{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 2, "id": "0140b2b1-c1e5-48a5-a8e2-43808de9cd17", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "from datasets import load_dataset" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 3, "id": "c57fe556-c2f2-466d-a880-111c750b949f", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "dataset_name = \"OpenAssistant/oasst1\"\n", "dataset = load_dataset(dataset_name, split=\"train\")" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 4, "id": "2d72c5f1-6e74-4913-843c-ca093aa9b7af", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "(84437, 18)" ] }, "execution_count": 4, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "dataset.shape" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 5, "id": "5a0e9099-cebf-4c8d-9ef7-1d9992c7b17c", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "{'message_id': 'be4d0752-afbe-473b-99f3-48f1b5880f90',\n", " 'parent_id': 'ac94bfcf-7f25-4084-8755-dde345ac2323',\n", " 'user_id': 'c212120c-0b79-4b32-a5b1-d96686ca92ca',\n", " 'created_date': '2023-02-06T18:34:30.836581+00:00',\n", " 'text': \"Yes, that's correct. Keeping the code for the TESR and the registration code in the same file can make it easier to manage and maintain the code. The ExampleMod class acts as a container for the TESR code, providing a convenient and logical grouping. The functionality of the code remains unchanged, and the TESR will still be properly registered and used to render the custom tile entities in the game.\",\n", " 'role': 'assistant',\n", " 'lang': 'en',\n", " 'review_count': 3,\n", " 'review_result': True,\n", " 'deleted': False,\n", " 'rank': 2,\n", " 'synthetic': False,\n", " 'model_name': None,\n", " 'detoxify': {'toxicity': 0.00026471694582141936,\n", " 'severe_toxicity': 3.753640703507699e-05,\n", " 'obscene': 0.00018712480959948152,\n", " 'identity_attack': 0.00012360737309791148,\n", " 'insult': 0.000221485854126513,\n", " 'threat': 4.4919768697582185e-05,\n", " 'sexual_explicit': 3.185281457263045e-05},\n", " 'message_tree_id': '6ab24d72-0181-4594-a9cd-deaf170242fb',\n", " 'tree_state': 'ready_for_export',\n", " 'emojis': {'name': ['_skip_labeling'], 'count': [4]},\n", " 'labels': {'name': ['spam',\n", " 'fails_task',\n", " 'lang_mismatch',\n", " 'pii',\n", " 'not_appropriate',\n", " 'hate_speech',\n", " 'sexual_content',\n", " 'quality',\n", " 'toxicity',\n", " 'humor',\n", " 'helpfulness',\n", " 'creativity',\n", " 'violence'],\n", " 'value': [0.3333333333333333,\n", " 1.0,\n", " 0.0,\n", " 0.0,\n", " 0.5,\n", " 0.0,\n", " 0.0,\n", " 0.16666666666666666,\n", " 0.0,\n", " 0.125,\n", " 0.0,\n", " 0.25,\n", " 0.0],\n", " 'count': [3, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]}}" ] }, "execution_count": 5, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "dataset[9]" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 6, "id": "cdba1b26-5f8a-47a2-9097-84752978f11d", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "df = dataset.to_pandas()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 7, "id": "8f87cf6d-ec9c-4433-8d24-5e1ee919da53", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "['Can you write a short introduction about the relevance of the term \"monopsony\" in economics? Please use examples related to potential monopsonies in the labour market and cite relevant research.',\n", " '\"Monopsony\" refers to a market structure where there is only one buyer for a particular good or service. In economics, this term is particularly relevant in the labor market, where a monopsony employer has significant power over the wages and working conditions of their employees. The presence of a monopsony can result in lower wages and reduced employment opportunities for workers, as the employer has little incentive to increase wages or provide better working conditions.\\n\\nRecent research has identified potential monopsonies in industries such as retail and fast food, where a few large companies control a significant portion of the market (Bivens & Mishel, 2013). In these industries, workers often face low wages, limited benefits, and reduced bargaining power, leading to a situation where they are dependent on the employer for their livelihood. This dependence can result in further suppression of wages and a decline in working conditions.\\n\\nOverall, the concept of monopsony is essential to understanding the dynamics of labor markets and the impact of market power on workers. Further research is needed to understand the extent and impact of monopsonies on the economy and to develop policies to address this issue.\\n\\nReferences:\\nBivens, J., & Mishel, L. (2013). The Pay of Corporate Executives and Financial Professionals as Evidence of Rents in Top 1 Percent Incomes. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(3), 57-78.',\n", " 'Now explain it to a dog',\n", " 'Monopsony is a market structure in which there is a single buyer in a market. In the context of labor markets, a monopsony occurs when there is only one employer in a particular industry or geographic area, giving that employer significant power over the wages and working conditions of workers. This results in a situation where the employer has the ability to suppress wages and reduce the bargaining power of workers.\\n\\nResearch has shown that the existence of monopsony power in labor markets can have negative effects on workers, such as lower wages, reduced benefits, and limited job opportunities. For example, a study by Autor, Dorn, and Hanson (2013) found evidence of monopsony power in certain U.S. labor markets, resulting in lower wages and reduced job opportunities for workers. Similarly, another study by Bharadwaj, Black, and Kolesnikova (2019) found that the presence of a single dominant employer in a local labor market was associated with lower wages for workers.',\n", " 'How can one fight back when a monospony had been created?',\n", " 'Monopsony refers to a market structure where there is only one buyer of a good or service. In the context of labor markets, a monopsony occurs when there is only one employer in a particular geographic area or industry, giving them significant power to set wages and working conditions. Research has shown that the existence of monopsonies can lead to lower wages and reduced job opportunities for workers. For example, a study by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that in industries with high levels of concentration, workers earn lower wages and are less likely to receive benefits such as health insurance.',\n", " \"What can be done at a regulatory level to ensure, in a monopsony, that the power over the employees isn't abused? List a few options and focus on the organs that should act.\",\n", " 'Here are some potential regulatory options to address monopsony power over employees:\\n\\n- Antitrust enforcement agencies like the FTC or DOJ could investigate and take action against dominant employers that are abusing their market power to suppress wages or worsen working conditions. They could force divestitures or other structural remedies.\\n- Labor standards agencies could set industry-specific minimum wage floors or other regulations around compensation and working conditions. This would reduce the ability of dominant employers to push wages/conditions below certain thresholds.\\n- Sector-specific regulators could impose requirements around how companies hire, compensate, and treat workers. For example, banking regulators could prohibit abusive practices by dominant banks with regard to their employees.\\n- Legislatures could pass laws',\n", " \"Regulatory intervention can be used to address the negative consequences of monopsony power in the labor market. A few options include:\\n\\n1. Antitrust enforcement: Antitrust laws can be used to prevent firms from engaging in practices that limit competition and suppress wages. The antitrust division of the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) are responsible for enforcing these laws.\\n\\n2. Labor standards and protections: Governments can set minimum wage standards and other labor protections to ensure that workers are paid a fair wage, even in industries dominated by a single buyer. The U.S. Department of Labor is responsible for enforcing these standards.\\n\\n3. Occupational licensing reform: Occupational licensing requirements can restrict worker mobility and increase the bargaining power of employers. Reforms to licensing requirements can reduce these barriers and increase competition in the labor market. State governments typically regulate occupational licensing.\\n\\n4. Collective bargaining rights: Collective bargaining by workers can increase their bargaining power and lead to higher wages. Governments can protect and promote collective bargaining rights to counteract the effects of monopsony power. The National Labor Relations Board is responsible for enforcing workers' rights to engage in collective bargaining in the U.S.\\n\\nThese are just a few examples of regulatory options that can be used to address monopsony power in the labor market. The specific actions taken will depend on the particular circumstances and context of each case.\",\n", " \"Yes, that's correct. Keeping the code for the TESR and the registration code in the same file can make it easier to manage and maintain the code. The ExampleMod class acts as a container for the TESR code, providing a convenient and logical grouping. The functionality of the code remains unchanged, and the TESR will still be properly registered and used to render the custom tile entities in the game.\",\n", " 'I would imagine this is similar or even the same as a \"monopoly\" but I am not sure.\\n\\nAssuming that this some kind of \"final state\" of a particular industry or even an entire economy, give me some larger historical examples of this kind of structure consolidating over time, and describe what circumstances are common prerequisite.',\n", " 'Bouguereau died in 1905, so it is unlikely that any of his direct descendants are still alive. However, his works continue to be popular and are sold at auction and through art dealers. It is possible that some indirect descendants may benefit from the sale of his works.']" ] }, "execution_count": 7, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "df[df[\"message_tree_id\"] == \"6ab24d72-0181-4594-a9cd-deaf170242fb\"].text.tolist()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 8, "id": "89f1575f-5b97-4598-b4e3-81953061a76d", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "
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26708c47f-05c9-4346-b3d2-40b2bd24fde4c8e83833-ecbc-44fe-b6db-735228c25a1c2c96e467-66f0-4be7-9693-bda51356a4242023-02-06T18:48:49.391686+00:00Now explain it to a dogprompteren3TrueFalseNaNFalseNone{'toxicity': 0.03648477792739868, 'severe_toxi...6ab24d72-0181-4594-a9cd-deaf170242fbready_for_exportNone{'name': ['spam', 'lang_mismatch', 'pii', 'not...
3343ee2d4-87ae-41fd-a768-bdd65959dc4a6ab24d72-0181-4594-a9cd-deaf170242fb49ddcb0d-6588-43bd-858d-19c577f12e7b2023-02-06T13:37:56.044680+00:00Monopsony is a market structure in which there...assistanten3TrueFalse1.0FalseNone{'toxicity': 0.0008866374846547842, 'severe_to...6ab24d72-0181-4594-a9cd-deaf170242fbready_for_export{'name': ['+1', '_skip_reply', '_skip_labeling...{'name': ['spam', 'fails_task', 'lang_mismatch...
418145bf4-37fd-4ac0-80f5-6108b5f2b365343ee2d4-87ae-41fd-a768-bdd65959dc4ae10e99a0-38ac-4b07-bf5d-4427696e4e0d2023-02-06T18:52:51.428543+00:00How can one fight back when a monospony had be...prompteren3TrueFalseNaNFalseNone{'toxicity': 0.0009362137061543763, 'severe_to...6ab24d72-0181-4594-a9cd-deaf170242fbready_for_export{'name': ['+1'], 'count': [1]}{'name': ['spam', 'lang_mismatch', 'pii', 'not...
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8443247ba67f2-f711-4feb-91ff-0a0ffe556fe52e934881-260c-4a6c-8f09-66e0312f84ac55e23953-c333-4b02-a459-c99d2c7172a32023-02-21T17:18:06.837900+00:00James Potter eta Lily Potter ziren Harry Potte...assistanteu3TrueFalse2.0FalseNoneNone2e934881-260c-4a6c-8f09-66e0312f84acready_for_export{'name': ['+1'], 'count': [1]}{'name': ['spam', 'fails_task', 'lang_mismatch...
84433d3946880-4402-42a8-8a9e-6dab5efa787fNonead5d3a46-2f52-4270-89a9-a6b1d180d8092023-02-10T13:49:30.080447+00:00Nork jarri zion ahotsa Dragoi Bolako Vegetari ...promptereu3TrueFalseNaNFalseNoneNoned3946880-4402-42a8-8a9e-6dab5efa787fready_for_export{'name': ['+1', '_skip_reply'], 'count': [5, 4]}{'name': ['spam', 'lang_mismatch', 'pii', 'not...
844344e8a349d-7781-42ae-8868-1ecf5df4c2cbd3946880-4402-42a8-8a9e-6dab5efa787f9f3e4da7-7d7a-4cf9-9d35-f59d00de240d2023-02-11T15:26:37.799100+00:00Dragoi bolaren aurreneko denboraldian ez da Ve...assistanteu3TrueFalse0.0FalseNoneNoned3946880-4402-42a8-8a9e-6dab5efa787fready_for_export{'name': ['+1'], 'count': [1]}{'name': ['spam', 'fails_task', 'lang_mismatch...
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"cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 13, "id": "25c0819a-04f1-4ddb-ab53-03b63e144a37", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "9846" ] }, "execution_count": 13, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "root_ids.__len__()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 14, "id": "12fc1dc2-4509-4bbe-b51f-2cc0d5b4c656", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "(9846,)" ] }, "execution_count": 14, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "df[\"message_tree_id\"].unique().shape" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 23, "id": "f05079a1-07da-445e-b879-b7c6eda27948", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "count\n", "4 3991\n", "12 2777\n", "13 1026\n", "9 828\n", "5 330\n", "14 323\n", "10 136\n", "15 121\n", "16 59\n", "6 51\n", "11 48\n", "17 44\n", "18 22\n", "19 13\n", "20 12\n", "7 10\n", "26 7\n", "25 5\n", "24 5\n", "21 5\n", "8 3\n", "28 3\n", "27 3\n", "34 2\n", "40 2\n", "22 2\n", "23 2\n", "3 1\n", "56 1\n", "55 1\n", "29 1\n", "30 1\n", "31 1\n", "32 1\n", "35 1\n", "36 1\n", "37 1\n", "41 1\n", "42 1\n", "46 1\n", "47 1\n", "52 1\n", "2 1\n", "Name: count, dtype: int64" ] }, "execution_count": 23, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "df[\"message_tree_id\"].value_counts().value_counts()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 25, "id": "2423d4da-939a-4ffe-b0b8-cb004df106d5", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "execution_count": 25, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" }, { "data": { "image/png": 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qqlRXV6df/epXmjFjhsrLyyNeoNMWLlyogoIC+3EgEFBKSoqys7Pldrvt8VAoJJ/Pp0mTJikmJqZdzzWssPM+j3Ok0JzLZE5kiU+Qp3PI0lnk6RyybF3TFZTWRFxgYmNjNWjQIElSZmam9u/fr9WrV+uhhx5SfX29zpw5E/YuTE1NjTwejyTJ4/Fo3759Ycdrukvp6jmfvnOppqZGbre7xXdfJMnlcsnlcjUbj4mJueZJ0tJ4WwQbotq1X1uYeEJ3JEs0R57OIUtnkadzyLJlbc2lw38HprGxUcFgUJmZmYqJidH27dvtbcePH1d1dbW8Xq8kyev16vDhw6qtrbXn+Hw+ud1upaen23OuPkbTnKZjAAAARPQOzMKFCzV58mQNHDhQZ8+e1fr167Vz506Vlpaqb9++mjlzpgoKCtSvXz+53W49+eST8nq9Gjt2rCQpOztb6enpevTRR7VixQr5/X4tWrRIeXl59rsns2fP1gsvvKCnnnpKjz32mHbs2KENGzZoy5Ytzr96AABgpIgKTG1traZPn67Tp0+rb9++ysjIUGlpqSZNmiRJWrVqlbp166apU6cqGAwqJydHL774or1/dHS0Nm/erDlz5sjr9apXr16aMWOGli5das9JS0vTli1bNG/ePK1evVoDBgzQSy+9xC3UAADAFlGBefnll6+7vUePHiouLlZxcXGLc1JTU1u902b8+PE6ePBgJEsDAAC3EL4LCQAAGIcCAwAAjEOBAQAAxqHAAAAA41BgAACAcSgwAADAOBQYAABgHAoMAAAwTsRf5gh82rDC0k77gss/Lc/tlOMCAMzGOzAAAMA4FBgAAGAcCgwAADAOBQYAABiHAgMAAIxDgQEAAMahwAAAAONQYAAAgHEoMAAAwDgUGAAAYBwKDAAAMA4FBgAAGIcCAwAAjEOBAQAAxqHAAAAA41BgAACAcSgwAADAOBQYAABgHAoMAAAwDgUGAAAYhwIDAACMQ4EBAADGocAAAADjUGAAAIBxIiowRUVF+vKXv6w+ffooISFBDzzwgI4fPx42Z/z48YqKigr7mT17dtic6upq5ebmKi4uTgkJCZo/f74uX74cNmfnzp0aPXq0XC6XBg0apJKSkva9QgAAcNOJqMCUl5crLy9Pe/fulc/nUygUUnZ2ts6fPx8274knntDp06ftnxUrVtjbGhoalJubq/r6eu3Zs0evvvqqSkpKtHjxYnvOyZMnlZubq3vuuUdVVVXKz8/X448/rtLS0g6+XAAAcDPoHsnkd955J+xxSUmJEhISVFlZqXHjxtnjcXFx8ng81zxGWVmZjh07pm3btikxMVEjR47UsmXLtGDBAhUWFio2NlZr165VWlqaVq5cKUkaOnSodu/erVWrViknJyfS1wgAAG4yERWYT6urq5Mk9evXL2x83bp1eu211+TxeDRlyhQ988wziouLkyRVVFRo+PDhSkxMtOfn5ORozpw5Onr0qEaNGqWKigplZWWFHTMnJ0f5+fktriUYDCoYDNqPA4GAJCkUCikUCtnjTb9fPRYpV7TV7n1b05F1fdaa1urqRh5OcOLcxBVk6SzydA5Ztq6t2bS7wDQ2Nio/P19f+cpXNGzYMHv8kUceUWpqqpKTk3Xo0CEtWLBAx48f169//WtJkt/vDysvkuzHfr//unMCgYAuXryonj17NltPUVGRlixZ0my8rKzMLk9X8/l8Eb7iT6y4u927tmrr1q2dd/BOsuyuxk47tol5dFRHzk2EI0tnkadzyLJlFy5caNO8dheYvLw8HTlyRLt37w4bnzVrlv378OHDlZSUpIkTJ+rEiRO644472vt0rVq4cKEKCgrsx4FAQCkpKcrOzpbb7bbHQ6GQfD6fJk2apJiYmHY917DCzvsszpFCcy6RNWX5zIFuCjZGdcpzmJRHRzlxbuIKsnQWeTqHLFvXdAWlNe0qMHPnztXmzZu1a9cuDRgw4Lpzx4wZI0n68MMPdccdd8jj8Wjfvn1hc2pqaiTJ/tyMx+Oxx66e43a7r/nuiyS5XC65XK5m4zExMdc8SVoab4tgQ+f8Yy3JyBM62BjVaZmYmEdHdeTcRDiydBZ5OocsW9bWXCK6C8myLM2dO1ebNm3Sjh07lJaW1uo+VVVVkqSkpCRJktfr1eHDh1VbW2vP8fl8crvdSk9Pt+ds37497Dg+n09erzeS5QIAgJtURAUmLy9Pr732mtavX68+ffrI7/fL7/fr4sWLkqQTJ05o2bJlqqys1J/+9Cf99re/1fTp0zVu3DhlZGRIkrKzs5Wenq5HH31U//3f/63S0lItWrRIeXl59jsos2fP1v/8z//oqaee0h//+Ee9+OKL2rBhg+bNm+fwywcAACaKqMCsWbNGdXV1Gj9+vJKSkuyfN954Q5IUGxurbdu2KTs7W0OGDNF3vvMdTZ06VW+99ZZ9jOjoaG3evFnR0dHyer365je/qenTp2vp0qX2nLS0NG3ZskU+n08jRozQypUr9dJLL3ELNQAAkBThZ2As6/q3y6akpKi8vLzV46SmprZ6d8n48eN18ODBSJYHAABuEXwXEgAAMA4FBgAAGIcCAwAAjEOBAQAAxqHAAAAA41BgAACAcSgwAADAOBQYAABgHAoMAAAwDgUGAAAYhwIDAACMQ4EBAADGocAAAADjUGAAAIBxKDAAAMA4FBgAAGAcCgwAADAOBQYAABiHAgMAAIxDgQEAAMahwAAAAONQYAAAgHEoMAAAwDgUGAAAYBwKDAAAMA4FBgAAGIcCAwAAjEOBAQAAxqHAAAAA41BgAACAcSgwAADAOBQYAABgHAoMAAAwTkQFpqioSF/+8pfVp08fJSQk6IEHHtDx48fD5ly6dEl5eXnq37+/evfuralTp6qmpiZsTnV1tXJzcxUXF6eEhATNnz9fly9fDpuzc+dOjR49Wi6XS4MGDVJJSUn7XiEAALjpRFRgysvLlZeXp71798rn8ykUCik7O1vnz5+358ybN09vvfWWNm7cqPLycp06dUoPPvigvb2hoUG5ubmqr6/Xnj179Oqrr6qkpESLFy+255w8eVK5ubm65557VFVVpfz8fD3++OMqLS114CUDAADTdY9k8jvvvBP2uKSkRAkJCaqsrNS4ceNUV1enl19+WevXr9eECRMkSa+88oqGDh2qvXv3auzYsSorK9OxY8e0bds2JSYmauTIkVq2bJkWLFigwsJCxcbGau3atUpLS9PKlSslSUOHDtXu3bu1atUq5eTkOPTSAQCAqSIqMJ9WV1cnSerXr58kqbKyUqFQSFlZWfacIUOGaODAgaqoqNDYsWNVUVGh4cOHKzEx0Z6Tk5OjOXPm6OjRoxo1apQqKirCjtE0Jz8/v8W1BINBBYNB+3EgEJAkhUIhhUIhe7zp96vHIuWKttq9b2s6sq7PWtNaXd3IwwlOnJu4giydRZ7OIcvWtTWbdheYxsZG5efn6ytf+YqGDRsmSfL7/YqNjVV8fHzY3MTERPn9fnvO1eWlaXvTtuvNCQQCunjxonr27NlsPUVFRVqyZEmz8bKyMsXFxTUb9/l8bXylza24u927tmrr1q2dd/BOsuyuxk47tol5dFRHzk2EI0tnkadzyLJlFy5caNO8dheYvLw8HTlyRLt3727vIRy1cOFCFRQU2I8DgYBSUlKUnZ0tt9ttj4dCIfl8Pk2aNEkxMTHteq5hhZ33WZwjheZcImvK8pkD3RRsjOqU5zApj45y4tzEFWTpLPJ0Dlm2rukKSmvaVWDmzp2rzZs3a9euXRowYIA97vF4VF9frzNnzoS9C1NTUyOPx2PP2bdvX9jxmu5SunrOp+9cqqmpkdvtvua7L5LkcrnkcrmajcfExFzzJGlpvC2CDZ3zj7UkI0/oYGNUp2ViYh4d1ZFzE+HI0lnk6RyybFlbc4noLiTLsjR37lxt2rRJO3bsUFpaWtj2zMxMxcTEaPv27fbY8ePHVV1dLa/XK0nyer06fPiwamtr7Tk+n09ut1vp6en2nKuP0TSn6RgAAODWFtE7MHl5eVq/fr1+85vfqE+fPvZnVvr27auePXuqb9++mjlzpgoKCtSvXz+53W49+eST8nq9Gjt2rCQpOztb6enpevTRR7VixQr5/X4tWrRIeXl59jsos2fP1gsvvKCnnnpKjz32mHbs2KENGzZoy5YtDr98AABgoojegVmzZo3q6uo0fvx4JSUl2T9vvPGGPWfVqlX6p3/6J02dOlXjxo2Tx+PRr3/9a3t7dHS0Nm/erOjoaHm9Xn3zm9/U9OnTtXTpUntOWlqatmzZIp/PpxEjRmjlypV66aWXuIUaAABIivAdGMtq/XbZHj16qLi4WMXFxS3OSU1NbfXukvHjx+vgwYORLA8AANwi+C4kAABgHAoMAAAwDgUGAAAYhwIDAACMQ4EBAADGocAAAADjUGAAAIBxKDAAAMA4FBgAAGAcCgwAADAOBQYAABiHAgMAAIxDgQEAAMahwAAAAONQYAAAgHEoMAAAwDgUGAAAYBwKDAAAMA4FBgAAGIcCAwAAjEOBAQAAxqHAAAAA41BgAACAcSgwAADAOBQYAABgHAoMAAAwDgUGAAAYhwIDAACMQ4EBAADGocAAAADjUGAAAIBxKDAAAMA4FBgAAGCciAvMrl27NGXKFCUnJysqKkpvvvlm2PZ//dd/VVRUVNjPvffeGzbn448/1rRp0+R2uxUfH6+ZM2fq3LlzYXMOHTqkr33ta+rRo4dSUlK0YsWKyF8dAAC4KUVcYM6fP68RI0aouLi4xTn33nuvTp8+bf/88pe/DNs+bdo0HT16VD6fT5s3b9auXbs0a9Yse3sgEFB2drZSU1NVWVmpH/3oRyosLNTPf/7zSJcLAABuQt0j3WHy5MmaPHnydee4XC55PJ5rbvvDH/6gd955R/v379ddd90lSfrpT3+q++67Tz/+8Y+VnJysdevWqb6+Xr/4xS8UGxurO++8U1VVVXruuefCig4AALg1RVxg2mLnzp1KSEjQbbfdpgkTJuh73/ue+vfvL0mqqKhQfHy8XV4kKSsrS926ddN7772nr3/966qoqNC4ceMUGxtrz8nJydEPf/hD/f3vf9dtt93W7DmDwaCCwaD9OBAISJJCoZBCoZA93vT71WORckVb7d63NR1Z12etaa2ubuThBCfOTVxBls4iT+eQZevamo3jBebee+/Vgw8+qLS0NJ04cUL/8R//ocmTJ6uiokLR0dHy+/1KSEgIX0T37urXr5/8fr8kye/3Ky0tLWxOYmKive1aBaaoqEhLlixpNl5WVqa4uLhm4z6fr92vccXd7d61VVu3bu28g3eSZXc1dtqxTcyjozpybiIcWTqLPJ1Dli27cOFCm+Y5XmAefvhh+/fhw4crIyNDd9xxh3bu3KmJEyc6/XS2hQsXqqCgwH4cCASUkpKi7Oxsud1uezwUCsnn82nSpEmKiYlp13MNKyzt8HpbcqQwp9OO7bSmLJ850E3BxqhOeQ6T8ugoJ85NXEGWziJP55Bl65quoLSmUy4hXe0LX/iCbr/9dn344YeaOHGiPB6Pamtrw+ZcvnxZH3/8sf25GY/Ho5qamrA5TY9b+myNy+WSy+VqNh4TE3PNk6Sl8bYINnTOP9aSjDyhg41RnZaJiXl0VEfOTYQjS2eRp3PIsmVtzaXTC8xf/vIX/e1vf1NSUpIkyev16syZM6qsrFRmZqYkaceOHWpsbNSYMWPsOd/97ncVCoXsF+Lz+TR48OBrXj7CzevzT2/plOP+aXlupxwXAPDZiPg26nPnzqmqqkpVVVWSpJMnT6qqqkrV1dU6d+6c5s+fr7179+pPf/qTtm/frvvvv1+DBg1STs6VSwFDhw7VvffeqyeeeEL79u3Tu+++q7lz5+rhhx9WcnKyJOmRRx5RbGysZs6cqaNHj+qNN97Q6tWrwy4RAQCAW1fEBebAgQMaNWqURo0aJUkqKCjQqFGjtHjxYkVHR+vQoUP653/+Z33pS1/SzJkzlZmZqd///vdhl3fWrVunIUOGaOLEibrvvvv01a9+NexvvPTt21dlZWU6efKkMjMz9Z3vfEeLFy/mFmoAACCpHZeQxo8fL8tq+bbZ0tLWP+Dar18/rV+//rpzMjIy9Pvf/z7S5QEAgFsA34UEAACMQ4EBAADGocAAAADjUGAAAIBxKDAAAMA4FBgAAGAcCgwAADAOBQYAABiHAgMAAIxDgQEAAMahwAAAAONQYAAAgHEoMAAAwDgUGAAAYBwKDAAAMA4FBgAAGIcCAwAAjEOBAQAAxqHAAAAA41BgAACAcSgwAADAOBQYAABgHAoMAAAwDgUGAAAYhwIDAACMQ4EBAADGocAAAADjUGAAAIBxKDAAAMA4FBgAAGAcCgwAADAOBQYAABiHAgMAAIwTcYHZtWuXpkyZouTkZEVFRenNN98M225ZlhYvXqykpCT17NlTWVlZ+uCDD8LmfPzxx5o2bZrcbrfi4+M1c+ZMnTt3LmzOoUOH9LWvfU09evRQSkqKVqxYEfmrAwAAN6WIC8z58+c1YsQIFRcXX3P7ihUr9Pzzz2vt2rV677331KtXL+Xk5OjSpUv2nGnTpuno0aPy+XzavHmzdu3apVmzZtnbA4GAsrOzlZqaqsrKSv3oRz9SYWGhfv7zn7fjJQIAgJtN90h3mDx5siZPnnzNbZZl6Sc/+YkWLVqk+++/X5L0X//1X0pMTNSbb76phx9+WH/4wx/0zjvvaP/+/brrrrskST/96U9133336cc//rGSk5O1bt061dfX6xe/+IViY2N15513qqqqSs8991xY0QEAALemiAvM9Zw8eVJ+v19ZWVn2WN++fTVmzBhVVFTo4YcfVkVFheLj4+3yIklZWVnq1q2b3nvvPX39619XRUWFxo0bp9jYWHtOTk6OfvjDH+rvf/+7brvttmbPHQwGFQwG7ceBQECSFAqFFAqF7PGm368ei5Qr2mr3vq3pyLo+a01rdXXrvDw6y42YsxPnJq4gS2eRp3PIsnVtzcbRAuP3+yVJiYmJYeOJiYn2Nr/fr4SEhPBFdO+ufv36hc1JS0trdoymbdcqMEVFRVqyZEmz8bKyMsXFxTUb9/l8bX1Zzay4u927tmrr1q2dd/BOsuyuxq5eQsRu5Jw7cm4iHFk6izydQ5Ytu3DhQpvmOVpgutLChQtVUFBgPw4EAkpJSVF2drbcbrc9HgqF5PP5NGnSJMXExLTruYYVlnZ4vS05UpjTacd2WlOWzxzopmBjVFcvJyI3Ys5OnJu4giydRZ7OIcvWNV1BaY2jBcbj8UiSampqlJSUZI/X1NRo5MiR9pza2tqw/S5fvqyPP/7Y3t/j8aimpiZsTtPjpjmf5nK55HK5mo3HxMRc8yRpabwtgg2d94+1iSd0sDGqUzPpDDdyzh05NxGOLJ1Fns4hy5a1NRdHC0xaWpo8Ho+2b99uF5ZAIKD33ntPc+bMkSR5vV6dOXNGlZWVyszMlCTt2LFDjY2NGjNmjD3nu9/9rkKhkP1CfD6fBg8efM3LR2jd55/e4vgxXdFWp15OAwCgJRHfRn3u3DlVVVWpqqpK0pUP7lZVVam6ulpRUVHKz8/X9773Pf32t7/V4cOHNX36dCUnJ+uBBx6QJA0dOlT33nuvnnjiCe3bt0/vvvuu5s6dq4cffljJycmSpEceeUSxsbGaOXOmjh49qjfeeEOrV68Ou0QEAABuXRG/A3PgwAHdc8899uOmUjFjxgyVlJToqaee0vnz5zVr1iydOXNGX/3qV/XOO++oR48e9j7r1q3T3LlzNXHiRHXr1k1Tp07V888/b2/v27evysrKlJeXp8zMTN1+++1avHgxt1ADAABJ7Sgw48ePl2W1fNtsVFSUli5dqqVLl7Y4p1+/flq/fv11nycjI0O///3vI10eAAC4BfBdSAAAwDgUGAAAYBwKDAAAMA4FBgAAGIcCAwAAjEOBAQAAxqHAAAAA41BgAACAcSgwAADAOBQYAABgHAoMAAAwDgUGAAAYhwIDAACMQ4EBAADGocAAAADjUGAAAIBxKDAAAMA4FBgAAGAcCgwAADAOBQYAABiHAgMAAIxDgQEAAMahwAAAAONQYAAAgHEoMAAAwDgUGAAAYBwKDAAAMA4FBgAAGIcCAwAAjEOBAQAAxqHAAAAA41BgAACAcSgwAADAOI4XmMLCQkVFRYX9DBkyxN5+6dIl5eXlqX///urdu7emTp2qmpqasGNUV1crNzdXcXFxSkhI0Pz583X58mWnlwoAAAzVvTMOeuedd2rbtm2fPEn3T55m3rx52rJlizZu3Ki+fftq7ty5evDBB/Xuu+9KkhoaGpSbmyuPx6M9e/bo9OnTmj59umJiYvSDH/ygM5YLAAAM0ykFpnv37vJ4PM3G6+rq9PLLL2v9+vWaMGGCJOmVV17R0KFDtXfvXo0dO1ZlZWU6duyYtm3bpsTERI0cOVLLli3TggULVFhYqNjY2M5YMgAAMEinFJgPPvhAycnJ6tGjh7xer4qKijRw4EBVVlYqFAopKyvLnjtkyBANHDhQFRUVGjt2rCoqKjR8+HAlJibac3JycjRnzhwdPXpUo0aNuuZzBoNBBYNB+3EgEJAkhUIhhUIhe7zp96vHIuWKttq9b2s6sq7r6Yw1u7pZYf9pks7KuSOcODdxBVk6izydQ5ata2s2UZZlOfqvz9tvv61z585p8ODBOn36tJYsWaL//d//1ZEjR/TWW2/pW9/6VljRkKS7775b99xzj374wx9q1qxZ+vOf/6zS0lJ7+4ULF9SrVy9t3bpVkydPvubzFhYWasmSJc3G169fr7i4OCdfIgAA6CQXLlzQI488orq6Ornd7hbnOf4OzNUFIyMjQ2PGjFFqaqo2bNignj17Ov10toULF6qgoMB+HAgElJKSouzs7LAAQqGQfD6fJk2apJiYmHY917DC0tYntdORwpxOOW5nrNnVzdKyuxr1zIFuCjZGOX78ztRZOXeEE+cmriBLZ5Gnc8iydU1XUFrTKZeQrhYfH68vfelL+vDDDzVp0iTV19frzJkzio+Pt+fU1NTYn5nxeDzat29f2DGa7lK61udqmrhcLrlcrmbjMTEx1zxJWhpvi2BD5/1j3VkndGeuOdgY1anH7ww38v9wdOTcRDiydBZ5OocsW9bWXDr978CcO3dOJ06cUFJSkjIzMxUTE6Pt27fb248fP67q6mp5vV5Jktfr1eHDh1VbW2vP8fl8crvdSk9P7+zlAgAAAzj+Dsy///u/a8qUKUpNTdWpU6f07LPPKjo6Wt/4xjfUt29fzZw5UwUFBerXr5/cbreefPJJeb1ejR07VpKUnZ2t9PR0Pfroo1qxYoX8fr8WLVqkvLy8a77DAgAAbj2OF5i//OUv+sY3vqG//e1v+tznPqevfvWr2rt3rz73uc9JklatWqVu3bpp6tSpCgaDysnJ0YsvvmjvHx0drc2bN2vOnDnyer3q1auXZsyYoaVLlzq9VAAAYCjHC8zrr79+3e09evRQcXGxiouLW5yTmpqqrVu3Or00AABwk+C7kAAAgHEoMAAAwDgUGAAAYJxO/zswiMznn97S1UsAAOCGxzswAADAOBQYAABgHAoMAAAwDgUGAAAYhwIDAACMQ4EBAADGocAAAADjUGAAAIBxKDAAAMA4FBgAAGAcCgwAADAOBQYAABiHAgMAAIxDgQEAAMahwAAAAONQYAAAgHEoMAAAwDgUGAAAYBwKDAAAMA4FBgAAGIcCAwAAjEOBAQAAxune1QsAusLnn97Sacf+0/LcTjs2AOAK3oEBAADGocAAAADjUGAAAIBxKDAAAMA4FBgAAGAcCgwAADDODV1giouL9fnPf149evTQmDFjtG/fvq5eEgAAuAHcsAXmjTfeUEFBgZ599lm9//77GjFihHJyclRbW9vVSwMAAF3shv1Dds8995yeeOIJfetb35IkrV27Vlu2bNEvfvELPf300128OqBl7f0jea5oSyvuloYVlirYENVsO38gDwA+cUMWmPr6elVWVmrhwoX2WLdu3ZSVlaWKiopr7hMMBhUMBu3HdXV1kqSPP/5YoVDIHg+FQrpw4YL+9re/KSYmpl3r6375fLv2u9l0b7R04UKjuoe6qaGx+T+4iExreQ769w1dsKqOeW/hxC55Xif+e45PkKdzyLJ1Z8+elSRZlnXdeTdkgfnrX/+qhoYGJSYmho0nJibqj3/84zX3KSoq0pIlS5qNp6WldcoaccUjXb2Am8zNluftK7t6BQBMdfbsWfXt27fF7TdkgWmPhQsXqqCgwH7c2Niojz/+WP3791dU1Cf/bzYQCCglJUUfffSR3G53Vyz1pkGWziJP55Cls8jTOWTZOsuydPbsWSUnJ1933g1ZYG6//XZFR0erpqYmbLympkYej+ea+7hcLrlcrrCx+Pj4Fp/D7XZz8jiELJ1Fns4hS2eRp3PI8vqu985LkxvyLqTY2FhlZmZq+/bt9lhjY6O2b98ur9fbhSsDAAA3ghvyHRhJKigo0IwZM3TXXXfp7rvv1k9+8hOdP3/evisJAADcum7YAvPQQw/p//7v/7R48WL5/X6NHDlS77zzTrMP9kbK5XLp2WefbXa5CZEjS2eRp3PI0lnk6RyydE6U1dp9SgAAADeYG/IzMAAAANdDgQEAAMahwAAAAONQYAAAgHFuqQJTXFysz3/+8+rRo4fGjBmjffv2dfWSjLBr1y5NmTJFycnJioqK0ptvvhm23bIsLV68WElJSerZs6eysrL0wQcfdM1ib3BFRUX68pe/rD59+ighIUEPPPCAjh8/Hjbn0qVLysvLU//+/dW7d29NnTq12R91xBVr1qxRRkaG/UfBvF6v3n77bXs7Wbbf8uXLFRUVpfz8fHuMPNuusLBQUVFRYT9Dhgyxt5Nlx90yBeaNN95QQUGBnn32Wb3//vsaMWKEcnJyVFtb29VLu+GdP39eI0aMUHFx8TW3r1ixQs8//7zWrl2r9957T7169VJOTo4uXbr0Ga/0xldeXq68vDzt3btXPp9PoVBI2dnZOn/+ky8InTdvnt566y1t3LhR5eXlOnXqlB588MEuXPWNa8CAAVq+fLkqKyt14MABTZgwQffff7+OHj0qiSzba//+/frZz36mjIyMsHHyjMydd96p06dP2z+7d++2t5GlA6xbxN13323l5eXZjxsaGqzk5GSrqKioC1dlHknWpk2b7MeNjY2Wx+OxfvSjH9ljZ86csVwul/XLX/6yC1ZoltraWkuSVV5eblnWlexiYmKsjRs32nP+8Ic/WJKsioqKrlqmUW677TbrpZdeIst2Onv2rPXFL37R8vl81j/+4z9a3/72ty3L4tyM1LPPPmuNGDHimtvI0hm3xDsw9fX1qqysVFZWlj3WrVs3ZWVlqaKiogtXZr6TJ0/K7/eHZdu3b1+NGTOGbNugrq5OktSvXz9JUmVlpUKhUFieQ4YM0cCBA8mzFQ0NDXr99dd1/vx5eb1esmynvLw85ebmhuUmcW62xwcffKDk5GR94Qtf0LRp01RdXS2JLJ1yw/4lXif99a9/VUNDQ7O/4puYmKg//vGPXbSqm4Pf75eka2bbtA3X1tjYqPz8fH3lK1/RsGHDJF3JMzY2ttkXkZJnyw4fPiyv16tLly6pd+/e2rRpk9LT01VVVUWWEXr99df1/vvva//+/c22cW5GZsyYMSopKdHgwYN1+vRpLVmyRF/72td05MgRsnTILVFggBtRXl6ejhw5EnZdHJEbPHiwqqqqVFdXp1/96leaMWOGysvLu3pZxvnoo4/07W9/Wz6fTz169Ojq5Rhv8uTJ9u8ZGRkaM2aMUlNTtWHDBvXs2bMLV3bzuCUuId1+++2Kjo5u9gnvmpoaeTyeLlrVzaEpP7KNzNy5c7V582b97ne/04ABA+xxj8ej+vp6nTlzJmw+ebYsNjZWgwYNUmZmpoqKijRixAitXr2aLCNUWVmp2tpajR49Wt27d1f37t1VXl6u559/Xt27d1diYiJ5dkB8fLy+9KUv6cMPP+TcdMgtUWBiY2OVmZmp7du322ONjY3avn27vF5vF67MfGlpafJ4PGHZBgIBvffee2R7DZZlae7cudq0aZN27NihtLS0sO2ZmZmKiYkJy/P48eOqrq4mzzZqbGxUMBgkywhNnDhRhw8fVlVVlf1z1113adq0afbv5Nl+586d04kTJ5SUlMS56ZSu/hTxZ+X111+3XC6XVVJSYh07dsyaNWuWFR8fb/n9/q5e2g3v7Nmz1sGDB62DBw9akqznnnvOOnjwoPXnP//ZsizLWr58uRUfH2/95je/sQ4dOmTdf//9VlpamnXx4sUuXvmNZ86cOVbfvn2tnTt3WqdPn7Z/Lly4YM+ZPXu2NXDgQGvHjh3WgQMHLK/Xa3m93i5c9Y3r6aeftsrLy62TJ09ahw4dsp5++mkrKirKKisrsyyLLDvq6ruQLIs8I/Gd73zH2rlzp3Xy5Enr3XfftbKysqzbb7/dqq2ttSyLLJ1wyxQYy7Ksn/70p9bAgQOt2NhY6+6777b27t3b1Usywu9+9ztLUrOfGTNmWJZ15VbqZ555xkpMTLRcLpc1ceJE6/jx41276BvUtXKUZL3yyiv2nIsXL1r/9m//Zt12221WXFyc9fWvf906ffp01y36BvbYY49ZqampVmxsrPW5z33Omjhxol1eLIssO+rTBYY82+6hhx6ykpKSrNjYWOsf/uEfrIceesj68MMP7e1k2XFRlmVZXfPeDwAAQPvcEp+BAQAANxcKDAAAMA4FBgAAGIcCAwAAjEOBAQAAxqHAAAAA41BgAACAcSgwAADAOBQYAABgHAoMAAAwDgUGAAAYhwIDAACM8/9qNNivIq9fNAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==", "text/plain": [ "
" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "df[\"message_tree_id\"].value_counts().hist(bins=20)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 16, "id": "7730a5d8-0d49-4672-8e12-cd07d4b5c968", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stderr", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "/tmp/ipykernel_1954595/2136755740.py:3: SettingWithCopyWarning: \n", "A value is trying to be set on a copy of a slice from a DataFrame.\n", "Try using .loc[row_indexer,col_indexer] = value instead\n", "\n", "See the caveats in the documentation: https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/user_guide/indexing.html#returning-a-view-versus-a-copy\n", " df_message_tree[\"role\"] = df_message_tree[\"role\"].map({\"prompter\":\"user\", \"assistant\": \"assistant\"})\n" ] } ], "source": [ "for message_tree_id in df[\"message_tree_id\"].unique().tolist():\n", " df_message_tree = df.query(f\"message_tree_id == '{message_tree_id}'\")#.sort_values(\"created_date\")\n", " df_message_tree[\"role\"] = df_message_tree[\"role\"].map({\"prompter\":\"user\", \"assistant\": \"assistant\"})\n", " break" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 17, "id": "3c71c483-abc9-4b92-9aeb-9a9513abcd78", "metadata": { "collapsed": true, "jupyter": { "outputs_hidden": true }, "scrolled": true }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "<|im_start|>user\n", "Can you write a short introduction about the relevance of the term \"monopsony\" in economics? Please use examples related to potential monopsonies in the labour market and cite relevant research.<|im_end|>\n", "***********************************************************\n", "<|im_start|>assistant\n", "\"Monopsony\" refers to a market structure where there is only one buyer for a particular good or service. In economics, this term is particularly relevant in the labor market, where a monopsony employer has significant power over the wages and working conditions of their employees. The presence of a monopsony can result in lower wages and reduced employment opportunities for workers, as the employer has little incentive to increase wages or provide better working conditions.\n", "\n", "Recent research has identified potential monopsonies in industries such as retail and fast food, where a few large companies control a significant portion of the market (Bivens & Mishel, 2013). In these industries, workers often face low wages, limited benefits, and reduced bargaining power, leading to a situation where they are dependent on the employer for their livelihood. This dependence can result in further suppression of wages and a decline in working conditions.\n", "\n", "Overall, the concept of monopsony is essential to understanding the dynamics of labor markets and the impact of market power on workers. Further research is needed to understand the extent and impact of monopsonies on the economy and to develop policies to address this issue.\n", "\n", "References:\n", "Bivens, J., & Mishel, L. (2013). The Pay of Corporate Executives and Financial Professionals as Evidence of Rents in Top 1 Percent Incomes. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(3), 57-78.<|im_end|>\n", "***********************************************************\n", "<|im_start|>user\n", "Now explain it to a dog<|im_end|>\n", "***********************************************************\n", "<|im_start|>assistant\n", "Monopsony is a market structure in which there is a single buyer in a market. In the context of labor markets, a monopsony occurs when there is only one employer in a particular industry or geographic area, giving that employer significant power over the wages and working conditions of workers. This results in a situation where the employer has the ability to suppress wages and reduce the bargaining power of workers.\n", "\n", "Research has shown that the existence of monopsony power in labor markets can have negative effects on workers, such as lower wages, reduced benefits, and limited job opportunities. For example, a study by Autor, Dorn, and Hanson (2013) found evidence of monopsony power in certain U.S. labor markets, resulting in lower wages and reduced job opportunities for workers. Similarly, another study by Bharadwaj, Black, and Kolesnikova (2019) found that the presence of a single dominant employer in a local labor market was associated with lower wages for workers.<|im_end|>\n", "***********************************************************\n", "<|im_start|>user\n", "How can one fight back when a monospony had been created?<|im_end|>\n", "***********************************************************\n", "<|im_start|>assistant\n", "Monopsony refers to a market structure where there is only one buyer of a good or service. In the context of labor markets, a monopsony occurs when there is only one employer in a particular geographic area or industry, giving them significant power to set wages and working conditions. Research has shown that the existence of monopsonies can lead to lower wages and reduced job opportunities for workers. For example, a study by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that in industries with high levels of concentration, workers earn lower wages and are less likely to receive benefits such as health insurance.<|im_end|>\n", "***********************************************************\n", "<|im_start|>user\n", "What can be done at a regulatory level to ensure, in a monopsony, that the power over the employees isn't abused? List a few options and focus on the organs that should act.<|im_end|>\n", "***********************************************************\n", "<|im_start|>assistant\n", "Here are some potential regulatory options to address monopsony power over employees:\n", "\n", "- Antitrust enforcement agencies like the FTC or DOJ could investigate and take action against dominant employers that are abusing their market power to suppress wages or worsen working conditions. They could force divestitures or other structural remedies.\n", "- Labor standards agencies could set industry-specific minimum wage floors or other regulations around compensation and working conditions. This would reduce the ability of dominant employers to push wages/conditions below certain thresholds.\n", "- Sector-specific regulators could impose requirements around how companies hire, compensate, and treat workers. For example, banking regulators could prohibit abusive practices by dominant banks with regard to their employees.\n", "- Legislatures could pass laws<|im_end|>\n", "***********************************************************\n", "<|im_start|>assistant\n", "Regulatory intervention can be used to address the negative consequences of monopsony power in the labor market. A few options include:\n", "\n", "1. Antitrust enforcement: Antitrust laws can be used to prevent firms from engaging in practices that limit competition and suppress wages. The antitrust division of the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) are responsible for enforcing these laws.\n", "\n", "2. Labor standards and protections: Governments can set minimum wage standards and other labor protections to ensure that workers are paid a fair wage, even in industries dominated by a single buyer. The U.S. Department of Labor is responsible for enforcing these standards.\n", "\n", "3. Occupational licensing reform: Occupational licensing requirements can restrict worker mobility and increase the bargaining power of employers. Reforms to licensing requirements can reduce these barriers and increase competition in the labor market. State governments typically regulate occupational licensing.\n", "\n", "4. Collective bargaining rights: Collective bargaining by workers can increase their bargaining power and lead to higher wages. Governments can protect and promote collective bargaining rights to counteract the effects of monopsony power. The National Labor Relations Board is responsible for enforcing workers' rights to engage in collective bargaining in the U.S.\n", "\n", "These are just a few examples of regulatory options that can be used to address monopsony power in the labor market. The specific actions taken will depend on the particular circumstances and context of each case.<|im_end|>\n", "***********************************************************\n", "<|im_start|>assistant\n", "Yes, that's correct. Keeping the code for the TESR and the registration code in the same file can make it easier to manage and maintain the code. The ExampleMod class acts as a container for the TESR code, providing a convenient and logical grouping. The functionality of the code remains unchanged, and the TESR will still be properly registered and used to render the custom tile entities in the game.<|im_end|>\n", "***********************************************************\n", "<|im_start|>user\n", "I would imagine this is similar or even the same as a \"monopoly\" but I am not sure.\n", "\n", "Assuming that this some kind of \"final state\" of a particular industry or even an entire economy, give me some larger historical examples of this kind of structure consolidating over time, and describe what circumstances are common prerequisite.<|im_end|>\n", "***********************************************************\n", "<|im_start|>assistant\n", "Bouguereau died in 1905, so it is unlikely that any of his direct descendants are still alive. However, his works continue to be popular and are sold at auction and through art dealers. It is possible that some indirect descendants may benefit from the sale of his works.<|im_end|>\n", "***********************************************************\n" ] } ], "source": [ "# ChatML format\n", "templates = {\n", " \"assistant\": \"<|im_start|>assistant\\n{msg}<|im_end|>\", # message by assistant\n", " \"user\": \"<|im_start|>user\\n{msg}<|im_end|>\" # message by user\n", "}\n", "\n", "for _, (text, role) in df_message_tree[[\"text\", \"role\"]].iterrows():\n", " text = templates[role].format(msg=text)\n", " print(text)\n", " print(\"***********************************************************\")\n", " # print(f\"Text: {text}\")\n", " # print(f\"Role: {role}\")" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "f3df6e39", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "messages = []\n", "for message_tree_id in df[\"message_tree_id\"].unique().tolist():\n", " df_message_tree = df.query(f\"message_tree_id == '{message_tree_id}'\")#.sort_values(\"created_date\")\n", " df_message_tree[\"role\"] = df_message_tree[\"role\"].map({\"prompter\":\"user\", \"assistant\": \"assistant\"})\n", " \n", " new_message = \"\"\n", " for _, (text, role) in df_message_tree[[\"text\", \"role\"]].iterrows():\n", " text = templates[role].format(msg=text)\n", " new_message += f\"{text}\\n\"\n", " messages.append({\"text\": new_message})" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 40, "id": "f0721e8b-e19e-46d1-83d8-d45f0a2d8f31", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "87" ] }, "execution_count": 40, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "len(new_message.split())" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 41, "id": "1d10160f-780e-4a57-86f5-cc435ee65660", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "9846" ] }, "execution_count": 41, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "len(messages)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 42, "id": "f50d9397-8bc8-4663-9204-9543aae1344b", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "{'text': '<|im_start|>user\\nMétodo del Perceptrón biclásico: definición y variantes del método. ¿cómo se aplicaría\\nal caso multiclásico?, ¿se podría utilizar con patrones que sólo son cuadráticamente\\nseparables?<|im_end|>\\n<|im_start|>assistant\\nEl método del Perceptrón biclásico es un algoritmo de aprendizaje automático que se utiliza para clasificar patrones en dos categorías. El objetivo del Perceptrón es encontrar un hiperplano que separe las dos clases en el espacio de características.\\n\\nEn el Perceptrón biclásico, se utilizan los siguientes pasos para entrenar el modelo:\\n\\n1. Inicializar los pesos con valores aleatorios.\\n2. Seleccionar un patrón aleatorio del conjunto de entrenamiento y calcular la salida del Perceptrón.\\n3. Actualizar los pesos si la salida del Perceptrón es incorrecta.\\n4. Repetir los pasos 2 y 3 hasta que se alcance un criterio de parada.\\n\\nHay varias variantes del método del Perceptrón biclásico, incluyendo el Perceptrón con margen, el Perceptrón promedio, el Perceptrón relajado y el Perceptrón de múltiples capas.\\n\\nEn el caso multiclase, se puede utilizar una variante del Perceptrón biclásico conocida como Perceptrón multicapa, que utiliza varias capas de neuronas para clasificar patrones en múltiples categorías. Cada capa se encarga de realizar una transformación no lineal de los datos de entrada y de propagar la información a la siguiente capa hasta llegar a la capa de salida, donde se realiza la clasificación.\\n\\nEn cuanto a si se puede utilizar el Perceptrón biclásico con patrones que sólo son cuadráticamente separables, la respuesta es que no. El Perceptrón biclásico sólo puede separar patrones linealmente separables. Para patrones cuadráticamente separables se pueden utilizar otros algoritmos de clasificación como SVM, regresión logística, árboles de decisión, entre otros.<|im_end|>\\n<|im_start|>assistant\\nEl método del Perceptrón biclásico es un algoritmo de aprendizaje supervisado utilizado para la clasificación de patrones. Este método es una variante del Perceptrón original, que fue propuesto por Frank Rosenblatt en 1957.\\n\\nEn el caso del Perceptrón biclásico, se considera una función de activación binaria que clasifica los patrones en dos clases diferentes. El objetivo del algoritmo es encontrar un hiperplano que pueda separar los patrones de las dos clases en el espacio de características.\\n\\nExisten diferentes variantes del método del Perceptrón biclásico, como por ejemplo:\\n\\n Perceptrón de Rosenblatt: es la versión original del algoritmo, que utiliza una regla de aprendizaje basada en el descenso de gradiente estocástico.\\n\\n Perceptrón de Widrow-Hoff: esta variante del Perceptrón utiliza una regla de aprendizaje basada en la corrección del error, que se aplica a cada patrón individualmente.\\n\\n Perceptrón de margen máximo: esta variante del Perceptrón intenta encontrar el hiperplano que separa las dos clases con el margen máximo posible.\\n\\nEn el caso multiclásico, el método del Perceptrón biclásico se puede utilizar utilizando una estrategia conocida como \"uno contra todos\" o \"uno contra el resto\". En esta estrategia, se entrena un clasificador Perceptrón biclásico para cada una de las clases, y luego se selecciona la clase que tenga la mayor puntuación.\\n\\nEn cuanto a si se podría utilizar con patrones que sólo son cuadráticamente separables, el método del Perceptrón biclásico no es adecuado para estos casos, ya que sólo puede separar patrones linealmente. Para patrones cuadráticamente separables se utilizan otros algoritmos de clasificación, como el SVM (Máquinas de Vectores de Soporte) que pueden separar patrones no lineales.<|im_end|>\\n<|im_start|>assistant\\nEl método del perceptrón binario es un algoritmo de aprendizaje supervisado para clasificadores binarios, es decir, pueden distinguir entre dos clases de muestras. Un perceptrón consta de una neurona artificial que toma un conjunto de entradas, suma sus pesos y aplica una función de umbral para producir la salida. La regla de aprendizaje del perceptrón es un proceso de ajuste de los pesos de entrada para minimizar el error de clasificación.\\nPara aplicar el método del perceptrón al caso multiclase, es decir, cuando hay más de dos clases muestrales, se pueden utilizar diferentes estrategias, como por ejemplo:\\n\\nUtilice un perceptrón por clase y asigne la muestra a la clase con el perceptrón de puntuación más alta. Utilice un conjunto de perceptrones que generen un binario para cada clase y asigne la plantilla a la clase cuyo código coincida con la salida del perceptrón. Usando un perceptrón multicapa, que consiste en una red neuronal artificial organizada en capas, donde la salida de una capa actúa como entrada a la siguiente capa. El método del perceptrón de dos capas solo puede clasificar imágenes que son linealmente separables, es decir, imágenes que pueden separarse por una línea recta. Si las muestras solo pueden descomponerse perpendicularmente, es decir, pueden descomponerse mediante una curva, entonces un perceptrón multicapa con una función de activación no lineal, como una tangente sigmoidea o una hipérbola. Esto permite que la red neuronal aprenda funciones no lineales y clasifique patrones más complejos.<|im_end|>\\n'}" ] }, "execution_count": 42, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "messages[4]" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 43, "id": "459d23c4-6bad-444e-a025-767f6cba848e", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "import datasets" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 45, "id": "a13e606b-d34d-473f-beba-e096b24e9824", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "new_dataset = datasets.Dataset.from_list(messages)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 46, "id": "5bc9fa85-74b4-4db3-b675-281bdd13e238", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "Dataset({\n", " features: ['text'],\n", " num_rows: 9846\n", "})" ] }, "execution_count": 46, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "new_dataset" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 48, "id": "002313f6-299f-4790-a803-a05c91872a5a", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": { "model_id": "18a4f79af7094e8681d24a66d15ca687", "version_major": 2, "version_minor": 0 }, "text/plain": [ "Pushing dataset shards to the dataset hub: 0%| | 0/1 [00:00user\\nCan you write a short introduction about the relevance of the term \"monopsony\" in economics? Please use examples related to potential monopsonies in the labour market and cite relevant research.<|im_end|>\\n<|im_start|>assistant\\n\"Monopsony\" refers to a market structure where there is only one buyer for a particular good or service. In economics, this term is particularly relevant in the labor market, where a monopsony employer has significant power over the wages and working conditions of their employees. The presence of a monopsony can result in lower wages and reduced employment opportunities for workers, as the employer has little incentive to increase wages or provide better working conditions.\\n\\nRecent research has identified potential monopsonies in industries such as retail and fast food, where a few large companies control a significant portion of the market (Bivens & Mishel, 2013). In these industries, workers often face low wages, limited benefits, and reduced bargaining power, leading to a situation where they are dependent on the employer for their livelihood. This dependence can result in further suppression of wages and a decline in working conditions.\\n\\nOverall, the concept of monopsony is essential to understanding the dynamics of labor markets and the impact of market power on workers. Further research is needed to understand the extent and impact of monopsonies on the economy and to develop policies to address this issue.\\n\\nReferences:\\nBivens, J., & Mishel, L. (2013). The Pay of Corporate Executives and Financial Professionals as Evidence of Rents in Top 1 Percent Incomes. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(3), 57-78.<|im_end|>\\n<|im_start|>user\\nNow explain it to a dog<|im_end|>\\n<|im_start|>assistant\\nMonopsony is a market structure in which there is a single buyer in a market. In the context of labor markets, a monopsony occurs when there is only one employer in a particular industry or geographic area, giving that employer significant power over the wages and working conditions of workers. This results in a situation where the employer has the ability to suppress wages and reduce the bargaining power of workers.\\n\\nResearch has shown that the existence of monopsony power in labor markets can have negative effects on workers, such as lower wages, reduced benefits, and limited job opportunities. For example, a study by Autor, Dorn, and Hanson (2013) found evidence of monopsony power in certain U.S. labor markets, resulting in lower wages and reduced job opportunities for workers. Similarly, another study by Bharadwaj, Black, and Kolesnikova (2019) found that the presence of a single dominant employer in a local labor market was associated with lower wages for workers.<|im_end|>\\n<|im_start|>user\\nHow can one fight back when a monospony had been created?<|im_end|>\\n<|im_start|>assistant\\nMonopsony refers to a market structure where there is only one buyer of a good or service. In the context of labor markets, a monopsony occurs when there is only one employer in a particular geographic area or industry, giving them significant power to set wages and working conditions. Research has shown that the existence of monopsonies can lead to lower wages and reduced job opportunities for workers. For example, a study by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that in industries with high levels of concentration, workers earn lower wages and are less likely to receive benefits such as health insurance.<|im_end|>\\n<|im_start|>user\\nWhat can be done at a regulatory level to ensure, in a monopsony, that the power over the employees isn\\'t abused? List a few options and focus on the organs that should act.<|im_end|>\\n<|im_start|>assistant\\nHere are some potential regulatory options to address monopsony power over employees:\\n\\n- Antitrust enforcement agencies like the FTC or DOJ could investigate and take action against dominant employers that are abusing their market power to suppress wages or worsen working conditions. They could force divestitures or other structural remedies.\\n- Labor standards agencies could set industry-specific minimum wage floors or other regulations around compensation and working conditions. This would reduce the ability of dominant employers to push wages/conditions below certain thresholds.\\n- Sector-specific regulators could impose requirements around how companies hire, compensate, and treat workers. For example, banking regulators could prohibit abusive practices by dominant banks with regard to their employees.\\n- Legislatures could pass laws<|im_end|>\\n<|im_start|>assistant\\nRegulatory intervention can be used to address the negative consequences of monopsony power in the labor market. A few options include:\\n\\n1. Antitrust enforcement: Antitrust laws can be used to prevent firms from engaging in practices that limit competition and suppress wages. The antitrust division of the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) are responsible for enforcing these laws.\\n\\n2. Labor standards and protections: Governments can set minimum wage standards and other labor protections to ensure that workers are paid a fair wage, even in industries dominated by a single buyer. The U.S. Department of Labor is responsible for enforcing these standards.\\n\\n3. Occupational licensing reform: Occupational licensing requirements can restrict worker mobility and increase the bargaining power of employers. Reforms to licensing requirements can reduce these barriers and increase competition in the labor market. State governments typically regulate occupational licensing.\\n\\n4. Collective bargaining rights: Collective bargaining by workers can increase their bargaining power and lead to higher wages. Governments can protect and promote collective bargaining rights to counteract the effects of monopsony power. The National Labor Relations Board is responsible for enforcing workers\\' rights to engage in collective bargaining in the U.S.\\n\\nThese are just a few examples of regulatory options that can be used to address monopsony power in the labor market. The specific actions taken will depend on the particular circumstances and context of each case.<|im_end|>\\n<|im_start|>assistant\\nYes, that\\'s correct. Keeping the code for the TESR and the registration code in the same file can make it easier to manage and maintain the code. The ExampleMod class acts as a container for the TESR code, providing a convenient and logical grouping. The functionality of the code remains unchanged, and the TESR will still be properly registered and used to render the custom tile entities in the game.<|im_end|>\\n<|im_start|>user\\nI would imagine this is similar or even the same as a \"monopoly\" but I am not sure.\\n\\nAssuming that this some kind of \"final state\" of a particular industry or even an entire economy, give me some larger historical examples of this kind of structure consolidating over time, and describe what circumstances are common prerequisite.<|im_end|>\\n<|im_start|>assistant\\nBouguereau died in 1905, so it is unlikely that any of his direct descendants are still alive. However, his works continue to be popular and are sold at auction and through art dealers. It is possible that some indirect descendants may benefit from the sale of his works.<|im_end|>\\n'}" ] }, "execution_count": 51, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "my_dataset[0]" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "id": "1ae08369-7a2c-4aca-b14d-c3adcd47fbc6", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [] } ], "metadata": { "kernelspec": { "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)", "language": "python", "name": "python3" }, "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", "version": 3 }, "file_extension": ".py", "mimetype": "text/x-python", "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", "version": "3.10.12" } }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 5 }