcnK-4,beginner
+4503,Stable Diffusion and Deep Learning,PracticalDeepLearningforCoderspart2:DeepLearningFoundationstoStableDiffusion,"['stableDiffusionDeepLearningPracticalDeepLearningcoder2DeepLearningFoundationsstableDiffusion','website']",website:  https://course.fast.ai/Lessons/part2.html,intermediate
+4504,Deep Learning,6.S191:IntroductiontoDeepLearning,"['DeepLearning','6.S191introductionDeepLearning','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtBw6njQRU-rwp5__7C0oIVt26ZgjG9NI,beginner
+4505,Deep Learning,NeuralNetworks:ZerotoHero,"['DeepLearning','NeuralNetworkszerohero','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAqhIrjkxbuWI23v9cThsA9GvCAUhRvKZ,beginner
+4506,Large Language Models and Prompt Engineering,PromptEngineeringGuide,"['largeLanguageModelsPromptEngineering','PromptEngineeringGuide','website']",website:  https://promptingguide.ai,beginner
+4507,Computer Vision,ComputerVisioninPractice,"['computerVision','ComputerVisionPractice','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZCA39VpuaZajiCtgDDwU8ghchtqx347R,beginner
+4508,Natural Language Processing,CS685:AdvancedNaturalLanguageProcessing,"['naturalLanguageprocessing','CS685AdvancedNaturalLanguageprocessing','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLWnsVgP6CzaelCF_jmn5HrpOXzRAPNjWj,intermediate
+4509,Machine Learning,CS229:MachineLearning,"['machineLearning','CS229machineLearning','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoROMvodv4rNyWOpJg_Yh4NSqI4Z4vOYy,intermediate
+4510,MLOps,MachineLearningEngineeringforProduction,"['MLOps','MachineLearningEngineeringProduction','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkDaE6sCZn6GMoA0wbpJLi3t34Gd8l0aK,intermediate
+4511,Multimodal Machine Learning,11-777:MultimodalMachineLearning,"['MultimodalMachineLearning','11777MultimodalMachineLearning','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-Fhd_vrvisNM7pbbevXKAbT_Xmub37fA,hard
+4512,Deep Multi-Task and Meta Learning,CS330DeepMulti-TaskandMetaLearning,"['DeepMultiTaskMetaLearningCS330DeepMultiTaskMetaLearning','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoROMvodv4rNjRoawgt72BBNwL2V7doGI,hard
+4513,Deep Learning,PracticalDeepLearningforCoders,"['DeepLearning','PracticalDeepLearningcoders','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLfYUBJiXbdtSvpQjSnJJ_PmDQB_VyT5iU,beginner
+4514,Natural Language Processing,CS224U:NaturalLanguageUnderstanding,"['naturalLanguageProcessing','cs224uNaturalLanguageUnderstanding','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoROMvodv4rPt5D0zs3YhbWSZA8Q_DyiJ,intermediate
+4515,Transformers,CS25:TransformersUnited,"['transformerCS25transformerUnited','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoROMvodv4rNiJRchCzutFw5ItR_Z27CM,hard
+4516,Deep Learning,NYU-DLSP21:NYUDeepLearningSpring,"['DeepLearningNYUDLSP21NYUDeepLearningSpring','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLLHTzKZzVU9e6xUfG10TkTWApKSZCzuBI,intermediate
+4517,Natural Language Processing and Transformers,NLPCourse,"['NaturalLanguageProcessingtransformers','NLPCourse','website']",website:  https://huggingface.co/course/chapter1/1,beginner
+4518,Deep Learning,DiveintoDeepLearning,"['DeepLearning','DiveDeepLearning','book']",book:  https://d2l.ai/index.html,beginner
+4519,Reinforcement Learning,ReinforcementLearningCourse,"['reinforcementLearning','ReinforcementLearningCourse','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLqYmG7hTraZDVH599EItlEWsUOsJbAodm,hard
+4520,Natural Language Processing,CS224N:NaturalLanguageProcessingwithDeepLearning,"['NaturalLanguageprocessingcs224nNaturalLanguageProcessingDeepLearning','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoROMvodv4rOSH4v6133s9LFPRHjEmbmJ,intermediate
+4521,Deep Learning,DeepLearningLectureSeries,"['DeepLearning','DeepLearningLectureSeries','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLqYmG7hTraZCDxZ44o4p3N5Anz3lLRVZF,intermediate
+4522,Linear Algebra,AdvancedLinearAlgebra-FoundationstoFrontiers,"['LinearAlgebraAdvancedLinearAlgebrafoundationfrontiers','website']",website:  https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/flame/laff/alaff/ALAFF.html,hard
+4523,Artificial Intelligence,StanfordCS221:ArtificialIntelligence:PrinciplesandTechniques,"['ArtificialIntelligenceStanfordCS221artificialIntelligenceprincipleTechniques','Youtubeplaylist']",Youtubeplaylist:  https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoROMvodv4rO1NB9TD4iUZ3qghGEGtqNX,intermediate
+4524,Computer Vision,UniversityofMichiganEECS498.008/598.008:DeepLearningforComputerVision,"['ComputerVisionUniversityMichiganEECS498.008598.008DeepLearningComputerVision','Youtubeplaylist']",Youtubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJYGatp4SvA&list=PL5-TkQAfAZFbzxjBHtzdVCWE0Zbhomg7r,intermediate
+4525,Computer Vision,CS231n:DeepLearningforComputerVision,"['ComputerVisionCS231nDeepLearningComputerVision','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?app=desktop&list=PL3FW7Lu3i5JvHM8ljYj-zLfQRF3EO8sYv,intermediate
+4526,Statistics and Probability,Statistics110:Probability,"['statisticProbability','Statistics110Probability','YouTubeplaylist']",YouTubeplaylist:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL2SOU6wwxB0uwwH80KTQ6ht66KWxbzTIo,beginner
+4527,Introduction to MachineLearning,IntroductiontoMachineLearning,"['introductionmachineLearning','website','Beginner','IntroductionMachineLearning']",website:  https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/intro-to-ml,Beginner
+4528,Introduction to MachineLearning,WhatisMachineLearning,"['introductionMachinelearning','website','beginner','whatMachineLearning']",website:  https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/intro-to-ml/what-is-ml,Beginner
+4529,Introduction to MachineLearning,SupervisedLearning,"['introductionmachinelearning','website','beginner','superviselearn']",website:  https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/intro-to-ml/supervised,Beginner
+4530,Machine Learning Crash Course(Foundation),IntroductiontoML,"['machineLearningCrashcoursefoundation)','website','intermediate','introductionML']",website:  https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/crash-course/ml-intro,Intermediate
+4531,Machine Learning Crash Course(Foundation),Framing-VideoLecture,"['machineLearningCrashcoursefoundation)','website','intermediate','framingVideoLecture']",website:  https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/crash-course/descending-into-ml/video-lecture,Intermediate
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+4535,Problem Framing(MLrelated),Overview-ProblemFraming,"['problemframingMLrelated)','website','intermediate','overviewproblemframing']",website:  https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/problem-framing/problem-framing,Intermediate
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